Search

This study assessed effective waste management as a catalyst for human health challenges (town planner's perspective). The generation of waste and its disposal, collection, transport, and processing are important for healthy ecosystems and the health of people as the ineffective management of this waste in their varied dumpsites possess adverse health impacts on humans in the surrounding. Three objectives were raised to guide the study while data collection for the study was obtained through secondary sources. The study made use of four dumpsites located in four strategic points in Ado-Ekiti which are the Mary immaculate dumpsite (Oye), Oke age dumpsite (Igede), Okutagokutaleri dumpsites (Ikere), and the Igaletere dumpsite (Iju). The study revealed that the major method of waste management technique utilized in the area are landfill, composting, recycling and incineration while the major health threat includes typhoid, malaria, and watery stool. It was therefore concluded that improper waste management and illegal waste shipments have negative impacts on both environment and public health of residents in Ado-Ekiti and recommended amongst others that dumpsites that possess as a major health risk to the residents shouldn’t be located near human habitation, be well fenced and properly managed to minimize effects on the environment and human health. Keywords: Waste Management; Human Health Challenges; Health Effects; and Landfilling. Title: EFFECTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT AS A CATALYST TO HUMAN HEALTH CHALLENGES (TOWN PLANNER'S PERSPECTIVE) Author: TPL. Adeniyi, Joshua Olu, Ezekiel Ufuoma Lucky International Journal of Recent Research in Interdisciplinary Sciences (IJRRIS) ISSN 2350-1049 Vol. 10, Issue 2, April 2023 - June 2023 Page No: 58-66 Paper Publications Website: www.paperpublications.org Published Date: 06-June-2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8009901 Paper Download Link (Source) https://www.paperpublications.org/upload/book/EFFECTIVE%20WASTE%20MANAGEMENT-06062023-3.pdf, International Journal of Recent Research in Interdisciplinary Sciences (IJRRIS), ISSN 2350-1049, Paper Publications, Website: www.paperpublications.org

Starting from the specific entropy (SE) indicator, which is well exploited by ecologists for investigating the status of health and the development tendency of ecosystems, a specific entropy per amount of exergy gained (SEEG) was proposed in this study for assessing the intrinsic sustainability of systems in the technosphere. According to the SE, the lower the SEEG indicator, the higher the intrinsic sustainability of the investigated system. This indicator was used for assessing the intrinsic sustainability of the main waste management (WM) systems of the different EU27 member states (MS). The main findings demonstrate average values of SEEG of about 0.0026 and 0.009 for composting and recycling, respectively. For incineration and landfilling, SEEG was 1.310 and 1.333, respectively. This indicates that incineration activity has a lower intrinsic sustainability. Concerning WM systems, lower values of SEEG were detected for EU 27 MS with recycling and composting percentages of waste >55%. Therefore, the maximization of percentages of waste recycled and composted, as well as solid recovered fuel production, are preferred over incineration.

Legislation of waste management Abstract This thesis deals with the legal regulation of municipal waste management in the Czech Republic. The aim of the thesis is to analyze the changes related to the adoption of new legislation related to waste management and to assess whether the available instruments are sufficient to achieve the objectives set by both national and EU legislation. The thesis is devoted to presenting the state of waste management with an emphasis on municipal waste in the Czech Republic using available data. Furthermore, the thesis focuses on the sources of legislation, with an emphasis on EU legislation and on the legislation that was the basis for the currently applicable legislation. It also includes definitions of basic terms and individual entities, which may include the waste producer, facility operator, waste dealer, or waste broker. The main part of the work is devoted to the position of the municipality and its relationship with natural persons, legal entities, and waste collection companies. It also addresses the methods of municipal waste management that are heavily used in the Czech Republic, which include recycling and landfilling. The assessment of the sufficiency of the available instruments is based on an analysis of legislation, general binding municipal ordinances...

Landfilling is the most applied solid waste management method in developing countries, which leads to a large amount of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It is thus imperative to develop strategies for evaluating different economically viable waste management scenarios to mitigate GHG emissions. According to the Paris Agreement, Kazakhstan planned to decrease GHG emissions by 25% by 2050 as compared to 1990 levels, while reaching carbon neutrality by 2060. In this context, we herein propose four different scenarios for municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment and three scenarios for sewage sludge (SS) treatment with the aim of evaluating the GHG potential for Astana, the capital city of Kazakhstan, using the (solid waste management) SWM-GHG calculator developed by the Institute for Energy and Environmental Research. The MSW treatment scenarios include: (A) 15% recycling of secondary materials and 85% landfilling of remaining MSW; (B) 30% recycling of secondary materials; 70% sanitary landfilling with biogas collection; (C) 30% recycling and 70% biological stabilization and landfilling without biogas collection; and (D) 30% recycling, 20% composting, and 50% (waste-to-energy) WtE incineration. The sewage sludge management scenarios include (1) 100% landfilling; (2) 100% WtE incineration; and (3) co-incineration of sewage sludge and coal. The results reveal that more complex scenarios lead to extensive ecological benefits; however, there are economic constraints. Based on the analysis of the proposed scenarios, we recommend the optimal strategy for MSW treatment to be 30% recycling with biological stabilization that has a total cost of EUR 16.7 million/year and overall GHG emissions of −120 kt of CO2 eq/year. In terms of sewage sludge management, the addition of coal to sewage sludge simplifies the combustion process due to the higher heat capacity. Considering lower cost and higher energy recovery, it is recommended as a favorable process.

The scientific community has revealed the environmental benefits of recycling construction waste (CW) versus its disposal, and its contribution to circularity. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method enables the environmental impact of CW management to be quantified and facilitates the comparison of recycling versus alternative disposal scenarios. However, due to its complexity, LCA is seldom used by technicians during the design phase, which constitutes a crucial stage in the prevention of environmental impacts. This paper therefore proposes an LCA-based tool, integrated into the Building Information Modelling (BIM) methodology, that helps designers to automate the environmental assessment of recycling versus disposal. The CW-LCA-BIM tool uses impact factors obtained from an LCA model applied to CW and was applied to the structural system of a building in Spain. Up to 99% of the non-hazardous waste was recyclable or reusable. The management of three types of recyclable waste was assessed: concrete (27.2 t), plastics (4.2 t), and steel (1.5 t). Recycling is shown to be the best option since it prevents 1.4 times (14.6 t) the emissions of the disposal scenario and saves 85 times (148.5 GJ) its energy consumption. This tool can be developed in other waste management systems and infrastructures. It can be useful both for designers for the reduction of the environmental impact of their buildings, and for policy managers for waste-prevention policies.

The management of dredged sediments is a challenging issue since it involves the interconnection of complex economic, social, technical and environmental aspects. The EU LIFE SURE project aimed to apply a more sustainable dredging technique to Malmfjärden Bay in Kalmar/Sweden (a shallow urban water body with a high content of nutrients) and, additionally, it involved beneficial uses for the dredged material, in line with the circular economy concept. To achieve this, a life cycle assessment (LCA) study was carried out to assess the potential environmental impacts associated with two scenarios: sediment landfilling (S1) and soil conditioning (S2). This LCA study also aimed to evaluate and compare the costs related to each scenario. S1 contemplated the construction and operation of the landfill for 100 years, including the collection and discharge of leachate and biogas. S2 included the use of sediments in soils and the avoidance of producing and using fertilisers. Results showed that (S2) soil conditioning (total impact: −6.4 PE) was the scenario with fewer environmental impacts and the best economic evaluation. The S2 scenario was mainly related to the positive environmental savings produced by reducing fertiliser consumption (which also avoided purchase costs). However, S2 was also linked to potential negative effects associated with eutrophication and toxicity categories of impacts due to the possible spread of nutrients and pollutants in terrestrial and aquatic environments. In order to mitigate this problem, the sediments could be pre-treated to reduce their risk of pollution. Moreover, the main impact of the landfilling scenario (S1, total impact: 1.6 PE) was the emission of global warming-contributing gases during the operation of the facility. Implementing the soil conditioning scenario was therefore recommended, in line with the aim of the LIFE SURE project. Finally, it was recommended that LCA studies should be applied more often in the future when selecting beneficial uses for dredged sediments. The decision-making process is facilitated when the positive and negative impacts produced by each handling option are considered.

Data availability: Data will be made available on request. Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Plastics are essential in our economy and everyday life. However, plastic pollution is a global concern. To address this issue, the European Strategy for Plastics in a Circular Economy was adopted in January 2018. Attention has been raised to the entire life cycle of products, with legislation stating that plastic used throughout the design phase to manufacturing and packaging phases needs to be recyclable by 2030. This study evaluates selected plastic material categories and technologies carrying out a review of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis from literature. The literature review was carried out, the indicator units for impact categories among the investigated mid-point methodologies as well as the conversion factors for the metrics harmonization were provided and finally a detailed analysis of the environmental impact of several types of plastics was carried out for two options in the waste hierarchy, which are through disposal by sending waste to landfills and incineration with energy recovery. The disposal, treatment and recycling of 2.2 tonnes of general plastic waste including non-recyclable material delivered to a recycling facility was considered for comparison with these methods. An assessment of the comparative advantages of each practice was conducted. The potential for energy recovery was highlighted. European Union's H2020 programme ETEKINA and iWAYS under grant agreement numbers 768772 and 958274, respectively.

This study was undertaken to estimate the energy potential of municipal solid waste via creating a relationship between the high heating value (HHV) and the fractions of physical composition of municipal solid waste MSW (% food, % plastic, % paper, % wood, % textile) into the two scenarios, wet MSW (as discarded) and dry (free moisture). The created models have been determined based on the results of analysis the components of the Al-Diwaniyah MSW and then from previous studies which have experimental ultimate analysis (% C, % O, % H, % N, %S) of MSW supporting by the equations and models of previous studies which have been used for HHV calculation. SPSS Statistical software was used to perform the models. For each scenario, the input datasets were 60 cases taking into account the minimization of the data and the average of HHV that result from equations. Four models have been created, two models for each status where R2 was 1.00 and 0.999 for dry and wet situation respectively. However, the equations of verification process showed that the models which depended on the dry fractions are the more accurate. The produced HHV from the dry and wet MSW components in Al-Diwaniyah City is 8655 KJ/Kg and 6440 KJ/Kg respectively (as discarded).

Environmental pollution by mercury is a local problem in Poland and concerns mainly industrial sites. Foundry waste are usually characterized by low mercury content compared to other heavy metals. Spent foundry sands with low content of Hg are the main component of foundry waste. However, Hg may be present in foundry dust, which may also be landfilled. Due to Hg toxicity, even a minimal content may have a negative impact on biota. This study focuses on assessing the mercury content of landfilled foundry waste (LFW), to assess its toxicity. Currently tested waste is recovered and reused as a road aggregate. The results were compared with the mercury content of local soils as the reference level. Waste samples were taken from foundry landfill. The mercury content, fractional composition, organic matter (OM) and total organic carbon content, pH and elementary composition of waste were analysed. It was found that the mercury content in LFW was very low, at the level of natural content in soils and did not pose a threat to the environment. The statistical analysis shows that mercury was not associated with OM of the waste, in contrast to soils, probably due to different types of OM in both materials.

• Presence of certain chemical additives (e.g. halogenated flame retardants, perfluoroalkyl substances, and phthalates) could hinder textile recycling operations as their presence renders end-of-life materials as “hazardous” and therefore not recyclable;• In 2018, there was an estimated minimum of 1.7 million tonnes of hazardous and unrecyclable textile waste generated in the EU;• Blanket-bans on classes of chemicals would likely be partially effective in reducing environmental uptake of and human exposure to harmful chemicals, but could also lead to increased use of “regrettable substitutions” with unforeseen implications;• Legislative restrictions on chemicals must be accompanied with reduction in demand: reducing volume of textile waste generated by reducing volume consumed, thus eliminating necessity for huge volume of chemical additives in the first instance.

Adequate disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of Serbia’s most complex environmental challenges. The problem is more serious in urban areas, since large amounts of waste are disposed of in locations that do not comply with environmental, technical, and socio-economic standards. Such is the case for the city of Kraljevo, where about 116,000 inhabitants do not have a sanitary landfill facility. This research includes a multi-criteria analysis, conducted with the help of geographic information systems, to find a suitable landfill site location. After data collection, the first step was to process 15 environmental and socio-economic factors utilizing the fuzzy analytic-hierarchy process method. The second step comprised the visual analysis and selection of the ten most suitable locations from the synthetic convenience map. The third step involved the final ranking of sites by means of the fuzzy multi-objective analysis by ratio, plus the full multiplicative form method, based on four additional beneficial and non-beneficial criteria. The results show that sanitary landfill candidate site A4 is the most suitable location for constructing a sanitary landfill site due to its large area (569 ha) and relatively short distance from the urban zone (8 km). This study is the first to integrate geographic information systems and the fuzzy analytic-hierarchy process, multi-objective analysis by ratio, and the full multiplicative form algorithm for sanitary landfill selection. The results of the research can be used as a reference for safe waste disposal in the city of Kraljevo.

In Russia, increasing amounts of municipal solid waste (MSW) accompanied by environmental degradation have recently led to changes in legislation. Their main goal is to reduce landfilling, to increase utilisation, to introduce the principle of extended producer responsibility (EPR). These are first steps towards a circular economy. The main purpose of the paper is to study how to improve the efficiency of Russian MSW management using circular economy criteria. The study relies on methods such as systemic analysis and synthesis, comparison and generalisation, stakeholder analysis. The detailed analysis of current MSW management system in Russia showed contradictions between its participants regarding the distribution of material waste streams and financing, which leads to difficulties in EPR principle implementation and to possible problems in achieving the goals of the entire MSW management system. According to its current design, recycling receives maximum government support, opposite to reuse and prevention of waste: companies involved in these activities are still outside the scope of MSW management system, and the authors recommend considering their legislative inclusion in it. The critical analysis of Russia’s EPR design compared with EU experience showed problems such as low environmental fees, low utilisation standards and the lack of households’ involvement, which makes EPR design inefficient. The current regulations may help divert some waste from landfills to utilisation and recycling, but beyond that the incentives do not yet correspond to those required for implementing the EPR principle and a circular economy. Consequently, the paper provides recommendations for amending this, which can be used by decision makers at the federal level to improve MSW management system and increase its efficiency. В России рост количества твердых коммунальных отходов (ТКО), сопровождающийся ухудшением состояния окружающей среды, стал причиной для недавних изменений в законодательстве. Их основная цель - сократить количество полигонов ТКО, увеличить объем переработки отходов, внедрить принцип расширенной ответственности производителя (РОП). Это первые шаги к экономике замкнутого цикла. Основная цель статьи - изучить способы повышения эффективности управления ТКО в России с использованием критериев циркулярной экономики. Исследование опирается на такие методы, как системный анализ и синтез, сравнение и обобщение, анализ стейк-холдеров. Детальный анализ действующей системы управления ТКО в России показал, что существуют противоречия между ее субъектами в отношении распределения материальных и финансовых потоков, что приводит к трудностям в реализации принципа РОП и возможным проблемам в достижении целей всей системы управления ТКО. В настоящее время максимальную государственную поддержку получает мусоропереработка, в отличие от повторного использования и предотвращения образования отходов: компании, занимающиеся этой деятельностью, все еще находятся вне системы управления ТКО, и авторы рекомендуют рассмотреть возможность их законодательного включения в нее. Критический анализ РОП в России в сравнении с опытом ЕС выявил такие проблемы, как низкие экологические сборы, низкие стандарты утилизации отходов и недостаточное участие в системе домашних хозяйств, что делает РОП неэффективной. Действующее законодательство может способствовать направлению части отходов с полигонов на утилизацию и переработку, однако этого не достаточно для реализации принципа РОП и перехода к циркулярной экономике. Таким образом, в статье представлены рекомендации по корректировке ситуации, которые могут быть использованы для улучшения системы обращения с ТКО и повышения ее эффективности лицами, принимающими решения на федеральном уровне. The work was supported by the Act 211 Government of the Russian Federation, contract № 02.A03.21.0006. Работа поддержана Постановлением 211 Правительства РФ, договор № 02.A03.21.0006.

This study aimed to assess the mass fluxes and removal efficiencies of heavy hydrocarbons in a full-scale plant located in northern Italy. This plant receives and treats contaminated soil, soils and rocks from construction and demolition activities, incineration slags and street cleaning residues. The plant has three sections, consisting of bioremediation using biopile, a soil washing stage and a stabilization/solidification unit, which can perform independently or together with the others. The material flow analysis showed how the crisis in the construction industry changed the final destination of waste after the treatment: as the market demand for coarse material decreased, waste was sent directly to landfills for inert waste, instead of being recovered. Hydrocarbon mass fluxes showed that a considerable amount of pollutants was removed. In the period 2009–2014, the removal efficiencies of the bioremediation, the soil washing section and the entire plant were respectively 73%, 58% and 62%. The percentages of removal attained at the facility in study were sufficient to ensure the possibility of recovering the waste or disposing of it in different landfill categories, according to the national regulations.

Die Baubranche muss sich täglich neuen Herausforderungen stellen. Abgesehen vom Fachkräftemangel und der schleppenden Digitalisierung stellen die sich immer weiter zuspitzende Rohstoffkrise sowie mangelhafte Nachhaltigkeit im Bausektor die größten Herausforderungen der Gegenwart, aber vor allem auch der Zukunft dar. Eine hohe Recyclingquote von Baumaterialien ist ein wichtiger Schritt, um diese Aufgabe bewältigen zu können. Die Bauindustrie als der größte Abfallerzeuger Europas hat hier eine besondere Verantwortung der Umwelt gegenüber. Die Behandlung und Bewirtschaftung von Bau- und Abbruchabfällen gewinnt somit jeden Tag an Bedeutung und bietet viele Chancen, den Bausektor und damit ganz Europa in eine nachhaltige und rohstoffschonende Zukunft zu führen. Um dies zu bewerkstelligen, werden von der Europäischen Union wichtige Maßnahmen und Ziele gesetzt, deren Umsetzung in den einzelnen Ländern jedoch stark variiert. Die Maßnahmen verfolgen das übergeordnete Ziel einer klimaneutralen und kreislauforientierten europäischen Wirtschaft. Die vorliegende Masterarbeit setzt sich mit dem Umgang von Bau- und Abbruchabfällen innerhalb der europäischen Gemeinschaft auseinander und versucht, einen Überblick darüber zu geben, wie die Vorgaben der Europäischen Union in den verschiedenen Ländern umgesetzt werden. Dabei werden die Verwertungsquoten der einzelnen Länder sowie deren Zusammensetzung analysiert. Zur Heranführung an die Thematik werden die grundlegenden Begrifflichkeiten und Gesetzgebungen zum Thema Abfall in den jeweiligen Ländern näher erläutert und verglichen. Dabei wird insofern genauer auf individuelle Verwertungsquoten eingegangen, in dem einzelne Behandlungsarten genauer betrachtet und bewertet werden. Da die jeweiligen Länder in ihrer wirtschaftlichen Leistung und Größe teilweise sehr unterschiedlich sind, ist ein einfacher Vergleich der Mengen bezüglich Aussagefähigkeit und Vergleichbarkeit begrenzt. Daher werden die erfassten Zahlen auf die Bruttowertschöpfung der Baubranchen und Einwohnerzahl umgelegt. Letztlich wird ein Überblick über die nationalen Strategien und Maßnahmen für das Erreichen einer Kreislaufwirtschaft gegeben. The construction industry has to deal with new challenges on a daily basis. Apart from the shortage of skilled workers and sluggish digitization, the ever-worsening crisis of raw materials and the lack of sustainability in the construction sector represent the greatest challenge of the present, but above all also concern the future. A high recycling rate of construction materials is an important step to overcome these challenges. The construction industry as the largest source of waste in Europe has a special responsibility towards the environment. The treatment and management of construction and demolition waste is therefore becoming more important every day and offers many opportunities to lead the construction sector and Europe into a sustainable and resource-efficient future. In order to achieve this, the European Union has set important measures and goals, the implementation of which, however, varies greatly from country to country. The measures pursue the overall goal of a climate-neutral and cycle-oriented European economy. This master thesis deals with the management of construction and demolition waste within the European community and tries to give an overview of how the guidelines of the European Union are implemented in different countries and analyzes in detail the recycling rates of the countries and their composition. To introduce the subject, the basic terminology and legislation on the subject of waste in the respective countries are explained in more detail and compared. Furthermore, the recycling rates of the countries are discussed in more detail. The individual types of treatment are examined and evaluated in more detail. Since the respective countries differ greatly in terms of economic performance and size, a simple comparison of the quantities is limited in its informative value and comparability. Therefore, the recorded figures are converted to the gross value created by the construction industries and the number of citizens. Finally, an overview of the national strategies and measures for achieving a circular economy Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers Masterarbeit Wien, FH Campus Wien 2022

Waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies enable us to recover energy from waste in the form of heat, electricity, or fuel. WtE technologies have the potential to confront the vast amount of waste produced and the increasing need for energy worldwide. This chapter describes the technological substratum of the WtE technologies and reviews the engineering aspects related to waste treatment challenges. It explores the progress, barriers, and opportunities of WtE technologies from an industrial perspective and highlights eco-sustainability and socioeconomic issues.

The amount of power consumption of the product life cycle has a significant impact on global warming. To determine these negative impacts, life cycle assessment (LCA) is used. These methods are time-consuming and expensive training costs that require the characteristics of the mass and material characteristics of the products. The aim of the present study was to develop a method that uses only product typology and volumetric product properties without knowing the structural and material composition. To achieve the objective, 134 pieces of power tools were used, divided into 10 groups according to their type. The volume of the product was determined by 3D scanning with subsequent material and the LCA method based on the Oil Point Method (OPM). The end of life (EoL) of the product was evaluated in landfilling, combustion, and 90% recycling variants. Equations were obtained from Monte Carlo Simulation with 95% reliability and allowed the determination of the energy requirements for the production of power tools and CO2 emissions, including data for packaging and transport of goods. The Volumetric Evaluating Method of Ecodesign (VEME) can quickly evaluate impact in three EoL procedures and optimise the volume of power tools and the location of production of products without LCA knowledge.

U radu su opisani polimerni materijali, svojstva; uporabna, mehanička, toplinska, električna i magnetska svojstva, trenje i trošenje, te akustična i optička svojstva i područja primjene. Ukratko je opisan proizvodni pogon za proizvodnju polimernih proizvoda. Opisani su izvori polimernog otpada, prikupljanje i razvrstavanje, te označavanje pojedinih polimernih materijala. Nadalje, opisane su mogućnosti recikliranja polimernog otpada: materijalna oporaba – mehaničko recikliranje: primarno i sekundarno, zatim energijska oporaba (vrste spaljivanja polimernog otpada), kemijska oporaba i vrste kemijske oporabe, uz primjere iz prakse. Opisana su svojstva PET ambalaže i njihova primjena. Detaljno su opisani postupci recikliranja PET ambalaže, i na kraju primjena recikliranog PET – a. Na kraju rada je opisano odlaganje otpada, odlagališta otpada, opisano je ponašanje polimernog otpada na odlagalištu. Također, navedeni su podaci o iskopavanju starog otpada na odlagalištima i stanje u kojima je zatečen otpad na različitim dubinama, te zaključak o ponašanju polimernog otpada., This paper presents polymer products, their properties; useful properties, mechanical properties, thermal properties, electrical and magnetic properties, properties of friction and wear, acoustic and optical properties, domain of uses polymer products. It is briefly described manufacturing of polymer products. Polymer waste, collecting, sorting and labelling of individual of polymer materials are described. Furthmore, the possibilities of recycling polymer waste are described, material recovery – mechanical recycling: primary and secondary, then energy recovery (types of polymer waste incineration), chemical recovery and types of chemical recovery, with examples from practice. The properties of PET packaging and their domain of uses are described. The procedures for recycling PET packaging are described in detail and the uses of recycled PET. At the end of the paper, the disposal of waste, landfill, and the behaviour of polymer waste at the landfill is described. Also, data on the excavation of old waste in landfills and the condition in which the waste was found at different depths, as well as the conclusion on the behaviour of polymer waste.

The scientific community has revealed the environmental benefits of recycling construction waste (CW) versus its disposal, and its contribution to circularity. The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method enables the environmental impact of CW management to be quantified and facilitates the comparison of recycling versus alternative disposal scenarios. However, due to its complexity, LCA is seldom used by technicians during the design phase, which constitutes a crucial stage in the prevention of environmental impacts. This paper therefore proposes an LCA-based tool, integrated into the Building Information Modelling (BIM) methodology, that helps designers to automate the environmental assessment of recycling versus disposal. The CW-LCA-BIM tool uses impact factors obtained from an LCA model applied to CW and was applied to the structural system of a building in Spain. Up to 99% of the non-hazardous waste was recyclable or reusable. The management of three types of recyclable waste was assessed: concrete (27.2 t), plastics (4.2 t), and steel (1.5 t). Recycling is shown to be the best option since it prevents 1.4 times (14.6 t) the emissions of the disposal scenario and saves 85 times (148.5 GJ) its energy consumption. This tool can be developed in other waste management systems and infrastructures. It can be useful both for designers for the reduction of the environmental impact of their buildings, and for policy managers for waste-prevention policies. © 2022 by the authors.

Accurate estimation of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) is required for making effective climate change mitigation policies at the national level. Among major sources, municipal solid waste (MSW) is an important source of GHGs, such as methane (CH4), generated during the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. In Viet Nam, the emissions of GHGs are not well quantified, in particular from the MSW management system. In this study, we estimated emissions of GHGs from the MSW management system of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), considering the current waste management practices. In HCMC, landfilling has been a common practice of solid waste management. About 85 percent of the total MSW generated in the city has been landfilled at two landfill sites. Our estimates show that landfilling was the significant source of GHGs in HCMC, with a net contribution of 781.05 kg CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq.) per tonne of MSW landfilled. From the whole MSW management system, the direct GHG emission was 768.61 (kg CO2-eq. per tonne of MSW) with avoided emissions of 72.47 (kg CO2-eq. per tonne of MSW) through composting and recycling of MSW. The net GHG emission from the MSW management system was 696.14 kg CO2-eq. per tonne of MSW (≈1.665 million tonnes of CO2-eq. per year). The GHG emission data of this study may be useful to policymakers for making effective climate change mitigation policies.

This work addresses the complex issue of asbestos containing materials (ACMs) management, by focusing on the scenario of six municipalities comprised in the Reggio Emilia province of Emilia Romagna Italian region. Particularly, the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was applied in order to assess in a quantitative and reliable manner the human toxicity as well as the ecotoxicity impacts associated with all of the different phases of ACMs management. The latter comprises mapping of ACMs, creation of a risk map for defining priority of intervention, encapsulation and removal of ACMs, as well as the as obtained asbestos containing waste (ACW) end of life. Particularly, a thermal inertisation treatment performed in a continuous industrial furnace was considered as the innovative end of life scenario to be compared with what actually was provided by the legislation of many countries worldwide, that is, the disposal of ACW in a controlled landfill for hazardous wastes. A characterization factor for asbestos fibers released both in outdoor air and in occupational setting was proposed for the first time and included in the USEtox 2.0 impact assessment method. This allowed us to reliably and quantitatively highlight that inertisation treatments should be the preferred solutions to be adopted by local and national authorities, especially if the obtained inert material finds application as secondary raw materials, thus contributing to a decrease in the environmental damage (limited to its toxicological contributions) to be associated with asbestos management.

The purpose of this study is to determine the changes of leachate quality on a selected municipal landfill with recirculation of concentrate from the reverse osmosis process. The research was carried out on an exploited municipal waste landfill, from which in the years 2013-2015 samples of leachate, permeate and concentrate were collected. The obtained samples were subjected to physico-chemical analysis including the determination of general pollution parameters as well as organic and inorganic indicators. The obtained results have shown, that concentrate recirculation resulted in intensification of degradation processes in the waste body, expressed by the increase of biodegradability rate (BOD5/ COD) and the value of conductivity and dissolved solids. Over time, the value of conductivity and dissolved solids stabilized, reaching, however, values higher than in conventional landfills. A characteristic feature of long-recirculation landfills was a continuous increase in the concentration of ammonia nitrogen and COD values in the leachate.

Natural areas have a high value associated with the existence of a variety of priceless natural resources. It is important to employ sustainable development in these areas by protecting natural resources. Reasonable waste management is a global need that can significantly contribute to the protection of the environment and to sustainable development simply by accepting pro-environmental behaviour patterns. Waste management in national parks on four continents was restricted by law in some countries, which is also a priority for nature conservation. In North America, individual regions are subject to regulations on waste management, which correspond to the local needs within national parks. Low environmental awareness of both residents and tourists is conducive to the degradation of the natural environment; this is particularly true in Asia. One of the most significant threats in these protected areas is inappropriate waste management, which is related with the practice of landfilling or combustion of waste. In order to decrease the amount of waste generated, the following solutions should be implemented: the development of education to increase environmental awareness, and planning solutions in accordance with sustainable development.

Growing technological development causes industrial products to be discontinued and consequently replaced with greater advancements. [...]

Healthcare is a rapidly growing industry as medical treatments become more sophisticated, more in demand due to increasing incidence of chronic disease and more widely available worldwide. This booming industry is also creating more waste than ever before and, as such, there is a growing need to treat and dispose of this waste. Healthcare waste (HCW) disposal includes a multitude of disposal methods, including incineration, landfilling and chemical treatments. These rudimentary methods and their growing use present their own problems that negatively impact both the environment and, in turn, damage public health, thus contributing to a global healthcare crisis. The aim of this review was to examine the current HCW disposal methods in place and the harmful effects they have on the environment and on public health. The findings accumulated in this review demonstrate a heavy reliance on basic, low tech HCW disposal techniques and uncovered the negative impacts of these methods. There is a notable lack of employment of “greener” HCW disposal methods on a largescale due to cost, access and feasibility. Despite innovations in HCW disposal, there is no scalable, global green solution at present. Further, the review highlights that global health consequences of HCW disposal methods often differ depending on how developed the country is.

In many countries, open dumping is considered the simplest, cheapest, and most cost-effective way of managing solid wastes. Thus, in underdeveloped economies, Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) are openly dumped. Improper waste disposal causes air, water, and soil pollution, impairing soil permeability and blockage of the drainage system. Solid Waste Management (SWM) can be enhanced by operating a well-engineered site with the capacity to reduce, reuse, and recover MSW. Makkah city is one of the holiest cities in the world. It harbors a dozen of holy places. Millions of people across the globe visit the place every year to perform Hajj, Umrah, and tourism. In the present study, MSW characterization and energy recovery from MSW of Makkah was determined. The average composition of solid waste in Makkah city is organic matter (48%), plastics (25%), paper and cardboard (20%), metals (4%), glass (2%), textiles (1%), and wood (1%). In order to evaluate energy recovery potential from solid waste in Kakia open dumpsite landfill, the Gas Generation Model (LandGEM) was used. According to LandGEM results, landfill gas (methane and carbon dioxide) generation potential and capacity were determined. Kakia open dump has a methane potential of 83.52 m(3) per ton of waste. Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia [20-UQU-IF-P1-001] This research was funded by Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia grant number 20-UQU-IF-P1-001.

Peru struggles to upgrade its waste management, with landfilling only just overtaking open dumpsters as the main disposal method. Despite the benefits of this transition, including reduced environmental impacts to water and soil, previous studies demonstrated that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions may increase if adequate levels of technological sophistication are not implemented. Considering that 58% of municipal solid waste (MSW) is organic, it seems plausible that a relevant portion of emissions can be linked directly to food loss and waste (FLW) management. This study aims to determine the GHG emissions mitigation potential in FLW compared to the current baseline scenario in 24 Peruvian cities, by modelling alternative technologies to treat organic MSW. Life cycle modelling was performed using the waste-LCA software EASETECH. Five treatment scenarios were modelled: i) open dumping; ii) landfilling with no gas treatment; iii) landfilling with landfill gas treatment; iv) landfilling with energy recovery; and, v) anaerobic digestion. GHG emissions of FLW generation proved to be substantially higher than those for FLW treatment. However, if sophisticated technologies are implemented in FLW treatment, an annual reduction of up to 1.56 Mt CO2eq could be attained. Moreover, despite the health and environmental benefits of a transition to optimized diets, in which, for example, meat consumption is reduced and vegetables are boosted, an important increase in FLW and, therefore, an increase in GHG emissions in the treatment phase is shown. However, if certain technologies, such as energy recovery or anaerobic digestion, were implemented, most carbon losses would be avoided. The authors thank Gustavo Larrea-Gallegos for valuable scientific exchange. Ian Vázquez-Rowe wishes to thank the Dirección Académica de Relaciones Internacionales from the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP) for financial support during his research stay at the Universidad de Cantabria (Spain) and the Dirección General de Investigación from PUCP for financing the Walaya Project. The team at the Universidad de Cantabria thanks the Ceres-Procom Project (CTM2016-76176-C2-1-R) (AEI/FEDER, UE) for financial support. Lesley C. Vázquez is thanked for revising the language of the manuscript.

Due to the high density of users hosted everyday, public buildings are important producers of waste and emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Public restrooms play an underrated role in waste generation and GHG emissions, especially if paper towels are used as the hand-drying method. The choice of the hand-drying method (i.e., paper towels vs. electrical hand dryers) also affects the economic balance of a public institution, involving costs for the purchase of hand-drying materials/apparatuses, energy and waste disposal. The present paper aims at evaluating the economic and environmental impact of the introduction of electrical hand dryers (alternative scenario) in place of paper towels (reference scenario) in a public building. The paper presents a solid methodology, based on a numerical experiment approach, to identify a decision criterion for establishing the economical convenience of adopting the alternative scenario in public restrooms. Key factors affecting the choice between the proposed alternatives are presented and discussed in a dedicated sensitivity analysis. From the environmental point of view, this study evaluates the impact of each scenario in terms of GHG emissions, related to multiple waste treatment options and different electric grid mixes. Based on the experimental assumptions, the method allowed concluding that the alternative scenario becomes economically convenient when the number of daily usages (N) is > 57 ± 4. The environmental convenience of the alternative scenario is visible even at N

Steel-making slag is largely used today in road construction and other applications, but significant volumes are landfilled and cannot be recycled for excessive contents in hazardous metals, such as chromium or vanadium. The long-term behaviour of this material is still little known, and the characterisation of large volume slag dumps remains an environmental challenge. In this study various analytical techniques are used to characterise Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) slag landfilled for several decades and exposed to chemical weathering and erosion. Coupling chemical, mineralogical and magnetic techniques helps to understand the relations between hazardous metals and mineral phases. A special interest is given to Fe-bearing minerals microstructure so as to link the magnetic properties of the material to its mineralogical composition. The studied slag presents high amounts of chromium (between 1 and 3 wt. %) and very high magnetic susceptibility values (near 60 &times, 10&minus, 6 m3/kg), explained by the presence of magnetite and a spinel solid solution. Some correlations are found between magnetic susceptibility and potentially hazardous metals, providing new perspectives for future environmental investigations.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) principles coupled with Circular Economy are well described in this review addressing LCA examples worldwide. Applications of LCA in the food industry are well outlined with examples from the dairy sector and dairy effluents, meat sector (pork), poultry and eggs, coffee, fish canning, animal feed and used cooking oil. LCA is then explained as a management strategy in the food packaging sector. One of the best methodologies for food waste or bio-waste is anaerobic digestion with production of biogas. This review shows the effect of food, energy, water on human life. Hence, we all should be aware that our interventions might affect all these food sectors positively or negatively as well as our lives in general.

The increasing global waste plastic pollution is urging people to take immediate actions on effective plastic recycling and processing. In this work, we report the results of processing reclaimed plastic wastes from unsanitary landfill site in Kuwait by using a bench scale continuous auger pyrolysis system. The plastic feedstock was characterised. After a simple thermal densification process, the material was fed to the pyrolysis system at 500 °C. The pyro-oil and wax products were collected and characterised. The process mass balance was developed on dry basis, and the yields of pyro-oil, light wax, heavy wax and gases were 5.5, 23.8, 69.4 and 1.3 wt%, respectively. The findings have indicated that the reclamation of plastic waste from landfill was feasible in terms of the product distribution and characteristics. Further liquid analysis confirmed that the liquid products contained fractions that are comparable to petrol and diesel fuels. The wax products are viable and have potential application as coating, covering and lubrication.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T10:13:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 This study analyzed the environmental impacts of nine scenarios for Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottle waste disposal, in the city of Bauru, Brazil. Nine scenarios were considered in this study: (1) current (base) scenario (96.4% of PET waste is sent to landfill, 3.6% is sent to sorting cooperatives); (2) 50% to sorting cooperatives, 50% to landfill; (3) 50% to sorting cooperatives, 50% to incineration; (4) 50% to landfill, 50% to incineration; (5) 100% to sorting cooperatives (keeping the current collection distribution); (6) 100% to landfill; (7) 100% to incineration; (8) and (9) 100% sent to sorting cooperatives, with changes in the collection scheme. Life cycle assessment was implemented to compute the impacts for each scenario and compare their environmental performances. The results have shown that recycling is a better option than incineration across all impact categories analyzed. Landfilling had lower net impacts than incineration in all categories, except for ozone depletion and freshwater eutrophication. All recycling scenarios proposed outperformed the current scenario in all impact categories. Even though recycling presents itself as an environmentally-promising alternative, much work still needs to be done for its successful implementation, such as promoting source-separation at home and improving the management strategies of recycling cooperatives, including additional funding and training to support an increased sorting capacity. Sao Paulo State University – UNESP Department of Production Engineering USF University of South Florida Sao Paulo State University – UNESP Department of Civl and Environmental Engineering Sao Paulo State University – UNESP Department of Production Engineering Sao Paulo State University – UNESP Department of Civl and Environmental Engineering

In limestone quarries, after quarry abandonment, ecological restoration takes place subsequently over several years, often with the use of different procedures and backfilling materials. The success of the different restoration actions performed at a limestone quarry (Colle Pedrino, Lombardy Prealps, Italy) in terms of vegetation cover and biodiversity levels, compared to the surrounding natural areas, was evaluated in this work. Taking into account the soil’s chemical-physical characteristics, 24 vegetation plots of 3 × 3 m were set up on seven restored parcels of different ages inside the quarry, of which one was left to spontaneous succession, and one control area outside the quarry was also considered for comparisons. Linear mixed models were employed to assess the effect of the following environmental variables on restoration: age, and several soil factors (stoniness, sand content, CN, K, and organic matter). The restoration success at the different parcels, in terms of total plant cover, grass cover and α- and β-diversity (including Lepidoptera), were thus determined. The variations in plant traits associated with the main environmental factors and floristic composition at the restored parcels were also assessed. The linear models revealed that the grass cover strongly depends on the age of the parcel and some soil factors: sand and potassium contents in the topsoil and organic matter in the subsoil. Moreover, plant and butterfly richness depend on the soil’s stoniness and sand content. The species traits also significantly explained the variation in species distribution along the environmental gradients: stronger correlations with sand, potassium contents and stoniness were found. The restoration success in the quarry slopes depended on the backfilling materials used for slope reclamation over time. This factor concurs with the time passed since the restoration/abandonment and has a key background role in shaping the quarry’s grass cover and biodiversity gradients. Regarding species assemblages, the key leaf traits of plants linked to resource availability (leaf area, leaf nitrogen and leaf carbon contents) consistently responded to the soil variables within parcels. In conclusion, site-specific studies to evaluate the grain size and the chemical composition of the backfilling materials used in the slope remodelling are recommended to favour a resource-driven plant establishment, spontaneous recolonisation, higher biodiversity and slope stability.

A waste reform was recently introduced in Russia to divert waste from landfills. To help advance the reform, this paper presents a life cycle assessment of the municipal solid waste management system in Russia’s second largest city—Saint Petersburg—and its neighboring Leningrad region. Five scenarios were evaluated: the current state of the system (S0), its expected post-reform state in 2024 (S1), and its state improved by increased landfill gas collection (S2), by increased waste incineration (S3), and by separate collection of waste (S4). The environmental impact was assessed in terms of climate change, acidification, eutrophication, and abiotic resource depletion (fossil fuels). The results showed an overall reduction in the environmental impact of the waste management system across all impact categories and all scenarios studied. The largest reduction in all impact categories (except abiotic resource depletion) was achieved through source separation of municipal solid waste. Particularly, global warming potential was reduced from 0.328 kg CO2-eq./kg waste generated in S0 to 0.010 kg CO2-eq./kg waste in S4. Regarding abiotic resource depletion potential (fossil fuels), the incineration scenario is the most beneficial, since it reduces the impact by 573%.

Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse warming gases (GWG) to the atmosphere are thought to contribute to the Earth’s global warming. Among different waste management options, incineration is often ...

The overall objective of this study is to provide an improved basis for the assessment of the leaching behaviour of waste marked as hazardous partly stabilised (European waste catalogue code 19 03 04 ∗ ). Four samples of hazardous partly stabilised waste were subjected to two leaching tests: up-flow column tests and batch equilibrium tests. The research was carried out in two directions: the first aims at comparing the results of the two experimental setups while the second aims at assessing the impact of different ambient conditions on the leaching behaviour of waste. Concerning this latter objective the effect of mesophilic temperature, mechanical constraints and acid environment were tested through column percolation tests. Results showed no significant differences between batch and column leaching test outcomes when comparing average concentrations calculated at a liquid to solid ratio of 10:1 l kg −1 TS. Among the tested ambient conditions, the presence of an acid environment (pH = 4.5) accelerated the leaching process resulting in a higher cumulative released quantity measured on the majority of the investigated polluting substances. On the contrary, the effect of temperature and mechanical constraints seemed to not affect the process showing final contents even lower than values found for the standard test. This result was furthermore confirmed by the application of the principal component analysis.

Due to increasing solid waste generation and their significant impacts on human health, environmental assessment of the management and disposal methods become more and more important. There are various disposal methods which are the combinations that originate from a wide range of solid waste management systems. In this study, municipal waste of Tehran (which totals to 7507.5 tons/day) is assessed according to five suggested scenarios. Life cycle assessment method was applied to compare the selected scenarios to select the most efficient solid waste management scenario in Tehran. Hence, the Eco-indicator 99 is utilized as the impact assessment method. The effects are evaluated in three categories including; effects on human health (organic substances, inorganic substances, climate change, ionizing radiation and ozone layer depletion), ecosystem quality (ecotoxic emissions, the combination of acidification & eutrophication and double coating) and resources (extraction of minerals and the fossil fuels). According to the results, scenario one leads to the most damage to the environment especially on the human health, whereas scenario four has the most positive impacts compared to the others. However, scenarios two and three are unsuitable due to their negative effects on human health. Although, scenario five shows positive results on the resources but again it has negative impacts on human health and ecosystem quality. Moreover, the most appropriate strategy in terms of land usage and energy consumption, again is scenario four (landfilling plus recycling and composting) is chosen as the most proper strategy.

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are organohalogen compounds which are applied to polymer-based materials in order to meet fire safety standards. Some of the most commonly-used of these BFRs in consumer plastic over the last few decades were polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBP-A), which have been extensively used in: electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), household furniture and furnishings; vehicular textiles and plastics; and cavity wall insulation panels. However, comprehensive studies on these BFRs have resulted in their listing in the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants and also in EU legislation, which define concentration limits on their use/presence in consumer articles. Plastics and textiles containing listed BFRs in excess of these limits are therefore considered “hazardous” and cannot be disposed of via conventional waste management methods. Within the Republic of Ireland, there has been a dearth of knowledge regarding the prevalence of these BFRs in waste streams, and there is currently no mechanism in place for the removal of the resulting hazardous waste from circulation. The present research aimed to fill this knowledge-gap, by determining concentrations of the above BFRs in consumer plastics and textiles entering the recycling stream, as well as in leachate collected from 40 municipal solid waste landfills across the country. Accompanying the collection of recyclable waste was an assessment of portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF) as a potential tool for the on-site screening of plastics and textiles containing BFRs in compliance with legislative limits. Approximately 800 samples were collected from eight waste and recycling sites around Ireland, undergoing in-situ determination of elemental bromine via XRF analysis. BFR concentrations were then quantified in 555 of these samples via established mass-spectrometric techniques in order to (i) establish a database of hazardous BFR concentrations in plastics and textiles in Irish waste and the resulting implications for recycling practices, and (ii) evaluate the efficacy of XRF as a screening tool for legislative compliance. Due to the large number of samples collected, a new method for the extraction of BFR compounds from plastics and textiles was developed, as existing techniques proved too slow and costly in terms of consumable-use. The new method involves the dissolution of samples in dichloromethane, followed by vortexing, sonication, and a final clean-up using concentrated sulphuric acid. The method showed equitable accuracy, as well as requiring less solvents and fewer consumables, compared to similar extraction techniques. This extraction method was then applied to all plastic and textiles samples collected as part of this research for the quantification of BFRs. The results of said quantification shows that BFRs are found in various types of plastic and textile waste, most notably in televisions and display units, small household appliances, insulation foams, and household furniture. Using the most recent figures available, it’s estimated that approximately 4,000 tonnes of hazardous plastic and textiles waste is generated yearly in Ireland. As there is currently no mechanism for the removal of this waste from circulation, it is likely that a large proportion of BFR-treated plastics are being recycled/re-used. In addition to recycled waste, landfills are also shown to contain notable amounts of BFR-treated waste, with high concentrations of PBDEs in particular (in excess of 350 ng L-1) being found in some leachate samples collected. In general, the concentrations of BFRs in leachate were found to be lower at older sites which do not have effective leachate control and clean-up operations in place (i.e. unlined sites). This suggests that there is considerable contamination of the environments surrounding older landfill sites with hazardous BFRs. An effective way to ultimately remove BFRs from circulation would be via the screening of waste using portable XFR at recycling sites. The methodology developed in the present work uses XRF-determined elemental bromine as a surrogate for BFR-content in plastics and textiles, designating waste as “hazardous” if bromine is detected in excess of 710 mg kg-1. This methodology shows an effective screening rate of roughly 94 %, successfully segregating the waste as either safe to recycle, or requiring specialised treatment as hazardous waste. Further refinements to this methodology – separating plastics from electronics in EEE and using elemental antimony as a BFR-qualifier – can further improve this rate to ca. 97 %. The reliable use of this methodology will require continuous monitoring of BFR-use in plastics and textiles as novel BFRs may become increasingly used in place of the now restricted compounds.

The majority of household food waste in the EU is sent to landfill or incinerated; a slowly-increasing fraction is collected separately and utilised for anaerobic digestion (AD) or in-vessel composting (IVC). This study evaluates life cycle environmental impacts of these four options to identify the most sustainable alternatives. The results are compared to waste prevention, inclusive of upstream supply-chain impacts. The results suggest that AD has the lowest, net-negative carbon footprint of –40 kg CO2 eq. per tonne of waste treated and the highest life cycle energy recovery efficiency of 12% with respect to the total primary energy recovered. If all of the heat can be utilised, then both AD and incineration can achieve maximum energy recovery efficiencies of around 25%. Waste landfilling has the highest carbon footprint at 193 kg CO2 eq./t and a recovery efficiency of 3% through the combustion of landfill gas. IVC, credited for the production of fertiliser, has a carbon footprint of 80 kg CO2 eq./t and it has the lowest recovery efficiency at 1%. Under the best conditions, the greatest CO2 eq. savings are achieved by the incineration of food waste, with a net-negative carbon footprint of –221 kg CO2 eq./t. However, this is eclipsed by the 2,800–3,100 t CO2 eq. that can be avoided by preventing the avoidable and potentially avoidable food waste. Thus, while unavoidable food waste may be best treated via AD or incineration, the savings are negligible compared to the benefits of waste prevention. Therefore, food waste may be used within a circular economy to reclaim a limited amount of resources, but it should not be considered an alternative to prevention.

У статті проаналізовано основні аспекти поводження з твердими побутовими відходами на території України у 2018 р. Встановлено, що основним методом знешкодження твердих побутових відходів в Україні є захоронення на сміттєзвалищах (94,23 % усіх твердих побутових відходів). В результаті такого способу поводження за попередні роки було накопичено понад 1,38 млрд. т твердих побутових відходів. Більше того, більшість сміттєзвалищ не відповідають вимогам екологічної безпеки. Лише 46 сміттєзвалищ з 6107 в Україні мають систему збору фільтратів, і лише 33 мають технологічні можливості для знешкодження фільтрату. Тільки 18 сміттєзвалищ мають системи збору біогазу, який вони спалюють у факелі або використовують для живлення когенераційних установок. В Україні є лише одне сміттєспалювальне підприємство, яке утилізує лише 2 % утворених відходів. Оскільки на цьому підприємстві немає ефективної системи очищення викидів газу, вона може видаляти лише частинки пилу та золи за допомогою електрофільтрів, усі інші забруднювачі викидаються у навколишнє середовище без нейтралізації. Впровадження систем роздільного збору твердих побутових відходів має дуже низьку швидкість. Офіційно сьогодні такі системи впроваджені у 4,2 % населених пунктів України, багато з яких працюють на невеликих територіях або взагалі не працюють. Системи компостування органічних відходів взагалі не використовуються. У 2018 році було компостовано менше 0,03 % твердих побутових відходів. Усі ці факти свідчать про те, що сьогодні держава не має єдиної стратегії у сфері поводження з твердими побутовими відходами та необхідної уваги до таких надзвичайно гострих екологічних проблем. The paper analyzes the key aspects of solid household waste management in the territory of Ukraine in 2018. It has been explored that the main method of municipal solid waste disposal in Ukraine is landfill disposal (94,23 % of all municipal solid waste). As a result of this treatment, more than 1,38 billion tonnes of municipal solid waste has been accumulated in previous years. Moreover, most landfills do not meet environmental safety requirements. Only 46 landfills out of 6107 in Ukraine have a filtrate collection system and only 33 have the technological capacity to dispose of the filtrate. Only 18 landfills have biogas collection systems, where biogas is burnt in a torch or used to power cogeneration plants. There is only one incineration plant in Ukraine, which disposes of only 2 % of waste generated. Since there is no efficient gas treatment system at the plant, it can only remove dust and ash particles with the help of electrostatic precipitators, and all other pollutants are released into the environment without neutralization. The implementation of separate collection systems for solid waste is very slow. Officially, such systems are implemented in 4,2 % of Ukrainian ettlements today. Many of them operate in small territories or do not work at all. Organic waste composting systems are not used at all. In 2018, less than 0,03 % of municipal solid waste was composted. All these facts indicate that the government does not have a single strategy in the field of solid waste management, and it does not pay the necessary attention to such extremely acute environmental problems.

This study presents an evaluation of the environmental performance of an ice cream cup made of polyethylene (PE)/paper laminate using a life cycle assessment approach 'from cradle to grave'. Two opposite alternative disposal scenarios, as well as their intermediate combinations, were considered: 100% incineration and 100% landfilling. The environmental impacts were calculated using the EPD 2013 evaluation method since the study was developed in an Environmental Product Declaration perspective as well as the method ReCiPe 2008 H at the endpoint level. PE/paper laminate production was the most impactful process since it provided the highest contribution to total impacts in four of six impact categories considered. Ice cream cup production was the second impactful process. The 100% incineration scenario provided negligible contribution to life cycle total impact for all impact categories; while considering the landfilling scenario, the percentage contributions to the total impact provided by the end-of-life phase increased considerably, until to be comparable to the contributions provided by the production processes of the PE/paper laminate and the ice cream cup. The obtained results highlighted that different disposal scenarios can affect significantly the conclusions of a study. At the endpoint level, incineration was more environmentally sound than landfilling for all the ReCiPe damage categories.

International audience; Global consumption of carbon fibers reinforced polymer (CFRP) is rising and the management of waste is an issue of high concern. In order to implement a sustainable carbon fiber recycling sector, there is a need to evaluate the potential environmental impacts of recycling processes.In this context, we compared current end-of-life scenarios (landfilling and incineration) with recycling technologies: pyrolysis, supercritical solvolysis and electrodynamic fragmentation using life cycle assessment. We conducted two analyses: a comparison between the CFRP end-of-life processes and a comparison including the substituted products from the recycled carbon fibers.When only considering the end-of-life processes, recycling processes have a higher environmental impact as they require higher energy demand than incineration or landfilling. When considering product substitution, recycling is environmentally beneficial since they replace the production of virgin products. Results are variable depending on the technology readiness level and the quality of fibers recovered from the recycling processes.

In Sweden due to the industrial activities, such as wood impregnation, multiple point sources of arsenic (As) contamination in soil and water bodies are scattered over the country. Metals, such as chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) or zinc (Zn) at varying concentrations are usually present as well. Since adsorption is a common method to purify contaminated water, research and development of adsorbents have been actively carried out in the last few decades. However, seldom spent sorbent is safely handled afterwards and often end up in landfill, thus creating new problems and posing new risks to humans and environment. The aim of this study was to develop a waste-based adsorbent for simultaneous removal of As and associated metals: Cr, Cu and Zn, and to analyse sustainable ways how to manage the spent adsorbent without creating secondary pollution. In the model system two well-establish adsorbents: Fe oxides (deriving from FeCl3) and peat (waste-based), were combined and the concept of simultaneous removal of cationic and anionic contaminants was tested in a batch adsorption experiment. Due to Fe coating, removal of As and Cr increased by 80% and 30%, respectively, as compared to non-coated peat. Removal of Cu and Zn was higher (up to 15%) on non-coated peat than on Fe-coated peat. Similar results were obtained in the up-scaled column adsorption experiment, where Fe salt was substituted with a waste-based Fe hydrosol. Within the same pH environment (pH=5), Fe-coated peat effectively adsorbed all four investigated contaminants (As, Cr, Cu and Zn). Non-coated peat was effective for Cr, Cu and Zn. While, Fe oxides (coated on sand) adsorbed only As. Three management strategies for spent adsorbents, obtained after column adsorption experiment, were investigated in this study. i) Long-term deposit in a landfill was simulated by exposing spent adsorbents to a reducing environment and evaluating metal(loid) leaching. Leaching of As increased manifold (up to 60% in a 200-day experiment) as compared to the standardized batch leaching experiment under oxidizing conditions. It was determined that about one third of As(V) was reduced to As(III), which is more mobile and toxic. ii) Valorisation of the spent adsorbent was attempted through hydrothermal carbonisation. It was expected that obtained hydrochar could be used as a beneficial soil amendment. However, treatment resulted in the process liquid and the hydrochar both having high loads of As, Cu and Zn. Additional treatment of process water and hydrochar imply higher management costs for spent adsorbents. iii) Possibility of thermal destruction was investigated by combusting spent adsorbents. After the treatment volume of the waste (ash) was by 80-85% smaller as compared to spent adsorbents. Combustion at higher temperature (1100 °C vs 850 °C) resulted into a weaker metal(loid) leaching from ashes. Furthermore, co-combustion with calcium (Ca)-rich lime (waste-based) decreased leaching of all four investigated elements, Cr in particular, below the limit values for waste being accepted at landfills for hazardous waste. Therefore, combustion enabled possibility of safe and long-term deposit of As-bearing ashes. At the same time, less As would be circulating in society. For the future work, studies that could broaden the spectrum of contaminants targeted by Fe-coated peat would be beneficial. At the same time it is important not only to find alternative utilisation methods for Fe-coated peat, but also investigate other management options for the spent adsorbents.

This paper contains a dataset and spreadsheet with the inventory, calculations and results for the Life Cycle Assessment of PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottle waste management options in Bauru, Brazil. Data for the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) was collected in situ at sorting cooperatives, through interviews with municipal authorities, and through literature review. Data analysis was performed using the SimaPro v8.0 software for assessment of environmental impacts, using the ReCiPe midpoint hierarchical method. The data and results contained in the spreadsheet are divided as follows: worksheet 1 provides a title page with the reference to this article; worksheet 2 provides the impact values for the impact categories considered; worksheet 3 presents the impact values for all collection and transportation fleets; worksheets 4 to 7 provide the impacts for each process and each stage (operation, emissions, and construction) for the case where: waste PET is disposed of in a landfill and the treated sludge is composted (worksheet 4); waste PET is incinerated (worksheet 5); waste PET is sent to sorting cooperatives and the reject is landfilled (worksheet 6); waste PET is sent to sorting cooperatives and the reject is incinerated (worksheet 7); worksheets 8 to 16 contain the impacts for each stage and the total impact for scenarios 1 to 9, which are combinations of the processes presented in worksheets 4 to 7, and the collection and transportation calculations for each scenario; worksheet 17 presents a summary of the net impact and the impact for each stage for all scenarios and all impact categories considered; worksheet 18 contains the impacts for each process and each stage for the case where waste PET is disposed of in a landfill, and the treated sludge is landfilled. The data in this paper are suitable for waste management researchers and professionals.

International audience; Antimony (Sb) is a technology critical element whose presence is ubiquitous in manufactured products, and in particular in plastics where it is used extensively as a flame retardant synergist for brominated compounds, as a catalyst for polyethylene terephthalate production, and as a pigment for colour. This study reviews the usage, regulations and fate of Sb in plastics by examining primary data on its production, applications, contents in and migration from manufactured objects, and presence in and release from waste, including the disposal and recycling routes for this material (i.e., non-controlled disposal, incineration, landfilling and recycling). Consumption of Sb and the relative apportioning of the metalloid between different uses in plastics change continuously and are largely driven by dynamic economic factors; accordingly, reference to secondary data or sources can be misleading. Since Sb is not recovered from plastics, its fate is entirely linked to the fate of plastics themselves which, as far as disposal and recycling are concerned, might be dictated by the presence of co-associated regulated substances such as brominated flame retardants. Significantly, because of the high leachability of Sb from bottom incineration ashes, the EU considers the metalloid as the most problematic substance regarding the potential reuse of this material.

This developing paper summarises the treatment methods for solid waste, in particular packaging and plastics packaging waste. Through a descriptive study on the problem of solid waste treatment options. An integrated system The European Packing and Packing waste directory (CE/62/94) is developed to support the current treatment methods of solid waste. Through this research funded by SABIC1, the packing industry and the solid waste management methods could become more sustainable. It aims to examine the ability to use QFDE (Quality Function Deployment for Environment) to support plastics recycling and waste management, and how to improve the performance of the environment. This includes the measurement of achieving environmental standards in packing and packing waste as well as the possibility of supporting the recycling system through computer programs. It also focus on the ongoing losses of the current system for solid waste management. With this study, a framework is proposes which manages the whole plastics product cycle for production plants plastic, plastic recycling plants, and local authorities for solid waste management and treatment.

Facing the trouble of municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a rising challenge of urbanized areas. Yearly data of waste management from the city of Florence (Italy) and neighboring municipalities were gathered over 2015 year. About 412105 t of waste were collected, where 202794 t were mixed-waste and 72540 t were organic. Fractions were treated in a centralized selecting-composting plant. The outgoing materials were further treated in external plants for additional selection, composting, incineration, landfilling. The present study was aimed to assess the environmental impact of such waste management applying LCA technique. The functional unit was “one year mixed and organic waste treatment at Florence and neighboring municipalities”. System boundaries included waste collection, final transport, working of the selecting-composting plant. System expansion was used to account for energy recovery (electricity) from waste. Background data were sourced from ELCD-core3-LCI database. Life cycle impact assessment (classification and characterization) was performed by ILCD midpoint method. Sixteen impact categories were computed. Focusing on global warming potential (GWP), the functional unit impacts for roughly 6.99E+8kgCO2eq. This figure drops to 0.212E+8kgCO2eq if urban collection was not considered and further to 0.186E+8kgCO2eq if final transportation was excluded. Results underline the potential benefit of on-site treatment of waste. Keywords: urban waste, landfilling, biogas, incineration, LCA, global warming potential

International audience; Biological treatments of Residual Municipal Solid Waste (RMSW) allow to divert biodegradable materials from landfilling and recover valuable alternative resources. The biodegradability of the waste components needs however to be assessed in order to design the bioprocesses properly. The present study investigated complementary approaches to aerobic and anaerobic biotests for a more rapid evaluation. A representative sample of residual MSW was collected from a Mechanical Biological Treatment (MBT) plant and sorted out into 13 fractions according to the French standard procedure MODECOM™. The different fractions were analyzed for organic matter content, leaching behavior, contents in biochemical constituents (determined by Van Soest's acid detergent fiber method), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Bio-Methane Potential (BMP). Experimental data were statistically treated by Principal Components Analysis (PCA). Cumulative oxygen consumption from BOD tests and cumulative methane production from BMP tests were found to be positively correlated in all waste fractions. No correlation was observed between the results from BOD or BMP bioassays and the contents in cellulose-like, hemicelluloses-like or labile organic compounds. No correlation was observed either with the results from leaching tests (Soluble COD). The contents in lignin-like compounds, evaluated as the non-extracted RES fraction in Van Soest's method, was found however to impact negatively the biodegradability assessed by BOD or BMP tests. Since cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin are the polymers responsible for the structuration of lignocellulosic complexes, it was concluded that the structural organization of the organic matter in the different waste fractions was more determinant on biodegradability than the respective contents in individual biopolymers.