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In this paper, the spatial dynamic panel data (SDPD) model with fixed effects is extended to a non-parametric form by relaxing the linear or nonlinear parameter structure of explanatory variables. The non-parametric spatial dynamic panel data (NSDPD) model with fixed effects not only retains the advantages of the SDPD model which can deal with spatial and/or temporal individual characteristics and spatio-temporal dependencies but also solves the limitation that may lead to specification errors. It also enhances the flexibility and practicability of the spatial econometric model. Since the model to be estimated contains unknown functions, we propose this profile maximum likelihood (PML) method to solve the problem of the incidental parameters in the estimation. Under the assumption that the spatial coefficients are known, we first eliminate the influence of the time effect by substitution and then use the local polynomial estimation to preliminarily estimate the unknown function so as to transform the model into the parametric form for solving. We derive the asymptotic properties of PMLEs and find that under certain regularity conditions, both parametric and non-parametric estimators are consistent. The Monte Carlo results show that the estimators have good finite sample performance. We illustrate the empirical relevance of the model by applying it to examine the impact of tourism dynamics on economic development in the Yangtze River Delta region of China.

El objetivo de este artículo es identificar y cuantificar econométricamente el impacto de los determinantes de las necesidades de gasto de las Comunidades Autónomas. La combinación de efectos fijos individuales que capturen diferencias interterritoriales no observables en preferencias o eficiencia de gasto, por un lado, con factores determinantes del gasto de escasa variabilidad, por otro, plantea problemas para los estimadores tradicionales. Para solventar esta limitación, se exploran especificaciones econométricas y estimadores alternativos. Los resultados muestran que los coeficientes estimados y su significatividad cambian sustancialmente, por lo que no está claro que puedan garantizar la robustez necesaria para sustentar una discusión política adecuada. Es necesario apostar por otras estrategias para el trabajo empírico que permitan estudiar las preferencias de gasto de las Comunidades Autónomas., The aim of this paper is to identify and quantify econometrically the determinants of the spending needs of the Autonomous Communities. The combination of individual fixed effects that capture unobservable inter-territorial differences in spending preferences or efficiency, on the one hand, with expenditure determinants of low variability, on the other poses problems for traditional estimators. To overcome this limitation, alternative econometric specifications and estimators are explored. The results show that the estimated coefficients and their significance change substantially, not being able to guarantee the necessary robustness to sustain an adequate political discussion. Therefore, it is necessary to bet on other strategies for empirical work that allow us to the spending preferences of the Autonomous Communities.

Excellence education, in the form of honours, talent or plus programmes, is a relatively new, but broadly adopted, educational form in Dutch higher education. As not much is know about its effects, this dissertation aims to contribute to our understanding in two ways. First, in terms of individual employability related outcomes of excellence education, both from the perspective of participating students and from the perspective of employers. Are students extrinsically motivated the participate? And does excellence education give recent graduates benefits in employers’ recruitment considerations? The second aim relates to organisational effects. To what extent is excellence education a testing ground for education innovations, and to what extent are innovations diffused to the entire higher education institution? The results show that excellence education does indeed have perceived effects on graduates’ employability. With respect to the organisation, some diffusion effects were observed, but more can be gained.

The article addresses the difference between regional inflation rates, and criteria that determine such variations. Moreover, it examines whether inflation differences in the Russian regions significantly affect a unified monetary policy targetting a 4 per cent inflation. Using panel econometric methods with instrumental variables, we identified the factors creating regional inflation difference: a) output gap, b) inflation expectations, c) exchange rate pass-through, d) and regional price convergence. Then, we explained how these factors influence regional inflation, using the modern theoretical models that are based on the neo-Keynesian logic. Additionally, we discussed the problems caused by regional inflation differences. Since the convergence of price levels to the average Russian level is the key factor influencing regional inflation differences, such differences do not constitute a problem for the unified monetary policy aimed at a 4% inflation target. In the study, we have determined the causes of inflation differences in the Russian regions, the majority of which result from the new Keynesian Phillips curve. The obtained results can be applied for developing regional economic policies aimed at synchronizing inflation in the Russian regions, as well as for modelling the consequences of monetary policy for regional economies.

Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick zu Rassismusdiskursen in Forschung und Praxis im Gesundheitsbereich und erörtert individuelle und institutionelle Auswirkungen von Rassismus und Diskriminierung auf die psychische Gesundheit. Daran anschließend wird erörtert, welche rassismuskritischen Transformationen in den Versorgungsstrukturen für psychisch erkrankte Personen notwendig sind, um eine gleichberechtigte Teilhabe von Menschen, die von Diskriminierung und Rassismus betroffen sind, zu ermöglichen.

Over the past two decades, social media have become a crucial and omnipresent cultural and economic phenomenon, which has seen platforms come and go and advance technologically. In this study, we explore the further development of social media regarding interactive technologies, platform development, relationships to news media, the activities of institutional and organizational users, and effects of social media on the individual and the society over the next five to ten years by conducting an international, two-stage Delphi study. Our results show that enhanced interaction on platforms, including virtual and augmented reality, somatosensory sense, and touch- and movement-based navigation are expected. AIs will interact with other social media users. Inactive user profiles will outnumber active ones. Platform providers will diversify into the WWW, e-commerce, edu-tech, fintechs, the automobile industry, and HR. They will change to a freemium business model and put more effort into combating cybercrime. Social media will become the predominant news distributor, but fake news will still be problematic. Firms will spend greater amounts of their budgets on social media advertising, and schools, politicians, and the medical sector will increase their social media engagement. Social media use will increasingly lead to individuals’ psychic issues. Society will benefit from economic growth and new jobs, increased political interest, democratic progress, and education due to social media. However, censorship and the energy consumption of platform operators might rise., Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Reihe, 131

The article addresses the difference between regional inflation rates, and criteria that determine such variations. Moreover, it examines whether inflation differences in the Russian regions significantly affect a unified monetary policy targetting a 4 per cent inflation. Using panel econometric methods with instrumental variables, we identified the factors creating regional inflation difference: a) output gap, b) inflation expectations, c) exchange rate pass-through, d) and regional price convergence. Then, we explained how these factors influence regional inflation, using the modern theoretical models that are based on the neoKeynesian logic. Additionally, we discussed the problems caused by regional inflation differences. Since the convergence of price levels to the average Russian level is the key factor influencing regional inflation differences, such differences do not constitute a problem for the unified monetary policy aimed at a 4 % inflation target. In the study, we have determined the causes of inflation differences in the Russian regions, the majority of which result from the new Keynesian Phillips curve. The obtained results can be applied for developing regional economic policies aimed at synchronizing inflation in the Russian regions, as well as for modelling the consequences of monetary policy for regional economies. © 2020 Institute of Economics, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Насколько различается инфляция в российских регионах, в чем причины этих различий, являются ли различия региональной инфляции проблемой для проведения единой денежно-кредитной политики, направленной на таргетирование общероссийской инфляции на уровне 4 %? Эти вопросы затрагиваются в настоящей статье. На основе эконометрических методов оценивания панельных регрессий с использованием инструментальных переменных выявлены факторы различий региональной инфляции: а) разрыв выпуска, б) инфляционные ожидания, в) эффект переноса валютного курса, г) конвергенция региональных цен. Предложено детальное объяснение механизмов влияния этих факторов на региональную инфляцию, опирающееся на современные теоретические модели, построенные в рамках неокейнсианской логики. Перечислены проблемы, к которым может приводить дифференциация региональной инфляции. Так как ключевым фактором региональной дифференциации инфляции является конвергенция общего уровня цен к среднероссийскому уровню, то различия региональной инфляции не являются проблемой при проведении единой денежно-кредитной политики и таргетирования общероссийской инфляции на уровне 4 %. Научный вклад проведенного исследования состоит в установлении причин различий инфляции в российских регионах, большая часть которых следует из неокейнсианской кривой Филлипса. Полученные результаты могут применяться при разработке мер региональной экономической политики, направленных на синхронизацию инфляционных процессов в субъектах РФ, а также при моделировании последствий единой монетарной политики Банка России для региональных экономик. Насколько различается инфляция в российских регионах, в чем причины этих различий, являются ли различия региональной инфляции проблемой для проведения единой денежно-кредитной политики, направленной на таргетирование общероссийской инфляции на уровне 4 %? Эти вопросы затрагиваются в настоящей статье. На основе эконометрических методов оценивания панельных регрессий с использованием инструментальных переменных выявлены факторы различий региональной инфляции: а) разрыв выпуска, б) инфляционные ожидания, в) эффект переноса валютного курса, г) конвергенция региональных цен. Предложено детальное объяснение механизмов влияния этих факторов на региональную инфляцию, опирающееся на современные теоретические модели, построенные в рамках неокейнсианской логики. Перечислены проблемы, к которым может приводить дифференциация региональной инфляции. Так как ключевым фактором региональной дифференциации инфляции является конвергенция общего уровня цен к среднероссийскому уровню, то различия региональной инфляции не являются проблемой при проведении единой денежно-кредитной политики и таргетирования общероссийской инфляции на уровне 4 %. Научный вклад проведенного исследования состоит в установлении причин различий инфляции в российских регионах, большая часть которых следует из неокейнсианской кривой Филлипса. Полученные результаты могут применяться при разработке мер региональной экономической политики, направленных на синхронизацию инфляционных процессов в субъектах РФ, а также при моделировании последствий единой монетарной политики Банка России для региональных экономик.

Background To determine if tuberculosis (TB) screening improves patient outcomes, we conducted two systematic reviews to investigate the effect of TB screening on diagnosis, treatment outcomes, deaths (clinical review assessing 23 outcome indicators); and patient costs (economic review). Methods Pubmed, EMBASE, Scopus and the Cochrane Library were searched between 1/1/1980-13/4/2020 (clinical review) and 1/1/2010-14/8/2020 (economic review). As studies were heterogeneous, data synthesis was narrative. Findings Clinical review: of 27,270 articles, 18 (n=3 trials) were eligible. Nine involved general populations. Compared to passive case finding (PCF), studies showed lower smear grade (n=2/3) and time to diagnosis (n=2/3); higher pre-treatment losses to follow-up (screened 23% and 29% vs PCF 15% and 14%; n=2/2); and similar treatment success (range 68-81%; n=4) and case fatality (range 3-11%; n=5) in the screened group. Nine reported on risk groups. Compared to PCF, studies showed lower smear positivity among those culture-confirmed (n=3/4) and time to diagnosis (n=2/2); and similar (range 80-90%; n=2/2) treatment success in the screened group. Case fatality was lower in n=2/3 observational studies; both reported on established screening programmes. A neonatal trial and post-hoc analysis of a household contacts trial found screening was associated with lower all-cause mortality. Economic review: From 2841 articles, six observational studies were eligible. Total costs (n=6) and catastrophic cost prevalence (n=4; range screened 9-45% vs PCF 12-61%) was lower among those screened. Interpretation We found very limited patient outcome data. Collecting and reporting this data must be prioritised to inform policy and practice. Funding WHO and EDCTP.

Aim We sought to understand how the individual and combined effects of multiple environmental change drivers differentially influence terrestrial nitrogen (N) concentrations and N pools and whether the interactive effects of these drivers are mainly antagonistic, synergistic or additive. Location Worldwide. Time period Contemporary. Major taxa studied Plants, soil, and soil microbes in terrestrial ecosystems. Methods We synthesized data from manipulative field studies from 758 published articles to estimate the individual, combined and interactive effects of key environmental change drivers (elevated CO2, warming, N addition, phosphorus addition, increased rainfall and drought) on plant, soil, and soil microbe N concentrations and pools using meta‐analyses. We assessed the influences of moderator variables on these effects through structural equation modelling. Results We found that (a) N concentrations and N pools were significantly affected by the individual and combined effects of multiple drivers, with N addition (either alone or in combination with another driver) showing the strongest positive effects; (b) the individual and combined effects of these drivers differed significantly between N concentrations and N pools in plants, but seldom in soils and microbes; (c) additive effects of driver pairs on N concentrations and pools were much more common than synergistic or antagonistic effects across plants, soils and microbes; and (d) environmental and experimental factors were important moderators of the individual, combined and interactive effects of these drivers on terrestrial N. Main conclusions Our results indicate that terrestrial N concentrations and N pools, especially those of plants, can be significantly affected by the individual and combined effects of environmental change drivers, with the interactive effects of these drivers being mostly additive. Our findings are important because they contribute to the development of models to better predict how altered N availability affects ecosystem carbon cycling under future environmental changes. ispartof: GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY vol:28 issue:5 pages:1-35 status: Published online

Stratum ventilation is more energy-efficient as compared with mixing ventilation for cooling applications. However, due to the short development history of stratum ventilation, few studies on its heating applications are available. The heating operation of stratum ventilation is different from the cooling operation due to the distinct airflow patterns. This study comprehensively investigates the effects of the operation parameters on heating performances of stratum ventilation, using experimentally validated Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The operation parameters include controllable supply vane angle, supply airflow rate and supply air temperature, and uncontrollable outdoor weather condition. The ventilation performance indices adopt local mean age of air (LMAA), CO2 removal efficiency (CRE), Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), vertical air temperature difference between head and ankle levels ( Δ T ) and energy utilization coefficient (EUC). By evaluating the individual effects of the operation parameters on the ventilation performances, the relative importance (i.e., relative sensitivity) of the operation parameters for each ventilation performance is identified. By comparing the individual effects and combined effects of the operation parameters on the ventilation performances, it is found that the variations of LMAA, CRE, PMV, Δ T and EUC caused by the combined effects can be accounted by the corresponding most important operation parameters by 86.5%, 85.6%, 78.8%, 65.7% and 70.2% respectively. Moreover, the outdoor weather condition does not significantly affect LMAA, CRE and EUC, but can transfer PMV and Δ T to discomfort level. Lastly, to facilitate heating applications of stratum ventilation, the constant-air-volume system is recommended and a simplified operation strategy is proposed.

This paper considers the estimation of Kumbhakar et al. (J Prod Anal. doi: 10.1007/s11123-012-0303-1 , 2012) (KLH) four random components stochastic frontier (SF) model using MLE techniques. We derive the log-likelihood function of the model using results from the closed-skew normal distribution. Our Monte Carlo analysis shows that MLE is more efficient and less biased than the multi-step KLH estimator. Moreover, we obtain closed-form expressions for the posterior expected values of the random effects, used to estimate short-run and long-run (in)efficiency as well as random-firm effects. The model is general enough to nest most of the currently used panel SF models; hence, its appropriateness can be tested. This is exemplified by analyzing empirical results from three different applications.

Epub ahead of print 25/10/2015 Bilinguals have been shown to perform worse than monolinguals in a variety of verbal tasks. This study investigated this bilingual verbal cost in a large-scale picture-naming study conducted in Spanish. We explored how individual characteristics of the participants and the linguistic properties of the words being spoken influence this performance cost. In particular, we focused on the contributions of lexical frequency and phonological similarity across translations. The naming performance of Spanish- Catalan bilinguals speaking in their dominant and non-dominant language was compared to that of Spanish monolinguals. Single trial naming latencies were analyzed by means of linear mixed models accounting for individual effects at the participant and item level. While decreasing lexical frequency was shown to increase naming latencies in all groups, this variable by itself did not account for the bilingual cost. In turn, our results showed that the bilingual cost disappeared when naming words with high phonological similarity across translations. In short, our results show that frequency of use can play a role in the emergence of the bilingual cost, but that phonological similarity across translations should be regarded as one of the most important variables that determine the bilingual cost in speech production. Low phonological similarity across translations yields worse performance in bilinguals and promotes the bilingual cost in naming performance. The implications of our results for the effect of phonological similarity across translations within the bilingual speech production system are discussed. This research was supported by a grant from the European Research Council under the European Community’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013 Grant agreement no. 263575), three grants from the Spanish Government (PSI2008-01191, PSI2011-23033, Consolider Ingenio 2010 CSD2007-00012), and the Catalan Government (Consolidado SGR 2009-1521). This work, carried out within the Labex BLRI (ANR-11-LABX-0036), has benefited from support from the French Government, managed by the French National Agency for Research (ANR), under the project title Investments of the Future A*MIDEX (ANR-11-IDEX-0001-02). We thank the Brain and Language Research Institute and the F ederation de Recherche 3C (both at Aix-Marseille Université) for institutional support. Jasmin Sadat was supported by a pre-doctoral fellowship from the Spanish Government (FPU-2008). Clara Martin was supported by the Spanish Government (Grant Juan de la Cierva) and is now supported by the Basque Foundation for Science (IKERBASQUE) and the BCBL Institution. James Magnuson was supported by a U.S. National Institutes of Health grant to Haskins Laboratories (P01 HD001994, Jay Rueckl, PI).

This study utilizes a multilevel approach to both estimate the relative importance of individual, subunit, and organization effects on entrepreneurial intentions in academia, as well as to investigate specific factors within the subunit effect and their interactions with other levels. Using a dataset of 2,652 researchers from 386 departments in 24 European universities, our findings reveal that intra-university differences, caused by the influence of the department, should not be ignored when studying academic entrepreneurship. Whereas researchers’ entrepreneurial intentions are mostly influenced by individual differences, department membership explains more variation than the university as a whole. Furthermore, drawing upon organizational culture literature, we identify a department’s adhocracy culture, characterized by flexibility and an external orientation, to be positively related to entrepreneurial intentions. Finally, consistent with trait activation theory, we find that strong adhocracy cultures reinforce the positive association between proactive personality and entrepreneurial intentions. This effect is further intensified when the university also has a technology transfer office with a substantial size. Our results have relevant implications for both academics and practitioners, including university managers, department heads and policy makers.

Recognition of prior learning (RPL) is an integral part of in-service training programs targeting elder care workers in nursing homes. Our main research question is as follows: What are the effects, as perceived by different stakeholders, of participation in RPL programs? We examine this issue through questionnaires and qualitative, semi-structured interviews. The stakeholders included in the study are care workers, supervisors, teachers and managers. We identify effects related to individual care workers and the nursing home as an organization. Three kinds of individual effects and three kinds of organizational effects are identified. The perceived individual effects are the acquisition of knowledge, increased self-esteem and a more professional work attitude. The organizational effects include a growing interest in in-service training, the introduction of new and more effective methods of in-service training, and an increase in reflection and discussion at work.

We investigate the consequences of using time-invariant individual effects in panel data models when the unobservables are in fact time-varying. Using data from the British Offending Crime and Justice panel, we estimate a dynamic factor model of the occurrence of a range of illicit activities as outcomes of young people's development processes. This structure is then used to demonstrate that relying on the assumption of time-invariant individual effects to deal with confounding factors in a conventional dynamic panel data model is likely to lead to spurious gateway effects linking cannabis use to subsequent hard drug use.

China has undertaken a series of comprehensive economic and banking reform programs over the past three decades. As part of the WTO agreement, the domestic financial sector is fully open to foreign investors from WTO member countries in 2006. To answer the challenges, the policy makers and management of SOCB have been introducing two major steps to improve the Competitiveness of the commercial banks: transfer the bad debts to asset management companies and inject foreign exchange reserves to capital. However, the qualitative study shows that the general performance of the state-owned commercial banks is unstable during this period. It is high time that the consequences and efficiency of the reform were examined on an objective basis. This research offers a careful and rigorous examination of the condition and determinants of banking efficiency and competitiveness in China, with the focus on the state-owned commercial banks. The key contribution of this study is to develop a comprehensive empirical framework to measure and explain the performance of the state-owned commercial banks during the crucial transitional period from 1998 to 2003. This research examines the banking market conditions on the basis of a synthesis of the traditional Structure-Conduct-Performance paradigm and other alternative hypotheses. The thesis reveals that the state-owned commercial banks still dominate in both retail and business banking markets. The interest earnings remain the dominant source of commercial revenues. Due to the special relationship with government and their operational characters in the financial market, the state-owned commercial banks are not sensitive to monetary policy adjustments. The competition from other type of commercial banks has been strengthening, but the impact is rather limited. The main contribution of this study to the empirical literature on the Chinese banking market is the employment of the Data Envelopment Analysis to measure the efficiency of the state-owned commercial banks at provincial level, followed by a panel econometric investigation into the differences in banking efficiency across the stat-owned commercial banking groups as well as individual provinces. The results show that the level of banking efficiency was generally very low and there was a significant extent of input surplus among the provincial branches. The source of inefficiency is different among individual banking groups. The econometric study reveals that the SOCBs benefit from the concentrated market structure and strong complementary relationship with their traditional business areas. The empirical results have also shed light on further policy measures to enhance banking competition and performance in China.

Estimating the effect of aging on productivity requires clean measures of productivity. Additionally, one needs to control for unobserved heterogeneity at the worker, firm and worker/firm level, to account for the role of experience and to correct for selection bias. We tackle these issues exploiting a panel of Gran Prix Formula One drivers, which provides a unique setting to single out the data requirements needed to credibly estimate the effect of age on productivity. Results robust to the inclusion of worker, firm and match effects show that the age-productivity link has an inverted U-shape profile with a peak at the age of 30–32. The use of repeated cross-sections of individuals also produces consistent results provided that cohort effects are properly accounted for. Relying on team-average measures of productivity makes instead inference harder.

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A first order autoregressive non-Gaussian model for analysing panel data is proposed. The main feature is that the model is able to accommodate fat tails and also skewness, thus allowing for outliers and asymmetries. The modelling approach is designed to gain sufficient flexibility, without sacrificing interpretability and computational ease. The model incorporates individual effects and covariates and we pay specific attention to the elicitation of the prior. As the prior structure chosen is not proper, we derive conditions for the existence of the posterior. By considering a model with individual dynamic parameters we are also able to formally test whether the dynamic behaviour is common to all units in the panel. The methodology is illustrated with two applications involving earnings data and one on growth of countries.

We estimate a model of the joint participation and mobility along with the individuals' wage formation in France. Our model makes it possible to distinguish between unobserved person heterogeneity and state-dependence. We estimate the model using state of the art Bayesian methods employing a long panel (1976-1995) for France. Our results clearly show that returns to seniority are small, and for some education groups are close to zero. The specification here is the same as that used in Buchinsky, Fougère, Kramarz and Tchernis (2002) for the case of the United States, where the returns to seniority were found to be quite large. This result also holds when using the method employed by Altonji and Williams (1992) for both countries. It turns out that differences between the two countries relate to firm-to-firm mobility. Using a model of Burdett and Coles (2003), we explain the rationale for this phenomenon. Specifically, in a low-mobility country such as France, there is little gain in compensating workers for long tenures because they tend to stay in the firm for most, if not all, of their career. This is true even in cases where individuals clearly possess substantial amount of firm-specific human capital. In contrast, for a high-mobility country such as the United States, high returns to seniority have a clear incentive effect, and firms are induced to pay the premium associated with firm-specific human capital to avoid losing their most productive workers.

The focus of this paper is to analyse the wage effects of temporary jobs using the 2000 and 2002 waves of the Survey of Italian Households' Income and Wealth (SHIW). Exploiting the short longitudinal dimension of the survey and taking into account of individual - and job - specific unobservable components results in an estimated wage penalty for temporary workers of around 12-13%. Furthermore, there is evidence of higher wage returns to seniority for temporary workers, generating a reduction in the wage gap by about 2.3 percentage points after one year of tenure.

Basing our empirical work on the British New Earnings Survey Panel Data between 1990 and 1996, we show that overtime hours of male workers contain significant individual effects. We also show that using suitable techniques to deal with the lagged overtime variable serves to alter radically the estimated speed of adjustment of overtime to its desired level. Our results are consistent with firms either guaranteeing the length of weekly overtime or following institutionalised custom and practice in their overtime arrangements. They are far less supportive of traditional demand-side analyses of overtime working.

Previous studies on gender wage discrimination have relied on OLS when estimating the wage equations. However, there exists a number of recent studies, devoted to estimating the return to education, that have shown that OLS may produce biased estimates for a number of reasons. Consequently, if we neglect this potential bias in OLS when estimating the gender wage gap, there is every reason to believe that the estimated wage gaps will also be biased. We first estimate wage equations using instrumental variables procedures and panel data, and then investigate the distributions of wage discrimination experienced. We find overwhelming evidence that OLS seriously overestimate the unexplained gender wage gap.

In this paper we examine the panel data estimation of dynamic models for count data that include correlated fixed effects and predetermined variables.