Search

The principle of proportionality is seen as the highest peak of structural, logical thinking that enables balancing between constitutional principles and their interferences. So far, Alexy's weight formula has been the most advanced approach in structured balancing of proportionality stricto sensu, while this paper shows it as still too subjective. Despite judicial tests—or different, manifestly inappropriate reasonableness tests—proportionality stricto sensu hides some form of the jumping-to-conclusions bias, because the inference is made through a subjective lens. The paper presents structured legal balancing (and hence reasoning) based on Bayes’ theorem. This paper, based on the connection between probability and hypothetical legal norms, transfers the four-part structure of proportionality into the relevant four-part structure of the Bayes tree. This transfer shows the first as flawed due to its failing to consider means that can have the same effects as the considered ones. Only by inclusion of the latter can the total probability of a considered case be established. Numerical proportionality à la Bayes can be further improved through the use of public-value weights that are obtained from surveys or online communities of people giving weights in the real time (collective wisdom). The Bayesian approach can also be used in adjudication as a control in assessing judicial standards in use.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimalkan sistem E-Learning Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha (Undiksha) dengan meminimalisir dampak negatif yang terkait, seperti mata lelah, kurangnya interaksi sosial, dan kurangnya pemahaman terhadap materi pembelajaran. Metode End-User Computing Satisfaction (EUCS) digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat kepuasan pengguna, yaitu mahasiswa Program Studi Ilmu Komputer, Program Pascasarjana, Undiksha, terhadap sistem E-Learning yang ada. Data penelitian dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner yang diisi oleh mahasiswa dan kemudian dianalisis untuk mengidentifikasi area-area yang memerlukan perbaikan dalam sistem E-Learning. Selain itu, faktor-faktor teknis dan struktural juga dipertimbangkan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan evaluasi isi berada di angka 3,4175, akurasi di angka 4, bentuk di angka 4,165, ketepatan waktu di angka 3,93 dan kemudahan penggunaan adalah 3,905. Dari hasil tersebut secara keseluruhan tingkat kepuasan pengguna berada di nilai rata-rata sebesar 3,8835 yang berada pada level 3 (Setuju). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pengguna sistem yang disediakan oleh Universitas memenuhi kebutuhan dan memberikan pengalaman yang positif dalam pengoperasian platform tersebut. Disarankan agar Undiksha meningkatkan sistem E-Learning untuk mencapai rentang nilai yang lebih tinggi dalam evaluasi kepuasan pengguna di masa depan, sambil memberikan rekomendasi bagi peneliti selanjutnya untuk mengembangkan kuesioner dengan indikator yang lebih optimal sesuai dengan konteks penelitian.This research aimed to optimize the E-Learning system of Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha (Undiksha) by minimizing the associated negative impacts, such as eye strain, lack of social interaction, and inadequate understanding of the learning materials. The End-User Computing Satisfaction (EUCS) method was used to measure the satisfaction level of users, specifically the students of the Computer Science of Graduate Programs at Undiksha, towards the existing E-Learning system. Research data was collected through questionnaires filled out by students and then analyzed to identify areas that require improvement in the E-Learning system. Additionally, technical and structural factors were also considered in this study. The research results show that the content evaluation, accuracy, format, timeliness, and ease of use were at 3.4175, 4, 4.165, 3.93, and 3.905, respectively. From these results, the overall level of user satisfaction was at an average value of 3.8835 which was at level 3 (Agree). This indicates that the users find the system provided by the university to meet their needs and provide a positive experience in operating the platform. It is recommended that Undiksha improves the E-Learning system to achieve a higher range of values in future user satisfaction evaluations while providing recommendations for further researchers to develop a questionnaire with more optimal indicators according to the research context.

This study used a pre-experimental method with a two-group pretest-posttest design to determine how much causation from the pogo jump exercise with hand-up squat jumps had on increasing leg power. The population used was Panji Kusumah volleyball players, Tasikmalaya Regency, with a sample of 16-17-year-old students, totaling 20 people. Test the hypothesis using the t-test, namely paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test. Based on the hypothesis test -t count < -t table (-2.177 < -2.101) it is known that there is an average difference in the increase in leg power between the pogo jump exercise group and the hand up squat jump group on the increase in leg power in the study sample. The suggestions put forward are: 1) The form of pogo jump training with hand-up squat jumps can be used as material for physical condition training on the power component, 2) For further research, it is hoped that it will become a source of reference for other researchers so that research in the same field will continue to grow.

La Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia continúa con la implementación del Banco de programas y proyectos desde la Oficina de Dirección de Planeación, enfrentando el problema presentado en la implementación de normalización de procesos y procedimientos en esta unidad administrativa, partiendo del análisis en proyectos de construcción de nueva infraestructura en la institución. El proceso de implementación del banco actualmente se encuentra en Fase 1, y busca contribuir al cumplimiento del principal objetivo de la dependencia: “Mejorar la gestión de proyectos encaminados al bienestar de la oferta académica de la región mediante la implementación de un banco de proyectos”. Los principios en los que se basa esta implementación están determinados por el método del marco lógico y se busca aportar a la fase de implementación mediante la aplicación de elementos enmarcados dentro de las normas del Project Management Institute PMI. Como primera medida se estableció la elaboración de un análisis de los procedimientos que actualmente se implementan, a fin de detectar oportunidades de mejora, mediante adopción de estrategias de comparación de resultados (formatos, procedimientos, practicas), de modo que se puedan generar nuevas propuestas a lo ya formulado y de esta forma, mediante socialización adecuada con los interesados, se puedan generar los procedimientos, estrategias, que permitan la realización de un seguimiento oportuno, eficiente y preciso del avance de los proyectos, desde las etapas de formulación, análisis de etapas posteriores de implementación y monitoreo, hasta llegar a las etapas finales de cierre y liquidación de cada propuesta presentada a la dependencia. The Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia – UPTC® continues with the implementation of the Bank of programs and projects from the Office of Planning Directorate, in order to face the problem presented in the implementation of standardization of processes and procedures in this administrative unit, basing the analysis on construction projects of new infrastructure in the institution. The bank's implementation process is currently in Phase 1, and seeks to contribute to the fulfillment of the main objective of the unit: "Improve the management of projects aimed at the well-being of the academic offer of the region through the implementation of a project bank". Implementation is based are determined by the logical framework method and seek to contribute to the implementation phase through the application of elements framed within the standards of the Project Management Institute PMI. As a first step, it was established the elaboration of an analysis of the procedures that are currently implemented, in order to detect opportunities for improvement, through the adoption of strategies for comparing results (formats, procedures, practices), so that new proposals can be generated to what has already been formulated and in this way, through adequate socialization with the interested parties, Procedures, strategies can be generated that allow the realization of a timely, efficient and accurate follow-up of the progress of the projects, from the formulation stages, analysis of subsequent stages of implementation and monitoring, until reaching the final stages of closure and liquidation of each proposal presented to the Unit. Magister en Dirección y Gestión de Proyectos http://www.ustabuca.edu.co/ustabmanga/presentacion Maestría

Uvod: Za načrtovanje strategije uvajanja na dokazih podprte prakse v slovenski zdravstveni negi je pomembna ocena znanj, prepričanj in različnih vidikov uporabe na dokazih podprte prakse pri izvajalcih zdravstvene nege. Ocena mora biti zanesljiva, veljavna in reprezentativna, da lahko koristi načrtovanju nacionalnih strategij na tem področju. Namen raziskave je prikaz psihometrične analize uporabljenega in mednarodno uveljavljenega instrumenta.Metode: Sodelovalo je 1014 visokošolsko izobraženih medicinskih sester in zdravstvenikov z vseh treh nivojev zdravstvenega varstva. V raziskavi sta bili uporabljeni dve lestvici, in sicer »Evidence-Based Practice Beliefs Scale« in »Evidence-Based PracticeImplementation Scale«. Lestvici sta bili psihometrično analizirani s testi zanesljivosti in veljavnosti.Rezultati: Povprečna vrednost prepričanj na dokazih podprte prakse je 3,47 (s = 0,54). Zanesljivost lestvice je znašala 0,909, varianca je bila pojasnjena v 63,71 % s tremi faktorji (prepričanja v znanje, prepričanja v uporabnost, težavnost uporabe in časovna potratnost). Povprečna vrednost implementacije je 2,23 (s = 0, 89). Zanesljivost lestvice je znašala 0,969, varianca je bila pojasnjena v 68,52 % z dvema faktorjema (uporaba znanj, uporaba korakov).Diskusija in zaključek: Testirana instrumenta se pokažeta kot zanesljiva in veljavna. Raziskava zelo poudari primanjkljaj znanj za razvoj na dokazih podprte prakse in znanj, ki so del vsakodnevnih razvojnih aktivnosti v delokrogu visokošolsko izobražene medicinske sestre. Zahtevajo se aktivnosti za izboljšanje stanja na ravni visokošolskih in zdravstvenih zavodov, kot na ravni nacionalnih združenj v zdravstveni negi. Introduction: Planning the strategy of evidence-based care implementation in Slovenian nursing calls for an assessment of knowledge, beliefs, and various aspects of evidence-based care implementation among nursing care providers. The assessment should be reliable, valid and representative in order to be used for the planning of national strategies in this field. The aim of the article is to present the psychometric analysis results of the internationally-renowned instrument used.Methods: A total of 1,014 nurses with a higher education degree from all three levels of health care participated in the research. Two established scales were used in the research: Evidence-Based Practice Beliefs Scale and Evidence-Based Practice Implementation Scale. A psychometric analysis of the data was conducted using reliable, valid tests.Results: The mean value for evidence-based practice beliefs was 3.47 (s = 0.54). Reliability of the scale was 0.909, the variance was explained in 63.71% with three factors (beliefs in knowledge beliefs in usefulness difficulty of implementation and time efficiency). The mean value for implementation was 2.23 (s = 0.89). Reliability of the scale was 0.969, the variance was explained in 68.52% with two factors (application of knowledge application of implementation steps).Discussion and conclusion: The tested instruments have proven to be reliable and valid.Research results clearly demonstrate insufficient knowledge for the development of evidence-based practice and knowledge that is required for daily development activities implemented by nurses with a higher education degree. Steps should be taken to improve the situation in higher education institutions, healthcare institutions, and at the level of national nursing associations.

To enhance the performance of Babbitt–steel bimetallic composites, bismuth (Bi) was incorporated into the Tin (Sn)-interlayer. Babbitt–steel bimetallic composites were created using the liquid–solid compound casting method in this study. Sn–Bi interlayer alloys with varying levels of Bi (1, 2, 3, and 4 wt.%) were created. The Babbitt-steel bimetallic composite’s bonding strength and interfacial microstructure were examined in relation to Sn-Bi interlayer alloys. The structure of the interface layer at the Babbitt–steel interface’s edge and center are significantly altered when Bi is added to the Sn interlayer. The relatively higher cooling rate near the edge led to the formation of clear unsolved Sn/Sn–Bi interlayers. Otherwise, the Sn–Bi interlayers in the middle were completely dissolved. By increasing the amount of Bi in the Sn–Bi interlayer alloy, the interfacial hardness of Babbitt-steel bimetallic composites increases by increasing Bi content in Sn–Bi interlayer alloy. Babbitt-steel bimetal composites’ shear strength increased to 28.27 MPa by adding Bi to the Sn interlayer using 1 wt.% alloying, with a 10.3% increase when compared with the reference pure Sn interlayer. Future research that aims to improve the production of Babbitt-steel bimetallic composites with high-quality and long-lasting bi-metal bonding ought to take into consideration the ideal pouring temperature, the preheating of the mold, and the addition of a minor amount of Bi (Bi ≤ 1) to the Sn-interlayer.

The paper presents an improvement in the process of forging titanium alloys in order to prevent significant unevenness of the structure due to changes in the technological parameters of the existing production in the conditions of LLC “Dnepropetrovsk Steel” affects the resulting structure and mechanical properties of the semi-product, which in turn possible to obtain a satisfactory macro- and microstructure of the pipe billet, which characteristics ensured the defect-free pressing of the front pipes with a size of Ø 78 × 14 mm on a horizontal hydraulic press and subsequent cold rolling of pipes measuring Ø 19, 05 x 1, 6 mm with mechanical properties that meet the requirements of the regulatory documentation ASTM B 338-91a “Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Titanium and Titanium Alloy Tubes for Condensers and Heat Exchangers”.

The Swedish government supports local government initiatives in an effort to promote societal wellbeing. Municipalities work to improve the quality of life for their citizens while also providing services that are friendly to the environment. One of the major duties for municipalities that need more attention is providing drinkable water and maintaining a reliable sewer system. In order to prevent any contamination of drinking water or any filtration or leakage concerns with sewer systems, they demand significant investment and long-term attention. The VA (stands for water and sewer system in Swedish)is one of the most important infrastructure assets in a functioning society, where disruptions and interruptions risk having far-reaching consequences for people's health. The report outlines the current status of the water and sewage system in Sweden and details how accommodating it is to be improved. The study seeks areas where water and sewage services can be improved through external entrepreneurs that could establish and manage these assets, instead of the local governmental authorities. The report will also look at potential improvements in water and sewage system, through enhanced collaboration and partnership with other municipalities. In order to accomplish this, numerous literature and interviews with municipal representatives have been made, in addition to the inspection of other resources to gather information on how to continue. As a result, the water and sewage infrastructure is currently in a critical state and requires significant investment as well as quick action. The report also discovered that there are numerous legal barriers and limitations for privatizing water and sewerage operations. On the other hand, one of the report's main conclusions is that it is necessary to take into account cooperation and partnerships between municipalities in order to enhance local organizational performance and come up with a joint solution to the financial problems. However, more research must be done, and the business justifications of some municipalities' current partnerships should be looked at.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Mecânica, Consequência da crescente exigência dos consumidores para que os produtos comprados estejam conforme os parâmetros previstos, a qualidade tem cada vez mais um papel determinante nas empresas para atingirem a satisfação dos clientes. Neste sentido, a ETMA Metal parts, empresa do ramo da metalomecânica sentiu a necessidade de aumentar a qualidade dos produtos manufaturados no setor do forjamento a frio, maioritariamente parafusos especiais ou peças semelhantes que se produzem a frio, em grandes quantidades e com elevada cadência e cujos processos de fabrico são baseados numa grande dose de empirismo e de experiência dos operadores. Inicialmente, de forma a que se percebesse de forma rápida e eficaz que melhorias poderiam ser projetadas, foi feita uma análise dos problemas e das reclamações dos clientes que o setor do forjamento enfrentava. Com o objetivo de solucionar alguns dos problemas identificados, foram desenvolvidos dois projetos de melhoria para os equipamentos de forjamento a frio. O primeiro consistiu na implementação de um sensor no batente que surge com a finalidade de suprir os defeitos relacionados com a má alimentação de arame nas máquinas. A segunda melhoria idealizada foi a implementação de uma calha com a função de impedir que as peças que caem durante o transporte de posto para posto ao longo da produção se juntem com as peças conformes. Para além destes projetos de melhoria, foi também levada a cabo a aplicação da metodologia SMED a um dos equipamentos do setor com vista a diminuir o seu tempo de setup, alcançando-se uma redução de 48,3%. Para concluir, com este trabalho, foram alcançados alguns ganhos ao nível da qualidade que resultam tanto resolução direta de problemas que estavam a causar defeitos, através das melhorias aplicadas aos equipamentos, como de uma inspeção mais metódica e rigorosa das produções e da existência de procedimentos de setup mais organizados e normalizados resultantes da aplicação da metodologia SMED a um dos equipamentos., As a result of the growing demand of consumers for the products purchased to be in accordance with the expected parameters, quality has an increasingly important role in companies to achieve customer satisfaction. In this sense, ETMA Metal parts, a metalworking company, felt the need to increase the quality of products manufactured in the cold forging sector, mostly special screws or similar parts that are produced in large quantities and at high cadence, and whose manufacturing processes are based on a large dose of empiricism and experience of operators. Initially, to quickly and effectively understand what improvements could be designed, an analysis was made of the problems and customer complaints that the cold forging sector was facing. To solve some of the problems identified, two improvement projects were developed for the cold forging equipment. The first one consisted in the implementation of a sensor with the purpose of solving the defects related to the misfeeding of the machines. The second improvement was the implementation of a rail with the function of preventing the parts that fall during the transport from station to station along the production from getting together with the compliant parts. Besides these improvement projects, the SMED methodology was also applied to one of the sector's equipment to reduce its setup time, achieving a 48.3% reduction. To conclude, with this work, some gains in quality were achieved. These gains resulted from direct resolution of problems that were causing defects, through improvements applied to equipment, and from a more methodical and rigorous inspection of production and the existence of more organized and standardized setup procedures resulting from the application of the SMED methodology to one of the machines.

Napisana diplomska naloga je močno povezana z mojo trimesečno obvezno strokovno prakso, ki sem jo opravljal v sklopu svojega študijskega programa v podjetju Metrel d.d. Sedež podje-tja, ki se ukvarja z merilno in regulacijsko opremo, je v Horjulu. Mentor, ki sem ga imel v pod-jetju, je vodja kalibracijskega laboratorija. Kalibracijski laboratorij je akreditiran laboratorij in lahko izvaja različne kalibracije tako za Metrelove kot tudi za druge inštrumente. Diplomsko delo je vezano na eno od nalog, ki sem jo reševal med praktičnim usposabljanjem in kasneje zaključil. Opisuje izdelavo in meritve ojačevalnika, ki je namenjen kontroli različnih tokovnih klešč. Cilj naloge je bil sestaviti ojačevalnik, ki bi bil enostaven za uporabo in bi hkrati imel željeno natančnost in linearnost ojačenja. Z voltmetrom, priključenim na izhod ojačevalnika, preverja-mo natančnost meritev tokovnih klešč. V nalogi se posvečam tudi stabilnosti izhoda, saj je potrebno zagotoviti čim manjše nihanje meritev. Opisan je tudi postopek izdelave, saj je ojače-valnik rezultat mojega dolgotrajnega dela. Njegova izdelava in izboljšava sta bili odvisni od sprotnih zahtev in ugotovitev opravljenih meritev. Postopek dela se je začel z jasno določenimi zahtevami, ki jih je bilo potrebno izvesti za dose-go željenega rezultata. Ker je projekt služil podjetju Metrel, je zahteve določil mentor. Najprej sem zgradil preprosto vezje z operacijskim ojačevalnikom, ki sem ga ves čas izpopolnjeval in vsakič izvedel sklop meritev. Tako sem se približeval željenim zahtevam. Vse meritve sem be-ležil v Excelov dokument in iz njih nato izračunal željene podatke. V napisanem delu opisujem dva ojačevalnika. Prvi ojačevalnik sem moral opustiti, ker je bilo med uporabo kasneje ugotov-ljeno, da meritve majhnih tokov s tokovnimi kleščami niso zadovoljive. Meritve novega opera-cijskega ojačevalnika so pokazale, da so bile z novim ojačevalnikom odpravljene težave prej izdelanega ojačevalnika. Tako bo ojačevalnik primeren za uporabo v laboratoriju. This undergraduate thesis is closely linked to my three-month internship work in the company Metrel d.d, located in Horjul Slovenia. The company specializes in measuring and regulation equipment. During the internship, my mentor Janko Mole - Head of Calibration Laboratory assigned me a task. I've built an amplifier device to check the current clamps for quality. The project started by the design of the circuit. The amplifier circuit must accurately amplify the current from the current clamp's output. To achieve the equirement to measure the current with the smallest value of 1 mA, the amplifier circuit should be able to amplify currents as small as 1 uA. After creating a simple amplifier circuit and taking its measurements, I started making changes and adding functionality to it. Finished circuit was later built in-to the casing. By measuring and comparing the input and output signals, I've inquired information that hel-ped me the amplifier analysis. The aim was to minimize the difference between a measured output signal and its expected value under 0,1 % for any current or frequency value of an in-put signal. During the measurements, it was crucial to find and eliminate all outside influences to get the right results from the measurements taken. After my three-month practice, I retur-ned to the company and built a new amplifier device, because of the problems that were fo-und while using the old one. Measurements of electric current of the smallest required value (1 mA) were not good enough. The new amplifier device has a different amplifier circuit which correctly amplifies the smallest currents. The main process were measurements, because of the importance for the understanding of the created circuit. All measurements were calculated in Excel. From there on, I analysed the re-sults by using tables and graphs. Improvements continued until results of the measured circuit proved that all the requirements were met.

Tema ovog završnog rada je potonuće broda RMS Titanic te posljedično unaprjeđenje procesa pomorskog poduhvata. Rad se sastoji od pet poglavlja u kojima je opisan životni put i ostavština broda RMS Titanic, od ideje za njegovu izgradnju, preko njegova tragičnog kraja na svom prvom putovanju, do poboljšanja sigurnosti i ostalih aspekata plovidbe. Rad se nastavlja sa opisom dviju istraga o potonuću te zaključcima i preporukama za poboljšanje koje su istrage iznjedrile. U narednom dijelu rada je objašnjeno na koji su način preporuke istražnih odbora postale međunarodna pravna regulativa. U konačnici je izložena usporedba pravila koja su vrijedila za Titanic te danas važećih pravila triju međunarodnih konvencija koje uređuju obuku posade, izbjegavanje sudara na moru i nadoknadu štete. Ovom usporedbom je zorno prikazano poboljšanje raznih aspekata pomorstva čije korijene možemo pronaći u poukama izvučenima nakon potonuća RMS Titanic., Topic of this undergraduate thesis is how did sinking of RMS Titanic improve various aspects of maritime endeavor. Five chapters that form this thesis, describe the life and the legacy of RMS Titanic, from the very idea of building such a ship, over her tragic end on her maiden voyage all the way to the improvements on safety and other aspects of navigation. Furthermore, thesis describes the two investigations which followed the sinking and gives conclusions and recommendations which were brought about. Thesis continues with explanations how those recommendations became to be maritime legislation. Conclusion of the thesis is a comparison of maritime legislation in the time of Titanic and the legislation in present time given by three conventions which cover topics of crew training, collision regulations and liability claims. This comparison clearly shows the improvements of various aspects of navigation, whose roots can be found in the lessons learnt after the sinking of RMS Titanic.

El presente proyecto tiene como finalidad elaborar una propuesta para reducir el problema de la afectación producida por la no planificación de los mantenimientos requeridos por los vehículos que hacen parte de la Policía Metropolitana de Villavicencio, de igual manera se identificarán las mejoras que pueden llevar a disminuir las entradas a taller de los automotores, incrementar el ciclo de vida, el tiempo en servicio de los vehículos y reducir las fallas mecánicas. Como resultado de ello se podría disponer en un futuro un parque automotor en óptimas condiciones para la prestación del servicio de Policía en la capital del departamento del Meta. Es de anotar que el objetivo de elaborar una propuesta de un plan de mantenimiento será una de las entradas para que la Policía Metropolitana de Villavicencio genere en el futuro mejores prácticas en la administración del componente de movilidad, teniendo en cuenta que este trabajo se realizará teniendo como método el estándar del PMI a través de la guía PMBOK sexta , y que como parte de los resultados, se podrían optimizar los recursos asignados para el mantenimiento del equipo automotor, permitiría mejorar la disponibilidad de vehículos para la prestación del servicio de Policía, disminuir las discusiones que se generan en torno a la adecuación de los tiempos en las actividades de conservación, el incremento de la vida útil de los automotores, los cuales son activos de valor para la Institución y los habitantes de la capital del departamento del Meta, al momento de requerir el servicio de Policía The purpose of this project is to develop a proposal to reduce the problem of the damage caused by the non-planning of the maintenance required by the vehicles that are part of the Metropolitan Police of Villavicencio, in the same way the improvements that can lead to reduce entrances to the automotive workshop, increase the life cycle, the time in service of the vehicles and reduce mechanical failures. As a result, in the future, a fleet of vehicles in perfect condition could be made available for the provision of Police service in the capital of the department of Meta. It should be noted that the objective of preparing a proposal for a maintenance plan will be one of the inputs for the Metropolitan Police of Villavicencio to generate better practices in the administration of the mobility component in the future, taking into account that this work will be carried out taking into account as a method the PMI standard through the sixth PMBOK guide, and that as part of the results, the resources assigned for the maintenance of the automotive equipment could be optimized, it would allow to improve the availability of vehicles for the provision of the Police service, reduce the discussions that are generated around the adequacy of the times in the conservation activities, the increase in the useful life of the vehicles, which are valuable assets for the Institution and the inhabitants of the capital of the department of Meta, time to request police service Magister en Dirección y Gestión de Proyectos http://www.ustabuca.edu.co/ustabmanga/presentacion Maestría

Dissertação de mestrado em Engenharia Industrial (especialização em Engenharia Industrial), A presente dissertação de mestrado foi elaborada na empresa CaetanoBus S.A., empresa pertencente ao Grupo Salvador Caetano, no âmbito do Mestrado em Engenharia Industrial da Universidade do Minho. Uma vez que a indústria automóvel é uma indústria em constante crescimento e mudança, é imperativo que as empresas que atuam neste setor se reinventem a si e aos seus processos na perspetiva de manter e melhorar a sua posição no mercado. Assim, este projeto teve como objetivo melhorar a competitividade da empresa CaetanoBus através da redução do lead time do processo de desenvolvimento de protótipos, recorrendo, para o efeito, à metodologia estudo de caso. Neste sentido, através da realização de um focus group foi possível mapear todo o processo de desenvolvimento de protótipos, e, a partir deste, explorar os desperdícios e possíveis propostas de melhoria em 3 áreas específicas: na Projeção de peças e lançamento de PMs, na Procura no mercado por novos materiais e no Acompanhamento do processo produtivo. Nestas áreas identificaram-se desperdícios a nível de excesso de produção, processamento excessivo, defeitos e esperas, para os quais se formularam várias propostas de melhoria, como: a criação de listas padronizadas para a pesquisa de verguinhas e reforços, com um ganho potencial de 1 hora e 50 minutos – melhoria de 79,71% no processo de projeção/procura destes componentes, por modelo de autocarro; utilização de apenas um ficheiro Excel para o tratamento de dados, com um ganho potencial de 16 horas e 40 minutos – melhoria de 55,56% no processo de registo de pontos de melhoria/correção, por modelo; transição do processo de procura por novos materiais do email para o planner, com o potencial de melhorar a organização do trabalho e reduzir o tempo de resposta; melhorar a organização das listas técnicas e investir na formação dos colaboradores. No total, estas medidas significam uma redução do lead time de cerca de 1110 minutos, isto é, uma redução na ordem dos 1,75%., The present master’s dissertation was developed at the company CaetanoBus S.A., a company belonging to the Salvador Caetano Group, within the scope of the Master’s in Industrial Engineering at the University of Minho. Since the automotive industry is an industry in constant growth and change, it is imperative that companies operating in this sector reinvent themselves and their processes to maintain and improve their position in the market. Thus, this project aimed to improve the competitiveness of the company CaetanoBus by reducing the lead time of the prototype development process, using the case study methodology. In this sense, it was possible, through a focus group, to map the entire process of the prototype development and from that to explore the waste and possible improvement proposals in 3 specific areas: in the Projection of parts and launch of PMs, in the Search in the market for new materials and in the Monitoring of the production process. In these areas, waste was identified in terms of overproduction, over-processing, defects and waiting, for which several improvement proposals were framed, such as: the creation of standardized lists for the search for welts and reinforcements, with a potential gain of 1 hour and 50 minutes – improvement of 79.71% in the projection/search process for these components, per bus model; use of only one Excel file for data processing, with a potential gain of 16 hours and 40 minutes – improvement of 55.56% in the process of recording improvement/correction points, per model; transition of the search process for new materials from email to planner, with the potential to improve work organization and reduce response time; improve the organization of technical lists and invest in employee training. In total, these policies mean a reduction in lead time of around 1110 minutes, that is, a reduction in the order of 1.75%.

El presente informe da a conocer el desarrollo de la pasantía realizada dentro de la empresa H.S CONSTRUCCIONES Y SOLUCIONES, que tiene como finalidad apoyar en la planeación y ejecución de los proyectos de construcción que se manejan en esta, evidenciando el cumplimiento de las labores realizadas con el fin de obtener un aprendizaje laboral y personal, interviniendo como apoyo en algunos proyectos, entre ellos: ● Mejoramiento y rehabilitación de la red vial terciaria mediante la construcción de placa huella y atención de la construcción de 98 kilómetros de placa huella en el municipio de Soatá departamento de Boyacá. (Objeto del Contrato de Soatá, Boyacá,2021) ● Preconstrucción y construcción de obras de mejoramiento de vivienda en el municipio de Siachoque en el marco del convenio interadministrativo N° 460 de 2016 celebrado entre el departamento administrativo para la prosperidad social- fondo de inversiones para la paz y el municipio de Siachoque- Boyacá. (Objeto del Contrato de Siachoque, Boyacá,2016) ● Remodelación, mejoramiento y modernización del parque principal de Macanal y construcción del mirador de la virgen y mejoramiento del recorrido ecoturístico del mirador de la virgen del municipio de Macanal, departamento Boyacá. (Objeto del Contrato de Macanal, Boyacá,2021) ● Estudios y diseños para la construcción de la planta de beneficio del municipio de Garagoa en el departamento de Boyacá. (Objeto del Contrato de Garagoa, Boyacá,2021) Por lo anterior, se efectúa un trabajo a través de la elaboración de planos en civil 3D, presupuestos, memorias de cantidades, verificación de planos y cantidades, verificación de valores unitarios, cotizaciones, y otras actividades administrativas que se realizaron en el transcurso de la pasantía, con el fin de favorecer las necesidades de los habitantes en donde se realizaron y se realizarán los proyectos. This report shows the development of the internship carried out within the company H.S CONSTRUCCIONES Y SOLUCIONES, whose purpose is to support the planning and execution of the different construction projects that are handled in it, evidencing the fulfillment of the tasks developed in order to obtain work and personal learning, contributing as support in some projects, among them: ● Improvement and rehabilitation of the rural roads network through the construction of a footprint plate and attention to the construction of 98 kilometers of footprint plate in the municipality of Soatá, in Boyacá. (Object of the Soatá Contract, Boyacá, 2021) ●Pre-construction and construction of housing improvement works in the municipality of Siachoque within the framework of the inter-administrative agreement No. 460 of 2016 between the administrative department for social prosperity - investment fund for peace and the municipality of Siachoque - Boyacá. (Object of the Siachoque Contract, Boyacá, 2016) ● Renovation, improvement and modernization of the central park in Macanal and construction of “El mirador de la Virgen” and improvement of the ecotourism tour of “El mirador de la Virgen” in Macanal, department of Boyacá. (Object of the Macanal Contract, Boyacá, 2021) ● Studies and designs for the construction of the slaughterhouse for the municipality of Garagoa in the department of Boyacá. (Object of the Garagoa Contract, Boyacá, 2021) As mentioned before, this work is carried out through the preparation of 3D civil blueprints, budgets, quantity surveyor, verification of design drawings and quantities, unit values verification, quotes, and other administrative activities that were carried out during the course of the internship. in order to promote the needs of the inhabitants where the different projects were carried out and will be carried out. Pregrado

Mediante el presente estudio de investigación, se decidió abordar una de las necesidades relevantes del Estado colombiano, en concreto, el tema correspondiente, a la regulación e implementación de la responsabilidad fiscal de los ordenadores del gasto que, dentro de sus funciones, tengan la facultad de manejar y administrar recursos económicos estatales, especialmente cuando requieren invertir recursos públicos en bienes inmuebles arrendados por el Estado y que son propiedad de propiedad privada. Lo anterior, hace referencia aquellos procesos contractuales de arrendamiento que, efectúan las Entidades Estatales con particulares, en función de la satisfacción de necesidades y cumplimiento de los fines estatales, y que, durante la etapa de ejecución, se planea la inversión de recursos del Estado en ese bien inmueble, que le pertenece a un tercero, que es sujeto de derecho privado. De acuerdo con Restrepo (2020), la contratación estatal en Colombia, es una actividad fundamental para la Administración pública, que permite a través de las relaciones contractuales del Estado, la prestación de servicios con mayor eficiencia y eficacia. Antes de nada, es procedente indicar que al estar presente la administración y manejo de recursos públicos en la contratación estatal, según Puentes (2019), el control fiscal es base importante para que el Estado, realmente pueda ejecutar y llevar a cabo todos sus planes y propósitos en favor del interés general y que en efecto el patrimonio público y los bienes de la Nación no se vean menoscabados o en detrimento. En este orden de ideas, en Colombia, por medio de la Constitución Política (1991), en sus artículos 268 y 272, en primer lugar, se establece las atribuciones que tiene el Contralor General de República y en el artículo 272 se hace referencia a la vigilancia de la gestión fiscal para departamentos, distritos y municipios que cuenten con Contralorías, indicando que esta actividad debe ser posterior y selectiva. Universidad Libre Seccional Bogotá - Facultad de Derecho - Programa de Maestría en Derecho Administrativo

Introduction: The Radiography Research Ethics Standards for Europe (RRESFE) project aims to provide a cross-sectional snapshot of current research ethics systems, processes, and awareness of such, across Europe together with identifying the associated challenges, education, and training needs. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey targeting radiography researchers in Europe was conducted. Data collection took place between April 26 and July 12, 2021, using a snowball sampling approach. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used to identify trends in research ethics frameworks across Europe. Results: 285 responses were received across 33 European and 23 non-European countries. Most (n ¼ 221 95%) European respondents stated ethics approval is required before commencing research in their country. Requirements around research ethics approval and awareness of such requirements varied by European region (X2 (2, n ¼ 129) ¼ 7.234, p ¼ 0.013) and were found to differ depending on the type of research participant and study design. Additionally, European respondents reported ethics approval is a national requirement more often than their non-European counterparts (X2 (1, n ¼ 282) ¼ 4.316, p ¼ 0.049). Requirements for ethics approval were also associated with the undergraduate programme duration (2-year vs. 3-year vs. 3.5 year vs. 4-year vs. multiple programme durations X2 (4, n ¼ 231) ¼ 10.075, p ¼ 0.016) and availability of postgraduate training (postgraduate training available vs. postgraduate training not available X2 (1, n ¼ 231) ¼ 15.448, p ¼

Introduction: The Radiography Research Ethics Standards for Europe (RRESFE) project aimed to provide a cross-sectional view of the current state of radiography research ethics across Europe. This included investigating education and training in research ethics, and identifying the key challenges and potential improvements associated with using existing research ethics frameworks. Methods: This cross-sectional online survey targeting radiography researchers in Europe was conducted between April 26 and July 12, 2021. Descriptive and analytical statistics were used to identify research ethics education and training trends. Content analysis of qualitative responses was employed to identify significant challenges and proposed improvements in research ethics frameworks of practice. Results: There were 232 responses received across 33 European countries. Most (n = 132 57%) respondents had received some research ethics training however, fewer participants had received training on safeguarding vulnerable patients (n = 72 38%), diversity and inclusivity (n = 62 33%), or research with healthy volunteers (n = 60 32%). Training was associated with a greater perceived importance of the need for research ethics review (p = 0.031) and with the establishment of EQF Level 6 training (p = 0.038). The proportion of formally trained researchers also varied by region (p =

In this study, it was investigated that current epidemiological situation and risk factors of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in pediatric patients in Türkiye, after socioeconomic changes and health system improvements in the past two decades. In total 1,488 children treated with a diagnosis of pneumonia in Gulhane Training and Research Hospital (Ankara) Pediatrics Department between 2016 to 2021 were included in the present study. The patients’demographic data, personal and family histories, and socioeconomic status were recorded. Of the 1,488 pediatric patients (mean age; 43.20±41.04 months and 46.8% girls); 108 were aged 0-6 months (7.3%), 672 were aged >6-24 months (45.2%), 444 were aged >24-60 months (29.8%), and 264 were aged >60 months (17.7%). In total, 98.4% of patients underwent routine vaccination and the rate of seasonal influenza vaccination was 5.6%. Additionally, 444 patients (29.8%) had chronic disease; asthma and cerebral palsy were the most common chronic diseases, 276 and 84 patients respectively. A family history of asthma in first-degree relatives was present in 396 patients (26.6%). There have been substantial changes in the epidemiology of CAP in Türkiye, due to socioeconomic changes, increasing urbanization, and health system improvements and the current effects of these changes are presented in our study with comprehensive data that can be used in further comparative studies. Özet Bu çalışmada, son yirmi yıldaki sosyoekonomik değişiklikler ve sağlık sistemi iyileştirmeleri sonrasında pediatrik hastalarda toplum kökenli pnömoninin Türkiye'deki güncel epidemiyolojik durumu ve risk faktörleri araştırılmıştır.Çalışmaya, 2016 ile 2021 yıllarıarasında Gülhane Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi (Ankara)Çocuk Sağlığıve HastalıklarıAnabilim Dalı'nda pnömoni tanısıyla tedavi gören toplam 1.488çocuk dahil edildi. Hastaların demografik verileri, kişisel ve aileöyküleri, sosyoekonomik durumlarıkaydedildi. Toplam 1.488 pediatrik hastanın (ortalama yaşları; 43.20±41.04ay ve %46.8’i kız), 108'i 0-6 ay (%7.3), 672'si >6-24 ay (%45.2), 444’ü>24-60 ay (%29.8) ve 264'ü>60 ay (%17.7) yaşında idi. Tüm hastaların %98.4'ürutin aşılama programlarıile aşılanmıştıve mevsimsel grip aşısıyapılanların oranı %5.6 idi. Ayrıca, 444 (%29.8) hasta kronik hastalığa sahipti; en sık görülen kronik hastalıklar ise astım ve serebral palsi idi, sırasıyla 276 ve 84 hasta. Hastaların 396’sının (%26.6) birinci derece akrabalarında ailesel astımöyküsümevcuttu. Sosyoekonomik gelişmeler, artan kentleşme ve sağlık sistemindeki iyileştirmeler nedeniyle Türkiye'de toplum kökenli pnömoni epidemiyolojisindeönemli değişiklikler olmuştur. Bu değişikliklerin güncel yansımalarınıkapsamlıbirşekilde sunançalışma verilerimiz gelecekte yapılacak karşılaştırmalı çalışmalar ve ileri analizlerde kullanılabilecektir.

Ecuador is a country with several climate zones. The zones’ characteristics are very different; however, there are social housing prototypes used in all the territories. This study constitutes the second part of the analysis of a social housing prototype in four zones (Cfb, Af, Aw, and BSh) in both the current climate situation (2020) and its projection to 2050. Improvement measures from the original dwelling block have been proposed according to the initial diagnosis, considering seven passive performance variants. A total of 56 dynamic simulations have been performed for both the current and 2050 climate scenario. The results have shown that, depending on the climate zone, improvement measures differently influence comfort ranges. In addition, the behaviour of the dwellings on the upper floor is different from those on the ground floor. This study is a starting point to show that prototype solutions of social housing should be adapted with various improvement measures and should be based on specific requirements according to their location to achieve acceptable comfort levels. © 2022 by the authors.

We establish new generalized trapezoid-type inequalities for complex functions defined on the unit circle via the functions of bounded variation and functions satisfying the Holder-type condition. These results are also used to deduce the quadrature-rule formula. WOS:000663274900008 2-s2.0-85108182892

Advocacy for pediatric care ("Politische Kindermedizin") is an Austrian association of engaged pediatricians, aiming at identifying, analyzing and evaluating pressing issues of pediatric care and to suggest improvements to the responsible politicians. The aim was and is to achieve an improvement of pediatric care for children and adolescents in the sense of patient advocacy. The history and concerns of the initiative "Politische Kindermedizin" from 1997 until the present are presented.

Wheat is an important cereal crop, and its significance is more due to compete for dietary products in the world. Many constraints facing by the wheat crop due to environmental hazardous, biotic, abiotic stress and heavy matters factors, as a result, decrease the yield. Understanding the molecular mechanism related to these factors is significant to figure out genes regulate under specific conditions. Classical breeding using hybridization has been used to increase the yield but not prospered at the desired level. With the development of newly emerging technologies in biological sciences i.e., marker assisted breeding (MAB), QTLs mapping, mutation breeding, proteomics, metabolomics, next-generation sequencing (NGS), RNA_sequencing, transcriptomics, differential expression genes (DEGs), computational resources and genome editing techniques i.e. (CRISPR cas9; Cas13) advances in the field of omics. Application of new breeding technologies develops huge data; considerable development is needed in bioinformatics science to interpret the data. However, combined omics application to address physiological questions linked with genetics is still a challenge. Moreover, viroid discovery opens the new direction for research, economics, and target specification. Comparative genomics important to figure gene of interest processes are further discussed about considering the identification of genes, genomic loci, and biochemical pathways linked with stress resilience in wheat. Furthermore, this review extensively discussed the omics approaches and their effective use. Integrated plant omics technologies have been used viroid genomes associated with CRISPR and CRISPR-associated Cas13a proteins system used for engineering of viroid interference along with high-performance multidimensional phenotyping as a significant limiting factor for increasing stress resistance in wheat.

The concept of development and improvement was worked out for the All-Russian Competition for the best projects for a comfortable urban environment in small towns and historic settlements. The article considers the characteristics and the development capacity of a small town as a basis for a complex project. The design process has many stages. It is important to involve businesses, communities, authorities, social groups and users of the area at each stage.

Slovenes live as an autochthonous minority in neighbouring countries of Italy, Austria, Hungary and Croatia. The common European space allows them to develop a cultural area with far-reaching implications. An analytical review of Slovenian minorities through the content of curricula of primary and secondary schools examined the presence of topics related to them. Researchers that analysed the school curricula and textbooks with a special questionnaire for pupils, students and general population assessed the current situation in school practice. Following the processing of quantitative data and consultation meetings with experts changes and additions to the curricula of primary and secondary schools were proposed.

En aquest projecte es descriuran i es detallaran totes les millores relacionades amb els mòduls de gestió de processos de negoci (BPM) i els fluxos destinats a les Ordres de Treball (unitats lògiques per descriure tasques de manteniment i reparació). S'explicarà com era la situació inicial i el seu context, les decisions que es van prendre per dissenyar els canvis, el roadmap que se seguirà per realitzar les millores, el disseny i l'especificació, el procés d'implantació per tot l'equip i finalment els jocs de proves i els tests que es van utilitzar per validar la solució. This project will describe and detail all the improvements related to the business process management (BPM) modules and the workflows for the Work Orders (logical units to describe maintenance and repair tasks). It will explain the initial situation and its context, the decisions taken to design the changes, the roadmap that will be followed to make the improvements, the design and specification, the implementation process and finally the test sets and tests that were used to validate the solution.

This study aims to gain an understanding of the state of the cheffing industry currently, to analyse whether there is a lack of women within the industry particularly in positions of high power. This research intends to understand the causes for the lack and showcase possible solutions and recommendations for this. It exists as a role of advocacy; hoping to inspire more people into the career of cheffing, and to retain women within it. It aspires to challenge and thus forth change the narratives that have pushed many people, particularly women, out of this work for so long. This research aims to be a voice of change, not criticism. This research holds value in its benefits to the currently struggling restaurant and hospitality industry. It aims to open a conversation about the problems present, and the ways in which they can be solved. This paper reflects on past literature, both historical and modern, to compile a wide unbiased perspective. Topics such as the history of a woman's place in the kitchen, gender differences in haute cuisine, the origin of the brigade system, gender inequality and the exploitation of women through capitalism and the patriarchy, are all investigated. Triangulation research was used within primary research, in order to remove bias, cross check evidence, provide a better industry wide perceptive and enhance validity of findings. Through findings from past literature, survey and interview questions were created. A survey of eighty chefs was completed along with detailed interviews with four key industry chefs. Thematic analysis was used to find key themes and commanilites present within these results. From key findings made within this work, through primary and secondary research, the author made recommendations in regards to how businesses can encourage women into the industry. Recommendations made include work - life balance, pay grades, physical support systems, working conditions, education, reporting policies and a culture of respect. As a better industry for women, means a better industry for everyone.

Magistrsko delo obravnava tematiko, ki je povezana z vitko šest sigma proizvodnjo. V teoretičnem delu smo predstavili koncept orodij in način uporabe teh orodij v primeru vitkosti in šest sigme ločeno ter nato v primeru vitke šest sigme. Natančna uporaba vitke šest sigme zahteva poznavanje obeh orodij. Podrobneje smo predstavili ključna orodja in izboljšave, ki jih prinese njihova uporaba, ter različne oblike zapravljanja, ki jih je s pravilno uporabo vitke šest sigma proizvodnje možno eliminirati. V praktičnem delu smo raziskali, v kakšni obliki se ta orodja uporabljajo v Sloveniji in kakšna je njihova zastopanost. Poleg analize orodja za doseganje vitke šest sigma proizvodnje, je bil cilj naloge predstaviti možne izboljšave. Naš namen je prikazati pomembnost pravilne uporabe teh orodij in prikazati na praktičnem primeru, da to lahko na daljši rok prinese le dobiček ali prihranke. The master's thesis deals with a topic related to lean six sigma production. In the theoretical part, we presented the concept of tools and the method of application for leanness and six sigma separately and then for lean six sigma. To use the lean six sigma method accurately, it is important to know both tools. We have presented in greater detail the key tools and improvements that come with the use of these tools, and the various forms of waste that can be eliminated with the proper use of lean six sigma production. In the practical part we researched which forms of tools are being used in Slovenia and what their representation rate is. In addition to analysing the tool for achieving lean six sigma production, the aim of the paper was to present possible improvements. Our aim is to show how important it is to use these tools correctly and to show on a practical example that it can only bring profits or savings in the long run.

Dovoljeno je vse, kar ni s predpisom prepovedano. Nemalokrat namreč naletimo v predpisih na člene, ki neko aktivno ali pasivno ravnanje prepovedujejo in ga zaradi slabo napisanih členov, slabih dikcij oziroma slabo napisanih pojmov težko izvajamo. Velikokrat se zgodi, da si ljudje isti člen oziroma njegov pomen razlagajo različno. Tako se bomo v tej nalogi usmerili predvsem na dva zakona: Zakon o prekrških (v nadaljevanju: ZP-1) in PZ. Prvi je zakon, ki je splošni, in predpisuje v sistemu prekrškov natančne postopke ⠒ korak po koraku. Drugi je področni oziroma specialni zakon, ki celovito predpisuje vsa pravila v pomorstvu. Moramo pa priznati, da je nemalokrat težko postopke po ZP-1 uskladiti s PZ, saj je ZP-1 pretežno napisan za kopenske prekrške, natančneje za cestni promet, in ga je treba kot splošni predpis s tega področja uporabljati tudi za pomorstvo. Tu pa naletimo na težave, saj ga ponekod ni mogoče enostavno uporabljati na enak način, kot to velja za »kopenske« prekrške. Pregled literature in zaključki, povezani s praktično uporabo obeh zakonov na terenu oziroma v postopkih na morju, pa so nas vodili do spoznanj in zaključkov za preoblikovanje obstoječe problematike. Raziskovalna narava magistrskega dela se kaže tudi z narejeno analizo prekrškov za zadnjih šest let. Prav tako so opisane težave, s katerimi se srečujejo pristaniški nadzorniki pri delu na terenu. What is not prohibited by the law, is allowed. However, we frequently come across articles in laws that prohibit some active or passive behavior, which are difficult to implement due to poorly written articles, poor diction or unclear concepts. It also happens that people interpret the same article or its meaning in a wide variety of ways. Thus, the present thesis is mainly focused on two laws: Minor Offenses Act (hereinafter: ZP-1) and The Maritime Code (hereinafter: PZ). The first one is general law, prescribes precise procedures, step by step, in the system of minor offences. The second one is one the other hand sectoral or special law, which precisely prescribes all rules in the maritime environment. I have to admit that it is often difficult to follow the procedures of the Minor Offences Act in accordance with the Maritime Code, as the Monor Offences Act is mainly written for land-based offenses, more specifically for road traffic, while its regulations must also be followes for maritime treansgression. The problems arise as in some situations it simply cannot be applied as it would be for “land offences”. A review of literature and conclusions from the practical application of both laws in the field including procedures at sea, led me to conclusions how to improve the existing situation. The research nature of the present master’s thesis is reflected in the analysis of offences for the last 6 years. Additionally, it also describes the problems faced by port supervisors in their field work.

Aquest projecte pretén aportar solucions a les ciutats que necessiten millorar alguns aspectes per adaptar-se als temps actuals. Al llarg d’aquest projecte es buscarà quines solucions es poden aplicar en funció del tipus de ciutat. Després es desenvoluparà una eina que permetrà a un usuari entendre la situació de la seva ciutat i els passos a seguir per acostar-se a un model de ciutat més intel·ligent, eficient i sostenible. L’ eina és una aplicació web que conté un qüestionari amb un conjunt de preguntes sobre la ciutat, que dona com a resultat un anàlisi del seu estat i exemples de millores que s’hi podrien aplicar. This project aims to provide solutions to cities that need to improve some aspects to adapt to current times. Throughout this project I will look at what solutions can be applied depending on the type of city. Afterwards, a tool will be developed that will allow a user to understand the situation of their city and the steps to follow to approach a smarter, more efficient and sustainable city model. The tool is a web application that contains a questionnaire with a set of questions about the city, which results in an analysis of its status and examples of improvements that could be applied.

This article contains an analysis of international, national and labor legislation, respectively, in the field of discrimination on the grounds of age. Recommendations for improving legal regulation and application of practical innovations in this area are analyzed and introduced. Given these trends, the prevalence of discrimination in employment and not only on the basis of age, but also on many other factors, such as gender, social status or mental skills, which for many people this provision seems to some extent natural and correct, has allowed and has become a motivating factor in order to carefully study and pay attention to the factors that have increased the effectiveness of this fight against discrimination, the creation of a separate law enforcement act or regulation that will separately regulate discrimination in employment, as well as the development of certain thematic programs to form ideas and attitudes of people in the working team for different age groups, where additional attention will be paid to youth employment. The study also examines international experience in the attitude and methods of solving problems in the field of age discrimination, not only in the field of labor, but in general. The complexity and prevalence of the phenomenon has caused different views on the issue from both scientists and ours, so the paper defines the general concept of discrimination in the field of labor, assigned personal characteristics and separated by special characteristics from related legal categories, clarified methodological inequalities and imperfections that cause a cause-and-effect relationship with a negative indicator of combating this issue. A comparative research method on discrimination in employment on the basis of age, based on the experience of predecessors, namely the comparison of the then society in the modern technological society, where the problem of technological processes and new information resources is absent. In order to achieve a qualitative analysis of the issue, as the purpose of the work as a whole, special attention was paid to criticism and analysis of innovations in international standards of methodological prohibitions and rules to combat the above topic. The classification of types of non-discrimination in the field of labor, the analysis of the legal regulation of the mechanism of improvement of this problem, the special attention was paid to the detection and prevention of discriminatory manifestations in the field of labor in general., Дана стаття вміщує в себе аналіз міжнародного, національного та трудового законодавства, відповідно саме в сфері дискримінації праці за ознакою віку. Проаналізовані та внесені рекомендації щодо поліпшення правового регулювання та застосування практичних нововведень у вказаній сфері. Враховуючі дані тенденції, щодо поширення дискримінації у сфері праці та не тільки за ознакою віку, а й за багато іншими чинниками, наприклад: статті, соціального становища або розумових навичок, що для багатьох людей дане положення представляється певною мірою природнім і правильним, дало змогу та стало певним мотиваційним фактором для того аби ретельно дослідити та приділити увагу чинникам, які підвищили продуктивність цієї боротьби з даною дискримінацію, створення окремого правозастосовного акту або нормативного документа, що буде окремо регулювати питання дискримінації у сфері праці, також розробка певних тематичних програмних комплексів, що будуть формувати уявлення та ставлення людей в робочому колективі для різних вікових груп, де додатково увага буде приділятися забезпеченню зайнятості молоді. В рамках дослідження питання також розглянутий міжнародний досвід, щодо ставлення та методів вирішення проблем у сфері дискримінації за ознакою віку не тільки в сфері праці, а й в цілому. Складність та розповсюдженість явища викликала різні точки зору на проблематику як зі сторони науковців, так і з нашої, тому в роботі визначене загальне поняття дискримінації у сфері праці, присвоєні йому особисті властивості та розділені за особливими характеристиками від суміжних правових категорій, з’ясовані методологічні нерівності та недосконалості , що викликають причино-наслідковий зв’язок з негативним показником боротьби з даною проблематикою. Виконаний порівняльний метод дослідження , стосовно дискримінації у сфері праці за ознакою віку, на підставі досвіду попередників, а саме порівняння ставлення тогочасного суспільства тоді та зараз у сучасному технологічному соціумі, де проблема технологічних процесів та нових інформаційних ресурсів на сьогодні відсутня. Для досягнення якісного аналізу проблематики, як мети роботи в цілому, окрема увага зосереджувалась на критиці та аналітиці нововведень у міжнародні стандарти методологічних заборон та правил, щодо боротьби з вищевказаною темою. Проведено класифікацію видів недопущення дискримінації у сфері праці, аналіз правового регулювання механізму вдосконалення даної проблеми, особлива увага приділялась виявленню та попередженню дискримінаційних проявів у сфері праці в цілому.

Currency has changed a lot, and the introduction of the Internet sped up the evolution of the currency. Digital currency introduced many benefits compared to physical currencies. Ideas such as cryptocurrencies work as an option for other means of payment. During the recent pandemic, interest in new digital currencies has increased, leading to more research on digital currency. With the introduction of new currencies and their increased popularity, many central banks have started looking into the idea of innovating currency. All this new research has coined the term central bank digital currency. As of today, there is no single idea on how a digital currency should work or be implemented. With many variations, the future is still unclear. There seem to be vulnerabilities to solve and many potential ways to improve current systems. When building this new currency it is crucial to know what different use cases could demand from the implementation. In conclusion, the results show that digital currency is still in early development, with central bank digital currency research showing promise. It is theoretically possible to create a better transaction solution contra traditional currencies. More research is needed on the topic of digital currency, but there could be incremental improvements to today’s currency leading to better future solutions. Valuta har förändrats genom tiderna och introductionen av internet skyndade på denna utveckling. Digital valuta har introducerat många fördelar jämfört med fysiska valutor. Fler idéer som till exempel kryptovalutor har introducerats som alternativa betalmedel. Under den senaste pandemin så har intresset för nya digitala valutor ökat, vilket har lett till mer forskning inom området av digitala valutor. På grund av växande popularitet och nya digitala valutor så har många central banker börjat testa idéen om att nyskapa valuta, och med detta så har termen centralbanks valuta skapats. Det finns inte idag en enda lösning på hur digitala valutor ska fungera eller bli implementerade. Med många varianter så är framtiden fortfarande oklar. Det verkar finnas problem att lösa och många möjliga sätt att förbättra existerande system. Vid byggandet av denna nya valuta så är det extremt viktigt att veta vad som är viktigt och hur det kan finnas olika krav beroende på hur valutan ska användas. Enligt resultaten så är digital valuta fortfarande tidigt i sin utveckling och forsking gällande centralbanks styrda digitala valutor verkar lovande. Mer forsking kommer att behövas inom området digital valuta, men det kan komma många små förbättringar på dagens valuta som leder till bättre framtida lösningar.

Цель работы – разработать комплекс мероприятий по развитию объекта недвижимости офисного назначения, основном на выборе наиболее эффективного использования с учетом фактора неопределённости. Работа выполнена на Ð¼Ð°Ñ‚ÐµÑ€Ð¸Ð°Ð»Ð°Ñ , Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ‚Ð²ÐµÑ€Ð¶Ð´ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð½Ð°ÑƒÑ‡Ð½Ñ‹Ð¼Ð¸ статьями, монографиями и учебными пособиями, нормативно-правовыми актами РФ и данными по объекту недвижимости из Ð¾Ñ‚ÐºÑ€Ñ‹Ñ‚Ñ‹Ñ Ð¸ÑÑ‚Ð¾Ñ‡Ð½Ð¸ÐºÐ¾Ð² сети Интернет. Использованные методы: SWOT-анализ, метод Ð¿Ð°Ñ€Ð½Ñ‹Ñ ÑÑ€Ð°Ð²Ð½ÐµÐ½Ð¸Ð¹, метод предполагаемого использования, метод сценариев. Результаты работы: – выполнен анализ объекта недвижимости и его местоположения; – проведен анализ рынка коммерческой недвижимости; – обоснованы различные варианты использования земельного участка как условно свободного и с имеющимися улучшениями; – выполнен анализ рисков методом сценариев; – разработан комплекс мероприятий по развитию объекта недвижимости. Область применения результатов ВКР- использование Ð¿Ð¾Ð»ÑƒÑ‡ÐµÐ½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ñ€ÐµÐ·ÑƒÐ»ÑŒÑ‚Ð°Ñ‚Ð¾Ð² в инвестиционно-строительном секторе экономики, секторе девелопмента и управления объектами недвижимости Санкт-Петербурга. Выводы. Разработан комплекс мероприятий по развитию объекта недвижимости, расположенного по адресу: г. Санкт-Петербург, Уманский переулок, д. 73, корпус 1, литера А, основном на выборе наиболее эффективного использования с учетом фактора неопределённости, а именно проведение капитального ремонта для повышения класса объекта., The aim of the work graduate qualification work is to analyze the property, its location, select the most effective use case, analyze risks and develop measures for the development of the property. The work is has been carried out on the materials from Internet sources, textbooks, regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and data on the property. Research methods used: SWOT analysis, pairwise comparison method, intended use method, scenario method. The main results of the graduate qualification work: - analysis of the property and its location; - analysis of the commercial real estate market; - substantiated various options for using the land plot as conditionally free and with existing improvements; - performed risk analysis; - developed a set of measures for the development of the property. The areas of the of the graduate qualification work is the use of the results obtained in the construction activities of St. Petersburg, the possibility of implementing the project. Conclusions. A set of measures has been developed for the development of a real estate object located at the address: St. Petersburg, Umansky lane, 73, building 1, letter A, mainly on the choice of the most efficient use, taking into account the uncertainty factor, namely, a major overhaul to increase object class.

Epiroc Underground Rock Excavation is a manufacturer of machines that operate in underground mines. The machines are complex and advanced with different functions and systems that interact with each other. Simulations provides a picture of machine design, its functions and how the real-world result would be. This method enables an iterative way of working with several different design solutions. Simulations is a crucial method for reducing cost and time-to-market. Recently, Epiroc has taken initiatives regarding development and continuous improvements within the underground division. Lack of documentation regarding what simulation methods that is used, and its purposes makes it difficult to work with development and improvements. The long-term target for Epiroc is to move the physical verification of machine systems, functions, and components to a digital environment. The mission of this project has been to collect and identify simulation methods used within the division and collect key information for future work. The information has been collected through interviews with simulation experts and the identified information is presented to get an understanding about the current state. Furthermore, waste and improvement areas has been highlighted within this thesis., Epirocs underjordsdivision tillverkar maskiner som används inom underjordsarbete. Maskinerina är komplexa och avancerade med många olika funktioner och system som skall interagera med varandra. Simuleringar ger en första anblick i hur designen och maskiners funktioner senare kommer att fungera i verkligheten. Simuleringar möjliggör ett itterativt arbetssätt med flera olika designlösningar för att komma fram till den bästa lösningen. Detta är avgörande för att hålla ner kostnaden och att minska tiden-till-marknaden. På senare tid har initiativ tagits för att jobba med bland annat utveckling och ständiga förbättringar inom underjordsdivisionen. Bristande dokumentation gällande vilka simuleringsmetoder som används och syftet med dem gör det svårt att bedriva utvecklingsarbete gällande nya produkter. Det långsiktiga målet för Epiroc är att maskinens delar, system och funktioner skall kunna verifieras i en virtuell miljö istället för på fysisk maskin. Målet för det här projektet har varit att samla och identifiera simuleringsmetoder som används inom divisionen idag, för att förbereda för framtida arbete. Detta har gjorts genom att utföra intervjuer med simuleringsexperter och genom en nulägesanalys. Vidare så har även slöserier och förbättringsområden identifierats.

[ES] Análisis y propuesta de mejora de una empresa de reciente creación cuyo concepto de negocio se basa en proporcionar valor añadido, diseño y confort fusionando el arte tradicional de la mampostería con tecnología de vanguardia como es la automatización del hogar. En primer lugar, se desarrollará una introducción que contenga un resumen y los objetivos del TFG. En el siguiente punto se pasará a explicar los antecedentes, la situación actual de la empresa y de su sector. En el tercer apartado se realizará un análisis del entorno. Siguiendo al análisis del entorno se desarrollará un análisis interno de la empresa. En el quinto punto tendrá lugar un análisis de la estrategia de marketing. Para el sexto apartado se realizará un análisis DAFO y CAME con el objetivo de analizar las variables internas y externas de la empresa y la competencia para así poder definir un plan estratégico. En el séptimo punto se llevará a cabo un análisis en profundidad de la propuesta de mejora. Por último, el trabajo finalizará con las conclusiones., [EN] Analysis and proposal for improvement of a recently created company whose business concept is based on providing added value, design and comfort by fusing the traditional art of stone masonry with cutting-edge technology such as home automation. First, an introduction containing a summary and the objectives of the TFG will be developed. The next point will be to explain the background, the current situation of the company and its sector. In the third section, an analysis of the environment will be made. Following this, an internal analysis of the company will be developed. In the fifth point an analysis of the marketing strategy will be carried out. For the sixth section a SWOT and CAME analysis will be performed with the aim of analysing the internal and external variables of the company and its competitors in order to define a strategic plan. In the seventh point an in-depth analysis of the proposal for improvement will be carried out. Finally, the work would be concluded with the conclusions.