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Amaç: Monovizyon presbiyopik tedavi uygulamalarında oküler dominansın klinik önemi artmıştır.Dominant ve dominant olmayan gözde akomodatif fonksiyonu araştıran az sayıda çalışmada çelişkilisonuçlar bildirilmiştir. Çalışmamızda oküler dominans ve lateralitenin akomodasyon üzerindeki etkisinideğerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya otuz beş sağlıklı, genç izometropik katılımcı dahil edildi. Okülerdominans, kart içinde delik testi kullanılarak belirlendi. Monoküler görüş koşulları altında Hartmann-Shack aberometresi kullanılarak, 0,5 diyoptrilik artışlarla 0,5 ila 5 diyoptri arasında artan akomodatifuyarana verilen akomodatif yanıtlar ölçüldü.Bulgular: Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 31,49 ± 4,22 (24-38) idi. Yirmi ikisi (%62,9) kadın, 13’ü (%37,1)erkekti. Yirmi yedi (%77,1) olguda sağ göz, 8 olguda (%22,9) sol göz dominant idi. Dominant vedominant olmayan gözler arasında kırma kusuru (sferik, silindirik ve sferik eşdeğer) açısından anlamlıbir fark yoktu (p>0,05). Dominant ve dominant olmayan gözler arasında 0,5 ila 5 diyoptrilik akomodatifuyarana verilen akomodatif yanıtlarda anlamlı fark yoktu (p>0,05). Ayrıca, sağ ve sol gözlerin akomodatifyanıtları benzerdi (p>0,05).Sonuç: Çalışmamızda sağlıklı genç izometropik katılımcıların dominant ve dominant olmayan gözlerininfarklı akomodatif uyaranlara akomodatif yanıtları benzer bulundu. Sağ ve sol göz arasında dafark yoktu. Akomodasyonda oküler dominans ve lateralitenin rolünü anlamak için daha fazla çalışmayaihtiyaç vardır., Aim: The clinical importance of ocular dominance has increased in monovision presbyopic therapy.There are few studies which have investigated accommodative function in the dominant and nondominanteye. Inconsistent results were reported in these studies. The purpose of this study was toevaluate the effect of ocular dominance and laterality on accommodation.Material and Methods: Thirty-five healthy, young isometropic participants were enrolled in this study.Ocular dominance was determined using the hole-in-the-card test. Accommodative responses toaccommodative stimulus ranging from 0.5 to 5 diopters in increments of 0.5 diopter were measuredusing a Hartmann-Shack aberrometer under monocular viewing conditions.Results: The mean age of the participants was 31.49 ± 4.22 (range, 24-38) years. Twenty-two (62.9%)were female and 13 (37.1%) were male. The right eye was dominant in 27 (77.1%) subjects and theleft eye was dominant in eight (22.9%). There was no significant difference in refractive error (spherical,cylindrical, and spherical equivalent) between the dominant and nondominant eyes (p>0,05). Therewere no significant differences in the accommodative response to the accommodative stimulus of 0.5 to 5 diopters between the dominant and nondominant eyes (p>0.05). In addition, the accommodative responses of the right and left eyes were similar (p>0.05).Conclusion: The accommodative responses of the dominant and non-dominant eyes of healthy isometropic participants were similar under monocular viewing conditions. There was also no difference between the right and left eyes. Further studies are needed to understand the role of ocular dominance and laterality in accommodation.

Purpose In the event that any ocular parameter involved in the calculation of intraocular lens power could not be properly measured in one eye, it is important to know whether clinically relevant differences between both eyes can be expected. The aim of this work is to evaluate the symmetry of interocular biometric parameters. Methods This was a prospective, cross-sectional study involving 4090 subjects. Patients underwent consecutive swept-source optical biometry performed with an IOLMaster 700 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Jena, Germany). The biometric parameters that were evaluated were: axial length (AL), mean anterior curvature (Rm), anterior chamber depth (ACD), crystalline lens thickness (LT), central corneal thickness (CCT) and white-to-white (WTW). The Chang–Waring chord distance (CWC-D) and the Chang–Waring chord angle (CWC-A) were also evaluated. Results There is an excellent correlation between both eyes for almost all the biometric parameters under study, with the exception of the CWC. Agreement for AL was better for eyes shorter than 24 mm. The linearity of the OD-vs-OS relationship can be correctly assumed for all parameters (Cusum test: p > 0.05 in all cases). Conclusion There are no clinically significant interocular differences for the biometric parameters under study, although for all of them, except the LT, statistically significant differences did arise. In the case of AL, moderate differences can be expected in eyes larger than 24 mm.

Unilateral corneal indices and topography maps are routinely used in practice, however, although there is consensus that fellow-eye asymmetry can be clinically significant, symmetry studies are limited to local curvature and single-point thickness or elevation measures. To improve our current practices, there is a need to devise algorithms for generating symmetry colormaps, study and categorize their patterns, and develop reference ranges for new global discriminative indices for identifying abnormal corneas. In this work, we test the feasibility of using the fellow eye as the reference surface for studying elevation symmetry throughout the entire corneal surface using 9230 raw Pentacam files from a population-based cohort of 4613 middle-aged adults. The 140 × 140 matrix of anterior elevation data in these files were handled with Python to subtract matrices, create color-coded maps, and engineer features for machine learning. The most common pattern was a monochrome circle (“flat”) denoting excellent mirror symmetry. Other discernible patterns were named “tilt”, “cone”, and “four-leaf”. Clustering was done with different combinations of features and various algorithms using Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (WEKA). Our proposed approach can identify cases that may appear normal in each eye individually but need further testing. This work will be enhanced by including data of posterior elevation, thickness, and common diagnostic indices.

AIM: To investigate interocular differences in macular ganglion cell complex(mGCC)thickness in normal healthy subjects, and to determine cutoffs for interocular differences in mGCC thickness in normal healthy subjects.METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. mGCC thickness were measured in 236 healthy volunteers(472 eyes)using optical coherence tomography(OCT). The differences and the relationships of mGCC thickness between right and left eyes were analyzed. RESULTS: For the right eyes, the mean average mGCC thickness was 91.99±6.61μm, and for the left, 91.75±9.93μm, with no significant difference. The mean mGCC thickness among superior and inferior in the right eye were 92.32±6.66μm and 91.27±8.87μm, respectively. The mean mGCC thickness among superior and inferior in the left eye were 92.05±6.55 and 91.51±6.76μm, respectively. It is comparable between the two eyes at different area. The P2.5 and P97.5 percentiles of interocular difference for mean average mGCC thickness were -4.82μm and 4.36μm, for superior mGCC thickness, -5.79μm and 6.42μm, and for inferior mGCC thickness, -7.21μm and 6.28μm. There was a strong correlation in the corresponding area between the right and left eyes for the mGCC thickness.CONCLUSION: mGCC thickness shows significant interocular symmetry in normal subjects. Interocular difference exceeding the normal limits should be considered significantly asymmetrical, and may be indicative of glaucoma.

Background: We aimed to study the bilateral choroidal thickness (CT) symmetry and difference in uncomplicated pachychoroid subjects using wide-field swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Methods: All subjects underwent a wide-field 16-mm one-line scan using SS-OCT. Bilateral CT was measured at, and compared among, the following 12 points: three points at 900-µm intervals from the nasal optic disc margin (nasal peripapillary area), one point at the subfovea, six points at 900-µm intervals from the fovea to the nasal and temporal areas (macular area), and two peripheral points 5400 and 8100 µm from the fovea (peripheral area). Results: There were no statistically significant differences in CT between the right and left eyes in any area (all p &gt, 0.05), they all showed significant positive correlations (all p &lt, 0.01). However, the correlation coefficients (ρ) were smaller for the nasal peripapillary and peripheral areas compared to the macular area. Conclusions: The CTs in each region were bilaterally symmetrical in subjects with uncomplicated pachychoroid. However, interocular difference in CT increased from the center to the periphery, indicating that the anatomical variation of the nasal peripapillary and peripheral choroid was greater than that of the macula.

Background Assessment of interobserver reproducibility and interocular symmetry using optical coherence tomography (OCT)–based measurements of the macular ganglion cell complex (GCC) in healthy children facilitates interpretation of OCT data. We assessed the interobserver reproducibility and interocular symmetry of GCC and evaluated candidate determinants. Methods This was a cross-sectional study performed in a primary and tertiary health-care setting. A total of 126 healthy participants aged 5 to 18 years were eligible. GCC scans were performed by 4 operators using the Topcon 3D OCT-2000 device. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to estimate reproducibility and symmetry. Cut-off points for symmetry were defined as the 95th percentile of the absolute interocular difference for 6 GCC parameters. Percentile distributions of interocular difference were generated based on age and difference in absolute interocular spherical equivalent (SE). Results The reproducibility ICC ranged from 0.96 to 0.98 for all 6 GCC parameters. Cut-off points for interocular symmetry of the superior and inferior quadrants and total macular retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (mRNFL) and macular ganglion cell layer-inner plexiform layer thickness were 3.5, 4.5, 3.0, 3.0, 2.5, and 2.5 μm respectively. A positive association was observed between the absolute interocular difference of SE and superior and total mRNFL symmetry values (p = 0.047 and p = 0.040, respectively). Conclusions OCT measurements of GCC in healthy children show excellent reproducibility. Interocular differences in SE should be assessed when mRNFL differences exceed the 95% cut-off. These findings can contribute to establish reference values for interocular symmetry in paediatric GCC parameters.

Purpose We investigate the interocular symmetry of fixation, optic disc, and corneal astigmatism in bilateral high myopia, and evaluate the predictive relationships between them. Methods We enrolled 202 cases with bilateral high myopia. Fixation, in terms of the bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA), was evaluated with the Macular Integrity Assessment microperimetry. Optic disc features, including orientation, tilt, and rotation, were evaluated with ultrawide-field retinal photographs. Corneal topography was performed with Pentacam. Interocular symmetry of fixation, optic disc, and corneal astigmatism was assessed, and the predictive relationships between these parameters were investigated. Results Axial length differences between the two eyes were: ≥0 to ≤1 mm, 67.8%; 1 to ≤2 mm, 20.3%; 2 to ≤3 mm, 9.4%; and >3 mm, 2.5%. Axial length, 95% BCEA, and magnitude of corneal astigmatism showed good interocular symmetry, whereas the optic disc tilt, rotation, and axis of corneal astigmatism (mirror axes) showed less symmetry (all P < 0.05). No interocular symmetry was observed in the direction of the fixation ellipse. In both eyes, the corneal steep meridian more often was consistent with the optic disc orientation than inconsistent (right eye [OD], P < 0.001; left eye [OS], P = 0.029). Conclusions As different parameters presented different degrees of symmetry, cautions are needed when including both eyes or only one lateral eye in cases of bilateral high myopia for clinical investigations. The optic disc orientation, to some extent, may indicate the steep meridian of the cornea. Translational Relevance Our study provided evidences for selection of eye laterality in clinical investigations of highly myopic eyes.

AIM: To observe the interocular symmetry of primary angle-closure suspects'(PACS)parameters using IOL Master.METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study. Totally 112 eyes from 56 subjects were enrolled to detect the difference of the bilateral axial length(AL), anterior chamber depth(ACD)and white to white distance(WTW), and to evaluate the correlation between the interocular differences of △AL, △ACD and △WTW and age, gender. RESULTS: All the parameters were analyzed by paired-samples t test and there were no significant interocular difference(P>0.05). There was no relation of ΔAL,ΔACD and ΔWTW with age and gender. CONCLUSION: Interocular symmetry of parameters by IOL Master was observed in PACS, and we found that the symmetry would not be altered when the age and gender had changed.