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Fear of crime, i.e., the fear of becoming a victim of crime, takes into account not only the emotional aspect of fear of criminal threat, but also the assessment of the risk of becoming a victim and measures to avoid or avert danger (Gabriel & Greve, 2003; Jackson & Gray, 2010; Kappes et al., 2013; May et al., 2010). In accord with Spielberger (1972), a distinction is made between situational and dispositional fear of crime. Situational fear refers to how intensely fear is felt in a potentially threatening situation, whereas dispositional fear expresses how likely a person is to perceive a situation as potentially threatening and respond accordingly. Mostly dispositional fear is measured in studies, usually by asking about the frequency or intensity of experiencing fear or worry in relation to various offenses in the past 12 months and estimating the likelihood of victimization by such offenses. Although fear of crime has been a subject of research for several decades, especially in criminological research, there is still disagreement about what is meant by this construct (Borg et al., 2020; Valente et al., 2020). For example, it is discussed to what extent fear of crime is a specific reaction to perceived crime risks or, in the sense of the generalization thesis, an expression of societal and existential fears due to societal transformation processes and associated insecurity, which only find symbolic expression in fear of crime (Hirtenlehner, 2006; Hirtenlehner et al., 2018; Hohage, 2004; Lee, 2001). Another approach focuses on fear of crime being an expression of a generalized anxiety disorder (Ellis & Renouf, 2018; Reid et al., 2020), with fear of the unknown as underlying factor (Carleton, 2016). The proposed study is based on an emotion psychological understanding of fear of crime as an emotional response to a specific perceived threat and related coping processes (Bals, 2004; Gabriel & Greve, 2003). Two questions are examined: 1. How specific is fear of crime as distinguished from a general fear of the unknown? 2. To what extent can the associations between fear of crime and societal and existential fears found for the generalization thesis be attributed to the use of dispositional measures as opposed to situational measures, given that dispositional ones are less temporally and situationally specific and thus may provide a stronger projection surface for other fears?

This thesis focuses on violence and incivilities committed by professional athletes. The issue is to evaluate the effectiveness of the regulation of these attacks on sporting ethics (ASEs) in professional sport. In this context, the analysis is based on a mixed method applied to the case of French professional football from 2007 to 2017. The qualitative approach is based on Mercier's (2014) analysis grid and led to a redefinition of sport ethics applied to professional sport. The quantitative approach has firstly allowed us to measure the occurrence of violent and uncivil behaviour committed by players on the basis of the sanctions issued by the authorities and, secondly, to evaluate the effectiveness of the sanctions as well as the role of the authorities operating in this disciplinary regulation system. Thus, our results show a very relative evolution of players’ violence and incivilities, contrasting with certain "sports chatter" (Eco, 1985) arguing in the direction of an increase of these behaviours. Nevertheless, our results allow us to highlight some clubs’ profiles, in particular through the link observed between violence and incivilities committed by their players. Moreover, our results reveal an apparent gap between the punitive possibilities of the rules available to the authorities and their actual application, particularly in the case of violence. In this context, the lack of clear objectives from the authorities in their regulatory mission leads to a certain opacity in the interpretation of their policy in terms of control and disciplinary sanctions whereas these behaviours are designated as challenges to sporting ethics.; Cette thèse s’intéresse aux violences et incivilités commises par les sportifs professionnels. La problématique est d’évaluer l’effectivité de la régulation de ces atteintes à l’éthique sportive (AES) dans le sport professionnel. Dans ce cadre, l’analyse repose sur une méthode mixte appliquée au cas du football professionnel français de 2007 à 2017. L’approche qualitative a conduit à une redéfinition de l’éthique sportive appliquée au sport professionnel en s’appuyant sur la grille d’analyse de Mercier (2014). L’approche quantitative a quant à elle permis, d’une part, de mesurer l’occurrence des comportements violents et incivils commis par les joueurs à partir des sanctions émises par les instances et, d’autre part, d’évaluer l’effectivité des sanctions ainsi que le rôle des instances opérant dans ce système de régulation disciplinaire. Ainsi, nos résultats montrent une évolution très relative des comportements violents et incivils commis par les joueurs contrastant avec certains « bavardages sportifs » (Eco, 1985) argumentant dans le sens d’une augmentation de ces derniers. Néanmoins, ils permettent de mettre en exergue des profils de clubs, notamment par un lien observé entre violences et incivilités commises par leur joueur. De plus, nos résultats révèlent un décalage palpable entre les possibilités punitives des règlements à disposition des instances et leur application réelle, en particulier dans le cas des violences. Dans ce cadre, l’absence d’objectifs clairs des instances dans leur mission de régulation engendre une certaine opacité dans les lectures de sa politique en matière de contrôle et de sanctions disciplinaires au regard de comportements pourtant désignés comme des remises en cause de l’éthique sportive.

Kriminologie - Das Online-Journal = Criminology - The Online Journal, Nr. 2 (2021): 2021 | Vol. 3 | Issue 2, Der vorliegende Beitrag widmet sich dem Einfluss der sozialen Kohäsion der Nachbarschaft auf das subjektive Sicherheitsgefühl und pandemiebezogene Zukunftsängste während der ersten Welle der COVID-19-Pandemie in Deutschland. Anhand von Befragungsdaten von 1 194 Hamburger*innen zeigt sich, dass Angehörige einer Risikogruppe für einen schweren COVID-19-Verlauf in der Pandemie besonders vom sozialen Kapital ihrer Nachbarschaften profitieren können. Die Wahrnehmung von ,Incivilities‘ und von der Kriminalitätsentwicklung wirken sich nur in sehr geringem Umfang auf das Sicherheitsgefühl aus.

The present study has two purposes—methodological and theoretical. The methodological purpose is to examine a method for the analysis of perceived incivilities and health in urban neighbourhoods. The current study investigates the direct and indirect relationships between the two variables. The theoretical purpose is to measure neighbourhood incivility as a second-order latent variable that represents physical and social incivilities, and investigates place identity and place attachment as mediators in the relationship between incivilities and health. Previous research has focused on a single dimension of incivility. By contrast, the current study considers a multidimensional form of incivility. This quantitative study comprises 265 residents from an urban neighbourhood in Penang, Malaysia. The results of the structural equation modelling suggest that perceptions towards neighbourhood play a mediating role in the relationship between incivility and health. The mediation roles of place identity and place attachment in the relationship between incivilities and health are also supported. Thus, facilitating human–place bonds alleviates the negative effects of incivilities on health in the study neighbourhood. Residents are less attached to neighbourhoods that are perceived as socially and physically deteriorated. Thus, reducing incivilities and improving place attachment may enhance neighbourhood health.

A Polícia de Segurança Pública de Coimbra tem vindo a receber um número significativo e crescente de exposições e de pedidos de reforço do policiamento, devido a um alegado aumento da criminalidade e da insegurança na Baixa da Cidade. Nas exposições recebidas são reiteradas alusões ao tráfico e consumo de estupefacientes, ocorrências de furtos, agressões, consumo de álcool e incivilidades várias, atribuídas a indivíduos indigentes que se movimentam e pernoitam nas ruas, cada vez mais desertas e envelhecidas em consequência da crise no setor do comércio, agravada pelos efeitos da pandemia. Ciente do seu papel, a PSP não pode alhear-se do sentimento de insegurança da população a que a comunicação social e o debate político vêm dando expressão pública. Assim, para melhor perceber este contexto e poder obter e disponibilizar as informações necessárias à melhor gestão do problema, efetuámos um estudo acerca das causas da insegurança e do papel da Polícia na sua resolução, tendo concluído que, pela sua natureza e envolvência, a solução ultrapassa uma mera abordagem policial e exigirá o envolvimento de outras entidades. The Police Department of Coimbra has been receiving a significant and growing number of complaints and requests for reinforcement of policing, due to an alleged increase in crime and insecurity in the downtown area. In the reports received, there are common allusions to drug trafficking and consumption, occurrences of theft, assaults, alcoholism, and various incivilities, attributed to indigent individuals who move and stay overnight in the streets, increasingly deserted and aging as a result of crisis in the trade sector, aggravated by the effects of the pandemic. Aware of its role, the Police cannot ignore the feeling of insecurity of the population that the media and the political debate have been giving public expression to. Thus, in order to better understand this context and to be able to obtain and make available the necessary information for a better management of the problem, we carried out a study on the causes of insecurity and the role of the Police in its resolution, having concluded that, due to its nature and involvement, the solution goes beyond a mere police approach and will require the involvement of other entities. N/A

Kriminologie - Das Online-Journal = Criminology - The Online Journal, Bd. 2 Nr. 4 (2020): Bd. 2 Nr. 4, Auf Basis einer repräsentativen Umfrage aus 2019 zur Sicherheitslage in der Stadt Pforzheim werden kognitive, affektive und konative Indikatoren von Kriminalitätsfurcht (KF) sowie andere sicherheitsrelevante Merkmale untersucht mit dem Ziel, eine psychologische Landkarte dieser Variablen zu erstellen. Zudem soll die Einstellung zu Sicherheitsproblemen durch persönliche Werte erklärt werden. Alle Items zur KF, zu Sicherheitsproblemen, zum Sozialkapital, zur Viktimisierung und zur Lebensqualität korrelieren nicht-negativ untereinander. Dies verweist auf ein gemeinsames Einstellungsobjekt, wobei die KF-Indikatoren eine zentrale Stellung einnehmen. Personen mit einer Werteorientierung in Richtung Bewahrung/Erhalt zeigen eine relativ große KF und sehen tendenziell größere Sicherheitsprobleme.

The lack of organisation in urban spaces plays a decisive role in the level of integration, communication and social bonds of the residents, impacting the citizens’ feelings of trust and security. Different personal variables and contextual characteristics have been associated with the fear of crime (FOC). The main objective of this study is to analyse how individual and social/environmental variables, and incivilities, predict crime against people and property, crime that has either happened or is feared to happen. Five hundred and fifty‐four residents (M = 43.82; SD = 18.38) in the Historic Centre of Porto (HCP), Portugal, answered 61 items of the Diagnosis of Local Security (DLS) Questionnaire. The results of this study show that in the most frequent crime category, 72% of occurrences represent crime against property. In the feared crime category, there is a preponderance of crime against people (61%). Age of the respondents predicted the most frequent and feared crime, while sex predicted the most feared crime only. Social/environmental variables, as well as incivilities, also predict the frequent and feared crime in two typologies, i.e., crime against people and crime against property. Practical implications to reduce FOC and areas for further investigation are discussed., This research was funded by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), grant number “PTDC/DIR‐DCP/28120/2017” (Project LookCrim—Looking at crime: Communities and physical spaces), This work was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of UID/BIO/04469/2019 unit and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01- 0145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020 –Programa Operacional Re- gional do Norte. This work was also supported by an FCT PhD grant [FRH/BD/111645/2015]. The authors also acknowledge the project fund- ing by the “02/SAICT/2017 –Projetos de Investigação Científica e Desen- volvimento Tecnológico (IC&DT) –POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028893”. This work was also supported by FCT and the Competitiveness and Internationalization Operational Program under Grant Agreement No. 030881 (PTDC/EMD-EMD/30881/2017 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER- 030881) and by FCT project UIDB/50026/2020 and UIDP/50026/2020. Additionally, this work has been funded by ICVS Scientific Microscopy Platform, member of the national infrastructure PPBI - Portuguese Plat- form of Bioimaging (PPBI-POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022122; by National funds, through the FCT project UIDB/50026/2020 and UIDP/50026/2020 and by the project NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000039, supported by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), un- der the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF).

Studies on post-World War II housing estates have largely focused on problematic neighbourhoods, and there is a scarcity of literature on housing estates across their entire social scale. Moreover, there is insufficient evidence on the extent to which tenure structure differentiates estates from each other in terms of social disorder. Using a large cluster sample of Finnish estates representing a wide variety of estate neighbourhoods, we examined the implications of tenure structure in terms of social disadvantage and perceived social disorder. We also studied how social interaction and normative regulation mediate the impact of structural estate characteristics. We found that rental domination is associated with social disadvantage, which exposes residents to social disorder, in line with social disorganisation theory. Differences in normative regulation partly explain this association. In contrast, social interaction in the neighbourhood is not associated with the level of perceived social disorder. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.

Although urban disorder has played a central role in neighborhood research, its impact may have been overstated in studies relying on the subjective perception of survey respondents only. Research on the “perception bias”—defined as the divergence between respondents’ subjective assessments and systematic observations of disorder—has revealed the ambiguous nature of disorder and opened a door to the analysis of the social construction of this environmental cognition. Using survey and observational data from 140 small neighborhoods in two German cities, we advance this research by focusing on the moderating role of residents’ interethnic contacts and attitudes. The results show that the effects of neighborhood minority concentration on the perception bias are conditional on the residents’ interethnic contacts and xenophobic attitudes. These findings highlight the subjectivity of disorder perceptions and caution against a naive understanding of Broken Windows theory.

The present study focus on the quality of the leader-member exchange relationship as a potential antecedent of workplace incivility. Furthermore, affective and behavioral responses of those exposed to incivility by their superiors are examined. The sample is drawn from full-time employees in various industries located in eastern Norway where both leaders and their direct reports contributed with data. The results show that out-group members are at increased risk of workplace supervisory incivility. Furthermore, in accordance with Andersson and Pearson's (1999) framework, those who are exposed to incivility, will respond with negative emotional affect, which may progress to overwhelm the individual involved and manifest in social loafing. Finally, our results also show a direct association between incivility and both outcome variables. In line with social exchange theory, which conceptualizes the exchanges as a relatively rational calculative process, followers choose to reciprocate by limiting their personal effort and contribution to the organization. Taken together, unveiling two separate processes of supervisor incivility may imply that the relationships between the cognitive, emotional and behavioral aspects of incivility are more complex than previously assumed.

A presente tese se propôs a compreender e analisar as principais relações entre as variáv eis causais do processo de indisciplinas/incivilidades e violências praticadas por jovens do ensino médio às e nas escolas. Buscou também analisar os encaminhamentos dados pelas escolas às diferentes formas de comportamentos. O universo da pesquisa compree ndeu três regiões de estudo, sendo duas do estado do RS/Brasil: Santa Rosa (Interior do RS) e Porto Alegre (Capital do RS) e uma do estado de SC/Brasil: Chapecó (considerada uma cidade em desenvolvimento). A amostra teve 906 questionários respondidos, os q uais foram registrados em um banco de dados no sistema Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 18.0). O estudo se apóia em contribuições teóricas clássicas e contemporâneas da Sociologia, Antropologia, Psicologia, Educação, Criminologia e Direito. A partir dos referenciais teóricos foram construídas as principais hipóteses da pesquisa e elaborados modelos que serviram de instrumento de análise para os dados disponíveis, coletados nas escolas participantes. As variáveis independentes envolvidas são: co ntexto sócio econômico e cultural; variação no índice de consumo de drogas individual e familiar; participação em gangues; porte de armas; experiência de violência em casa; tipo de autoridade doméstica; aceitação da autoridade do professor; justiça escolar ; justiça doméstica; turno frequentado; expulsão da escola; trabalho; classe social; idade; sexo; série. As variáveis dependentes são a variação dos índices de violências registradas e reportadas em cada escola em um exercício e noutro, a variação das indi sciplinas/incivilidades. Atentando para não cair na dicotomia do quantitativo e qualitativo, buscou se integrar as duas perspectivas como complementares. se integrar as duas perspectivas como complementares. Para tal, além dos exercícios estatísticos, realizamos entrevistas focais e observações participantes, com o uso de diferentes recursos didáticos. Os resultados nos remetem à reflexão sobre a força do contexto externo na socialização das novas gerações, para além da família e escola: a participação do jovem em gangues ou grupos ilícitos aumenta a probabili dade de envolver se com atos violentos na escola. Esta mesma situação está associada ao porte de armas, pois, ao fazer parte de um grupo considerado ilícito, aumenta o acesso facilitado às armas e também às drogas, alimentando um círculo de violência difíc il de interromper, porém, não impossível. Ao lado desses resultados, encontramos nas instituições formadoras dos jovens, um mal estar docente que propicia posturas de autoridade um tanto frágeis e difusas ou autoritárias, contribuindo para um sentimento de injustiça e ressentimento por parte das gerações vindouras que buscam referenciais para suas vidas, as quais se manifestam em indisciplinas e incivilidades. The present thesis focused on comprehending and analyzing the main relation between the causal variables of the indisciplines/incivilities and violences practiced by high school youth to and in the schools. It also aimed to analyze the directions given by schools to the different forms of behaviors. The research universe was composed by three brazilian study regions, two of them in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Santa Rosa, in the countryside region, and Porto Alegre, the state capital), and one of them in the state of Santa Catarina (Chapecó, which is considered a city in development). The sample had 906 answered questionnaires, which were registered in a data bank in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences system (SPSS 18.0). The study is based in classic and contemporary theoretical contributions of Sociology, Anthropology, Psychology, Education, Criminology and Law. From the theoretical references were built the main hypothesis of the research and were elaborated models which were used as analysis instrument to the disponible data collected from the participants schools. The independent variables are: socioeconomic and cultural context; variation in individual and family drug use index; participation in gangs; arm carrying; home violence experience; domestic authority type; professor authority acceptance; scholar justice; domestic justice; attended shift; scholar expulsion; work; social class; age; sex; grade. The dependent variables are: index variation of reported and registered violences in each school; indisciplines/incivilities variation. Aiming to avoid the dichotomy of quantitative and qualitative methods, it was intended to integrate both perspectives as complementaries. For that, besides the statistical exercises, we performed focal interviews and participant observations, using different didactic resources. The results guide us to reflect about the power of the external context in the socialization of the new generations, to beyond family and school: the participation of the youth in gangs or illegal groups increase the probability to be involved with violent acts in school. This same situation is associated to weapon carrying, because being part of an illegal group increases facilitated access to weapons and also to drugs, a situation that feeds a violence circle which is difficult to interrupt, although not impossible. Besides these results, we can find in the institutions which instruct the youth a discontentment among teachers which leads to authority attitudes that are fragiles and diffuse or authoritarian, therefore contributing to a sentiment of injustice and resentment from the future generations, which search for references to their lives, and the final consequences are indisciplines and incivilities.

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This research gives a multidimensional investigation into community policies that are becoming more prevalent in American society. In Chapter 1, I apply multiple Value-Added Models (VAM) of achievement to data from the North Carolina Education Research Data Center (NCERDC) to determine the academic impacts of repeating a year (or more) with the same teacher on student achievement in math and reading. Given the growing trend in schools and teaching practices, like looping, that pair teachers and students for multiple years, this research finds contrasting results about the gains in academic achievement associated with repeating with a teacher. Specifically, while there is evidence that students on average have higher scores when repeating with a teacher, this effect is mitigated when one controls for teacher quality. Using limited probability models, I find students are 29\%-34\% and 42\%-46\% more likely to repeat with a teacher whose Value-Added estimate is in the top 20\% of teacher-quality compared to a teacher in the bottom 20\% in math and reading, respectively. This nonrandom assignment of students to teachers, creates upward bias in the estimated achievement effects of repeating with a teacher that have previously been unaccounted for. In chapters 1 and 2, I account for nonrandom assignment finding non-significant gains in achievement associated with repeating with a teacher. While Chapter 1 finds non-significant gains to student achievement, Chapter 2 investigates if there are any non-cognitive gains students experience when they repeat with a teacher for another year. Using the same longitudinal data from the NCERDC, Chapter 2’s results indicate increases in character-trait measures associated with teacher and student perceptions of academic success and effort. Using multiple partial persistence VAMs that include controls for student heterogeneity and for teacher quality, the estimated effects on a teacher's subjective scoring of a student's academic success, student's anticipated grade for the year, and student attendance are all significantly greater than zero. Taken together, the positive effects from students repeating with the same teacher reveal themselves prevalently on character-trait improvements rather than on contemporaneous achievement scores. In Chapter 3, I investigate the causal direction of a popular policing policy. Although there are a large number of studies testing Broken Windows Theory (BWT) (Wilson & Kelling, 1982), the reverse theoretical pathway has never been assessed (risk perceptions predicting incivilities perceptions). It is estimated in Chapter 3 using panel data from Baltimore. Results show lagged, multilevel impacts of risk perceptions on changes in incivilities perceptions. Further, results show the impact of risk perceptions on seeing later changes in neighborhood problems varies significantly across street blocks. Findings support Harcourt’s (2001) assertion that “disorder” is not a fixed and unambiguous label; rather, it is dependent upon a person defining his or her surroundings. People who feel a high degree of crime risk are “biased” (Hipp, 2010; Wallace, 2011) toward defining neighborhood features as more problematic than those who do not.

La categoría incivilidades en la escuela es un concepto que diversos investigadores utilizan al abordar la temática de la violencia en el espacio escolar. Con el objetivo de correrse de miradas que solo contemplan la agresión física o los actos tipificados en el código penal, estos trabajos estudian las violencias cotidianas insertas en las interacciones sociales del sistema escolar (las transgresiones a las normas de convivencia, a las reglas del buen comportamiento, oposición entre estilos de socialización, etc.). Este artículo, a partir de una revisión crítica de las investigaciones que han utilizado la categoría, pretende dar cuenta de sus principales aportes, así como los recaudos que consideramos necesario tener en cuenta para su uso en la investigación de las prácticas educativas., The category incivilities at schools is a concept which several researchers use when addressing the issue of violence at school place. In order to go beyond of the physical aggression or the acts typified in the penal code, these studies analyse the daily violence embedded in the social interactions of the school system (transgressions to norms of coexistence, rules of good behaviour, opposition to different syles of socialization, etc.). Based on a critical review of the researches that have used the category of incivilities, this article, attempts to show not only the main contributions of this category but also the need to be cautious of its use in research on educational practices., Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

This chapter offer to analyse a part of psychosocial risks of bus drivers in France. A qualitative study carried out with workplace bus drivers in the urban transport shows that in the companies investigated, there are clearly identified cases of physical assaults on drivers by passengers, individuals outside the bus and other road users. There is also the feeling that the drivers have to endure a growing number of various incivilities, rude, impolite behaviours. However, bus drivers have difficulties to objectify and evaluate this kind of risks. These risks are difficult to define exactly for bus drivers, for hierarchy, for unions too and there is no consensus about what’s constitutes an act of incivility and/or aggression. The instance of rudeness (spitting, swearing, etc.) affects some drivers more than others. It generates stress and fear and causes them to question their professional identity. The lack of common definitions, for the drivers, between them, unions and hierarchy could explain the difficulty to implement efficient policies within the firms.

In recent years, the legislators in the UK, Italy and Belgium have progressively empowered local authorities to subject sometimes already criminalised and harmful, but also some relatively harmless uncivil conduct to intrusive and punitive measures deeply affecting individuals' rights. However, judicial action in these three countries has been recently trying to restrain the (illegitimate) use of penalising powers of local authorities by delivering interesting liberty-safeguarding decisions. This paper firstly describes the (expanded) regulation of incivilities in the three aforesaid European countries. Secondly, it focuses on two criteria that inform judicial review of legislative and administrative action, namely the principle of legality and the principle of proportionality. Thirdly, it examines the case law of English, Welsh and Scottish courts, along with Italian and Belgian courts, and shows how courts can safeguard the individual's rights and freedoms against (illegitimate) penalisation of conduct that is deemed anti-social or uncivil at the local level.

Since its introduction in the early 1990s in Brussels, open-street CCTV has grown both in scope and in its purpose. The camera network of the Belgian capital city has undergone successive waves of extension, gradually gaining ground both physically and ideologically. In this article, we propose to investigate the geographical extension and distribution of open-street cameras in Brussels, as well as the underlying policies and rationale. We have produced a detailed map of the spatial distribution of open-street cameras at the scale of the city region. In addition to a spatial analysis, a series of semi-structured interviews were conducted with public authorities and local police. The CCTV network in Brussels is entangled in a context of global city competition and the neoliberal governance of insecurity, which prompted us to consider the uptake of video surveillance in light of the local political economy., Also available in French and in Dutch., info:eu-repo/semantics/published, http://journals.openedition.org/brussels/1427

This article provides an in-depth study of the Act on Municipal Administrative Sanctions 1999 (MAS), which is the first major piece of legislation regulating antisocial behaviour in Belgium. MAS provides municipalities with an instrument to sanction antisocial behaviour and conduct perceived to disturb public order. The article uses Garland’s(2001) thesisonthecultureofcontroltoanalysewhetherMAShasledtoincreasedgovernmentcontrol and the exclusion of significant groups of the population. The research is based on a multiple case study in which the application of MAS was analysed over a 25-year period of security policies in Belgium (1985–2010). The Act’s implementation was studied in the two Belgian cities of Antwerp and Liège in order to consider the influence of the Flemish government and the Walloon government, respectively, in this policy area. The article uses insights from this comparison to revisit the culture of control thesis and its limitations in understanding the political competition that exists over the formulation of policies on antisocial behaviour.

La categoría de incivilidades aparece en el campo de estudios sobre violencia y conflictividad escolar en el marco de una búsqueda activa por parte de las Ciencias Sociales de conceptualizaciones acerca de la violencia, capaces de contemplar determinados fenómenos que exceden la asociación clásica entre violencia y agresión física. En Argentina algunos trabajos, tanto de corte cualitativo como cuantitativo, han recurrido a este concepto. Sin embargo su utilización es controvertida en algunos aspectos. En esta comunicación expongo la potencialidad que encuentro en cierto uso del mismo para la investigación cualitativa. Para ello recurro a dos “incidentes críticos” en la dinámica de dos establecimientos educativos y los analizo a partir de aportes del enfoque dramatúrgico de Erving Goffman y de tradiciones teórico-metodológicas afines a este. Asimismo advertiré acerca del riesgo a que un uso poco cauto de este concepto puede conducir: referiré específicamente a lo que ha sido denominado transcripción mecánica del discurso nativo (Noel, 2009)., The concept of incivilities appeared in the field of studies concerning school violence and conflict within an active search of the social sciences for conceptual lines capable of including types of violence that differ from the physical one. In Argentina some researches, from both qualitative and quantitative designs, have recovered the concept. However its use has been controversial in some ways. In this paper I propose one potential use of the concept for qualitative inquiry. To do so I will present two ‘critical incidents’ to the everyday dinamics of two schools and will analyze them taking into accont contributions from Erving Goffman’s dramaturgical approach and other interactionist traditions. I will also warn about the risk implied in a careless use of the concept: specifically what has been denominated as mechanical transcription of the native speech (Noel, 2009)., Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

Les médias renforcent l’image négative de l’émergence de zones criminelles dans certaines banlieues, mettant en avant l’impuissance des interventions policières et de la stratégie étatique. Les citoyens vivant au quotidien dans ces quartiers expriment un sentiment d’insécurité. L’impression d’un cercle vicieux entre insécurité réelle et sentiment d’insécurité persiste alors au travers de tels discours et perdure au travers des époques et des lieux, que ce soit en France, aux États-Unis ou même au Canada. Bon nombre d’études ont déjà posé la question à savoir si ces discours se fondent sur une réelle situation d’insécurité ou sur le sentiment d’insécurité des citoyens mais peu ont pris l’axe d’approfondir la réflexion et l’étude sur ces nouveaux phénomènes de désordres urbains et d’incivilités émergents dans les banlieues du Québec. Cette recherche a pour but d’approfondir cette réflexion en prenant un exemple d’un quartier de Laval au Québec. Il s’agit d’établir s’il y a réelle problématique d’incivilités et de désordres urbains ou s’il s’agit davantage d’un sentiment d’insécurité, le but étant ainsi de pouvoir établir un guide de résolutions de problèmes dans les banlieues et d’apporter une réflexion sur les interventions potentielles dans des zones sensibles. Se basant sur une méthodologique mixte, reliant une comparaison des statistiques de criminalité par quartiers à la perception d’acteurs clés de terrain de Laval, cette recherche apporte un nouveau regard sur ces résolutions de problèmes. Les résultats apportent une analyse intéressante sur cette interaction en soulignant l’importance du quartier et des caractéristiques sociodémographiques, du contrôle social informel, du tissu social mais aussi de la nécessité du cadre de l’autorité institutionnelle telle que la police, l’école ou encore le tissu associatif. Ces premiers éléments permettent d’ouvrir la discussion sur un plan partenarial d’interventions établissant une stratégie de lutte contre l’insécurité et le sentiment d’insécurité, cassant ainsi ce cercle vicieux par la mise en place d’une nouvelle gouvernance locale de sécurité et de bien-vivre ensemble., The media strengthen the negative image of the emergence of criminal zones in certain suburbs, advancing the impotence of the police interventions and the states strategy. The citizens living to the every day life in these districts express a felling of insecurity. The impression of a vicious circle between real insecurity and feeling of insecurity persists then through such speeches and continues through times and places, whether it is in France, in the United States or even in Canada. A lot of studies have already asked the question to know if these speeches base themselves on a real situation of insecurity or on a felling of insecurity of the citizens but few took the axis to deepen the reflection and the study on these new emergent phenomena of urban disorders and incivilities in the suburbs of Quebec. This research aims at deepening this reflection by taking an example of a district of Laval in Quebec. It is a question of establishing if there is real problem of incivilities and urban disorders or if it is more about a feeling of insecurity, the purpose so being to be able to establish a guide of resolutions of problems in suburbs and to bring a reflection on the potential interventions in sensitive zones. Basing itself on methodological one mixed, connecting a comparison of the statistics of criminality by districts to the perception of key actors of Laval, this research brings a new analyse on these resolutions of problems. The results bring an interesting analysis on this interaction by underlining the importance of the district and the sociodemographic characteristics, of the informal social control, the social fabric but also the necessity of the frame of the institutional authority such as the police, the school or still the associative fabric. These first elements allow to open the discussion about a partnership plan of interventions establishing a strategy a fight against the insecurity and the feeling of insecurity, so breaking this vicious circle by the implementation of a new local governance of security and the good to live together.

In recent years the crime prevention (CP) policies of many EU countries have been expanded up to including the regulation of uncivil and disorderly behaviour, and have been implemented at the local level through measures that have often excessively constrained individuals’ rights and freedoms. By drawing on the analysis of EU policy documents retrieved in the database EUR-lex, this article investigates whether the European CP strategy has also focused on the regulation of incivilities. Furthermore, it inspects whether any attention has been paid at the EU level to how local authorities have exercised their CP powers in the field of urban disorder. In the conclusions, the emerging results are compared against the backdrop of the existing literature on the legitimacy of incivility regulation, with the aim to draw conclusions informing the EU CP strategy targeting nuisance and its regulation.

This study investigated the relation between crime, fear, and micro level physical environmental features: physical incivilities, places that afford concealment (or refuge), limited prospect, and blocked escape. Low and high crime streets in Istanbul, Turkey was determined. Then 68 streets were selected via cluster random sampling and evaluated by two investigators at the site and by 127 people via photographs for perceived safety, upkeep (as an indicator of physical incivilities) the extent to which they afford wide vista (prospect) and easy escape and concealment opportunities, the density and height of trees, shrubs, and walls. Results supported the theory and the findings of previous empirical studies. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies(cE-Bs), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia

Purpose: This study examines the three-dimensional concept of fear of crime and has three aims: 1) to investigate gender differences in the emotional, cognitive and behavioural dimensions of fear of crime 2) to investigate the impact of victimization on different dimensions of fear of crime in men and women and 3) to investigate the relation of incivilities to different dimensions of fear of crime. Design/Methods/Approach: Data for the study were gathered from the Fear of Crime Study which included participants living in the Croatian capital. The criteria variables included measures of the three dimensions of fear of crime (affective, cognitive and behavioural). Incivilities and prior victimization were predictors, while age and education were control variables. Findings: There was no difference between men and women in the perception of insecurity when walking alone in a neighbourhood after dark, either in the perceived likelihood of victimization or in perceived incivility. The findings suggest that there are some differences in the correlation pattern of the three analysed dimensions of fear of crime in the female and male samples. Hierarchical linear regressions show that in the male sample, victimization due to theft was positively related and sexual victimization was negatively related to perceived insecurity, while in women victimization added significantly only to protective strategies. In both the male and female sample, incivilities made a significant independent contribution to an explanation of the perception of endangerment, the likelihood of victimization and the seriousness of crime consequences. In addition, the contribution of some different patterns of incivilities to the dimensions of fear of crime was established for the male and female sample. Research Limitations/Implications: The research is limited to the Croatian capital. Future research should include a representative sample of the whole state. Practical implications: The results indicate the need for gender differentiation in programs for the greater safety of citizens. Originality/Value: The article gives a valuable insight into different dimensions and gender differences related to fear of crime. It also suggests the need for further clarity of operationalization. Namen prispevka: Ta študija obravnava tridimenzionalen koncept strahu pred kriminaliteto s tremi cilji: 1) raziskati razlike med spoloma pri čustvenih, spoznavnih in vedenjskih dimenzijah strahu pred kriminaliteto 2) raziskati vpliv viktimizacije na različne dimenzije strahu pred kriminaliteto med moškimi in ženskami 3) raziskati povezavo socialnega in fizičnega nereda na različne dimenzije strahu pred kriminaliteto. Oblike/Metode/Pristop: Podatki za raziskavo so bili zbrani iz študije strahu pred kriminaliteto, ki je vključevala udeležence hrvaškega glavnega mesta. Opisne spremenljivke vključujejo meritve na področju treh dimenzij raziskovanja strahu pred kriminaliteto (čustvenem, spoznavnem, vedenjskem). Socialni in fizični nered ter predhodna viktimizacija sta bili neodvisni spremenljivki, medtem ko sta bili starost in izobrazba kontrolni spremenljivki. Ugotovitve: Med moškimi in ženskami ni bilo nobene razlike v zaznavanju negotovosti, medtem ko so ponoči sami hodili po soseski, bodisi v zaznavanju verjetnosti viktimizacije ali zaznavanju socialnega in fizičnega nereda. Ugotovitve v primerjalnem vzorcu kažejo, da med moškimi in ženskami obstajajo določene razlike v treh analiziranih dimenzijah strahu pred kriminaliteto. Hierarhična linearna regresija kaže, da je bila pri moških viktimizacija zaradi tatvine pozitivno povezana, spolna viktimizacija pa negativno povezana z zaznano negotovostjo, medtem ko so pri viktimizaciji žensk statistično pomembni samo preventivni ukrepi. Pri moških in ženskah je socialni in fizični nered statistično pomembna spremenljivka pri razlagi zaznave ogroženosti, verjetnosti viktimizacije in resnosti posledic kriminalitete. Poleg tega nekatere oblike neprimernega vedenja vplivajo na strah pred kriminaliteto ne glede na spol. Omejitve raziskave: Raziskava je omejena na hrvaško glavno mesto. Prihodnje raziskave bi morale vključevati reprezentativni vzorec celotne države. Praktična uporabnost: Rezultati kažejo na potrebo po diferenciaciji spola v programih za večjo varnost državljanov. Izvirnost: Članek podaja pomemben vpogled v različne dimenzije in razlike med spoloma v povezavi s strahom pred kriminaliteto. Predlaga tudi potrebo po nadaljnji jasni operacionalizaciji preučevanih konceptov.

Fait individuel, l’adolescence est aussi un fait social conduisant le sujet à vivre des situations nouvelles. Cette adaptation à la nouveauté peut s’avérer difficile pour certains qui présentent alors des comportements socialement inadaptés. Parmi ces comportements, les incivilités et les violences scolaires tiennent une place notable. Ces violences, ces incivilités se constatent partout dans le monde, même si les faits prennent souvent des significations différentes selon les pays, la notion même de violence n’ayant pas le même sens d’une culture à une autre. En France, les faits ont particulièrement évolué depuis 10 ans. Les protagonistes sont de plus en plus jeunes, commencent dès l’école primaire et les condisciples sont beaucoup plus souvent les cibles que les personnels, enseignants ou administratifs. Après avoir présenté les faits relatifs au phénomène, cet exposé passe en revue les conduites différemment perçues par l’élève et par l’enseignant et celles constatées et reconnues par les élèves, prenant enfin en compte le rôle des familles comme inhibiteur potentiel des violences scolaires. À cet effet sont rapportés des résultats d’enquêtes concernant 70 enseignants et 550 collégiens ou lycéens. Adolescence is an individual as well as a social fact, which leads the subject to live new situations. To adapt to these new experiences may turn out to be difficult for some who will then have socially inadequate behaviours. Among these, bullying and violence at school are of the most important. These kinds of violence may be found everywhere around the world, even though these phenomena do not have the same meaning within different cultures. In France, things have changed a lot during the last ten years. The protagonists are getting younger and begin in elementary school. In addition, the other students are more often targets than school workers, teachers or administrative staff. After a brief presentation of facts relative to these phenomena of violence, this paper describes successively conducts that students and teachers perceive in a different way and those noted and admitted by students, taking into account the role families play as a potential inhibiting factor of violence at school. Results from surveys concerning 70 teachers and 550 junior high-school or high-school students are reported to this purpose.

This research examined to what extent physical factors, notably lighting and entrapment (blocked escape), and individual factors, notably gender, affect feelings of safety and the acceptability of reduced lighting levels. The authors reasoned that acceptability of reduced street lighting depends on perceived safety, which in turn depends on entrapment, lighting, and gender. Virtual representations of a residential street were used, systematically manipulating entrapment and lighting levels. As expected, people felt less safe in lower lighting and higher entrapment settings, and these settings were evaluated as less acceptable. Although women perceived a situation as less safe compared with men, the authors found no gender differences in acceptability, which extends previous research. Importantly, as hypothesized, perceived safety mediated the effect of lighting on acceptability levels, suggesting that people can accept lower lighting levels when social safety is not threatened.

De nouveaux métiers, à la charnière entre accompagnement des personnes, médiation et répression, ont émergé depuis une vingtaine d’années. Ces nouveaux métiers contribuent à rendre plus floue la frontière entre police et contrôle social. La question consiste alors à savoir si ces nouveaux agents contribuent effectivement à réguler les espaces collectifs, c’est-à-dire à prévenir les nuisances, à régler les conflits, voire à favoriser des formes de vivre-ensemble. Sur la base d’une étude du dispositif des correspondants de nuit de la Ville de Paris, cet article s’interroge sur la place qu’occupent ces acteurs à partir des savoirs et savoir-faire qu’ils sont capables de mobiliser, de leur inscription dans les quartiers et de leur insertion dans les partenariats. Il met en question les ambivalences, paradoxes, fragilités de ces nouveaux métiers et le difficile renouvellement des métiers de la sécurité publique., Over the past twenty years, a series of new jobs have emerged at the interface between social prevention, mediation and repression. These professions blur the boundary between policing and social control. The question is whether these new agents actually help to regulate collective spaces, in other words to prevent disorders, resolve conflicts and promote forms of living together. Based on a study of the night security agents in Paris (France), this article examines their role on the basis of the skills they are able to mobilize, their presence in neighbourhoods and their participation in local partnerships. The authors question the ambivalences, paradoxes and weaknesses of these new jobs and, therefore, the difficult renewal of public safety functions., Nuevos oficios, bisagra entre el acompañamiento de personas, la mediación y la represión, han emergido desde hace una veintena de años. Estos nuevos oficios contribuyen a hacer más borrosa la frontera entre policía y control social. La cuestión es entonces saber si dichos nuevos agentes contribuyen efectivamente a regular los espacios colectivos, es decir, a prevenir los perjuicios, a solucionar los conflictos, o a promover las formas de convivencia. Basado sobre un estudio del dispositivo de correspondientes de noche de la ciudad de París, este artículo examina el lugar que ocupan dichos actores, partiendo de los conocimientos y el “saber-hacer” que son capaces de movilizar, de su inscripción en los barrios y de su inserción en las cooperativas. El presente artículo pone en cuestión las ambivalencias, las paradojas, las fragilidades de estos nuevos oficios y la difícil renovación de las profesiones de la seguridad pública.

The study of the repression of resistance to the police in Brussels during the period between 1945 and 1975 invalidates the hypothesis of a phenomenon of rebellion among young people. The analysis of legal cases suggests that this resistance is the result of police interference in private conflicts. Men in their thirties who are most often from a disadvantaged background, frequent the public and semi-public spaces (street and pubs) of the urbanised municipalities of Brussels during their free time. Their involvement in violent interactions with their friends or wives – an assertion of their male identity or a release of physical energy – displeases authority figures, who convey middle-class standards of behaviour and intervene in an attempt to re-establish order. People with different ways of behaving clash in public as they try to impose their way of being. Police activity contributes to the criminalisation of working-class forms of social life and leisure.

Purpose: This study examines the three-dimensional concept of fear of crime and has three aims: 1) to investigate gender differences in the emotional, cognitive and behavioural dimensions of fear of crime ; 2) to investigate the impact of victimization on different dimensions of fear of crime in men and women ; and 3) to investigate the relation of incivilities to different dimensions of fear of crime. Design/Methods/Approach: Data for the study were gathered from the Fear of Crime Study which included participants living in the Croatian capital. The criteria variables included measures of the three dimensions of fear of crime (affective, cognitive and behavioural). Incivilities and prior victimization were predictors, while age and education were control variables. Findings: There was no difference between men and women in the perception of insecurity when walking alone in a neighbourhood after dark, either in the perceived likelihood of victimization or in perceived incivility. The findings suggest that there are some differences in the correlation pattern of the three analysed dimensions of fear of crime in the female and male samples. Hierarchical linear regressions show that in the male sample, victimization due to theft was positively related and sexual victimization was negatively related to perceived insecurity, while in women victimization added significantly only to protective strategies. In both the male and female sample, incivilities made a significant independent contribution to an explanation of the perception of endangerment, the likelihood of victimization and the seriousness of crime consequences. In addition, the contribution of some different patterns of incivilities to the dimensions of fear of crime was established for the male and female sample. Research Limitations/Implications: The research is limited to the Croatian capital. Future research should include a representative sample of the whole state. Practical Implications: The results indicate the need for gender differentiation in programs for the greater safety of citizens. Originality/Value: The article gives a valuable insight into different dimensions and gender differences related to fear of crime. It also suggests the need for further clarity of operationalization.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Administração Pública, especialização em Administração da Justiça Nos últimos anos, as questões relacionadas com a criminalidade, a violência e a insegurança têm vindo a ser objeto de debate e de preocupação generalizada por parte dos mais diversos atores sociais, entre os quais os partidos políticos, a imprensa e até mesmo os cidadãos. No entanto, poucos são os estudos que se têm debruçado sobre o crime na perspetiva dos agentes policiais cuja função é precisamente o de prevenir a ocorrência de atos delitivos. Estes, enquanto atores privilegiados, porquanto são eles que lidam com o problema da criminalidade de forma mais direta e interventiva, deviam ser mais auscultados de forma a perceber se os meios e recursos utilizados para a prevenção do crime e das incivilidades são os mais adequados, e se as políticas de segurança adotadas serão as mais funcionais. Este estudo debruçar-se-á precisamente sobre este aspeto, dando especial ênfase à atuação das polícias municipais em geral, e da Polícia Municipal de Lisboa em particular, relevando a importância do seu papel na cena da prevenção dos delitos, coadjuvando desta forma com as outras forças policiais. Com base num inquérito por questionário, procurou-se compreender a perceção da Polícia Municipal de Lisboa no âmbito das seguintes dimensões de análise: i) a evolução da criminalidade; ii) as respostas mais adequadas na prevenção do crime; iii) as atividades da Polícia Municipal de Lisboa que impactam uma ação preventiva. Os resultados apurados permitiram alcançar que a evolução da criminalidade não é percebida de acordo com as estatísticas criminais registadas pelas entidades policiais, que as respostas consideradas mais adequadas para a prevenção prendemse mais com a criação de regras e não tanto pela aplicação de punições, nem pelos melhoramentos feitos no ambiente físico, e que as atividades da Polícia Municipal de Lisboa percecionadas como mais eficazes na ação preventiva materializam-se nos policiamentos comunitários, nas ações de sensibilização às populações e nas ações de fiscalização realizadas no âmbito dos ilícitos de mera ordenação social In recent years, issues relating to crime, violence and insecurity have been the subject of widespread debate and concern for a diverse variety of social actors, including political parties, the press and even citizens. However, few studies have targeted the police officer’s perspective whose job is precisely to prevent the occurrence of criminal deeds. These privileged actors take up center stage due to the reality of dealing with crime in a more direct and interventionist manner, thus earning their right to being heard in the complex process of managing the means and resources used in crime prevention and incivilities; whilst probing adopted public safety policies’ accomplishability. This privileged source of information should span, also focusing on law enforcement personnel’s motivation process while pursuing their professional duties and competences. This investigation will focus specifically on this subject, emphasizing the role of the municipal police in general and the Lisbon Municipal Police in particular, underlining the importance of the Lisbon Municipal Police in crime prevention, in close cooperation with others police forces. Based on a form survey we will try to understand the perception of Lisbon Municipal Police officers under the following scopes of analysis: I) current crime trends, ii) appropriate answers in crime preventing; iii) actions by the Lisbon Municipal Police that result in a more preventive action. The results achieved allowed to realize that: the evolution of crime is not perceived in parallel with the crime recorded data managed by the police; the most adequate responses perceived concerned effective rule-making instead of the mere forceful application of penalties or urban landscape improvements; and that the most effective preventive actions of Lisbon Municipal Police perceived were the ones regarding community policing, raising people’s awareness and law enforcement actions taken under administrative social offenses inspections.

In dit onderzoek worden de emotionele, cognitieve en gedragsmatige dimensie van 'angst voor criminaliteit' vanuit een theoriegestuurde benadering onderzocht. In het bijzonder wordt nagegaan of en in welke mate het kwetsbaarheids- en incivilitiesmodel een verschillende invloed hebben al naargelang de dimensie van 'angst voor criminaliteit' die wordt gemeten. Daartoe wordt een kwantitatief onderzoeksdesign gehanteerd, waarbij gebruik wordt gemaakt van onderzoeksgegevens die door de Onderzoeksgroep Criminologie en Rechtssociologie (UGent) in de loop van 2007 werden verzameld in het kader van een onderzoek naar criminaliteit, slachtofferschap en onveiligheid bij de bewoners van vijf Gentse buurten. De gehanteerde data (N = 918) is representatief voor de bewoners met Belgische nationaliteit van de buurten Sint-Macharius, Rooigem, Galgenberg, Zuid en Nieuw-Gent. Aan de hand van verschillende bloksgewijze binomiale logistische regressieanalyses wordt per buurt nagegaan of en in welke mate de beide verklaringsmodellen in staat zijn de drie dimensies van 'angst voor criminaliteit' te voorspellen. De toetsen suggereren dat de beide modellen samen relatief goed in staat zijn om de emotionele dimensie te voorspellen, in tegenstelling tot de cognitieve en gedragsmatige dimensie. Ondanks de beperkte operationalisering van de drie dimensies van 'angst voor criminaliteit' toont dit onderzoek aan dat het erkennen en in rekening brengen van de multidimensionaliteit van 'angst voor criminaliteit’ tot andere resultaten leidt in theorietoetsend onderzoek. De resultaten geven aan dat de operationele keuzes die men maakt een impact hebben op de relaties die men terugvindt.

This exploratory study looks into the theoretical models and measurement of fear of crime. Using multilevel modeling on data from the European Crime and Safety Survey 2005 the efficacy of vulnerability characteristics, victimization experience and incivilities perception on the prevalence, frequency and intensity measures of fear of crime is assessed while controlling for country-level characteristics. Results show that variables from all three individual-level models are significantly associated with experiencing fear of crime and additionally reveal that the basic argumentations of the victimization and incivilities model can be extended regarding the frequency and intensity of fear of crime. The arguments of the vulnerability model are only limitedly applicable to the frequency and intensity measures. Results show that victimization is a consistent predictor of fear of crime prevalence, frequency and intensity. Future research should continue examining the victimization-fear nexus.

Whilst security issues have once again invaded the political and media agenda these past months, with Brussels being described as a dangerous city, we are forced to recognise that very little attention has been given to the tools which allow a rational evaluation of the situation experienced by the inhabitants of Brussels. The present article consists in a partial analysis of one of these tools, namely the latest Security monitor, published in 2008. Which offences were reported most by the in-habitants of Brussels who were interviewed? What percentage of the population is affected? Do the inhabitants of Brussels feel insecure? These are some of the questions which we shall try to answer.But our answers are just a beginning, on the one hand because questions regarding insecurity and the feeling of insecurity require the utmost caution and, on the other, because the Security monitor has limitations, such as not being able to provide a precise description of the situation in Brussels in terms of insecurity. One therefore wonders why there does not appear to be a pertinent scale of analysis for Brussels as regards security issues.

Cette recherche s'intéresse aux perceptions des personnes itinérantes sur leur judiciarisation et leurs incarcérations. La judiciarisation s'opère suite à la remise de constats d'infractions en lien avec les règlementations municipales de la ville, celles de la Société des Transports de Montréal ainsi que le Code de Sécurité Routière. Elle relève donc de la procédure pénale, par opposition au code criminel et concerne des infractions mineures, souvent en lien avec des incivilités. Ultimement, la judiciarisation conduit à l'emprisonnement faute de paiement de l'amende. L'objectif de cette recherche est de mieux comprendre les perceptions à partir d'une compréhension des effets au plan matériel, des relations entretenues avec les différents acteurs socio-judiciaires et du regard que les personnes portent sur la justice à partir de leur expérience. Ancrée dans un cadre théorique fondé sur la reconnaissance (Honneth, 2000), l'expérience de judiciarisation et de l'incarcération est conçue et révélatrice d'un rapport entre la personne itinérante et le système de justice. Pour réaliser cette étude, deux méthodologies complémentaires ont été utilisées. La première s'appuie sur 29 entrevues réalisées avec des personnes itinérantes, portant sur leurs expériences de judiciarisation et sur leur expérience de rue. La seconde a consisté en une analyse statistique descriptive des dossiers judiciaires des 29 personnes, dossiers comprenant l'ensemble des infractions reprochées (criminelles et pénales) ainsi que le processus judiciaire suivi par chacune., This research explores homeless individuals' perception of their penalization and incarceration experience. Penalization of homeless individuals is an increasingly frequent phenomenon, due to a rise in the number of statements of offense served following infractions to municipal by-laws, to Société des Transports de Montréal by-laws or to the Code de Sécurité Routière. Penalization differs from criminalization : whereas criminalization results from the application of the Criminal Code, penalization follows for minor infractions or incivilities. Ultimately, penalization leads to incarceration : as they default on fines, individuals are increasingly sentenced to jail terms. The objective of this research is to better grasp how homeless individuals perceive penalization. It focuses on its effects on their material life, on their relationship with the system's actors and on their perception of the judicial system through their interaction with it. Ingrained in the conceptual framework of recognition (Honneth, 2000), the experience of penalization and incarceration sheds light on the relationship between homeless individuals and the justice system. This research makes use of complementary methodologies. The first one, draws on 29 interviews conducted with homeless individuals regarding their penalization and street life experience. The second one consisted of a descriptive statistical analysis of the 29 individuals' legal records, which included criminal and penal infractions and the procedural steps associated with each infraction.

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário O crime é uma das maiores preocupações das sociedades modernas e está intrinsecamente ligado às grandes cidades e às suas periferias. O crime aparece muitas vezes associado aos bairros sociais das nossas cidades e surge frequentemente na comunicação social acompanhado pelo medo que as pessoas têm dele. Este medo é incapacitante e deriva de múltiplos factores, sendo que pode resultar em mazelas psicológicas que acabam por minar as relações sociais que mantinham até então. É sobre esses factores condicionantes do medo do crime que se debruça este estudo. Utilizando a entrevista semi-directiva recolheram-se testemunhos de habitantes da periferia de bairros sociais e, através da análise de conteúdo, tentou-se aprofundar os conhecimentos existentes acerca deste fenómeno. Os resultados obtidos permitiram comprovar as ideias transmitidas pela revisão bibliográfica de que o medo do crime está extremamente dependente da comunicação social e das notícias que são veiculadas por este meio mas também de uma diversidade imensa de factores. Para além disso, concluiu-se que os habitantes das periferias de bairros sociais demonstram medo de serem vítimas de crimes e esse medo encontra-se associado às incivilidades – físicas e morais – presentes nesses locais. Concluiu-se, também, que a maior parte das pessoas sente medo porque não se considera capaz de lidar com situações de crime, nem que exista alguém que os possa socorrer caso esteja em perigo. ABSTRACT: Crime is one of modern society’s biggest concerns and is extremely related to the big cities and their surroundings. Crime is often related with our cities problematic neighborhood and its presence is usual in the mass media, usually side by side with its fear. This fear is incapacitating and drifts from several factors. It can result in psychological problems which deteriorates the social relations of the communities. This work study aims to those constraining factors. Data was collected using semi-directive interviews, in the surrounding area of two problematic neighborhoods, pretending to gather some knowledge from its inhabitants. Content analysis was used to analyze the corpus, in order to go deeper in the knowledge about the fear of crime. The results permit to testify the ideas transmitted by the literature about the connection between the mass media and the fear of crime, besides other factors. It is, also, possible to conclude that the inhabitants from the problematic neighborhood surrounding reveal physical and moral incivilities linked with the fear of crime, and that most of the people who fear crime doesn’t feel capable of dealing with crime situations, and that these persons can’t see any other people help them in a danger situation.

The laws of 1999 and 2004 concerning the implementation of municipal administrative sanctions (in short GAS legislation) gave local authorities new legal instruments to act more vigourously against phenomena of nuisance. Local authorities can now impose an administrative fine of up to 250 euros for behaviour which is contrary to public order (cleanliness, safety and quiet enjoyment) or which causes “public nuisance”. This publication purports to assess how the 19 municipalities of Brussels Capital Region formulate and apply this local “nuisance law”. Many differences emerge in terms of the content, the procedure and the modalities of municipal administrative sanctions (mediation, taking the minutes, amounts) and in terms of the choice between fines or police punishments. Even though some de facto harmonisation has taken place among Brussels police and security matters and the Region intervenes to make adjustments where necessary, the Brussels Region needs more institutionally-based guidance.

International audience; Crime and insecurity have been major political issues in France during the past 20 years, and especially during the presidential election campaign of 2002. This survey focuses on empirically based social science that is relevant to these issues. Key themes are crime trends and the influence of incivilities and of fear of crime. The political debate about crime and crime reduction since the 1970s is described and analysed. The paper describes and critically assesses the various measures of the crime phenomenon (vital statistics, victim surveys, self-report studies) and summarizes the information provided by these measures at various times. The various societal responses to crime and insecurity are reviewed, including police work (and police reform), incarceration trends, social prevention and the new partnerships at a local level. Moves to decentralize policy and practice in the field of control and prevention of crime are discussed. Finally, key publications, centres of criminological research and sources of funding are reviewed.; La délinquance et l'insécurité ont constitué un enjeu politique essentiel durant les 20 dernières années, et particulièrement durant l'élection présidentielle de 2002. Cet état de la littérature est focalisé sur les travaux de sciences sociales qui ont une assise empirique et qui sont pertinents sur ce sujet. Les thèmes essentiels abordés sont : les tendances délinquantes, l'influence des incivilités et du sentiment d'insécurité. Le débat politique qui a eu lieu depuis les années soixante-dix est présenté et analysé. L'article décrit et évalue de manière critique les mesures disponibles de la délinquance et la criminalité (statistiques sanitaires, de police, enquêtes sur les victimes et les auteurs). Il résume l'information tirée de ces sources. Les différentes réponses sociales à la délinquance et l'insécurité sont passées en revue, et notamment le travail de la police (ainsi que sa réforme), les tendances concernant les entrées en prison, la prévention sociale et les nouveaux partenariats locaux. Les évolutions qui tendent à décentraliser les politiques publiques dans le domaine de l'ordre public et de la prévention sont discutées. Enfin, les publications clés, les centres de recherche en criminologie et les sources de financement sont présentés.