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The aim of the study was to examine the impact of microbiological and organic fertilizers on morphological and productive characteristics of triticale during a three-year period (2009/10–2011/12). A two-factorial field experiment was arranged using a randomized block design with four replications. The object of the study was the triticale winter cultivar Odisej, and the following treatments were applied: a control variant without fertilization, microbiological fertilizer “Slavol” (Agrounik Serbia) 5.0 l ha-1, organic fertilizer “Biohumus Royal offert” (Altamed RS) 3.0 t ha-1 + microbiological fertilizer “Slavol” (Agrounik Serbia) 5.0 l ha-1. The results showed that the expression of the characteristics was significantly affected by the environment. The lowest values were obtained in the first year when the most unfavourable meteorological conditions were observed. The application of microbiological fertilizer had no impact on the stem length and grain weight per spike, but it significantly increased the number of fertile spikelets (3.7%), spike length (7.7%) and grain yield (18.6%). The combined application of fertilizers provided better results for all the examined characteristics, while in comparison with the control, the differences ranged from 4.3% for the number of fertile spikelets to 46.5% for grain yield. The strongest correlation was determined between the spike length and the number of fertile spikelets (r = 0.939**). The obtained results lead to the conclusion that under variable environmental conditions, the application of fertilizers has a significant impact on morphological and productive characteristics of triticale, and consequently on the stability of this crop production in the organic farming system. Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitivanje uticaja biohumusa i biofertilizatora na morfološke i produktivne osobine tritikalea u trogodišnjem periodu (2009/102011/12). Poljski ogled je postavljen kao dvofaktorijalni, po metodi blok sistema sa slučajnim rasporedom tretmana u četiri ponavljanja. Predmet ispitivanja bila je ozima sorta tritikalea, Odisej, a ispitivan je uticaj sledećih tretmana: kontrola bez đubrenja, biofertilizator (5,0 l ha-1), biohumus (3,0 t ha-1) + biofertilizator (5,0 l ha-1). Rezultati su pokazali da spoljašnja sredina ima značajan uticaj na ekspresiju ispitivanih osobina. Najmanje vrednosti dobijene su u prvoj godini, koja je imala i najnepovoljnije meteorološke uslove. Đubrenje je imalo statistički značajan uticaj na većinu ispitivanih osobina. Primena biofertilizatora nije uticala na dužinu stabla i masu zrna u klasu, ali je značajno povećala broj plodnih klasića (3,7%), dužinu klasa (7,7%) i prinos zrna (18,6%). Kombinovanom primenom đubriva postignuti su bolji rezultati za sve ispitivane osobine, a razlike u odnosu na kontrolu bez đubrenja kretale su se u nivou od 4,3% za broj plodnih klasića do 46,5% kod prinosa zrna. Najjača korelaciona povezanost ustanovljena je između dužine klasa i broja plodnih klasića (r = 0,939**). Dobijeni rezultati upućuju na zaključak da, u promenljivim uslovima spoljašnje sredine, primena dobro izbalansiranih formula organskih i mikrobioloških đubriva ima značajan uticaj na morfološke i produktivne osobine tritikalea, a samim tim na stabilnost proizvodnje ovog useva u sistemu organskog gajenja.

Broj zrna i masa zrna po biljci su morfološke osobine koje direktno utiču na ostvareni prinos soje. Cilj ovih istraživanja je ispitivanje uticaja godine i različitih sorti na broj zrna i masu zrna po biljci. U 2017. godini i 2021. godini broj i masa zrna po biljci bili su statistički veoma značajno niži u odnosu na ostale godine istraživanja. Posmatrane morfološke osobine imaju najviše vrednosti kod sorte soje sa najdužim vegetacionim periodom, broj zrna po biljci bio je statistički veoma značajno viši kod sorte Rubin u odnosu na sorte Sava i Galina, dok je masa zrna po biljci statistički veoma značajno viša kod sorte Rubin u odnosu na sortu Galina i statistički značajno viša u odnosu na sortu Sava. The number of grains and the mass of grains per plant are morphological characteristics that directly affect the achieved soybean yield. The aim of this research is to examine the influence of year and different varieties on the number of grains and grain weight per plant. In 2017 and 2021, the number and weight of grains per plant were statistically significantly lower compared to other years of research. The observed morphological characteristics have the highest values in the soybean variety with the longest vegetation period, the number of grains per plant was statistically significantly higher in the Rubin variety compared to the Sava and Galina varieties, while the grain weight per plant was statistically significantly higher in the Rubin variety on the Galina variety and statistically significantly higher in relation to the Sava variety.

The simple methods used for indirect biomass determination are recognized as potentially important tools for crop growth prediction. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is widely used for assessing crop biomass, yield, photosynthesis, and nitrogen management. Aims of this study were to determine the variation in NDVI values and relationship of the NDVI with the most significant agronomic properties in the elite genotypes of two-rowed winter barley. The experiment included elite two-rowed winter barley genotypes and was carried out in two growing seasons. NDVI were measured at mid-anthesis, while grain yield and grain yield components were determined from combine harvested samples at maturity. Results from this study showed that the influence of genotype was mainly responsible for variation in most studied traits. Grain yield of two-rowed barley cultivars was more related to high grain number per unit area than to grain weight. NDVI values at anthesis in both growing seasons were positively associated with grain yield (R2 = 0.444 and R2 = 0.386), grain number (R2 = 0.387 and R2 = 0.507) and plant height (R2 = 0.352 and R2 = 0.364), while relationship with grain weight was not significant. Significant genotypic variation for NDVI values and the presence of significant positive relationship with grain yield and grain number indicated that NDVI measurement at anthesis could be efficiently used for indirect identification of productive two-rowed winter barley genotypes. Jednostavne analize koje se koriste za indirektno određivanje biomase predstavljaju potencijalno značajne metode za predviđanje rasta useva. Normalizovani diferencijalni vegetacioni indeks (NDVI) se često upotrebljava za ocenu biomase, prinosa i drugih osobina. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bilo utvrđivanje varijacije u NDVI vrednostima i veze sa najznačajnijim agronomskim osobinama kod elitnih genotipova dvoredog ozimog ječma. Ogled sa elitnim genotipovima ozimog ječma je izveden tokom dve sezone. Očitavanje NDVI vrednosti je izvršeno tokom sredine cvetanje, dok su prinos zrna i komponente prinosa određene iz uzorka nakon kombajniranja u punoj zrelosti. Rezultati ovog istraživanja ukazuju da je uticaj genotipa predstavaljao osnovni izvor varijacije kod većine proučavanih osobina. Prinos zrna kod genotipova ozimog dvoredog ječma je bio u većoj vezi sa brojem zrna po jedinici površine u odnosu na masu zrna. NDVI vrednosti u cvetanju u obe sezone su bile u pozitivnoj vezi sa prinosom, brojem zrna i visinom biljaka, dok veza sa masom zrna nije bila značajna. Značajna genotipska varijacija za NDVI vrednosti i značajna pozitivna povezanost sa prinosom zrna i brojem zrna ukazuje da vrednosti NDVI u cvetanju mogu da se efikasno koriste za indirektnu identifikaciju produktivnih genotipova ozimog dvoredog ječma.

In this paper are presented results of winter hexaploid varieties of triticale (Kg 20, Favorit and Trijumf) from Kragujevac. Varieties are grown in the trial field of Small Grains Research Centre, Kragujevac during the season 2007-2008. The best parametar of productivity and grain quality for yield, grain weight and grain yield per plant is achieved by examined variety Favorit, while variety Trijumf had the best parametar for plant height. There is found a significant dependence of the examined components of productivity of genotype from the data analysis. It was found that genotype very significantly influence in grain yield and plant height between the varieties of triticale (P lt 0.01). Among the varieties of triticale showed no significant differences in grain weight and grain yield per plant. U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja kragujevačkih ozimih heksaploidnih sorti tritikalea (Kg 20, Favorit i Trijumf). Sorte su gajene na oglednom polju Centra za strna žita, Kragujevac tokom 2007-2008 godine. Najbolji pokazatelj rodnosti i kvalitet zrna kod prinosa, mase zrna i prinosa zrna po biljci postigla je ispitivana sorta Favorit, a kod visine biljaka sorta Trijumf. Analizom dobijenih podataka utvrđena je značajna zavisnost ispitivanih komponenti kvaliteta zrna od genotipa. Ustanovljeno je da postoje vrlo značajne razlike u prinosu zrna i visini biljaka između ispitivanih sorti tritikalea (P lt 0,01). Između ispitivanih sorti tritikalea nisu ustanovljene signifikantne razlike za masu zrna i prinos zrna po biljci.

This study was carried out on Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, fields in Backi Petrovac, Serbia in conventional (2010-2012) and organic (2012) cropping systems. The results of four buckwheat varieties: Novosadska, Darja, Prekmurska and Francuska are presented here. The average yield that all tested buckwheat variety obtained in 2010 was significantly higher than 2011 value, respectively (p lt 0,05). Genotype, year and their interaction showed statistical significance (p lt 0.05, p lt 0.01). The differences of significance from the point of production cropping systems on the average value of the traits were statistically not significant (p gt 0.05). This piece of data is extremely important because of the knowledge that buckwheat can be successfully grown in organic production. Istraživanja su sprovedena na parcelama Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo, u Bačkom Petrovcu, u uslovima konvencionalnog, 2010-2012.,i organskog sistema gajenja, tokom 2012. U radu su prikazani rezultati ispitivanja četiri sorte heljde: Novosadska, Darja, Prekmurska i Francuska. Prosečni prinosi heljde kod svih ispitivanih genotipova u 2010. godini bili su visoko signifikantno viši u odnosu na 2011. godinu (p lt 0,05). Genotip, godina i njihova interakcija pokazuju statističku značajnost (p lt 0.05). Ustanovljene razlike značajnosti sa stanovišta uticaja sistema proizvodnje na prosečne vrednosti ispitivanih osobina statistički nisu bile signifikantne (p >0,05). Ovaj podatak je izuzetno važan zbog saznanja da se heljda može vrlo uspešno proizvoditi i u organskoj proizvodnji.

U radu su ispitane osobine osam genotipova pšenice selekcioniranih na Poljoprivrednom Institutu u Osijeku. U radu su ispitane razlike u broju zrna po klasu i masi klasa osam genotipova, te su vrijednosti genotipova uspoređene sa standardima Žitarkom i Sanom. Pokus je postavljen po split-plot metodi, a ispitivanja su obavljena na polju i u laboratoriju.