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Background Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most frequent vestibular disorder with significant morbidity, psychosocial impact, and medical costs. This multi-center study work aimed to review BPPV clinical features, treatment, and outcomes. Methods After a detailed history, clinical examination, audiological assessment, and position provocation tests to diagnose BPPV type, the suitable repositioning maneuver was done. BPPV was diagnosed according to the criteria developed for this study through piloting and validation in a specialized dizziness clinic. The main outcome measures were patient demographics, comorbidities, canal involvement, response to treatment, and incidence of recurrence. Results Within included 114 patients, the affected canal was 93% posterior semicircular canal, 3.5% horizontal semicircular canal, and 3.5% anterior semicircular canal. The response after repositioning maneuver was (86%) after one session and 100% after the second session. Conclusion Meticulous BBPV assessment with choosing appropriated provocation test help to diagnose and identify the type of BPPV and so applying appropriated suitable repositioning maneuver.

Aim: First use of opioids often happens in adolescence and an increasing number of opioid overdoses are being reported among youth. The purpose of this narrative review was to pre-sent the treatment approaches for youth with high-risk opioid use, determine whether the lit-erature supports the use of opioid agonist treatment among youth, and identify evidence for better treatment outcomes in the younger population. Methods: A search of the literature on PubMed® using MeSH terms specific to youth, opi-oid use, and treatment approaches generated 1,436 references. Following a screening process, 137 papers were found to be relevant to the treatment of high-risk opioid use among youth. After full-text review, 19 eligible studies were included: four randomized controlled trials, nine observational studies, and six reviews. Results: Research for the different treatment options among youth is limited. The available evidence shows better outcomes in terms of retention in care and cost-effectiveness for opioid agonist treatment than abstinence-based comparisons. Integrating psychosocial interventions into the continuum of care for youth can be an effective way of addressing comorbid psychi-atric conditions and emotional drivers of substance use, leading to improved treatment trajec-tories. Conclusions: From the limited findings, there is no evidence to deny youth with high-risk opioid use the same treatment options available to adults. A combination of pharmacological and youth-specific psychosocial interventions is required to maximize retention and survival. There is an urgent need for more research to inform clinical strategies towards appropriate treatment goals for such vulnerable individuals.

Additional file 3. STROBE Checklist

Additional file 1. Undiagnosed Mental Illness in Individuals Experiencing Homelessness (UMIIEH) Survey

Background: There is a knowledge gap in systematic reviews on the impact of opioid agonist treatments on mental health. Objectives: We compared mental health outcomes between different opioid agonist treatments and placebo/waitlist, and between the different opioids themselves. Methods: This meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) was pre-registered at PROSPERO (CRD42018109375). Embase, MEDLINE, PsychInfo, CINAHL Complete, and Web of Science Core Collection were searched from inception to May 2020. RCTs were included if they compared opioid agonists with each other or with placebo/waitlist in the treatment of patients with opioid use disorder and reported at least one mental health outcome after 1-month post-baseline. Studies with psychiatric care, adjunct psychotropic medications, or unbalanced psychosocial services were excluded. The primary outcome was overall mental health symptomatology, e.g. Symptom Checklist 90 total score, between opioids and placebo/waitlist. Random effects models were used for all the meta-analyses. Results: Nineteen studies were included in the narrative synthesis and 15 in the quantitative synthesis. Hydromorphone, diacetylmorphine (DAM), methadone, slow-release oral morphine, buprenorphine, and placebo/waitlist were among the included interventions. Based on the network meta-analysis for primary outcomes, buprenorphine (SMD (CI95%) = −0.61 (−1.20, −0.11)), DAM (−1.40 (−2.70, −0.23)), and methadone (−1.20 (−2.30, −0.11)) were superior to waitlist/placebo on overall mental health. Further direct pairwise meta-analysis indicated that overall mental health improved more in DAM compared to methadone (−0.23 (−0.34, −0.13)). Conclusions: Opioid agonist treatments used for the treatment of opioid use disorder improve mental health independent of psychosocial services.

Additional file 2. Table S1: Differences among individuals who consume NBA and those who do not. Table S2: Substance use among NBA consumers relative to non-NBA consumers. Table S3: Physical and mental health among NBA consumers relative to non-NBA consumers. Table S4: Use and need for care for one or more general health and social services during the past year regarding substance use and/or mental health problems

Background: Electronic waste (e-waste) is produced in staggering quantities, estimated globally to be 41.8 million tonnes in 2014. Informal e-waste recycling is a source of much-needed income in many low- to middle-income countries. However, its handling and disposal in underdeveloped countries is often unsafe and leads to contaminated environments. Rudimentary and uncontrolled processing methods often result in substantial harmful chemical exposures among vulnerable populations, including women and children. E-waste hazards have not yet received the attention they deserve in research and public health agendas. Objectives: We provide an overview of the scale and health risks. We review international efforts concerned with environmental hazards, especially affecting children, as a preface to presenting next steps in addressing health issues stemming from the global e-waste problem. Discussion: The e-waste problem has been building for decades. Increased observation of adverse health effects from e-waste sites calls for protecting human health and the environment from e-waste contamination. Even if e-waste exposure intervention and prevention efforts are implemented, legacy contamination will remain, necessitating increased awareness of e-waste as a major environmental health threat. Conclusion: Global, national, and local levels efforts must aim to create safe recycling operations that consider broad security issues for people who rely on e-waste processing for survival. Paramount to these efforts is reducing pregnant women and children’s e-waste exposures to mitigate harmful health effects. With human environmental health in mind, novel dismantling methods and remediation technologies and intervention practices are needed to protect communities. Citation: Heacock M, Kelly CB, Asante KA, Birnbaum LS, Bergman AL, Bruné MN, Buka I, Carpenter DO, Chen A, Huo X, Kamel M, Landrigan PJ, Magalini F, Diaz-Barriga F, Neira M, Omar M, Pascale A, Ruchirawat M, Sly L, Sly PD, Van den Berg M, Suk WA. 2016. E-waste and harm to vulnerable populations: a growing global problem. Environ Health Perspect 124:550–555; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1509699

The objective of the research is to evaluate the degree of success in applying profitsharing as a form of participation in developing command economies, Egypt being the model. Participation is spoken of as a new management ideology to overcome workers' alienation resulting from the introduction of the factory system - and to guarantee their support for its objectives. There are many studies of participation in Western countries whose overriding concern is with the success or failure of application, a subject which is seen to be debatable. Yet in command economies, where the application is compulsory, studies are very rare. This research may help to fill some of the void. Furthermore, the difference between the voluntary application of profit sharing in Western societies and its compulsory application in command economies is of a significance which cannot be too emphasised. Investigation has been performed by questionnaire and through personal interviews with employees from the Egyptian industrial public sector. This information is analysed against a background of the Egyptian environment in order better to understand employees' satisfaction with such schemes. The analysis attempts to highlight existing problems and to answer the question of how to improve the scheme. The research concludes that participation cannot be achieved by law, being subject to culture, tradition, habits, norms and skills of members.Compulsory application of profit sharing has led to many problems which affect its success. The application of such schemes in developing countries which does not satisfy the basic needs of individuals cannot guarantee its effectiveness. Workers behave individually as well as collectively, therefore personal factors such as their individual position in the hierarchy and market place are effective in determining their attitudes. Awareness of profit sharing among shopfloor workers seems to be limited to the money they get, that is the simple cash transaction. Little has been achieved in terms of the wider political goals of raising worker.identity wih the enterprise or state. The research recommends several related procedures be adopted. These are essential elements to the achievement of a political awareness among participants in such schemes.