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Men and women negotiate differently, which might create gender inequality in earnings from bargaining. We study the role of gender and gender pairing in bilateral bargaining, using an artefactual field experiment in rural Uganda, in which pairs of participants bar-gain over the division of a fixed amount of resources. We vary the gender composition of the bargaining pairs as well as the disclosure of the participants' identities. We find gender differences in earnings and agreements, but only when identities and, thus, gen-ders are disclosed. Women in same-gender pairs obtain higher final earnings than men and women in mixed-gender pairs, which is due to the lower likelihood of disagree-ment among women-only pairs. We identify gender differences in demands and demand inconsistency-the money left on the table once demands are corrected for beliefs about the counterpart's demand-as mechanisms behind the observed gender differences in bar-gaining outcomes. In addition, we find that gender differences in demand inconsistency are related to gender differences in education and a measure of expected generosity.(c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )

Çalışmanın amacı, Joseph Campbell’ın kahramanın yolculuğu izleğinde yer alan, kahramanın kendi serüveni içerisinde başladığı yolculuk, karşısına çıkan güçlükler ve yolculuk sonucunda ulaşması gereken erginlenme eşiğiyle oluşan kahraman olma durumunu ele almaktır. Peter Handke’nin Kaspar adlı oyununda, modern bir kahramanın erginlenme aşamalarının bir incelemesi yapılarak, mitolojik kahramanla karşılaştırmaya gidilmektedir. Bu araştırma sırasında mitolojik kahramanla modern kahraman arasındaki benzerlik ve uyuşmazlıklar belirlenerek modern kahramanın Campbell’ın Kahramanın Sonsuz Yolculuğu kitabında anlattığı kahraman olma aşamalarını ne boyutta karşıladığı tartışılmaktadır. Mitolojik kahraman, bütün eşik aşamalarını ve kahraman izleğini sırasıyla geçirerek erginlenme durumuna ulaşabilir. Modern kahramana bakıldığı zaman ise bu izlekte çelişkilerle karşılaşılır. Bu çelişkilerin kahramanın yolculuğunu ne derece sekteye uğrattığı ve sonuca varırken bir engel teşkil edip etmediği çalışmanın izleğinde takip edilen problem durumu olacaktır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmış olup kuramsal derinliği olan bir konu, bir tiyatro metni içerisinde araştırmaya gidilmiştir. Sonuç kısmında ise mitolojik kahramanın yolculuk aşamalarının modern kahramanla bir araya getirildiğinde ulaşılan nokta belirlenmeye çalışılacaktır., Located in Joseph Campbell's hero's journey theme, the hero has to overcome as a result of that journey and the journey that must reach a threshold that comes with being a hero of Peter Kaspar Handke pubescence of the status of the game named Modern Handke compliance with the pubescence of the stages of the developmental stages described a hero questioned. Where a modern hero has bypassed or assimilated the stages described by Handke in the hero's journey will be the problem situation that follows in the course of the adventure of the work.

The purpose of blasting is to reduce rock mass to acceptable sizes suitable for load and haul operations to satisfy primary crusher requirement. The crusher settings of Gold Fields Ghana Limited require that about 80 percent of every muckpile be less than the size of 240 mm to enable free flow of materials in the crusher. Initiating blast at Gold Fields Ghana Limited is done by the shock tube non-electronic (NONEL) initiation system as well as the electronic initiation system. As a result of findings from previous studies the shock tube non-electronic system is used more often while the electronic initiation system is used at sensitive areas of the mine specifically the Atuabo pit. However, no detailed current study has been carried out to determine which of these initiation systems is more efficient in terms of the cut-off sieve size of the crushing plant. This paper compares the percentage fragmentation sizes of the blasts produced by the initiations systems used at the mine to determine which of the initiation methods produces 80 percent of the muckpile being less than the size of 240 mm; keeping every parameter related to fragmentation constant. The results obtained reveal that initiating with the electronic system increases the percentage of the required sizes above the 80 percent benchmark. About 33.33% of blast initiated by the NONEL system were below the 80 percent. The achievement by the electronic initiation system could be attributed to the higher precision and accuracy of the electronic detonators.

International audience; Dissimulées, imposées, acceptées ou rejetées, les identités des personnages de la série Shadow and Bone (2021- ) se dévoilent au fil des épisodes et interrogent tant les spectateurs et spectatrices que les protagonistes. « Qu’est-ce que vous êtes ? » est notamment l’une des questions récurrentes posées à l’héroïne, Alina Starkov. D’orpheline à figure d’élue, c’est un itinéraire typique de la fantasy qui s’accomplit dans Shadow and Bone. Toutefois, la jeune femme ne devient pas seulement l’élue, mais une véritable sainte porteuse des espoirs de l’humanité : Sankta Alina. Entre ce qu’elle est, ce qu’elle croit ou devrait être, et ce qu’elle devient, l’héroïne est aux prises avec de nombreux questionnements intérieurs. Si la notion d’identité est pour le moins intime, elle se traduit ici extérieurement, à l’écran, notamment par le biais de l’apparence d’Alina et des costumes qu’elle revêt. Les espaces qu’elle investit sont aussi révélateurs de l’initiation qu’elle vit et qui modifie en profondeur son identité. Au moyen d’une lecture symbolique, nous chercherons à comprendre comment les fluctuations identitaires d’Alina et son devenir de sainte se traduisent visuellement aux spectateurs et spectatrices.

In the Afro-Brazilianist tradition, the description of initiation into candomblé is a crucial plank in the argument for the authenticity of the African religious tradition in Brazil. Critics of this literature have questioned the discourse of authenticity, but few have sought to go beyond that critique. This article sets out to examine the way Afro-Brazilian religions incorporate history in their rituals. In order to grasp the historicity of these rituals, one needs to understand how Afro-Brazilian religions are the product of a dialectical relationship between initiation and gift, the reproduction of tradition and the ability of mediums to incorporate new spirits., Na tradição afro-brasilianista, a descrição da iniciação no candomblé é central para o argumento da autenticidade da tradição religiosa africana no Brasil. Os críticos desta literatura questionaram o discurso da autenticidade. Porém, poucos tentaram ir mais longe nessa crítica. Neste artigo, o nosso interesse é ver como as religiões afro-brasileiras incorporam a história através das suas práticas rituais. Para entender a historicidade destas práticas rituais é preciso entender de que forma as religiões afro--brasileiras resultam de uma relação dialéctica entre a iniciação e o dom, a reprodução da tradição e a capacidade dos médiuns de incorporarem novos espíritos.

Статья посвящена исследованию взросления и формирования протагониста в романе Х. Хоссейни «Бегущий за ветром». Изучаются ключевые мотивно-тематические комплексы романа, выделяются опорные точки композиции, сюжетообразующие образы. В качестве наиболее значимых обозначаются темы раскаяния, преодоления, искупления. Выдвигается гипотеза об «отложенной» инициации героя: не справившись с испытанием в возрасте неофита, герой словно проходит обряд посвящения второй раз, уже будучи взрослым мужчиной. Для поэтики романа характерна ретроспективная композиция, исповедальная тональность, мультикультурная проблематика: роман затрагивает историко-культурные контексты, через призму которых раскрывается глубоко личная история, имеющая автобиографический характер., This article is dedicated to the study of adulting and the development of the protagonist in Kh. Hosseini's novel "The Kite Runner". The key motif-theme complexes of the novel are studied, the main points of the composition and plot-forming images are highlighted. Themes of repentance, coping and redemption are identified as the most significant ones. The hypothesis of "delayed" initiation of the hero is put forward: having failed the trial as a neophyte, the hero seems to undergo the rite of initiation for the second time, already being an adult man. The poetics of the novel is characterized by a retrospective composition, a confessional tone and multicultural issues: the novel touches on historical and cultural contexts, through the prism of which a deeply personal and autobiographical story is disclosed., Russian Linguistic Bulletin, Выпуск 6 (42) 2023

Rizik se odnosi na vjerojatnost da se štetni događaj dogodi tijekom životnog ciklusa projekta. Upravljanje rizikom praksa je rješavanja rizika. Ona obuhvaća planiranje upravljanja rizicima, identificiranje rizika, analizu rizika, planiranje odgovora na rizike te nadzor i kontrolu rizika. Analiza rizika predstavlja temelj upravljanja rizikom te je vrlo važna za razumijevanje najneizvjesnijih rizika nekog projekta. To je zapravo sustavni postupak za procjenu razine rizika za identificirane i odobrene rizike, a uključuje procjenu vjerojatnosti nastanka i posljedica pojave te pretvaranje rezultata u odgovarajuću razinu rizika. Osim pojedinačnih rizičnih događaja, potrebno je analizirati i razinu ukupnog projektnog rizika. Na koji će se način izvršiti analiza rizika ovisi o vrijednostima rizičnog događaja, odnosno mogu li se te vrijednosti opisati deskriptivno ili numerički. Shodno tome analizu rizika moguće je podijeliti na numeričku i deskriptivnu metodu, odnosno na kvantitativnu i kvalitativnu metodu. Kvalitativnom analizom rizika definiraju se prioriteti rizika i uvjeti za njihovo nastajanje analizom vjerojatnosti njihove pojave i utjecaja. Kvantitativna analiza rizika je numerička analiza utjecaja prepoznatih rizika na projektne ciljeve. Najčešći pristup upravljanju rizicima projekta je upravljanje pojedinačnim rizicima koji su zabilježeni i procijenjeni u registru projektnih rizika. Osim tog pristupa postoje i alternativni pristupi, a to su višefazni proces odozgo prema dolje, kvantitativno predviđanje na temelju rizika te registar rizika. Svaki od ovih pristupa ima određene prednosti u različitim fazama projekta te se zbog toga najbolji rezultati mogu postići njihovom kombinacijom. Na temelju analize dva opisana velika građevinska projekta došli smo do zaključka da je bez obzira na prethodno iskustvo potrebno detaljno analizirati i kontinuirano pratiti rizike na projektu. Također, zaključujemo da prikladne osobine projektnog menadžera, primjena dobrih projektnih praksi te otvorena komunikacija predstavljaju temelj za uspješno analiziranje i pristupanje upravljanju rizicima na projektu. Risk refers to the probability that an adverse event will occur during the life cycle of the project. Risk management is the practice of dealing with risk. It includes risk management planning, risk identification, risk analysis, risk response planning and risk monitoring and control. Risk analysis is the basis of risk management and is very important for understanding the most uncertain risks of a project. It is actually a systematic procedure for assessing the level of risk for identified and approved risks, and it includes the assessment of the probability of occurrence and the consequences of occurrence and converting the results into an appropriate level of risk. In addition to individual risk events, it is necessary to analyze the level of overall project risk. How the risk analysis will be performed depends on the values of the risk event, i.e. whether these values can be described descriptively or numerically. Accordingly, risk analysis can be divided into numerical and descriptive methods, that is, into quantitative and qualitative methods. Qualitative risk analysis defines risk priorities and the conditions for their occurrence by analyzing the probability of their occurrence and impact. Quantitative risk analysis is a numerical analysis of the impact of recognized risks on project objectives. The most common approach to project risk management is the management of individual risks that are recorded and assessed in the project risk register. In addition to this approach, there are also alternative approaches, namely a multi-phase top-down process, quantitative risk-based forecasting, and a risk register. Each of these approaches has certain advantages in different phases of the project, and therefore the best results can be achieved by combining them. Based on the analysis of the two described large construction projects, we came to the conclusion that, regardless of previous experience, it is necessary to analyze in detail and continuously monitor the risks on the project. We also conclude that the appropriate qualities of a project manager, the application of good project practices and open communication represent the basis for successful analysis and approach to project risk management.

Introduction While evaluations of indoor smoke-free legislation have demonstrated major public health benefits among adults, their impact on the smoking behavior of young people remains unclear. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of the association between smoke-free legislation in hospitality venues and smoking behavior of young people. Aims and Methods A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase in June 2020. We searched for studies that assessed the association of any form of smoke-free legislation in any hospitality venue (eg, bar and restaurant) with a smoking behavior outcome (eg, initiation and current smoking) among young people (aged 10–24 years). . Results Our search yielded 572 articles of which 31 were screened based on full-text and 9 were included in the analysis. All studies were published between 2005 and 2016. The majority of studies used a quasi-experimental design. Four studies evaluated smoke-free legislation in hospitality venues specifically. Two studies reported that comprehensive, but not weaker, smoke-free legislation decreases progression to established smoking. Two other studies provided mixed results on which level of comprehensiveness of legislation would be effective, and which smoking outcomes would be affected. Five studies evaluated legislation that also included other workplaces. Out of these five studies, three studies found significant decreases in current smoking, smoking frequency, and/or smoking quantity, whereas two other studies did not. Conclusions Most of the studies found that smoke-free legislation in hospitality venues is associated with a decrease in smoking behavior among young people. Their results indicate the need for comprehensive smoke-free legislation without exemptions. Implications This is the first systematic review to provide insight into the relationship between smoke-free legislation in hospitality venues and smoking behavior of young people. Our findings show that there is a need for comprehensive smoke-free legislation without exemptions (such as designated smoking areas).

The main objective of the EU-funded project mitigating environmentally-assisted cracking through optimisation of surface condition (MEACTOS) was to gain knowledge on the ability of different surface machining procedures to mitigate environmentally-assisted cracking (EAC) in typical light water reactor structural materials and environments. Surfaces of cold-worked (CW) type 316L austenitic stainless steel and nickel-based weld metal Alloy 182 flat tapered tensile specimens were machined using different processes. EAC initiation susceptibility of these specimens was evaluated using constant extension rate tensile (CERT) tests under simulated boiling water reactor (BWR) and pressurized water reactor (PWR) conditions and assessed using constant load experiments. More than a hundred tests were performed covering about 10 years of autoclave testing time. Only minor or no measurable improvements in EAC initiation susceptibility as a function of surface treatments (grinding or advanced machining) compared to the standard industrial face milling were demonstrated. In most cases, the stress thresholds for EAC initiation determined in constant load tests confirmed the trend obtained from CERT tests. This paper summarises the most important results and conclusions concerning the EAC initiation behaviour for the CW 316L and Alloy 182 under reducing PWR and oxidizing BWR conditions.

IntroductionLong-term medication use is a recommended treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), however, discontinuation is common. Non-medical factors which might influence initiation and discontinuation are understudied. Therefore, we investigated how different sociodemographic factors and comorbidities were associated with the initiation and discontinuation of ADHD medication use among young adults.Methods and resultsWe conducted a population-based prospective cohort study using individually linked administrative register data, in which we included all individuals residing in Sweden, between the age of 19 and 29 who were first diagnosed with ADHD between January 2006 and December 2016 (n = 59224). ADHD medication initiation was defined as the first prescription of ADHD medication in the period from 3 months before to 6 months after the cohort entry date. Those who initiated ADHD medication were followed up for medication use until discontinuation, death/emigration, or until 2019. Logistic and Cox regression models were used to investigate the associations between sociodemographics, health-related predictors and initiation, as well as discontinuation. Overall, 48.7% of the 41399 individuals initiated ADHD medication, most often methylphenidate (87%). Among the initiators, 15462 (77%) discontinued medication use during the follow-up (median time: 150 days). After mutually adjusting all other predictors, initiation was positively associated with older age, male sex, higher level of education, and negatively associated with living at home with parents, immigrant status, being unemployed during the year before inclusion, being on disability pension, having autism, substance use, schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, other mental disability/developmental disorders, cardiovascular diseases or previous accidents. Discontinuation was positively associated with being born abroad, living in big cities, being unemployed during the year before inclusion, having cancer, and negatively associated with a higher educational level, having depression, anxiety or stress-related disorder, autism spectrum disorder or diabetes.ConclusionBesides medical factors, sociodemographics, such as educational attainment and immigrant status might also play a role in the initiation and discontinuation of ADHD medication use among young adults newly diagnosed with ADHD.

BACKGROUND: Father absence or uninvolvement is a growing problem worldwide, which not only negatively influences child development, but also the masculine identity formation of boy children. South Africa is one of the countries that has high levels of father absence, yet there has been scant research which particularly focuses on the perceptions, experiences and psycho-social challenges experienced by young men with absent fathers. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the perceived influence of father absence or uninvolvement on Xhosa young men who have transitioned from adolescence to manhood. The first objective was to explore the perceptions, experiences and the psycho-social challenges of Xhosa young men in Khayelitsha, Western Cape who have transitioned from adolescence to manhood without present or involved fathers. The second objective was to explore Xhosa male elders' perceptions of the experiences and challenges of Xhosa young men who culturally transition from adolescence to manhood without present or involved fathers. The third objective was to identify the support needs of Xhosa young men before, during and after transitioning from adolescence to manhood in the absence of a present or involved biological father. METHODOLOGY: Using Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory as a conceptual framework, the study employed a qualitative approach to investigate factors that shape and influence experiences of Xhosa young men with absent or uninvolved fathers at individual, family, community and societal levels. Semi-structured in-depth individual interviews were conducted using interview guides covering various topics: family life; conceptualisation of manhood and fatherhood; father absence in Xhosa communities and its causes and impacts; the value of social fathers as well as the possible preventative interventions at different levels of the society to promote father presence or involvement and mitigate the impact of father absence. All interviews took place at different venues offered by community organisations in Khayelitsha (Ilitha Park, Site B and Nkanini) in the Western Cape province. They were conducted in isiXhosa, audio-recorded, transcribed and translated into English for analysis. Data analysis was conducted using thematic analysis utilising the NVivo 12 software package. During transcription, three researchers read the transcripts and developed an initial coding framework which was then used to code the rest of the data, making adjustments as necessary. The data were categorised thematically paying attention to dominant themes that addressed the research questions, while being open to additional themes arising in the data, and this process occurred until no new themes emerged. ETHICAL APPROVAL: The ethical approval of this study was provided by the UCT Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC 654/2018). RESULTS: The interviews were conducted with 22 Xhosa young men with absent or uninvolved fathers (ages 18-22) and five Xhosa male elders (ages 55-73). Due to the sensitivity of the topic initiation, a vignette was used to avoid directness. The main perceptions, experiences and psychosocial challenges of Xhosa young men who have transitioned from adolescence to manhood without present or involved fathers, were synthesised as follows: (i) The meaning given to cultural male circumcision by young men and elders were its individual family benefits. (ii) The challenges of Xhosa patriarchy, a father's role, and his absence, and paternal connection needs during initiation: planning, masculine guidance and protection, emotional and cultural support. (iii) The significance of the fatherly role and implications of father absence before and beyond initiation: the traditional and modern role. (iv) Barriers to father presence or uninvolvement: financial constraints, maternal gate-keeping and mother's negative attitudes. Using Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory, the support needs of Xhosa young men without present or involved fathers before, during and after transitioning from adolescence to manhood were identified as follows: (i) At the microsystem level, single mothers and maternal families of Xhosa young men need to be open regarding father absence, acknowledge the pain it causes and avoid maternal gatekeeping and paternal identity concealment. However, they also need to receive psycho-social support in order to be able to link the young men with social fathers, especially around initiation. (ii) At the mesosystem level, the social institutions such as churches, schools and sports clubs should have awareness regarding father absence or uninvolvement as a social problem in order to be sensitive towards the emotional needs of children with absent or uninvolved fathers. (iii) At the exosystem level, there is a need for fathers' environments (such as family, friends and the workplace) to encourage and foster lifestyles that promote father presence or involvement. (iv)At the macrosystem level, the media should raise awareness of father absence, and there must be policies and programmes that promote egalitarian parenting. (v) At the chronosystem level, there is a need to embrace and practice the modern fatherhood role which requires the father to be warm, spend quality time and have strong communication with his children. CONCLUSION: Cultural initiation is a crucial time for emotional and cultural growth which largely contributes to the development of manhood identity; it benefits the person on an individual and family level. However, this study notes that initiation comes with advantages and disadvantages for the Xhosa young men. It is a vehicle for growth, but also serves as a reminder of the vacant paternal role during this culturally significant process, especially in the midst of maternal gate-keeping and paternal identity concealment issues. Furthermore, in the course of their lives, the young men also experience loss related to not being exposed to the various positive roles a father would play, including the roles of disciplinarian, provider and the nurturer. Even though social fathers and strong maternal kin support could help Xhosa young men to cope better, the void of the biological father remains unfilled, especially around the period of initiation due to the emotional, cultural and financial implications of the ritual. This study shows that the young men could experience depression, be suicidal, have anger and resort to substance use when not supported. There is thus a need for multi-dimensional interventions to address these issues. These should start with psycho-educational support for maternal families to empower them to be supportive towards the emotional and cultural needs of the young men as the families do not always possess the necessary skills to support a child in this predicament. Absent fathers also need to be engaged in order to understand the reasons leading to their disengagement, and to sensitise them regarding the consequences of their absence for them to better understand the permanence of fatherhood. Advocacy is needed to make the wider society aware of the support needs of Xhosa young men who go through initiation in the absence of a father. Finally, the strategies that seem to yield positive results in managing father absence need to be strengthened, namely: strong maternal family support, social fathering, counselling and mentorship.

BackgroundStepping accuracy, speed, and stability are lower in older compared to young adults. Lower stepping performance in older adults may be due to larger accuracy-speed-stability trade-offs because of reduced ability to simultaneously fulfill these task-level goals. Our goal was to evaluate whether trade-offs are larger in older compared to young adults in a targeted stepping task. Since sensorimotor function declines with age, our secondary goal was to evaluate whether poorer sensorimotor function was associated with larger trade-offs.Methods25 young (median 22 years old) and 25 older (median 70 years old) adults stepped into projected targets in conditions with various levels of accuracy, speed, and stability requirements. We determined trade-offs as the change in performance, i.e. foot placement error, step duration, and mediolateral center of pressure path length, between each of these conditions and a control condition. To assess age-related differences in the magnitude of trade-offs, we compared the change in performance between age groups. Associations between trade-offs and measures of sensorimotor function were tested using correlations.ResultsWe found an accuracy-speed and an accuracy-stability trade-off in both young and older adults, but trade-offs were not different between young and older adults. Inter-subject differences in sensorimotor function could not explain inter-subject differences in trade-offs.ConclusionAge-related differences in the ability to combine task-level goals do not explain why older adults stepped less accurate and less stable than young adults. However, lower stability combined with an age-independent accuracy-stability trade-off could explain lower accuracy in older adults.

Background: Age-related changes in inhibitory control (IC) affect cognitive as well as physical functioning, but how it affects performance of tasks that integrate IC and balance control is unclear. This review study aims to identify specific tasks that have been used to determine effects of IC on balance performance in older adults, and analyse task-specific features as well as reported effects. Methods: Based on a comprehensive literature search, a scoping review considered all studies that involved IC as part of static or dynamic balance tasks in healthy adults over 65. Studies which only involved IC as part of an -additional-cognitive task during a balance task were excluded. Results: Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. Eight out of the 11 studies focused on voluntary stepping; two studies used gait or gait initiation, and one study used foot lift as a balance task. Ten studies included conditions that required some form of perceptual inhibition, and 6 out of the 11 studies included conditions involving some form of motor inhibition. With few exceptions, all inhibitory control conditions showed a decreased task performance in older adults. Discussion: Although most studies addressed IC during some form of stepping, the approaches were heterogeneous in terms of tasks, outcome measures and standardisation. Despite the heterogeneity, the available studies unequivocally demonstrate the importance of IC for task performance. The discussion addresses aspects which are important in furthering our understanding of age-related changes in IC and its impact on performance.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The platelet inhibitor aspirin reduces inflammation and atherosclerosis in both apolipoprotein E deficient (apoE-/-) mice and low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient (Ldlr-/-) mice. Similarly, the factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban reduces atherosclerosis in both apoE-/- and Ldlr-/- mice. We tested the hypothesis that the combination of aspirin and rivaroxaban reduces atherosclerosis in mice to a greater extent than either agent alone.METHODS: Male Ldlr-/- mice were fed a western-type diet for 12 weeks to induce atherosclerosis. Cohorts of mice received aspirin in the water and/or rivaroxaban in the diet. Atherosclerosis and lesion composition were measured in the aortic sinus and the aorta. Expression of 55 proteins in the aorta and plasma was determined using multiplex ELISA assays.RESULTS: Aspirin alone, rivaroxaban alone, and the combination of both agents significantly reduced atherosclerosis in the Ldlr-/- mice compared with control Ldlr-/- mice fed a western-type diet. However, there were no significant differences in atherosclerosis in the group receiving aspirin and rivaroxaban compared with the groups that received aspirin or rivaroxaban alone. Aspirin, rivaroxaban and the combination reduced macrophage content and apoptosis in the lesions compared with controls but there was no difference between the three treatment groups. We observed statistically significant changes in the expression of a small number of proteins in the aorta and plasma in mice treated with aspirin and/or rivaroxaban.CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to our expectation, the combination of aspirin and rivaroxaban did not further reduce atherosclerosis in Ldlr-/- mice beyond the level observed with each agent alone.

This study investigated the crack propagation behavior of the graphene-reinforced synthetic rubber matrix nanocomposite materials. Graphene-filled rubber conductive nanocomposites developed within the scope of this study were obtained in two stages using mechanical mixers. The relationship between crack propagation and electrical resistance change was investigated using single-edge notched specimens in a tensile tester. Digital image correlation (DIC) technique was used to observe the crack resistance function depending on the local strain distribution. The results from the tests were evaluated to define the relationship between the crack length, the amount of conductive filler, and the change in electrical resistance. The sharp edges of the graphene nanoplatelets negatively affected the fracture resistance of the samples. In addition, it was observed that even at low strain values, gaps were formed in the areas close to the crack tip. The three-dimensional transmission network formed by graphene nanoplatelets dispersed in the matrix improved the electrical conductivity properties of the nanocomposites, so the relationship between crack propagation and electrical resistance change was determined. Pega Automotive Trade Co This work was funded by Pega Automotive Trade Co. The authors would like to thank the staff of the R&D center for providing the use of composite samples and test equipment necessary for the experiments.

Introduction:While evaluations of indoor smoke-free legislation have demonstrated major public health benefits among adults, their impact on the smoking behavior of young people remains unclear. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of the association between smoke-free legislation in hospitality venues and smoking behavior of young people.Aims and Methods:A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Embase in June 2020. We searched for studies that assessed the association of any form of smoke-free legislation in any hospitality venue (eg, bar and restaurant) with a smoking behavior outcome (eg, initiation and current smoking) among young people (aged 10–24 years). .Results:Our search yielded 572 articles of which 31 were screened based on full-text and 9 were included in the analysis. All studies were published between 2005 and 2016. The majority of studies used a quasi-experimental design. Four studies evaluated smoke-free legislation in hospitality venues specifically. Two studies reported that comprehensive, but not weaker, smoke-free legislation decreases progression to established smoking. Two other studies provided mixed results on which level of comprehensiveness of legislation would be effective, and which smoking outcomes would be affected. Five studies evaluated legislation that also included other workplaces. Out of these five studies, three studies found significant decreases in current smoking, smoking frequency, and/or smoking quantity, whereas two other studies did not.Conclusions:Most of the studies found that smoke-free legislation in hospitality venues is associated with a decrease in smoking behavior among young people. Their results indicate the need for comprehensive smoke-free legislation without exemptions.Implications:This is the first systematic review to provide insight into the relationship between smoke-free legislation in hospitality venues and smoking behavior of young people. Our findings show that there is a need for comprehensive smoke-free legislation without exemptions (such as designated smoking areas).

Cette thèse a pour but de présenter en détails l’importance de la théurgie dans la philosophie de Proclus, ainsi que sa relation avec la mystagogie. Un des premiers objectifs de la recherche est d’expliciter les raisons du jaillissement de la théurgie au cours de l’Antiquité tardive. Nous présentons ainsi le cadre historique d’où émerge la notion de théurgie dans un contexte de christianisation de l’Empire à partir du IVe siècle. Il est ensuite primordial de définir clairement la théurgie, ce que les chercheurs n’ont pas fait jusqu’à maintenant, en tant qu’opération rituelle par laquelle un réceptacle matériel est animé par le divin. Puis, nous démontrons que, bien que le terme « théurgie » soit tardif, celui-ci trouve néanmoins ses racines dans la longue tradition platonicienne, de Platon lui-même jusqu’à Proclus, en passant notamment par Plotin, Porphyre et Jamblique. À la suite du volet historique et après avoir présenté une définition claire de la notion de théurgie, il est important de préciser son statut au sein de la philosophie de Proclus, notamment en nous intéressant au passage-clef TP, I, 25 dans lequel le néoplatonicien présente la théurgie comme étant supérieure (κρείττων) à la philosophie. Nous nous intéressons ensuite à deux rites théurgiques concrets présentés dans l’œuvre proclienne en les analysant en profondeur : le rite de l’ensevelissement du corps (TP, IV, 9) et le rite de l’immortalisation d’Achille (In Remp., I, 152-152). Après avoir exposé le lien intrinsèque de la théurgie avec la mystagogie, notamment autour de l’importance du silence (σιγή) mystique, nous développons sur les implications de la théurgie pour le système philosophique de Proclus. Nous constatons que ces implications sont monumentales et touchent une multitude d’aspects de sa pensée : le statut de l’âme, celui de la matière, l’ontologie, la primauté du véhicule (ὄχημα) de l’âme, la notion d’imagination (φαντασία), l’importance des symboles (σύμβολα et συνθήματα) et le rôle de l’amour (ἔρως). Nous terminons finalement la recherche en présentant l’héritage de Proclus, principalement à travers l’œuvre du néoplatonicien chrétien Pseudo-Denys., This thesis has for goal to present in detail the importance of theurgy in the philosophy of Proclus, as well as his link with mystagogy. One of the first objectives is to describe the causes of the emergence of theurgy during the late Antiquity. So, we present the historical setting from where emerges the notion of theurgy in the context of the process of Christianisation of the Empire starting during the 4th century. It is after that primordial to propose a clear definition of theurgy, something that the researchers haven’t done yet, as the ritual operation by which a material receptacle is animated by the divine. Then, we demonstrate that, even if the term “theurgy” is late, it finds however his roots in the long platonic tradition, from Plato to Proclus, passing by Plotinus, Porphyry, and Iamblichus. Following the historical aspect and after having clearly define the notion of theurgy, it is important to explain the status of theurgy in the philosophy of Proclus, especially by analyzing the crucial passage in TP, I, 25, where the Neoplatonist declares that theurgy is superior (κρείττων) to philosophy. Moreover, we examine two concrete theurgical rites presented in the Proclus’ works: the burial of the body (TP, IV, 9) and the immortalisation of Achille (In Remp., I, 152-152). After having exposed the intrinsically relation between theurgy and mystagogy, notably with the mystical silence (σιγή), we develop the implications of theurgy in the vast philosophical system of Proclus. These implications are monumental and touch many aspects: the status of the soul, the one of the matter, the ontology, the primacy of the soul’s vehicle (ὄχημα), the notion of imagination (φαντασία), the importance of symbols (σύμβολα et συνθήματα) and the role of love (ἔρως). We finally end this research by presenting the legacy of Proclus, especially through the work of the Christian Neoplatonist Pseudo-Dionysius.

Eukaryotes have evolved at least two seemingly independent conserved pathways to regulate translation initiation in response to stress. One is the activation of the integrated stress response (ISR) through the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of initiation factor eIF2 by kinases that sense biotic and abiotic stresses. This leads to global inhibition of initiation while promoting the translation of pro-survival effector genes, such as GCN4 in yeast. The other is inhibition of the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway, which leads to sequestration of the initiation factor eIF4E and subsequent inhibition of canonical initiation. Here we probe translational control in the absence of eIF4E by utilizing a temperature-sensitive allele of the factor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Intriguingly, we find that loss of eIF4E leads to translation of Gcn4. In addition, we find that translation of Gcn4 is not accompanied by eIF2α phosphorylation. Our data suggest that when eIF4 levels are depleted, Gcn4 translation is de-repressed via a unique mechanism that may involve the reduction of eIF2 levels. Overall, our findings add to the emerging evidence that the conserved ISR and TOR signaling pathways communicate with each other to ensure organisms mount a cohesive response to stress.

Funding Information: therapeutic parameter that can be described by a single number, as usually reported in the literature, where quantification of adherence and interventions to its improvement have been largely conditional on patients acquiring their initial prescriptions, and have failed to accurately account for the component of initiation. In this study we found that for the patients diagnosed with glaucoma in 2012 and 2013 in the Lisbon and Tagus Valley Region, almost two out of five failed to engage in anti-glaucoma therapy, by not initiating therapy or by early on discontinuing it. These findings were more relevant for younger patients, those initially treated with three or more anti-glaucoma drugs, including fixed-dose combinations. Based on these results, more attention should be given to this group of glaucoma patients to ensure adequate access to healthcare and medications, adherence to treatment regimes, knowledge of their disease and social support[19]. Possible reasons might have been uncertainty about whether real glaucoma existed (due to the initial asymptomatic nature of this condition) and the appearance of adverse drug effects. During treatment patients may experience no symptom relief and experience more side-effects while taking their medications correctly. Prostaglandin analogues, the most recent drug class in glaucoma therapy, have a superior hypotensive effect to remaining groups, and it is also associated with less adverse drug effects[4], which might explain the higher adherence rates for this drug class when prescribed in monotherapy. Also, and as Wolfram et al[20] found, monotherapies, particularly with prostaglandins, and simplified treatment regimens lead to better adherence and persistence. In spite of fixed-combination eye drops may be a convenient treatment option for glaucoma patients according to the patients’ medical needs, especially for those who are already at the severe glaucoma stage at the initial glaucoma consultation and need early IOP lowering treatment, for those who are relatively young and for whom it is important to delay blindness, or for those who need personalized medication due to their lifestyle[21], the initial medication adherence for this anti-glaucoma drugs was lower than for the monotherapy drugs. Our results also show that younger patients were more likely to early discontinue their treatment, after the first dispensing. In fact, almost one out of five patients under 45y interrupted their glaucoma treatment after the first dispensing. Similar results for other components of medication adherence were found by Rosu et al[13]. Different factors may play a role in this decision: as we already mentioned, it’s well known that the asymptomatic nature of glaucoma reduces patient motivation to take the drugs as prescribed, which might be more relevant for younger patients. Also, younger patients have an active lifestyle and work activity that can relate negatively with the instillation of eye drops, by being more time away from home and forgetting to apply eye drops[22]. Also, the fact that glaucoma is commonly associated with the elderly can represent a lack of literacy in younger patients about this condition and about the importance of adherence to anti-glaucoma therapy[23]. In the opposite end, older patients with more severe forms of glaucoma, as Shu et al[7]reported, by having greater functional changes are therefore more likely to adhere to anti-glaucoma therapy. In spite of the innovative features of this study, our results should weigh against some limitations, most of them related to the method used for estimating adherence to anti-glaucoma therapy. First of all, medication-taking behavior is extremely complex and individual, and influenced by multiple factors[24]. Unmeasured patient and physician factors, such as the extent of physician–patient communication and education about prescriptions, the absence of data on possible confounding factors, such as co-morbidities and severity of concomitant diseases, are likely to influence adherence, and that was not analyzed in this study. Another limitation refers to the diagnosis of glaucoma, which under ICPC-2 is registered as single code, without specifying the type of glaucoma. Still, despite the scarcity of information, this study made it possible to characterize for the first time, according to our best knowledge, the early patterns of adherence to anti-glaucoma therapy, by looking at the initiation rate and early discontinuation, considering some patient and drug-related factors. Second, e-prescriptions data refers only to the PHC network and patients may have received prescriptions from other providers, including specialist and hospital outpatient settings that are not captured by SIARS, which may lead us to underestimate adherence rates. Any other data errors in the prescribing and/or claims records could lead to a drug being falsely labeled as not dispensed; this type of misclassification of the outcome could lead us to overestimate non-adherence. Also, claims-based research is subject to misclassification because all prescriptions not captured in the claims database are considered not dispensed, yet there are other reasons for not capturing drugs dispensed, such as system failure or malfunction of the prescribing software or still an accidental drug entry prescription by the physician during the consultation. Nevertheless, prescription and dispensing/claims (refill) databases have been considered the “gold standard” method for initiation measurement if both databases are combined[25], which as we’ve demonstrated can be done within SIARS, and also for discontinuation. This method would also be important to enhance the usefulness of e-prescribing records in which future glaucoma centers could monitor and collaborate proactively to reduce therapy discontinuation. Being a chronic disease, increasing with age, our findings reinforce the need for health promotion strategies related to the disease but also the importance of treatment and correct placement of eye drops[26]. Physician-patient relationship is of paramount importance to enable more information on glaucomatous disease and its outcomes if neglected, in order to clarify a patient’s need of therapy. Low medication adherence can reflect the uncertainty of patients about the methods of application and the difficulty in administering the drops[26], and new strategies must be developed such as creating new containers that are easier to handle for the elderly. Educational strategies must be carried out to get information to the population, brochures should be available on various shelves of health care units so that patients can be informed, also knowing that patients prefer an oral explanation, brochures, videos and exhibits could be held and/or illustrative educational videos could be shown in the waiting rooms to inform patients[27]. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authors acknowledge and thank the support of H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center and ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, and ARSLVT for the permission to data access. Authors’ contributions: Menino J, Coelho A, and Camacho P designed the study, collected, and treated the data. All the team performed the statistical analysis and prepared the manuscript. Coelho A and Camacho P supervised the project. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Conflicts of Interest: Menino J, None; Camacho P, None; Coelho A, None. REFERENCES 1 Nucci C, Russo R, Martucci A, Giannini C, Garaci F, Floris R, Bagetta G, Morrone LA. New strategies for neuroprotection in glaucoma, a disease that affects the central nervous system. Eur J Pharmacol 2016;787:119-126. 2 González Fleitas MF, Dorfman D, Rosenstein RE. A novel viewpoint in glaucoma therapeutics: enriched environment. Neural Regen Res 2022;17(7):1431-1439. 3 Shalaby WS, Shankar V, Razeghinejad R, Katz LJ. Current and new pharmacotherapeutic approaches for glaucoma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020;21(16):2027-2040. 4 European Glaucoma Society Terminology and Guidelines for Glaucoma, 5th Edition. Br J Ophthalmol 2021;105(Suppl 1):1-169. 5 Zhang N, Wang J, Li Y, Jiang B. Prevalence of primary open angle glaucoma in the last 20 years: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Sci Rep 2021;11(1):13762. 6 Sousa DC, Leal I, Nascimento N, Marques-Neves C, Tuulonen A, Abegão Pinto L. Use of ocular hypotensive medications in Portugal: Publisher Copyright: © 2023 International Journal of Ophthalmology (c/o Editorial Office). All rights reserved. • AIM: To determine initial medication adherence in newly diagnosed glaucoma patients treated with anti-glaucoma drugs. • METHODS: This retrospective and observational study included all patients diagnosed with glaucoma in the Primary Health Care units in Portugal during the years 2012 and 2013, which in consequence received a first prescription for anti-glaucoma drugs. Data was collected from electronic prescribing records of the primary care units and from pharmacy claims records. Initiation of glaucoma treatment and early discontinuation were measured, and the combination of (non)-initiation and early discontinuation accounted for initial medication (non)-adherence. • RESULTS: A total of 3548 new glaucoma patients (40.1% male; 59.9% female) were included. The 1133 (31.9%) patients were initially classified as non-users, since there was no pharmacy claim found for their first prescription for glaucoma treatment. Additionally, 277 (11.5%) patients early discontinued their treatment, acquiring only their first prescription. Overall, the initial medication non-adherence rate was 39.7% since 1410 patients either didn’t initiate treatment or discontinued it early. • CONCLUSION: This study, reveals a major opportunity to improve glaucoma treatment and its control, since a large proportion of patients fail to engage with their prescribed therapy, which implies that implementation of individual or group strategies that enable patients with glaucoma to correctly perform their treatment is still needed. publishersversion published

Some harm reduction strategies encourage individuals to switch from a harmful addictive good to a less harmful addictive good. This approach is controversial, with advocates claiming it helps switching to a less harmful substance, and opponents claiming it may lead to new substance abuse. This paper builds on theories of addiction to model the introduction of a harm reduction method, and it demonstrates when each side is correct, depending on the enjoyableness of the harm reduction method, the addictiveness of the harm reduction method, and the substitutability with the original addictive good.

The article offers a description of the phenomenon of fatherhood in Junginian analytical psychology. The main archetypal variants of fatherhood are analyzed. The work of the mechanism of inclusion of the archetype in the consciousness of a man from the position of C. G. Jung is considered. Changing the surrounding life around in the form of changing old to new modes, fashions for men's hairstyles, the appearance of a man's suit in clothes, accessories, shoes, architectural preferences in urban planning, semantics, stylistics in speech does not change the archetype. There remain life scenarios of people's behavior, parental programs and parental prescriptions, mechanisms of conflicts and agreements, this requires the discovery of internal forces and patterns of male images in archetypes. Archetypal images of fatherhood are the information carrier of modern fatherhood. Among the initiating archetypal situations of both sacred and social properties is fatherhood in a man's life. Fatherhood from the position of the highest level of archetypal maturity according to K. G. Jung is called the King-Father. This archetype of fatherhood shows the symbols of purity, holiness, purity of male spiritual maturity, expressed in creative giving, heroism, the formation of a sense of perspective, spiritual knowledge, service, courage, independence, creative lifestyle, autonomy, freedom. In fatherhood, the following functions of a man can be distinguished – fertilizing, nourishing, nurturing, initiating, teaching, blessing, spiritual functions of the Father, leading to a spiritual search for options for male heroism in the behavior of a man. In the latter version, this is a blessing initiation as a wish for a happy fate, paternal responsibility extends to ancestral branches, missionary work, patronage, the creation of imperishable works. The archetype of the Father also has a shadow destructive side, expressed in suppression, devaluation, obsessive jealousy, restriction of freedom in order to feel his importance and the demand for worship. The proposed theoretical conclusions create prerequisites for further study and understanding of the phenomenon of fatherhood in the modern world in methodological, substantive, procedural aspects., В статье предложено описание феномена отцовства в юнгинианской аналитической психологии. Проанализированы основные архетипические варианты отцовства. Рассмотрена работа механизма включения архетипа в сознании мужчины с позиции К. Г. Юнга. Смена окружающей жизни вокруг в виде смены старых на новые режимы, моды на мужские прически, внешний вид мужского костюма в одежде, аксессуарах, обуви, архитектурных предпочтений в градостроительстве, семантику, стилистику в речи не меняет архетип. Остаются жизненные сценарии поведения людей, родительские программы и родительские предписания, механизмы конфликтов и соглашений, это требует обнаружения внутренних сил и закономерностей мужских образов в архетипах. Архетипические образы отцовства являются информационным носителем современного отцовства. К инициирующим архетипическим ситуациям и сакрального и социального свойства является отцовство в жизни мужчины. Отцовство с позиции высшего уровня архетипической зрелости по К. Г. Юнгу называется Царь-Отец. Данный архетип отцовства показывает символы непорочности, святости, чистоты мужской духовной зрелости, выраженной в созидательном дарении, геройстве, формировании чувства перспективы, духовном знании, служении, смелости, независимости, созидательном стиле жизни, автономности, свободе. В отцовстве можно выделить следующие функции мужчины – оплодотворяющая, питающая, взращивающая, инициирующая, обучающая, благословляющая, духовная функции Отца, ведущие к духовному поиску вариантов мужского геройства в поведении мужчины. В последнем варианте это благословляющее инициирование как пожелание счастливой судьбы, отцовская ответственность распространяется на родовые ответвления, миссионерство, меценатство, создание нетленных произведений. У архетипа Отца есть и теневая разрушительная сторона, выраженная в подавлении, обесценивании, навязчивой ревности, ограничении свободы, чтобы ощущать свою значимость и требование поклонения. Предлагаемые теоретические выводы создают предпосылки для дальнейшего изучения и осмысления феномена отцовства в современном мире в методологическом, содержательном, процессуальном аспектах., Человеческий капитал, Выпуск 4 (172) 2023, Pages 180-185

The bachelor's thesis deals with baptism as a rite of passage. The theoretical part is divided into two main sections. The first section defines the ritual, its functions and species. It also characterizes a rite of passage and initiation rites. The second section deals with baptism. The thesis defines themeaning of baptism, its history, traditions, and brings the current form of baptism for children and the current form of baptism for adults. It describes in more detail why baptism belongs to the rites of passage. The practical part is based on research. It contains nine interviews with the respondents. The main goal of the research is to find out whether people consider baptism as a rite of passage, or whether they see baptism as a ceremony associated with the marginal life situation of the birth of a child.

Le récit de l’enfance bretonne de Chateaubriand obéit à une logique initiatique, décrite par les ethnologues, qui confère à l’animal un rôle clé. L’enfant forge son caractère auprès des oiseaux et apprend à dominer ses peurs en affrontant à Combourg chouettes et chat noir. Piètre cavalier, Chateaubriand fait du cheval l’emblème d’une classe et d’un pouvoir révolu. Il expose sa passion de la chasse dans ses Mémoires, qui témoignent de sa sensibilité grandissante à la condition animale., Chateaubriand’s Breton childhood story follows an initiatory route, described by ethnologists, which gives a crucial role to animals. The child forges his character close to the birds, he learns how to face fears by braving owls and a black cat in Combourg. Poor rider, Chateaubriand presents the horse as an emblem of a class and an achieved power. He shows his passion for hunting in his Mémoires, where we can see his growing sensibility to animal condition.

Background: Many people who enter prison have recently used drugs in the community, a substantial portion of whom will continue to do so while incarcerated. To date, little is known about what factors may contribute to the continuation of drug use during imprisonment. Methods: Self-reported data were collected from a random sample of 1326 adults (123 women) incarcerated across 15 prisons in Belgium. Multivariate regression was used to investigate associations between in-prison drug use and sociodemographic background, criminological profile, drug-related history, and mental health among participants who reported pre-prison drug use. Results: Of all 1326 participants, 719 (54%) used drugs in the 12 months prior to their incarceration and 462 (35%) did so while in prison. There was a strong association between drug use before and during imprisonment (OR = 6.77, 95% CI 5.16–8.89). Of those who recently used drugs in the community, half (52%) continued to do so while incarcerated. Factors independently associated with continuation (versus cessation) were young age, treatment history, polydrug use, and poor mental health. In a secondary analysis, initiation of drug use while in prison was further related to incarceration history and low education. Conclusion: Persistence of drug use following prison entry is common. People who continue to use drugs inside prison can be differentiated from those who discontinue in terms of drug-related history and mental health. Routine screening for drug use and psychiatric morbidity on admission to prison would allow for identifying unmet needs and initiating appropriate treatment.

Die vorliegende Masterarbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Modell der Krisenpflege im Bundesland Wien. Kinder, die während der Zeit der Gefährdungsabklärung zum Schutz des Kindeswohls aus ihrer Familie herausgenommen werden müssen, werden in Wien vorübergehend in einer Krisenunterbringung aufgenommen. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die Unterbringung von Kindern im Alter von 0 – 3 Jahren in einer Krisenpflegefamilie in den Fokus. Eine Krisenpflegeunterbringung bei Krisenpflegeeltern ist in Wien im Regelfall auf eine Dauer von 6 – 8 Wochen begrenzt. Während dieser Zeit sollte eine Perspektivklärung erfolgen. Am Ende der Krisenpflegezeit wird das Kind entweder zu seiner Familie rückgeführt oder in ein dauerhaftes Pflegeverhältnis begleitet. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, bindungstheoretische Erkenntnisse, die im Kontext von Bindung und Trennung im Säuglings- und Kleinkindalter bedeutsam sind, darzustellen und mit der Praxis in Wien in Zusammenhang zu bringen. Die zu beantwortende Forschungsfrage lautet: Welchen Einfluss haben bindungstheoretische Erkenntnisse auf den Umgang mit Trennungssituationen, die durch die Unterbringung von Kindern im Alter von 0 – 3 Jahren bei Krisenpflegeeltern entstehen? Die Ergebnisse der Masterarbeit zeigen auf, dass bindungstheoretische Erkenntnisse einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Trennungssituation haben. Im Modell der Krisenpflege entstehen für die Kinder zwei Trennungssituationen: die Trennung von den Eltern bei der Herausnahme aus der Familie und die Trennung von den Krisenpflegeeltern am Ende der Krisenpflegeunterbringung. Auf die erste Trennung können die handelnden Personen der Krisenpflege nur bedingt Einfluss nehmen. In der zweiten Trennungssituation ergibt sich ein größerer Handlungsspielraum. Die Dauer der Krisenpflegeunterbringung ist ein wichtiger Faktor und hat Auswirkungen auf den Bindungsaufbau des Kindes zu den Krisenpflegeeltern. Der Anbahnung und der Gestaltung von Übergängen kommen sowohl in der Literatur als auch in der Empirie ein hoher Stellenwert zu. Aufgrund der Vorbereitung auf die zweite Trennungssituation zeigen Kinder abgeschwächte Trennungsreaktionen. Es kommt in der Praxis allerdings auch zu abrupten Trennungssituationen, die es zu vermeiden gilt (beispielsweise Repatriierungen). Das hohe Stresspotential, das Trennungen für ein Kind bedeuten, kann durch die Anwendung von bindungstheoretischen Erkenntnissen in der Praxis aufgefangen oder zumindest abgemildert werden. Die Masterarbeit teilt sich in einen Literatur- und einen Empirie-Teil. Die empirischen Daten wurden durch sieben Expert*innen-Interviews erhoben und anhand einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring ausgewertet. This master's thesis deals with the model of crisis care in Vienna, Austria. Children who have to be taken from their families during the time of a risk assessment to protect the child's well-being are temporarily accommodated in a crisis care in Vienna. This paper focuses on the placement of children aged 0 - 3 years in crisis foster families. As a rule, crisis foster care in Vienna is limited to a period of 6 - 8 weeks. During this time, a clarification of perspectives should take place. At the end of the crisis care period, the child is either returned to his or her family or accompanied into permanent foster care, for example with foster parents. The aim of the thesis is to present attachment theory findings that are significant in the context of attachment and separation in infancy and early childhood and to relate them to empirical data from crisis foster care in Vienna. The research question to be answered is: What influence do attachment theory findings have on the handling of separation situations arising from the placement of children aged 0 - 3 years with crisis care parents? The results of the master's thesis indicate that attachment theory insights have a significant impact on separation situations. In the crisis foster care model, two separation situations arise for children: Separation from parents upon removal from the family and separation from crisis care parents at the end of the crisis care placement. The first separation can only be influenced to a limited extent by the persons involved in crisis care. In the second separation situation, there is more room for manoeuvre. The duration of the crisis care placement is an important factor and has an impact on the development of the child's attachment to the crisis care parents. The initiation and design of transitions are given high priority both in literature and in the empirical data. Due to the preparation for the second separation situation, children show mitigated separation reactions. In practice, however, abrupt separation situations still occur, which must be avoided (e.g., repatriations). The high stress potential that separations mean for a child can be absorbed or at least be mitigated by applying attachment theory findings in practice. The master thesis is divided into a literature section and an empirical section. The empirical data were collected through seven interviews with experts and analysed using a qualitative content analysis according to Mayring. Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers Masterarbeit Wien, FH Campus Wien 2023

The thesis "The Sacrament of Confirmation - the theological understanding in the particular documents and regulations of the dioceses (in Slovak Republic and Czech Republic) and its comparison with the theological concept in the universal magisterial documents from the second Vatican council until now" deals with the sacrament of confirmation as the essential part of Christian initiation which constitutes the heart of sacramental organism and shapes being of every Christian. First two chapters analyze presence of the seven aspects of confirmation in universal and particular magisterial documents (history of salvation; sacramental sign; relationship to the rest of initiation, common priesthood and apostolate; effects; recipient and catechesis; minister; ecumenical perspective). Then in the third chapter, the two approaches are compared and critically considered.

International audience; In the 1990s, Michael Houseman introduced in his courses an initiation ritual called The Red and the Black. Designed to be an experimental, pedagogical tool to study the interactional dynamics of ritual, it entailed having male candidates undergo a series of ordeals in the presence of a female audience. While intervening in the ritual, the females remained at a sufficient distance such that, as in « classic » initiation rites, certain aspects of these events remained beyond their grasp. A generation later, in 2018, a new version of the ritual emerged, incorporating a full-fledged female initiation. This did not however make gender relations any more symmetrical, for most of the men did not even realize that a female initiation had taken place, and the women were mindful not to tell them. Observant participation was employed here to better understand the sensory, affective, and cognitive workings of such asymmetries that are part of a set of spatial and interactional devices commonly used in initiation rites to polarize genders. The resulting multivocal article, written partially collectively and partially separately by the initiates and by the ritual’s initiators, sheds light on the ritual, pedagogical and ethnographic dimensions of this experiment, on the basis of the participants’ notes. Producing this document by gradually transforming scattered, personal notes, memories and thoughts into a collective, public text, also raised questions about the disclosure of secrets. In dealing with these various issues, this article seeks to elucidate the gender- and generation-based relations involved in this experience, by considering both what they make manifest and what they leave in the dark.; Dans les années 1990, Michael Houseman avait introduit dans ses cours un rite d’initiation appelé The Red and the Black. Conçu comme un dispositif expérimental et pédagogique pour étudier les dynamiques interactionnelles du rituel, il consistait à faire passer à des candidats masculins une série d’épreuves en présence d’un public féminin qui, tout en intervenant dans le rituel, restait suffisamment mis à l’écart pour que, comme dans un rite initiatique « classique », une partie des événements lui échappe. Une génération plus tard, en 2018, une nouvelle version du rite vit le jour, qui intégrait un volet complet d’initiation féminine. Les rapports de genre ne devinrent pas pour autant plus symétriques : la plupart des hommes ne se rendirent même pas compte qu’une initiation féminine avait eu lieu et les femmes se gardèrent de les mettre au courant. Cette asymétrie s’inscrivait dans une série de dispositifs spatiaux et interactionnels que les rites initiatiques mobilisent habituellement pour polariser les genres, et dont il s’agissait de comprendre les ressorts (sensoriels, affectifs, cognitifs) par une expérience de participation observante. Rédigé tantôt collectivement, tantôt séparément par les initié.e.s et les initiateurs/initiatrice du rituel, cet article multi-perspectif essaie d’éclaircir la dynamique – rituelle, pédagogique et ethnographique – de cette expérience, en se fondant sur les comptes rendus des participant.e.s. En transformant graduellement ces notes, souvenirs et réflexions personnels, intimes et dispersés en un texte collectif et public, la production de cet article soulève ainsi également la question du dévoilement de secrets. Il tente, ce faisant, d’élucider les rapports entre les genres et entre les générations mobilisés dans cette expérience, aussi bien par ce qu’ils donnent à voir que par ce qu’ils laissent dans l’ombre.

We report on ultra-slowly propagating discharge events with speeds in the range 1-13 km/s, much lower than any known lightning process. The propagation speeds of these discharges are orders of magnitude slower than leader or streamer speeds, but faster than the ion drift speed. For one particular event, a lightning leader forms about 40 ms later within 50 m of the discharge, likely within the same high field region. A second slow event forms 9 ms prior to the initiation, and leads into the negative leader. Most slow events appear to not be directly involved with lightning initiation. This suggests that the classic streamer cascade model of initiation is not always a definitive process. In this work we describe these discharge events displaying unique behavior, their relation to common lightning discharges, and their implications for lightning initiation.

El fútbol es el deporte de masas por excelencia y el de mayor confluencia universal. la iniciación en este deporte requiere del desarrollo de ciertas habilidades motrices que pueden condicionar el éxito en la formación del deportista. la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo valorar las habilidades motrices en niños que se inician en la práctica de fútbol. El estudio se enfocó desde lo empírico analítico, de nivel descriptivo, transversal y cuantitativo. fueron seleccionados intencionalmente 7 varones con rango de edades entre 8 y 13 años, a quienes se le aplicó el test 3JS de habilidades motrices, se evaluaron las 7 dimensiones establecidas como: salto vertical, bote, giro longitudinal, lanzamiento oculo manual, lanzamiento a precisión con miembros inferiores, carrera de slalom con obstaculos, conducción del balón en slalom. Los participantes recibieron previas inducciones y familiarización de la bateria del test y los padres firmaron consentimiento informado. Entre los principales resultados se observó que un 71% (5 niños) realizaron las pruebas en nivel perfecto, mientras que (2 niños) alcanzaron el máximo nivel de excelentes. como conclusiones, se estableció que los participantes se muestran en una adecuada ruta de formación en el fútbol de acuerdo con sus edades y tiempos de haberse iniciado en la práctica de este deporte. se recomienda hacer controles periódicos en el desarrollo de las habilidades motrices mediante la aplicación del test 3JS, para monitorear los progresos en los aprendizajes en etapas de iniciación deportivo en fútbol. INTRODUCCION METODOLOGIA RESULTADOS DISCUSIONES CONCLUSIONES REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRAFICAS Especialización Especialista en Actividad Física y Salud Artículo

Picea pungens (Engelm.), known for its blue-green needles, has become a likable ornamental species in northeast China since 2000. Nonetheless, a lack of propagation methods that can maintain genetic fidelity and develop seedlings at a large scale prevents the further expansion of the species. Somatic embryogenesis (SE), paired with cryopreservation technologies, may provide a valid alternative. Picea pungens SE is not new, but its practical application has been limited due to low efficiencies in SE initiation and maturation as well as a lack of effective cryopreservation technology. In this study, experiments were carried out to overcome the limitations by modifying culture media. For initiation, the efficiency was enhanced by adjusting concentrations of 2.4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), 6-benzyl amino–purine (6-BA) or sucrose supplemented to the induction medium. The concentrations of 4.0 mg/L 2,4-D, 2 mg/L 6-BA, and 5 to 10 g/L sucrose were found optimal in maximizing initiation efficiency. For maturation, the efficiency, expressed as the number of mature somatic embryos per gram of fresh mass cultured (E/gFM), varied greatly with the choices of the basal medium and concentration of abscisic acid (ABA) of the maturation medium. Based on our results, the judicial choices were using the DCR medium as the basal medium and 10 mg/L ABA. The maturation efficiency could also be improved by adjusting the maturation medium’s osmotic pressure by manipulating the concentrations of carbohydrate and Gelrite and culture density. While the maturation medium, using sucrose as carbohydrate source or supplemented with a low (

During plant development, a precise balance of cytokinin is crucial for correct growth and patterning, but it remains unclear how this is achieved across different cell types and in the context of a growing organ. Here we show that in the root apical meristem, the TMO5/LHW complex increases active cytokinin levels via two cooperatively acting enzymes. By profiling the transcriptomic changes of increased cytokinin at single-cell level, we further show that this effect is counteracted by a tissue-specific increase in CYTOKININ OXIDASE 3 expression via direct activation of the mobile transcription factor SHORTROOT. In summary, we show that within the root meristem, xylem cells act as a local organizer of vascular development by non-autonomously regulating cytokinin levels in neighbouring procambium cells via sequential induction and repression modules.

Legumes balance nitrogen acquisition from soil nitrate with symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen fixation requires establishment of a new organ, which is a cytokinin dependent developmental process in the root. We found cytokinin biosynthesis is a central integrator, balancing nitrate signalling with symbiotic acquired nitrogen. Low nitrate conditions provide a permissive state for induction of cytokinin by symbiotic signalling and thus nodule development. In contrast, high nitrate is inhibitory to cytokinin accumulation and nodule establishment in the root zone susceptible to nodule formation. This reduction of symbiotic cytokinin accumulation was further exacerbated in cytokinin biosynthesis mutants, which display hypersensitivity to nitrate inhibition of nodule development, maturation and nitrogen fixation. Consistent with this, cytokinin application rescues nodulation and nitrogen fixation of biosynthesis mutants in a concentration dependent manner. These inhibitory impacts of nitrate on symbiosis occur in a Nlp1 and Nlp4 dependent manner and contrast with the positive influence of nitrate on cytokinin biosynthesis that occurs in species that do not form symbiotic root nodules. Altogether this shows that legumes, as exemplified by Lotus japonicus, have evolved a different cytokinin response to nitrate compared to non-legumes., Nodule development in legumes is a cytokinin dependent process. Here the authors show that high nitrate supply, which limits nodulation, suppresses cytokinin biosynthesis in Lotus japonicus which contrasts with the positive effect of nitrate on cytokinin biosynthesis in non-legumes

Background: There is a lack of evidence of the complicated pathways of underlying determinants in the phases of physical activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate simultaneously a set of potential determinants on the initiation and maintenance phases of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). Methods: The longitudinal data of 54,359 Korean adults aged 40–69 years from the Health Examinees study were used. The median follow-up duration was 4.2 years. The self-reported durations per week of LTPA was repeatedly assessed. Based on previous longitudinal studies, the potential determinants were selected, and hypothetical models were constructed that consider the complex associations between the determinants. The standardized coefficients for direct and indirect effects were estimated using path analysis to differentiate contributions of mediation from the total effects. Results: In the total population, age, education, chronic diseases, smoking, depression symptoms, and self-rated health were significantly associated with both initiation and maintenance phases. Income (B = 0.025) and social supports (B = 0.019) were associated only with the initiation phase. Waist-to-hip ratio (B = −0.042) and stress (B = −0.035) were associated only with the maintenance phase. After stratifying by sex, the significant effects of education, chronic diseases, and smoking were found only in men. The initiation phase-specific effects of income and social supports and the maintenance phase-specific effects of stress were found only in women. It was estimated that indirect effects contributed approximately 15% of the total effect. Conclusion: The findings suggested that there were initiation- or maintenance-specific determinants of leisure-time physical activity according to sex.

Studying the developmental genetics of plant organs requires following gene expression in specific tissues. To facilitate this, we have developed dual expression anatomy lines, which incorporate a red plasma membrane marker alongside a fluorescent reporter for a gene of interest in the same vector. Here, we adapted the GreenGate cloning vectors to create two destination vectors showing strong marking of cell membranes in either the whole root or specifically in the lateral roots. This system can also be used in both embryos and whole seedlings. As proof of concept, we follow both gene expression and anatomy in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) during lateral root organogenesis for a period of over 24 h. Coupled with the development of a flow cell and perfusion system, we follow changes in activity of the DII auxin sensor following application of auxin., A vector system and flow cell set-up allow long-term imaging of both gene expression and anatomy in Arabidopsis primary and lateral roots.

A hexanucleotide repeat expansion GGGGCC in the non-coding region of C9orf72 is the most common cause of inherited amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Toxic dipeptide repeats (DPRs) are synthesized from GGGGCC via repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation. Here, we develop C. elegans models that express, either ubiquitously or exclusively in neurons, 75 GGGGCC repeats flanked by intronic C9orf72 sequence. The worms generate DPRs (poly-glycine-alanine [poly-GA], poly-glycine-proline [poly-GP]) and poly-glycine-arginine [poly-GR]), display neurodegeneration, and exhibit locomotor and lifespan defects. Mutation of a non-canonical translation-initiating codon (CUG) upstream of the repeats selectively reduces poly-GA steady-state levels and ameliorates disease, suggesting poly-GA is pathogenic. Importantly, loss-of-function mutations in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2D (eif-2D/eIF2D) reduce poly-GA and poly-GP levels, and increase lifespan in both C. elegans models. Our in vitro studies in mammalian cells yield similar results. Here, we show a conserved role for eif-2D/eIF2D in DPR expression.

In Heart of Darkness, the protagonist Kurtz, of whom we do not, in fact, see much, is shown as connected with a native “sorcerer,” a “witch-man,” who had “antelope horns” on his head. Antelopes, or goats, are typical sacrificial animals, and the protagonist of this novella is a European who perishes in the midst of tropical forests, in spite of the high hopes that accompany his decision to try his luck in an exotic environment. Kurtz has promising beginnings, but later he gradually degenerates, carrying out what may be called a reversal of the ritual of initiation, comparable to the inverted ritual, to use V. Propp’s term, in folklore. In this sense, he may be regarded as a counterpoint to Conrad himself whose life can easily be described as a modern and uncommonly successful enactment of the same ritual. Meanwhile, Kurtz’s, and to a lesser extent also Marlow’s, failure as initiates is inscribed in the failure of the European civilization to construct a European empire in Africa.

Çocukluktan yetişkinliğe, masumiyetten tecrübeye geçişe, kişinin kendisi ve yaşadığı dünya hakkında bilgi edinmesine işaret eden değişim ya da inisiasyon (erginlenme) ritüellerine tarih boyunca farklı kültürlerde büyük önem atfedilmiştir. Bu duruma bağlı olarak, edebiyat, genel olarak sanat, insanın bir halden diğerine geçişindeki bu ritüelle yakından ilgilenmiştir. Özellikle bir değişim anını ön plana çıkararak olay örgüsünü en az bir ergen ya da çocuk karakter etrafında temerküz eden inisiasyon öyküleri ya da daha yaygın adıyla reşit olma öyküleri (ing. coming of age), erginlenme temasını ya da kişinin kendisi veya yaşadığı hayat ve dünyaya dair önemli bir gerçeği fark etmesini konu edinir. Edebi eserlerde erginlenme temasının yaygınlığına ve özellikle yakın bir zamana kadar bu türü kuramsallaştırmak için edebiyat araştırmacılarının yaptığı önemli çalışmalara rağmen, son dönem edebiyat çalışmalarında, bilhassa Anglofon edebiyat araştırmalarında, bir analitik kavram olarak inisiasyon temasının daha az ele alındığı görülmektedir. Bu çalışma, edebiyattaki inisiasyon temasını Toni Morrison'ın “Recitatif” isimli kısa hikayesi üzerinden ele almakta ve belirtilen eserin geleneksel inisiasyon öykülerindeki kalıp ve ortak özelliklerden ne şekilde farklılıklar arz ettiğini incelemektedir. Morrison’un inisiasyon temasını ırk ilişkileri ve ötekilik gibi kavramlarla nasıl bir araya getirdiği ve bunu yaparken de kavrama dair daha dinamik, ilişkisel ve öznelerarası bir bakış açısı getirdiği ortaya konmaktadır., The moments of change marking transformation from childhood to adulthood, from innocence to experience and gaining knowledge about the self and the world in general have been seen as of significance across cultures. Correspondingly, literature, art in general, has engaged closely with this ritualistic, threshold experience. Foregrounding a moment of change and centering its plot around at least one young adolescent or child, initiation stories, or more commonly known as stories of coming of age, narrativize the theme of growing up or at least one, major character’s realization of a truth about him/herself as well as the life and the world condition. Despite the prevalence of initiation theme in literature and the significant attempts made by literary studies scholars to theorize what constitutes an initiation story especially until a few decades ago, more recent scholarship, Anglophone literary studies at least, has dealt less considerably with initiation as a frame of reference in the analysis and interpretation of literary texts. The present study reconsiders the theme of initiation in literature through Toni Morrison’s “Recitatif” and examines how the short story deviates from the patterns of traditional initiation stories. It is argued that Morrison interestingly brings together the issue of initiation with concepts such as race relations and otherness, which calls for a more dynamic, relational and intersubjective understanding of the term.

Background and objective In the current study, we undertook a more detailed exploration of the reasons why patients undergoing HMV were screened out of a recently published study in order to better understand how applicable home initiation of HMV is under real life conditions. Methods All referred patients who had an indication for starting HMV were screened to participate in the Homerun study. In this trial 512 patients were screened out of the study. Those patients not enrolled in the trial were divided into the following 3 groups: (1) those not fulfilling the inclusion criteria; 2) those meeting the exclusion criteria and 3) those excluded on the basis of medical or organisation reasons. Each group was then further divided into those who would likely have been suitable for initiation of HMV at home in real world practice and those who were unsuitable. Results Based on inclusion criteria (group 1) 116 patients could not start HMV in real life, while this was 245 patients in the study. Based on the exclusion criteria (group 2) 11 patients could not start in real life while this was 79 in the study. One hundred and eighty-eight could not be enrolled in the study due to medical and organisational reasons ( group 3), while in real life this was only 95. Conclusion This study indicates that more than 55% of patients who did not participate in the Homerun study could have started HMV at home in real life.

The obesity epidemic has crossed social-demographic barriers and is a matter of significant concern. Why do individuals fail to restrain from eating high-calorie foods and fail to follow treatment routines that reduce the risk of health complications? These questions have been addressed through behavioral and brain imaging studies on prefrontal cortex inhibitory mechanisms. Failure to inhibit undesirable behaviors has become a hallmark of obesity. In many life situations, obesity risk is increased by inaction (e.g., not taking blood pressure medication, not following a healthy diet). Risk by inaction has been defined as passive risk-taking, and it is correlated with traits such as procrastination, future time perspective, and cognitive avoidance. To the present, passive tendencies, specifically in the context of risk-taking behaviors, have not been addressed in the obesity literature. We introduce a framework in which active and passive risk-taking behaviors are integrated within the scope of bidirectional models of obesity that describe the brain as both the cause and the consequence of obesity vulnerability. The present perspective aims to foster new research on treatment and prevention, and also on the neurobiology of passive behaviors in obesity and other metabolic conditions.

Introduction : la prophylaxie préexposition au VIH (PrEP) fait partie de l’arsenal de la prévention combinée, disponible depuis maintenant 7 ans en France. Elle est un levier majeur dans la lutte contre l’épidémie du VIH, mais sa couverture reste encore insuffisante. Depuis le 1 juin 2021, son initiation est possible par tout médecin, y compris les médecins généralistes. Cette nouvelle recommandation émise par la Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS) a pour objectif de permettre une plus grande accessibilité pour toutes les populations concernées en France.Objectifs : évaluer l’influence que cette nouvelle autorisation a eue sur les connaissances et les pratiques cliniques des médecins généralistes exerçant en région PACA. Appréhender les freins et les leviers à sa prescription dans un second temps.Matériel et méthode : une étude observationnelle quantitative à visée descriptive a été réalisée auprès des médecins généralistes de la région PACA ayant une activité libérale. Elle a été conduite à l’aide d’un questionnaire en ligne diffusé sur une période de 3 mois, de début février 2022 à fin avril 2022.Résultats : 185 participants ont été inclus dans notre étude. Parmi les répondants : 71% avaient une connaissance limitée sur la PrEP et seulement 8% l’avait déjà prescrite. En dépit de ce constat, on a pu agréablement constater que les médecins généralistes l’incluaient progressivement dans leurs pratiques. En effet, 15,7% des répondants suivaient de façon régulière des patients utilisant la PrEP. De plus, 12,3% des participants avaient initié la PrEP chez l’un de leurs patients, bien que la moitié se soit retrouvée face à des difficultés pour la prescrire.Lors de notre étude, les connaissances sur la PrEP, le suivi de patients et le fait d’avoir été questionné sur ce sujet étaient significativement associées au fait de l’avoir renouvelée et par extension initiée. Le principal frein à l’utilisation de la PrEP tant chez les prescripteurs que les non-prescripteurs de notre étude, était le manque de formation et de connaissance à son sujet (63%). A contrario, le renforcement de la diffusion des différents outils déjà mis à disposition pour la formation des médecins généralistes ainsi que la mise en place d’un suivi alterné avec un spécialiste en infectiologie ou en santé sexuelle ressortaient comme les principaux outils qui pourraient aider les médecins généralistes à prescrire la PrEP.Conclusion : la PrEP est un outil de prévention ayant montré son efficacité dans la réduction de l’incidence du VIH. Elle trouve lentement sa place dans la pratique clinique des médecins généralistes de la région PACA, malgré une intégration plus marquée en milieu urbain et dans les zones de forte population. La majeure partie des freins s’opposant à sa prescription était directement en lien avec la faible connaissance des prescripteurs sur le sujet. Il est donc nécessaire de mobiliser les différents canaux de l’information professionnelle des médecins pour accroître leurs connaissances de celle-ci. La formation des professionnels de santé s’avère être le pilier central à une plus large diffusion de la PrEP.

In order to explaín the biological basis of the adult gerbil skin relative resistance to chemical carcinogenesis it was characterized the effect of cróton oil and benzoyl peroxide tumor promoters by studying the morphologicàl changès related to promotion and induced in adult gerbil skin accordingto dífferent doses, treatment frequencies, and associated pretreatment with the tumor initiator methylcholanthrene, through biphasic and triphasic carcinogenesis protocols. Similar degree of hyperkeratosis and dose-dependent hyperplasia were induced in the interfollicular epidermis after one topical application of croton oll (0.94 mg and 1.88 mg) or benzoyl peroxide (20 mg and 40 mg). Epidermal enlargment, cellular hypertrophy and inflammation were more pronnounced with croton oil treatment. Proliferative stimulus and imbalance between epidermal proliferation and differentiation could be responsible for the hyperplasia, which was more intense with croton oil treatment. The initial proliferative stimulus was reduced after repeated topical treatment with croton oll (1.41 mg) or benzoyl peroxide (30 mg). Croton oll also induced intense hyperkeratosis and regression of initial hyperplasia, which could be related to imbalance between proliferation and differentiation in favour of cellular loss. Twice or thrice a week treatment with benzoyl peroxide induced discrete progression of initial hyperplasia, which could be related to imbalance between proliferation and differentiation predominating a discrete celiular gain. Both substances determined different inflammatory effect, since there was regression with croton oll and progression with benzoyl peroxide. Divergent hyperplastic and inflammatory responses could be reflecting different mechanisms of action of these two com pounds. When croton oil and benzoyl peroxide were administered after methylcholanthrene (0.2 mg) through biphasic or triphasic carcinogenesis protocois, only benzoyl peroxide showed discrete and transitory promotion - propagation - of papiliomas in adult gerbil skin. Taking into account the regression of the proliferative stimulus registered during repeated treatment with both promoters and the response associated to cellular differentiation - hyperkeratosis - it was concluded that those effects interfered in the selective donal expansion of epidermal celis, mainly with croton oll treatment, and could be related to the biological basis of adult gerbil skin relative resistance to chemical epidermal carcinogenesis. Supondo que a resistência relativa da pele de gerbil adulto à carcinogênese química estaria relacionada a um fenômeno de adaptação ao processo de promoção tumoral, foi caracterizado o efeito de óleo de cróton (OC) e peróxido de benzoíla (PB) sobre a pele de gerbil, através do estudo das alterações morfológicas, correlatas à atividade promotora e induzidas em função da dose administrada, da freqüência do tratamento e da associação ao iniciador metilcolantreno (MC) em modelos bifásicos e trifásicos de carcinogênese. Verificou-se que uma única aplicação tópica de 00 (0,94 mg e 1,88 mg) ou PB (20 mg e 40 mg) induz, na epiderme interfolicular, grau similar de hiperceratose e hiperplasia dose-dependente; outros efeitos, como espessamento da epiderme, hipertrofia celular e inflamação, eram mais acentuados pelo tratamento com OC. O efeito hiperplásico, também mais acentuado com OC, decorreria do estímulo proliferativo e do desequilíbrio entre proliferação e diferenciação epidérmica. O tratamento tópico repetido, com OC (1,41 mg) ou PB (30 mg), independente da freqüência semanal, bi-semanal ou tri-semanal, determinou diminuição do estímulo proliferativo inicial, além de intensa hiperceratose e regressão da hiperplasia, no caso do OC conseqüente ao desequilíbrio entre proliferação e diferenciação, favorecendo a perda celular. Entretanto, o PB, quando aplicado 2 ou 3 vezes/semana, determinou discreta progressão da hiperplasia inicial, decorrente de ligeiro desequilíbrio entre proliferação e diferenciação, prevalecendo discreto ganho celular. Ambas substâncias diferiram também no efeito inflamatório, ocorrendo regressão com OC e progressão com PB. A divergência nos efeitos hiperplásico e inflamatório estaria refletindo mecanismos de ação distintos destas duas substâncias. Ao ser aplicado OC ou PB após MC (0,2 mg), segundo protocolos de carcinogênese bifásica ou trifásica, comprovou-se que apenas o PB tem discreto efeito promotor - propagador – de papilomas na pele de gerbil adulto. Considerando a diminuição do estímulo proliferativo, que ocorre durante o tratamento repetido com OC e PB, associada ao efeito destas substâncias sobre a diferenciação celular - hiperceratose - entende-se que a expansão clonal seletiva de células epidérmicas estaria prejudicada, principalmente com OC, sendo talvez esta a base biológica da resistência relativa da pele de gerbil adulto à indução química de tumores de linhagem epidérmica.

The brittle fracture initiation behavior and fracture toughness in the ductile-to-brittle transition region for a thermally-aged weld metal of a decommissioned reactor pressure vessel head (in operation at 288 °C for 23 effective full power years) and in the non-aged reference condition were investigated. The results show that brittle fracture initiated primarily from non-metallic inclusions. The correlation between fracture toughness and brittle fracture initiation type (inclusion debonding or breakage), initiator size, initiation location (as-welded or re-heated regions in the weld metal) were analysed. Despite that thermal ageing does not affect significantly the fracture toughness, it could promote the debonding as a brittle fracture primary initiation type. The influence of debonded inclusion on the evolution of cumulative damage and brittle fracture initiation was assessed using crystal plasticity modelling.

L’initiation chrétienne, visant à préparer le candidat à entrer dans le christianisme, était, depuis la plus haute Antiquité une étape incontournable. Cette pratique a naturellement évolué, selon un processus plus ou moins complexe, dépendant de la diversité des usages communautaires, jusqu’à atteindre l’essentiel de sa forme définitive aux ive et au ve siècles. Trois étapes jalonnent cette initiation : la phase préparatoire, caractérisée par une catéchèse baptismale, accompagnée par une mise à l’épreuve du catéchumène ; la célébration elle-même qui, dans l’Antiquité, était liée à la fête de Pâques ; la période post-baptismale, où le baptisé devait s’engager dans la vie de l’Église, sans toutefois écarter la continuité de sa formation. Cet article voudrait reprendre ce parcours de l’initié, depuis la première conversion jusqu’au baptême, en essayant de retracer les grandes lignes du contenu de l’instruction chrétienne. Christian initiation: The testimony of the ancient ChurchChristian initiation, aimed at preparing the candidate to enter Christianity, was, since ancient times, an essential step. It goes without saying that this practice evolved, according to a more or less complex process, depending on the diversity of community practices, until it reached most of its final form in the 4th and 5th centuries. Three stages mark out this initiation: the preparatory phase, characterized by a baptismal catechesis, accompanied by a testing of the catechumen; the celebration itself which, in antiquity was linked to the feast of Easter; and the post-baptismal period, in which the baptized had to engage in the life of the church, without however ruling out the continuity of his formation. This article would like to take up this evolution of the baptized, from the first conversion to baptism, by trying to retrace the main lines of the contents of Christian instruction. التنشئة المسيحية : شهادة الكنيسة الأولى تعد التنشئة المسيحيّة مرحلة لابد منها، وهي تهدف إلى تحضير المرشح للدخول إلى المسيحية. تطوَّرت هذه الممارسة بشكل طبيعي وفقا لعملية معقدة إلى حد ما، اعتماداً على تنوُّع ممارسات المجتمع، حتى وصلت إلى بنيتها النهائية في القرنين الرابع والخامس الميلاديين. ثلاث مراحل تُميز هذه التنشئة: المرحلة التحضيرية التي تتميز بالتعليم المسيحي للمعمودية، مصحوبة باختبار الموعوظ، ثم الاحتفال الذي ارتبط في حد ذاته بعيد الفصح في العصور القديمة، ثم تليها فترة ما بعد المعمودية، والتي ينخرط خلالها المُعَمَّد في حياة الكنيسة، وكذلك لا ينقطع عن متابعة تعاليم التنشئة. يتناول هذا المقال هذه المسيرة للمُعمَّد، منذ بداية اعتناقه إلى مرحلة المعمودية، من خلال محاولة تتبع الخطوط الرئيسيّة لمُحتوى التعليم المسيحي.

The difference between esotericism and exoterism is unlike the difference between circles and rectangles. It is also not the difference between the size and relevance of a specific body of knowledge in circulation. It is rather the extent of the circulation, acceptance, understanding, and meaning of a particular body of knowledge, philosophy, or worldview, over the spiritual and socio-political life of diverse categories of people in society. The infancy of the academic study of esotericism, as well as its interdisciplinary nature, militate against the crystallization of a universally accepted definition of the term 'esotericism'. The various definitions of the term by researchers consistently relate to their research interests. In line with Faivre's concern with the forms of thought of esoteric movements (Faivre 1996), as well as the preoccupation that Versluis has with gnosis generation in esoteric movements (Versluis n.d), our study of Kereke ya Sephiri in Botswana and South Africa examines a) the cultural and religious contexts in which Frederick Modise, a gnostic in his own right, generated the underlying gnosis of his secret society, and b) the import of the content of this visionary mystical revelation in the spiritual and social lives of members of this secret society1. The study of the Setswana term, Kereke ya Sephiri (church of a secret, referring to a Christian-based secret society), is a study of African esotericism in South Africa and Botswana. The principal academic interest in the study of esotericism lies in our quest to identify the fundamental tenets of the worldviews of the specific esoteric society, the eclectic nature of its philosophy, and how this philosophy relates to the orthodoxy of the day (Christianity in this instance). We do so by concentrating on the form of thinking, engendered by esoteric practices. Esoteric groups do not appear or exist within cultural voids. For this reason, by identifying the eclectic or syncretic nature of the fundamental philosophy (gnosis) of these groups, we trace the cultural influences involved in the emergence and consolidation of these worldviews and philosophies. This study shows that African esotericism is not always antithetic or subversive of dominant or institutionalized Christianity.

Skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a type of non-melanoma skin cancer. Pterostilbene is a natural compound proven to exhibit various pharmacological properties, including chemo-preventive effects. This study aimed to explore the chemo-preventive effect of oral pterostilbene during initiation, promotion or continuous on multistage skin SCC mouse models induced by 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). The experimental design consists of five groups of female Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice, with two control groups of vehicle and cancer. Three oral pterostilbene groups consisted of orally administered pterostilbene during initiation, promotion, or continuously. Oral pterostilbene significantly reduced the number and volume of tumours. Oral pterostilbene demonstrated less severe skin histology changes compared to the cancer control group, with less pleomorphic in the cells and nuclei, and the basement membrane remained intact. Our results showed fewer invasive tumours in oral PT-treated groups than in cancer groups that displayed mitotic bodies, highly pleomorphic cells and nuclei, and basement membrane invasion. The cell proliferation marker (Ki-67) was reduced in oral pterostilbene-treated groups. Overall, oral pterostilbene is a promising chemo-preventive intervention due to its anti-initiation and anti-promotion on skin carcinogenesis. Thus, the potential molecular mechanisms of oral pterostilbene chemo-prevention agent should be explored.

The fibre of engineering education has evolved from knowledge to competencies. This is a logical consequence of the technologically advanced and multifaceted learning environment where engineers are expected to be technically acute along with a set of essential non-technical competencies. This change is referred to as a ‘paradigm shift’ in engineering education. Hence, the vision of learning is to immerse a progressive, learner-centric, and competency-based learning environment to face the uncertainties of the 21st century. There are various ways to improve the performance of learners by implementing the available competency frameworks, but the need is to initiate a set of essential competencies according to their nature and purpose that can endure across disciplines. In this paper, the evolution of competencies from the essential to the necessary is reviewed. Finally, the benefits of these competencies in relation to the performance of the engineers are discussed in detail through semi-structured interviews conducted with the engineers. MAXQDA, a qualitative data analysis tool, is used to analyse the data. The findings will help the engineers in grooming their competencies according to the industries.

ORCID iD: Neil Stephens - https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3871-0887. Copyright © The Author(s) 2021. In contemporary capoeira groups, newcomers are symbolically ‘baptised’ into the community at a public ceremony called their Batizado (literally baptism) held during a festival. Novices play a game with a guest expert, get their first belt and thereafter they are members of their teacher’s group. Drawing on a long term, two-handed ethnography of diasporic capoeira contemporanea in the UK, including observation of 53 such festivals, their ceremonial features are analysed. At all the stages of the ‘welcome’, before, during and after the batizado, the topic of gender in capoeira contemporanea is explored. In the last 40 years, women have become enthusiastic participants and are core members of the groups we have studied. The article compares the sociological (symbolic interactionist) and anthropological approaches to ceremonies and rituals such as the capoeira batizado, drawing on Glaser, Strauss and Katz compared to van Gennep, Turner and MacAloon. Funding: The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.