Search

Land is a means of production, a source of income, a form of valuable property, and a space for life. When land is compulsorily acquired by the state for development purposes, farmers react in different ways to protect their land benefits. This paper relies on resistance theories, combining both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies in order to explore how farmers in Hue's peri-urban areas reacted to the decisions of land acquisition for urban expansion. By exploring the multiple forms and the diverse outcomes of land reaction adopted by the farmers, the study contributes to the literature on responses to land conflicts in Vietnam and elsewhere. The results show that the complaint is a common reaction of many farmers in expressing their attitude toward compulsory land acquisition, while collection resistance or rightful resistance are rare in the studied villages. This might be due to several reasons, but losing land—while still staying in their own social and physical environment, within the more dynamic economic context—has a significant influence on the forms of resistance toward land loss. We argue that the existence of complaints is logical, reflecting social tensions on the ground. They are however not strong enough to influence any fundamental changes in local government decisions.

Infrastructure development often has an impact on land use changes. This study aims to map the impact of Balige bypass road construction on land use changes and analyze its suitability with spatial planning. The research method was carried out through descriptive qualitative with a spatial approach. The data includes Sentinel images for 2017 and 2021, maps of the Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW) and interviews with government officials. Image analysis is carried out visually, while mapping of land use changes is carried out through overlaying land use maps for 2017 and 2021 and to map the suitability of the RTRW, overlaying land use maps with the RTRW. The results of the analysis show that after the road construction there was a change in land use from rice fields to settlements covering an area of 103.27 Ha. Meanwhile, an analysis of the RTRW shows that there is a mismatch in the use of a land area of 47.2 Ha. This study shows that the use of remote sensing through sentinel imagery and spatial analysis can be a tool for monitoring natural resources, this study is also useful as material for developing Geography learning. Pembangunan infrastruktur seringkali berdampak pada perubahan penggunaan tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan memetakan dampak pembangunan jalan Balige bypass terhadap perubahan penggunaan tanah dan menganalisis kesesuaiannya dengan tata ruang. Metode penelitian dilakukan melalui kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan spasial. Data yang digunakan meliputi citra Sentinel tahun 2017 dan 2021, peta Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW) serta wawancara dengan pejabat pemerintahan. Analisis citra dilakukan secara visual, sementara pemetaan perubahan penggunaan tanah dilakukan melalui overlay peta penggunaan tanah 2017 dengan 2021, dan untuk memetakan kesesuaian RTRW dilakukan overlay peta penggunaan tanah dengan RTRW. Hasil analisis menunjukkan pasca pembangunan jalan terjadi perubahan penggunaan tanah dari sawah menjadi pemukiman seluas 103,27 Ha. Sementara analisis terhadap RTRW menunjukkan terjadi ketidaksesuaian penggunaan lahan seluas 47,2 Ha. Kajian ini menunjukkan pemanfaatan penginderaan jauh melalui citra sentinel serta analisis spasial mampu menjadi alat monitoring sumber daya alam, kajian ini juga bermanfaat sebagai bahan pengembangan pembelajaran ilmu Geografi.

Land availability is the great significant part in infrastructure development. To support the land availability, the government pursues a program called land acquisition. Land acquisition is regulated in Law Number 2 of 2012 and Government Regulation Number 71 of 2012. Based on Government Regulation Number 40 of 2014, land acquisition is divided into two, including large scale with an area of more than 5 hectares and small scale based with an area of less than 5 hectares. Small-scale land acquisition is further regulated in Presidential Regulation Number 148 of 2015 Article 121 paragraph (3) which does not require a determination of location. The purpose of this study was to determine the implementation process as well as the advantages and disadvantages of small-scale land acquisition with and without location determination in Sleman Regency. This research used a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The results of this research showed that the implementation of land acquisition with determination of location has advantages (4) and weaknesses (6) while land acquisition without determination of location has advantages (6) and disadvantages (4).

The investment procedure in Indonesia is still seen as complex and complicated. The complexity is seen in licensing, land acquisition, taxation, and other investment-related issues. A policy or regulation is required to simplify and accelerate the investment procedure. The existence of the Omnibus law No. 11 of 2021 on Job Creation is expected to make investing in Indonesia easier. However, the case with policies and regulations in general, good regulations are not always well-implemented. As a result, the Edwards III Model approach should be used to examine the execution of Law No. 11 of 2020 about Job Creation Related to the Ease of Business Cluster. The analysis's results showed that four elements will influence the success as well as potential dangers associated with the law's policy implementation, including communication factors, resource considerations, implementer attitude factors, and bureaucratic structure factors.

The phenomenon of agricultural land shrinkage is widespread in the world. This phenomenon has many causes, of which industrialisation is one. The industrialisation process is supported in most countries by the use of land acquisition as a tool to convert land use from agricultural to non-agricultural. This research surveyed 100 land-lost households to examine the impact of farmland shrinkage on their livelihoods in Vietnam. The study focuses on three factors: employment and income, how compensation money is used, and quality of life after land loss. The results show that revenue increased by USD 1,500 per household compared to before. The rate of employment depends on age and gender. There is a drop in employment among women over 35 years old and men over 40. The use of compensation money focuses on non-farm goals, with the bright spot being an investment in education for future generations. The environment and society tend to be worse according to the subjective assessment of households, but their ultimate choice is still to enjoy life after land acquisition.

In recent times, land acquisitions in India for both public and private projects are facing stiff political resistance. Existing studies on land acquisition mostly focus on optimal compensation that would secure the consent of land owners. In this article, we argue that besides compensation, membership in different types of networks such as political parties and self-help groups might influence landowner consent. This could occur either because of pro-social concerns or access to better investment opportunities for the compensation amount. Using survey data from flood prone Indian Sundarbans, where the government sought to acquire land to construct embankments, we find evidence supportive of our hypothesis. The survey elicited reservation price response from land owners for a hypothetical land acquisition program. Our estimates show that land owners with self-help group members are more likely to have a higher ask price for agreeing to land sales. In contrast, controlling for length of party association, members of political networks are more likely to sell their land and have a lower reservation price than their non-political counterparts. Our results suggest that, rather than only increasing the compensation package, which is a stock of wealth, it is equally important to enhance the flow of income to ensure consensual land sales.

Diamond-water paradox has enticed the human mind for generations. Adam Smith gave it a new twist in the Wealth of Nations that serves as the basis of all modern valuation theories. This paper goes back to the original writing of Smith to identify paradoxes and then empirical test in the context of land value. The review of original texts and empirical evidence suggests the existence of a third principle, i.e. "riches and poverty of those who demand". This indication demands a re-evaluation of Smith's paradox of value and has implication of modern science of valuation.

Automatic building extraction has significant socio-economic applications such as population estimation, urban planning, rapid disaster response, monitoring illegal land acquisition, and change det...

Sellers with one unit of land each are located at the nodes of a graph. Two sellers are contiguous if they are connected by an edge in the graph. The buyer realizes a positive value only if he can purchase plots that constitute a path of given length. We characterize the optimal mechanism when the buyer and sellers have independently distributed private valuations.

Theoretical basis The theoretical concepts and frameworks from the following literature are brought in to discuss the case situation. Freeman’s stakeholder framework, Yukl’s Influence Tactics, Johnson and Scholes’ Power-Interest Matrix Please see: Freeman, R. E. (2010). Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Pitman Publishing Inc. Yukl, G. (2002). Leadership in Organizations. Prentice-Hall. Johnson, G. and Scholes, K. (1999). Exploring Corporate Strategy: Text and Cases. Prentice-Hall. Research methodology Information required for the case was primarily collected from Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, Mussorie, India, where the newly recruited civil service officers (probationary trainees) of India are trained. The main protagonist, a senior officer in the Indian Administrative Services was interviewed by one of the authors. Secondary data from contemporary newspaper reports and government orders were also made use of. Case overview/synopsis Palakkad District Magistrate Gayathri Nair was tasked with acquiring 130 hectares of land for a government-sponsored public-private partnership project to set up a railway coach factory in Palakkad. After taking the landowners into confidence and fast-tracking the administrative process through the line departments, she successfully acquired 93 hectares of land for Phase I of the project. However, the intervention from local politicians and activists halted the next phase. Gayathri was pressured by her bosses to solve the standstill in four weeks. Unable to make the owners realize the benefits of the project, she witnessed a showdown between the agitating masses and the district administration. The entire episode is worsened by the partisan media coverage. The only options open to Gayathri, as the head of the district administration, are either to go ahead with forceful land acquisition and thereby, risk the wrath of the public or abandon the project and bury the months-long back-breaking teamwork. How could Gayathri handle the situation better? What steps could she take at various stages to ensure a balanced outcome for all the stakeholders in the project? Complexity academic level This case is applicable for the courses/sessions in training programmes for executives, and undergraduate courses related to project management, strategic management, leadership and public policy. It is also useful for courses and training programmes on stakeholder mapping and conflict management.

Public land is crucial for the execution of developmental projects in many nations. However, studies have indicated that most of the time, public land is often being encroached. The issue of concern in this paper is: why do people encroach on public land? A contextual investigation approach was embraced for this study and residents of Ajoda New Town (ANT) - a scheme of Oyo State Government, Nigeria were involved as respondents to a structured questionnaire prepared on a five-point Likert scale format. Respondents were randomly selected, and, a total of 322 completed copies of the questionnaire were found valid for data analysis. The study employed Weighted Mean Score and Principal Component Analysis in determining the factors that led to the land encroachment in the community. Results indicate that faulty administrative/implementation, the hostile attitude of original settlers, and excessive land acquisition by the government are the major factors responsible for land encroachment in the study area. It was recommended that during the acquisition process, the government should imbibe the culture of acquiring a reasonable portion of land which will not be far more than what is required to avoid encroachment, and adequate compensation paid to the affected persons.

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) is mandated to lead in the sustainable management of the country’s natural resources. The continuous migration in forest and forest lands ...

The Yogyakarta International Airport Railway Project provides easier access for the public. The implementation of land acquisition for the YIA Airport Railroad has experienced obstacles, namely the length of time providing compensation to people who are entitled to LMAN financing. In addition, there is a problem with the proof of the right to compensation for the land parcels of the 2019 PTSL participants whose certificates were issued after the IPL. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, data comes from several parties who are considered important and are directly involved in the land acquisition process. The results showed that the process of paying compensation through LMAN was considered quite long by the community. This is due to the existence of a review and verification process according to separate standard operating procedure outside of Law Number 2 of 2012. Regarding these problems, it is important that land acquisition regulations with LMAN funding be issued. In addition, the delivery of information related to land acquisition to the community is the most important part for the community to cooperate. Proyek Jalur Kereta Api Bandara Yogyakarta International Airport memberikan akses yang lebih mudah bagi masyarakat. Pelaksanaan pengadaan tanah Jalur Kereta Api Bandara YIA mengalami kendala yaitu lamanya pemberian uang ganti rugi terhadap masyarakat yang berhak pada pembiayaan LMAN. Selain itu terdapat permasalahan alas bukti hak untuk ganti rugi pada bidang tanah peserta PTSL 2019 yang sertipikatnya keluar setelah IPL. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif, data berasal dari beberapa pihak yang dianggap penting dan terlibat langsung pada proses pengadaan tanah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan proses pembayaran uang ganti rugi melalui LMAN dianggap cukup lama oleh masyarakat. Hal ini disebabkan adanya proses review dan verifikasi sesuai SOP tersendiri di luar Undang- Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2012. Terhadap permasalahan tersebut, penting kiranya diterbitkan peraturan pengadaan tanah dengan pendanaan LMAN. Selain itu penyampaian informasi terkait pengadaan tanah kepada masyarakat menjadi bagian terpenting agar masyarakat kooperatif.Kata Kunci: Pengadaan Tanah, LMAN, Review, Verifikasi.

Jatkosodan jälkeen vuonna 1945 säädettyyn maanhankintalakiin kuului kielipykälä, joka rajoitti suomenkielisen siirtoväen asutustoimintaa ruotsin- ja kaksikielisissä kunnissa. Pykälä ja sen merkitys nousivat 1945–1946 merkittävän keskustelun alaisiksi, etenkin pääministeri J .K. Paasikiven taistellessa pykälän puolesta. Artikkelissa käydään läpi kielipykälän syntyyn johtanutta keskustelua, pykälän perusteella laadittuja sijoitussuunnitelmia ja kielipykälän muita vaiheita. Artikkeli perustuu vähän käytettyihin J. K. Paasikiven ja maatalousministeriön asutusasiainosaston arkistojen asiakirjoihin. Tarkemmassa tutkimuksessa useat asiaan vaikuttaneet tahot osoittautuvat huomattavasti moniulotteisemmiksi ja ongelmia ennakoivimmiksi kuin on uskottu. Kielipykälä ja sen perusteella tehdyt sijoitussuunnitelmat olivat jo omana aikanaan hyvin tulkinnanvaraisia, mikä johti pitkään kiistelyyn ja konkreettiseen asutustoiminnan hidastumiseen. Tämä vaihe on huonosti tunnettu osa sodan jälkeistä asutustoimintaa, mikä on johtanut historiantutkijoita useisiin väärintulkintoihin. Keskeistä oli tulkinta epäselvän pykälän sanamuodon merkityksestä ja tätä seurannut kiistely siitä, saisiko kuntiin sijoittaa suomenkielistä siirtoväkeä 2 % vai 4 % puitteissa. Samalla kiisteltiin myös siitä, koskiko kielipykälä vain suurempia tilamuotoja vai myös pienempiä. Käytännössä kielipykälän ankarin, toteutunut versio esti yli 10 000 suomenkielisen evakon asuttamisen maanhankintalain nojalla. Maanhankintalain kanssa samaan aikaan suunniteltu maankäyttölaki osoittaa, että asutusviranomaiset pitivät maanhankintalakia selvästi poikkeuslakina asutuslainsäädännössä, eivät sen jatkumona, ja osasivat ennakoida tulevaisuutta yllättävän hyvin. Tämän lainsäädännön yhteydessä ruotsinkieliset yrittivät laajentaa asutustoimintaa rajoittavan kielipykälän myös muuhun asutuslainsäädäntöön., Land Acquisition Act, which was enacted in 1945 to settle evacuees and other groups of people, included the a language paragraph which restricted the amount of Finnish speaking internally displaced persons, which could be settled into Swedish speaking and bilingual municipalities. Paragraph and its meaning were debated in 1945–1946, especially when prime minister Paasikivi struggled for the paragraph. This article studies the discussion surrounding the paragraph, the Settlement Plans made according to the paragraph and other phases of the paragraph. Article is based on previously less studied archive material. In closer inspection many relevant participants turn out to be more multifaceted and they also were able to predict future problems more than is believed. Language paragraph and settlement plans made according to it were ambiguous, which lead to long debates and prolonging of actual settlementing. This phase is less known by historians. Interpretation of paragraphs unclear meaning was pivotal, as well as the followed discussion if the Finnish speaking population could increase by 2 % or 4 %. Debate also considered if the smaller dwelling sites were included into the amounts. Because stricter 2 % was verified, approximately over 10 000 Finnish speaking evacuees had to be settled elsewhere.

Drawing on their respective ethnographies of urbanisation in Gurgaon (now known as Gurugram) and thwarted industrialisation in Singur, the authors argue that plots of land owned by smallholders are intermittent commodities. Following Igor Kopytoff’s lead, they focus on commoditisation as a process and adopt a biographical approach to consider the social life of land. The article contends that individually owned plots potentially go in and out of circulation but never get fully commodified, nor do they remain fully non-commodified. With the rising speculative value of land, neither market price nor monetary compensation fully substitutes land ownership. Hence, the landholders express regret and even resentment on having to part with their land. The ambivalence speaks, in part, to the complex attributes of land and the relations of authority, distinction and status associated with it. To maintain their caste-based status, the landowners use land as leverage. They hold on to land or demand better compensation to reiterate the land–caste–power nexus spatially.

Infrastructure development is needed to encourage economic growth. However, infrastructure development requires land acquisition, which may adversely impact the community. This study aims to analyze the impact of Kertajati International Airport construction on the farm households’ income and welfare level. This research data used primary data with a simple random sampling method to select 76 farm households in the most affected village. The analysis techniques were income analysis and paired sample t-test. The results showed that farm income was significantly higher before the airport construction. Nevertheless, off-farm income increased after the airport construction, leading to an insignificant household income difference before and after the land acquisition. As for the prosperity level, on average, the farm households lived below the decent living standard. The results imply the importance of increasing farmers’ capacity so that that compensation funds can be utilized to increase household income.

Increased credit availability facilitates land acquisition, but higher land values also hinder it. We investigate the impact of credit availability on land values, after regulatory changes in the lending system. We build an index of increased credit availability using Federal Reserve and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation data. County-level panel fixed effects estimations are performed controlling for land value determinants, credit availability, and county-level macroeconomic factors. We find that estimating the effects of credit availability separately masks its total effect. Results show a 0.1 change in the index for increased credit availability is associated with 1.64–1.96% increase in land values.

SummaryRising flood damages have prompted local communities to implement buyout and property acquisition programmes to eliminate repetitive losses for at-risk properties. However, buyouts are often costly to implement and are reactionary solutions to flooding. This study quantifies the benefits of acquiring vacant private properties in flood-prone areas rather than acquiring such properties after they are built up. Using a geodesign framework that integrates concepts and analytical approaches derived from geographical, spatial and statistical-based disciplines, we analyse vacant properties with high development potential that intersect current and future floodplain areas in Houston (TX, USA). We use geospatial proximity analysis to select candidate properties, land-use prediction modelling to estimate future development and sea-level rise and benefit–cost analysis to assess the economic viability of buyouts. The results indicate that cumulative avoided flood losses exceed the cost of vacant land acquisition by a factor of nearly two to one, and up to a factor of ten to one in selected areas. This study emphasizes the benefits of proactive property buyouts that focus on acquiring parcels before they are built up, while also avoiding the social and institutional problems associated with traditional buyout programmes.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the determinants of household income following the loss of land owing to urban expansion in central Vietnam. Using data mainly from household surveys in the peri-urban areas of Hue city, the regression model indicates that demographic factors and livelihood strategy choices have important impacts on household income; financial compensation and support packages do not appear to be strong determinants of household income after the loss of land. This implies a failure of the current compensation programmes in the process of compulsory land acquisition, because the government believes that compensation packages make important contributions to livelihood reconstruction. This study suggests that investing in education and skill training for household members affected by land loss as well as assistance in converting compensation money into an adequate livelihood should be taken into consideration.

During the period of about 15 years, there were several attempts to regulate the process of land tenures forming in Lithuania by changing the procedure of land acquisition and imposing some restrictive measures for the acquisition of agricultural land. This research aimed to determine the impact of those restrictive measures on the land market. This article represents the analytical results of the statistical data on agricultural land privatisation and market sales in respect of changes in legal acts. According to the analysis, changes in land acquisition procedure had no negative effect on land privatisation and volumes of land sales nor on land sale prices during the transitional period of limited access for foreign buyers in 2004–2014. The volatility of land sales during the transitional period can be explained by the natural market cyclicality, while the steady growth of prices indicates that the land market has not yet reached its long-run equilibrium. The new regulative provisions adopted in 2014 after the transitional period was over were intended to prevent land concentration and had a positive, yet momentary, effect on the supply of private agricultural land. A significant increase in land prices after introducing those provisions was caused by the ceased supply of state land and some other causes that were not analysed in this paper.

Large-scale inter-city infrastructure projects are proliferating across the Global South as industrial policy-makers have used spatial planning to purposefully transform regions’ economic and urban...

The concept of marginal land in large-scale land acquisitions (LSLAs) has become important to understand land for LSLA deals. Based on remotely gathered geospatial data, the biophysical dimension o...

The issue that will be discussed in this paper are problems causing disputes/conflicts over land acquisition toward development for the public interest. To address those problems, document and literature search as well as literature review are employed, including the cases of land acquisition that have occurred to be analyzed descriptively to achieve resolution to the problems. The results showed that land acquisition is closely related to eviction, land purchase, compensation, repressive actions of the apparatus, public reluctance to move from the acquired land, and public refusal towards the form and amount of the compensation. The problems due to land acquisition that provokes disputes/conflicts arise from three sources: a substance (in terms of regulations, or biased meaning of public interest), structure (the roles of officials/institutions related to land acquisition), and public. Regarding the fact that the existence of disputes/conflicts over land acquisition is frequently related to the issue of justice and public welfare, therefore, attention and efforts are practically needed to achieve justice and welfare, especially for those whose lands are acquired without ignoring the aspect of legal certainty as a characteristic of state law.

This type of research uses a combination research method. Namely by combining quantitative and qualitative research methods. Data analysis techniques are the SWOT analysis method, regional financial capacity analysis (KKD), regional capability level analysis and Full Cost Recovery (FCR) analysis. The results showed: 1) PDAM Barru Regency Program Plan after obtaining capital participation from the Regional Government of Barru Regency is a) plan for funding activities for urban drinking water grant, free water connection for low-income communities (MBR), b) provision of water meters, c) construction of intake wells, d) construction of pump housings, e) installation of 5lt / sec cap intake pumps, f) procurement of Ø 6 ”GIP pipes, intake pumps and accessories, g) roof rehabilitation and additional space for Marolly installation operation houses and h) land acquisition Marolly intake well., 2) Regional Financial Capability of Barru Regency in distributing grant assistance in the form of Equity Participation to PDAM Barru Regency and 3) PDAM Barru Regency contribution to Regional Original Revenue is the contribution of PDAM Barru Regency to Barru Regency Government if Regional Government Capital Participation is implemented namely assisting the government in achieving Sdg's 100-0-100 targets and achieving SPM 100%. ak ses clean water.

Foreign investment in Indonesia in the plantation sector has a positive impact on national development. The need for encouragement and support in the plantation business by creating policies,which one is able to increase foreign investment in the plantation business. The purpose of this research is to analyze from the perspective of the prevailing law in Indonesia and to find out the factors that hinder the restriction of foreign investment in the plantation sector. This study uses a normative juridical method, namely by using a qualitative approach. The conclusion of this study is that the mechanism for limiting foreign investment in the plantation sector is regulated in Law Number 25 of 2007 concerning Foreign Investment and Law Number 39 of 2014 concerning Plantations, where these regulations must be considered by foreign investment in investing in plantation sector in Indonesia. The factors that hinder foreign investment are the usual business actors bribing State officials, the problem of being limited to opening a business entity because the land acquisition process is too long.

Large-scale land acquisitions (LaSLA), otherwise ‘land grabbing’ in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), raise difficult normative questions the current literature does not sufficiently explore. LaSLA is asso...

This article reviews the implications of special economic zones (SEZs) in the Indian context at both conceptual and empirical levels. It tries to draw attention toward detrimental modification in laws and actual implementation in the backdrop of judicial and executive practice. Implications in terms of socio-economic–legal–environmental taken together raise a question on the overall idea of SEZs. As evidences suggest, there are detrimental effects of SEZ operations in various forms.

Land acquisition process in the Indonesian toll road project has a high level of uncertainty. Several previous studies mainly discuss the risks involved in toll road projects and their mitigation measures, but the effect of existing risks on land acquisition scheduling is rarely reviewed. This research aims to develop a model for land acquisition productivity performance for toll road projects. The performance of productivity was modelled based on a predefined duration mentioned in Indonesian Act. No. 2/2012, compared to the actual duration from 6 toll road projects using montecarlo simulation. The validity of model was tested using the Section II of Cisumdawu Toll Road project. The simulation productivity result was 23.13 km/year, with a standard deviation of 6.704 km/year. Meanwhile, the actual productivity was 20.50 km/year, which was still within the range of the simulation's standard deviation. Hence, the models could reasonably describe the reality of the project. The most important activities that could affect land acquisition productivity performance were payment of compensation, the determination of compensation value, settlement of claims for the forms of compensation, and the identification and inventory of land ownership data.

A higher number of highway construction projects are experiencing delays in their scheduled completion time, and this situation, in turn, leads to overrun in the schedule as well as cost. This paper mainly categorizes the causes of time overrun and provides a mathematical model for predicting the time overrun percentage, using highway projects in Northern India as a case study. A survey of randomly selected samples yielded responses from 72 contractors and 44 clients. The study depends on forty-eight factors that influence schedule delays in highway projects. Based upon the average medium fuzzy influencing value and the respective frequency index value, the time overrun causing factors were ranked and categorized under different time overrun risk categories, namely red zone, yellow zone, and green zone. The analysis of the received responses indicates complications in the land acquisition process, utility shifting, constructability under traffic, lack of project planning and design changes were the top five most critical time overrun causing factors in highway projects. The medium fuzzy influencing value and the frequency index value for these five factors were above 18% and 80%, respectively. These factors lie under the red zone and need close attention. Factor such as opposing the projects by locals also gained much importance in this study as compared to previous studies as it lies under the red zone. The prediction model developed through the application of multiple regression analysis can explain 71.9% of the variability in the data, which is an excellent indicator of the model’s expected performance.

This study aims to determine the supporting factors, and inhibiting factors in the implementation of village fund policies in infrastructure development. This research used descriptive qualitative approach. This research was conducted in Purba Manalu village, Humbang Hasundutan regency, Indonesia. The primary data were gained by conducting interviews with 11 informants, and the secondary data were gained through literature elaboration to support primary data. The results indicate that the implementation of village funding policies in infrastructure development in the location is still not optimal. This is influenced by some factors namely namely (1) communication, (2) resources, (3) disposition (attitude), (4) bureaucratic structure. It is then divided into inhibiting and supporting factors. The inhibiting factors for the acceleration of infrastructure development in PMV are the low level of education, the lack of village spatial planning experts in helping to build better and more organized village infrastructure, and the land acquisition factor. The supporting factors are the ability of the implementers of development (stakeholders) in empowering local communities in the implementation of rural infrastructure development, sources of funds for infrastructure development, availability of complete village facilities and infrastructure such as land in support of VF policies.

This research aims to examine the conflict management of land acquisition for the construction of the Padang-Sicincin toll road. The approach used is this research approach using a descriptive qualitative type approach that is gathering information from various sources and can be proven by facts and using documentation studies. From this research it can be seen that the Padang-Sicincin toll road conflict still occurs and is felt by various layers to the lower layers of the community. From the interview results it is known that the conflict management of land acquisition for the construction of the Padang-Sicincin toll road is not yet optimal and an in-depth study is needed. Conflict over toll road development is not only seen from land issues, but many impacts are caused by economic, social and environmental aspects.

Land acquisition for the construction of roads in the public interest is a classic problem that always creates turmoil in the community. This study aims to analyze land acquisition followed by land acquisition belonging to the people, always causing disputes that sometimes lead to violence or at least lead to court. The research method used normative research with a statute approach and a conceptual approach and analyzed descriptive qualitative. Based on the Research Results, it is indicated that Settlement of disputes in Land Procurement for Road Development in the public interest should be carried out to the maximum extent possible through consultation and / or through non-litigation or settlement outside the Court. Land Procurement for Development for public purposes, give Honor to holders Land Rights by providing legal protection and by providing fair and appropriate compensation to the rightful parties, but in reality often the holders of the rights granted experience a decline in quality compared to the original situation before the release of land rights.

The Nandigram peasant struggle against land acquisition for special economic zones (SEZs) in West Bengal, India, in 2006–2007, highlights the importance of attachment to place and territorialization in resistance. Analyzing the Nandigram land struggle, I underscore the importance of place-based attachment. I argue that land is a social relation. The land acquisition was a threat of breakage in that place-based relation, which led to negative perceptions of industrialization. This threat pronounced the existing attachment to place, which led to the spatialization of the muktanchal or liberated zone. I conceptualize the muktanchal as an act of territoriality, where militant peasant identities emerged that facilitated their claim-making. This paper uses content analysis of existing primary data from heterogeneous sources, to illuminate how the peasants strategically created the muktanchal to contest top-down attempts by the state to create a SEZ enclave.

Permukiman padat di pinggiran Kanal Jongaya Kelurahan Bontorannu adalah salah satu penyebab tercemarnya lingkungan Pantai Losari sebagai landmark Kota Makassar. Penumpukan sampah di sepanjang kanal makin menguatkan perilaku masyarakat membuang sampah di kanal. Kawasan Kelurahan Bontorannu memiliki beberapa potensi yang dapat dijadikan faktor pendukung dalam upaya revitalisasi yakni kanal yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai transportasi air karena kanal Jongaya terhubung ke Pantai Losari dan pulau – pulau disekitarnya. Sebagai permukiman nelayan yang berada di perkotaan serta di kawasan strategis koridor pesisir yang memiliki nilai lebih sebagai Pusat Bisnis dan Pariwisata Terpadu. (RT/RW Kota Makassar 2015-2034) tentu menjadi daya tarik. Tujuan pengabdian masyarakat untuk 1) Mengidentifikasi karakteristik prasarana permukiman masyarakat dan preferensi masyarakat terhadap kondisi permukiman tepian Kanal Jongaya di Kelurahan Bontorannu Kecamatan Mariso Kota Makassar. 2) Menyusun arahan penataan lingkungan pada permukiman kumuh di Kelurahan Bontorannu Kecamatan Mariso Kota Makassar berbasis masyarakat. Metode yang digunakan yaitu focus group discussion (FGD) untuk mendapatkan masukan akan kebutuhan dan masalah di lingkungan masyarakat serta pemberian stimulus yang tepat kepada masyarakat sehingga persepsi dan usulan penanganan masalah terhadap lingkungan dan kondisi permukiman sesuai dengan yang diharapkan. Arahan penataan yang direkomendasikan dalam mengatasi kondisi permukiman antara lain: pengadaan lampu jalan, penambahan tempat sampah di setiap lorong dan tepi kanal, pembebasan lahan di RW 1, RW 2, RW 3, dan RW 4 untuk membuka akses jalan, menyediakan lahan parkir bagi wisatawan yang datang berkunjung, serta keinginan masyarakat untuk berjualan kuliner, cendramata, dan pembuatan spot foto untuk menarik kunjungan wisatawan sehingga dapat meningkatkan perekonomian masyarakat.

Flyover and underpass are an important part of the road network system, especially to reduce congestion. These flyover and underpass construction projects have unique and very complex characteristics, so they face various types of risks that may occur during the project life cycle. Risks that occur can affect the cost, time and quality of construction projects, which in some cases can even have a serious impact on the sustainability of the project itself. Risk may occur due to several risk factors that cause it. Since the construction of flyover and underpass is very important and is a very strategic and usually large-scale project, a study of the types of risk factors that might occur during the construction of flyovers and underpass in Indonesia is needed. This research is dedicated to answering this problem. This study uses the literature review method for data collection. Based on the results of the study it was found that the risk of the conception stage is an obstacle in land acquisition, the planning stage is a change in design, the implementation stage is safety and safety.

The study took place in Southwest Nigeria and assessed the gender differentials on the challenges of land acquisition among male and female arable crop farmers. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 168 male arable crop farmers and 168 female arable crop farmers to make a total of 336 respondents. Analysis of the quantitative data was done using descriptive and inferential statistics, while content analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. The results show that male and female arable crop farmers faced the challenges of high population of land users, inadequate credit facilities to acquire land, family dispute on land, poor soil fertility and high costs of rent in acquiring land, while female arable crop farmers faced the challenge of spouse restriction in acquiring land. There was a significant difference between male and female arable crop farmers’ challenges of land acquisition. It was concluded that male, as well as female, arable crop farmers in the study area face one challenge or the other in acquiring land for arable crop production, but female arable crop farmers face more challenges compared to their male counterparts. Gender-responsive policy formulation and implementation was recommended to ease access to land for male and female arable crop farmers.

Land data are contaminated by energetic surface waves that have low apparent velocities relative to the seismic signal. The conventional land acquisition approach to noise attenuation is to deploy arrays of hard-wired geophones whose combined response acts as a spatial filter. Besides the shortcomings of a fixed array response that is sensitive to perturbations, using a large amount of equipment limits the field efficiency of array-based acquisition. The advent of point-receiver acquisition technology addresses some of these limitations by enabling measurement of each single geophone along a receiver line and removing the slowest energetic noise by velocity-based filtering. However, according to the classic sampling theorem, the proper sampling of noise requires sampling the shortest wavelength twice. Because surface waves have slow propagation velocities, it is not feasible to sample the noise properly and a compromise is made between quality and efficiency. We have developed two different methods to improve the efficiency of point-receiver technology by allowing for wider receiver spacing without compromising the coherent noise attenuation capabilities. First, we combine compressed sensing-based methods such as the matching pursuit approach with the gradient measurement inferred from a novel 5C sensor to dealias and attenuate source-generated noise. Second, we have developed a method to design optimized acquisition geometries by using the spectral characteristics of the surface waves, where the objective is to place a limited number of receivers at the most favorable locations to help attenuate the coherent noise. We determine the effectiveness of our methods through synthetic and field data examples in which we find that spatially aliased coherent noise can be reconstructed to a denser grid and attenuated.

Urban land acquisition is a fundamental precondition to sustaining the socio-economic livelihood of urban residents. In Ethiopia, with the high rate of peri-urbanization, the demand for urban land for various urban uses, such as housing development, is responded to by expropriating peri-urban landholdings from the farming community through paying compensation to the farmers. The paper highlights Ethiopia’s urbanization pace and the associated urban land acquisition scenarios, mainly for housing purposes. Thus, it aims to analyze the peri-urban land acquisition scenarios through the expropriation of peri-urban land holdings used for agricultural purposes in Bahir Dar and the associated adverse effect on the farming community. To address the intended aim, data were collected by interviewing senior officials, experts, and elder farm households of the study area who were more knowledgeable about the study issue. There were focus group discussions with selected farming communities, and an extended field observation was conducted intending to triangulate the data collected by other techniques. Moreover, the Geographic Information System (GIS) was utilized to analyze satellite images of Bahir Dar City to demonstrate the extent of peri-urban land conversion from 2011 to 2021. The result of this study revealed that there is a 7% urban population growth rate, which resulted in 8% of Bahir Dar being converted from peri-urban between the stated period, and hence a considerable size of land had been expropriated in the peri-urban areas of Bahir Dar with expropriation measures. This study exposed that the compensation for expropriated agricultural landholdings often fails to adequately account for the full range of livelihoods and economic activities that farmers engage in, leaving them struggling to adapt to urban life. The urban development in the study area of Bahir Dar is taking place by jeopardizing the livelihoods of the farming community, and the urban expansion is seen as a threat to them.

Many studies have investigated the effects of large-scale land acquisition (LSLA) on livelihood, while the effects of LSLA by different actors on investment decisions and levels of investment have largely gone without academic scrutiny. Consequently, information concerning the implications of LSLA by actors on investment is scarce in the literature pertaining to policy. Drawing on information from 664 households selected through a multistage sampling technique, this study examined the relationship between direct and indirect exposure to LSLA by domestic and foreign entities and investment in land-improving techniques. The results show a bi-directional relationship between LSLA and household farm investments. While direct and indirect exposure to LSLA by domestic and foreign entities dissipates some forms of farm investments, the reverse causality is also possible where some household farm investments discourage direct and indirect exposure to LSLA by domestic and foreign entities. The results also revealed that LSLA by domestic and foreign entities dissipates investment in all levels of land- and yield-improving techniques, and even in the presence of a high perception of tenure security. Thus, the provision of legal ownership of land to farmers can provide insurance for investments in all land-improving techniques. Government can also step up the fertilizer subsidy program to enable households to increase investment to avoid further exposure to LSLA.

Copious evidence exists on studies into large scale land acquisition (LSLA) in Ghana. The literature is replete with divergent findings that support both the pessimist views (land investments always hurt locals and drain development) and optimists views (land investments brings total development to communities). This study examined the literature on large scale land acquisition and human rights in Ghana, to provide a more detailed perspective into the issue, inform policy and practice and contribute to literature. The qualitative literature review approach, involving a desk study was employed. A host of key terms were developed to retrieve relevant materials which were sifted using inclusion and exclusion criteria. An appraisal tool was used to synthesise evidence from the final papers and presented in a thematic fashion. The study found continuous efforts by government to blend statutory and customary laws and practices in the management of public and private land ownership rights in Ghana and this has remained quite challenging in the discourse of LSLA. The inefficiency of this effort created weak linkages among the major institutions and stakeholders in large- scale agro-investments. All these effects are as a result of the insufficiencies in the country’s land governance systems and partly caused by discrepancies between de jure and de facto procedures. The consequence is that land investment projects aimed at stimulating economic and social development, have resulted in dispossessions, injustices and environmental conflicts wherein indigenous communities have been deeply affected. Whereas employment and the social infrastructure provided by the firms sometimes help alleviate the plights of the communities – these were less significant compared to the deleterious impacts of the alienation from their lands. Overall, politically powerful chiefs have sought to re-assert their authority over land and the local population by allocating community land to investors, based on investors’ demands rather than the priorities of the state. Among other things, it is recommended that efforts be made to improve the interconnectedness and synergy between the customary land institutions and the statutory institutions while re-engineering the customary voice in ownership and decision making regarding the use of community lands. These will help improve the outcomes of such land deals. M-DS

Tema for denne avhandlingen er grunnerverv og ekspropriasjon fra kollektive boformer. Hovedproblemstilling skal belyse: “Hva er utfordringene knyttet til grunnerverv og ekspropriasjon fra seksjonerte boligsameier og borettslag, med vekt på partsstatus og transaksjonskostnader.” Borettslag og seksjonerte boligsameier er kollektive eierformer som er underlagt særlovgivning. Avhandlingen ser nærmerer på delinngrep fra fellesarealene til disse sameieformene. Hovedproblemstillingen blir besvart ved hjelp fem forskningsspørsmål, som danner rammene for avhandlingen. 1. Hvem er ekspropriat? 2. Hvem har forhandlings- og besluttningsmyndighet ved minnelige forhandlinger fra borettslag eller seksjonerte boligsameier? 3. Hvilke avtaleformer og avtaleformularer gjør seg gjeldende? 4. Hvilke innvirkninger har eierstrukturen til kollektive eierformer for transaksjonskostnadene? 5. Hvordan arter det erstatnings grunnleggende «tapet» seg? Hvem får utbetalt, og hvordan fordeles erstatningen? Det har blitt gjennomført et dokumentstudie av lovverk og rettspraksis for å kartlegge de juridiske rammene. En kvalitativ undersøkelse er gjennomført i form av semistrukturerte intervjuer for å avdekke hvordan problematikken løses i praksis. Dette ble gjennomført ved å intervjue 19 grunnerververe med praktisk erfaring. Funnene fra intervjuene ble sett i sammenheng med lovverket og rettspraksis. Ordlyden i orl § 2 og pbl § 16-1 gir etter en alminnelig språkforståelse grunnlag for at retter utledet i kraft av å være andels- eller seksjonseier er ekspropriasjonsrettslig vernet. Rettskildene og rettspraksis er ikke tydelige på hvor sterke disse rettene må være for at en andels- eller seksjonseier skal ha ekspropriasjonsrettslig vern. Samtidig som det kan oppstå utfordringer i de tilfellene når det foreligger privatrettslige ordninger som ikke er formalisert ved tinglysning eller vedtekter. Funnene viser at det er borettslaget som må anses som part, dersom inngrepet ikke berører en borett. Som en hovedregel ved delinngrep fra fellesarealene i et seksjonert boligsameie er det samtlige seksjonseiere som skal ha partsstatus. Dette fordi et sameie i utgangspunktet ikke har partsevne. Dette strider med hva som er gjeldende praksis for grunnerververne. Funnene viser at det blir foretatt pragmatiske løsninger fra grunnerververne for å løse partsstatus spørsmålet. Videre er det utfordringer knyttet til forhandlinger med flere, både for grunnerverver, men også for aktørene i de kollektive boformene. Det er utfordrende å finne frem til første kontaktpunkt for å inngå forhandlinger. I tillegg vil det kunne oppstå utfordringer når en avgjørelse skal bli tatt i felleskap. Det kan medgå noe tid i påvente av at disse eier- og rettighetsstrukturene får organisert seg. Disse faktorene påvirker transaksjonskostnadene. Empirien viser at grunnerververne opplever at aktørene i disse eier- og rettighetsstrukturene ofte kan være mer passive til eiendommen, en hva andre grunneiere kan være. This study looks at the potential issues arising when land is taken, by agreement or expropriation, from commonhold housing or housing associations by answering the following question: “What are the legal and negotiation challenges associated with land acquisition from commonhold housing properties and housing associations related to the individual shareholders’ position, their association’s position and transaction costs involved?” Housing associations and commonholds are collective forms of property ownership subject to special legislation in Norway. This paper looks closer at partial takings from jointly held areas of these property co-ownership forms. The analysis of the empirical data was studied in conjunction with legislation and court practices . Expropriation Act § 2 and the Plan and Building Act §16-1 provide a general understanding Nevertheless, the wording is unclear. The courts' decisions differ. The findings show that practitioners (negotiators) apply pragmatic solutions. The challenges are particularly acute when acquisition issues have not been formalized bythe internal rules of the association, and when the taking effects some of the co-owners more than others. The law studies show that a housing association must be considered a party. As a primary rule, all individually effected co- owners are also a party in the case. This is somewhat contrary to the current practice of land surveyors an other negotiator. Moreover, the findings also show several challenges for both land surveyors and stakeholders associated with negotiations involving several parties in co-ownership arrangements. The land surveyors or practitioners point out that it can sometimes be challenging to find the first person to contact. Additionally, challenges may arise when joint decisions are needed. In these cases, time may elapse to allow the section owners to set up necessary meetings to accept agreements. These factors influence transaction costs. M-EIE

Markåtkomst för nybebyggelse av allmänna ledningar sker på flera olika sätt. Användning av markområdet kan säkerställs genom ett tvångsvis ägobyte med expropriation enligt expropriationslag. Främst används dock ledningsrätt via en lantmäteriförrättning eller frivilliga överenskommelser som grundas i upplåtelseformerna avtalsservitut eller nyttjanderätt. Markupplåtelse innebär att ledningsägaren har rätt att nyttja marken inom avtalets ramar. Innan byggstart är det nödvändigt att det projekterade underlaget prövas och att tillstånd meddelas av tillsynsansvarig. När de obligatoriska villkoren är uppfyllda är det möjligt att påbörja anordnandet. Arbetet är avgränsat till fyra olika ledningstyper, elektroniska kommunikations-ledningar, elledningar, VA-ledningar och fjärrvärmeledningar. Var och en representerar en av de totalt fyra kategorierna för vilka allmännyttiga ledningar kan upplåts med ledningsrätt (ledningsrättslagen 2 § 1 st.). För att få en uppfattning om förfarandet i praktiken intervjuas åtta personer som har hand om markåtkomsten för olika ledningsägare. Utredningen innehåller en jämförelse av tillvägagångssättet för större ledningar som förstärker nätet med en lång sträckning. Gentemot ledningar inom ett lokalnät, båda i tätorter och utanför, som ansluts direkt till kunden. Jämförelsen utförs med avseende på ledningstyp. Utifrån det samlade underlaget är det tydligt att ledningsägarna vill träffa frivilliga överenskommelse med fastighetsägaren i alla situationer. Ledningstyp har en viss påverkan, i synnerhet gällande ledningar som omfattas av linjekoncession. Fiberbolag (elektronisk kommunikation) använder sig nästintill uteslutet av nyttjanderätt. Markåtkomstprocessen för VA-ledningar, fjärrvärmeledningar och elledningar är slående lika. Bolagen för all tre ledningstyperna använder markavtal på kommunalägd mark. En skillnad är att VA-anläggningar är kommunalägda eller styrda av kommunala bolag. Därför är samarbetet starkare med kommunen. För lokalnät vill ledningsägarna helst använda sig av avtalsservitut (markupplåtelseavtal) för privata fastighetsägare samt standardiserade markavtal för kommun och större fastighetsägare. Gällande större distributionsledningar strävar ledningsägarna efter att träffa frivilliga överenskommelse först som sedan omvandlas till ledningsrätt. Fjärrvärmeledningar och elledningar upprättar sina avtal med hjälp av branchorganisationen Energiföretagen Sveriges standardmallar. Land access for new construction of public utility lines happens in several different ways. The use of the land area can be secured through a forced change of ownership with expropriation according to the Expropriation Act. Mainly, however, right of way is used via a land surveyor's office or voluntary agreements based on the grant forms contractual easement or right of use agreement. A land grant means that the utility line owner has the right to use the land within the framework of the agreement. Before the start of construction, it is necessary that the projected basis is tested and that permission is given by the supervisor. When the mandatory conditions are met, it is possible to start the construction. The work is limited to four different line types, electronic communication lines, electricity lines, WS lines and district heating lines. Each one represents one of the total of four categories for which public utility lines can be granted with management rights (Management Rights Act, section 2, paragraph 1). To get an idea of the procedure in practice, eight people who are in charge of land access for various utility line companies are interviewed. The purpose is to investigate how the approach for larger regional lines that reinforce the network and have a long coverage that does not branch out too much. Compared from lines within a local network, both in urban areas and outside, which are connected directly to the customer. These two parameters are compared between the respective line types. Based on the collected information, it is clear that managers want to reach voluntary agreements with the property owner in all situations. Fiber companies (electronic communication) make use almost exclusively of rights of use. The ground access process for WS lines, district heating lines and power lines is strikingly similar. The companies for all three utility line types use land agreement on municipally owned land. One difference is that WS authorities are municipally owned or managed by municipal companies. Therefore, the cooperation with the municipality is stronger. For local networks, the managers prefer to use contractual servitudes (land lease agreements) for private property owners and standardized land agreements for municipalities and larger property owners. Regarding larger distribution lines, the managers strive to reach voluntary agreements first, which are then converted into management rights. District heating lines and electricity lines draw up their contracts with the help of the industry organization Energiföretagen Sverige's standard templates.