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Introduction and objectives The human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] is a lentevirus, primarily infects certain cells of the immune system, thereby greatly weakens the body’s own defenses against diseases. This study was aimed to explore the value and significance of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the assessment of patients with HIV infection and to examine the presence of quantitative alterations in 18F-FDG uptake among patients with HIV-related infections or malignant diseases in HIV-positive patients. Patients and methods Forty patients with HIV infection were scanned on PET/CT system. The data were registered according to immune status, antiretroviral therapy, and definitive diagnosis. All pathologic lesions and disease related areas were described, 18F-FDG uptake patterns were evaluated. Semiquantitative analysis of 18F-FDG uptake was performed and SUVmax were calculated. Results Twenty-eight patients [70%] were diagnosed with HIV-related infection or malignant diseases. The sensitivity of PET/CT was shown to be 100% and the specificity 92% for concomitant diseases requiring additional treatment to antiretroviral therapy. The SUVmax and CD4 counts were not statistically different between HIV-related reactive lymphadenopathy, HIV-related malignancy, and HIV-related infections. Conclusions The pattern of distribution of nodal/extranodal uptake on 18F-FDG PET/CT may facilitate distinction between HIV-related generalized lymphadenopathies, HIV-related opportunistic infections, and malignancies. In this context, 18F-FDG PET/CT should be preferred for routine use in the management of patients infected with HIV.

Hematologic abnormalities are common in HIV and involve all blood cell lineages. A study on cytopenias, as correlated with disease progression, can be valuable in resource-limited settings. This study aimed to determine the hematologic profile of HIV patients and its association with CD4 count and antiretroviral (ARV) treatment.This is a retrospective cohort study involving adult Filipino HIV patients with complete blood count (CBC) and CD4 count determinations prior to the initiation of ARV treatment and after ≥6 months of ARV treatment. Logistic regression was performed to determine the association between cytopenias and a CD4 count200 cells/µL.The study included 302 patients. Anemia was the most common cytopenia. Anemia and leukopenia were associated with an increased likelihood of having a CD4 count200 cells/µL in ARV-naïve patients. In ARV-treated patients, leukopenia was associated with an increased probability of having a CD4 count200 cells/µL. An increase in hemoglobin, white blood cell (WBC) and platelet counts was observed after ≥6 months of ARV treatment.Anemia and leukopenia can be used as markers of immune status in HIV-infected individuals and improvement in the CBC parameters can be used to assess response to ARV treatment. Routine monitoring of hematologic parameters is recommended.

Цель работы – изучить состояние системы иммунитета в соревновательном микроцикле у спортсменов Кольского Севера в период полярной ночи. Обследовано 20 спортсменов мужчин, уроженцев Арктической зоны России, специализирующихся в борьбе самбо в возрасте 17-19 лет. Показано, что тренировочные нагрузки спортсменов-борцов в течение двухнедельного микроцикла (МКЦ) приводят к достоверному изменению фагоцитарной активности поли- и мононуклеаров, а также вызывают существенные сдвиги показателей Т – и В – системы иммунитета. Состояние иммунного гомеостаза у спортсменов в период подготовки и участия в соревнованиях в условиях Кольского Севера является маркером готовности спортсмена к решающим состязаниям., The aim of the work is to investigate the state of the immune system in the competitive microcycle in the athletes of the Kola North during the polar night. 20 male athletes, natives of the Arctic zone of Russia, specializing in sambo at the age of 17–19 years old were examined. It was shown that the training loads of male wrestlers during the two-week microcycle (MC) lead to a significant change in the phagocytic activity of poly- and mononuclear cells, as well as cause significant shifts in the T – and B – immunity system. The state of immune homeostasis in athletes during preparation and participation in competitions in the conditions of the Kola North is a marker of the athlete's readiness for key competitions., Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 4 (130) 2023

The objective of the study was to determine the comparative toxicities and immune dysfunction in the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus exposed to bisphenol A (BPA) and its two analogues; bisphenol AP (BPAP) and bisphenol P (BPP). Juveniles of C. gariepinus were exposed to sublethal concentrations (70 and 140 μg/L) of BPA, BPAP and BPP for 7, 14, or 21 days after which various endpoints which are indicative of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, haematological and innate immune parameters were determined in the liver homogenates or blood plasma. The exposure of C. gariepinus to BPA and its analogues caused significant increased activities of lactate dehydrogenase, catalase and superoxide dismutase. The exposed fish had increased levels of DNA fragmentation, lipid peroxidation, white blood cells, nitric oxide and respiratory burst while the red blood cells counts and the percentage packed cell volume decreased significantly in the exposed fish compared to control. The toxic effects elicited by the bisphenols were both concentration- and duration-dependent. Generally, BPA exerted the most toxic effects on the fish, followed by BPAP while BPP exerted the least toxic effect effects to C. gariepinus. Summarily, the findings indicated that BPA and its two analogues studied in the research are capable of causing cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and immune dysfunction in C. gariepinus.

The present study investigated the effect of Hermetia illucens larvae (BSFL) fat, derived using supercritical CO2 extraction and added to broiler chickens’ diets as a partial (50%) or total replacement for commonly used soybean oil, on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbial population, its activity, and selected physiological and immune traits. A total of 576 one-day-old female Ross 308 chicks were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments with 16 replicates each. The following treatments were applied: SO – 100% soybean oil, BSFL50 – a mixture of BSFL and soybean oils in a 50:50 ratio, and BSFL100 – 100% BSFL fat. Digesta samples from the crop, jejunum and caeca were collected for further analyses, i.e., pH measurements, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations. Additionally, the selected plasma biochemical parameters and immunological traits were assessed. In general, the implementation of BSFL fat in broilers’ diets resulted in increased proliferation of potentially pathogenic bacterial populations in the crop, such as Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroides–Prevotella cluster, and Clostridium perfringens. Furthermore, BSFL100 enhanced microbial activity via total SCFA production and lowered the pH in this segment. However, no detrimental effects were observed in terms of other GIT segments, i.e., the jejunal and cecal microecosystems. The strongest impact on reduction of select components of the microbial population in the cecum was observed with the BSFL50 treatment for potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroides–Prevotella cluster, while commensal populations were also limited, i.e., Bacillus spp., C. leptum subgroup, and C. coccoides–Eubacterium rectale cluster. Additionally, BSFL100 reduced the cholesterol concentration in the blood, while both experimental treatments decreased the ALT level. In conclusion, due to the insufficient release of lauric acid from the BSFL fat in the crop, an adverse shift in the microbiota can be noted. However, a positive suppressive effect on the select components of the cecal microbiota, as well as improvement of liver health suggests implying the BSFL fat in broiler nutrition.

Introduction. Recently, the issue of environmental pollution with various trace elements becomes increasingly important. Especially their adverse effects, even in small concentrations, on the health of children, in particular the immune system, because the child’s body is more susceptible to their accumulation in the process of the development. Objective. To evaluate the load of micronutrients in children — the inhabi­tants of the modern city of Lviv (Western Ukraine) and correlation of immunity parameters with their imbalance. Materials and methods. Using selected randomized copy-pair method, in 50 pairs (n = 100) of healthy children aged 6–15 years who lived in the area of research and rural regions from the birth, we have analyzed the contents of some heavy metals (toxic Pb, Cd and conditionally essential Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, Cr, Ni) in the hair by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Immune status of children has been assessed in terms of composition and expression of surface phenotypes of immune competent cells by direct immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibody panel. Mathe­matical processing of the findings was carried out by the methods of parametric and nonparametric statistics. Results. The content of heavy metals in children who live in modern cities is exceeded several times. At the same time, there was a reduction of conditionally essential micronutrients. The analysis of correlations between the main indicators of immunogram and concentration of trace elements in biological substrates of children found a close relationship between them, which confirmed the influence of environmental factors on the basic immunological parameters. Mathematical equations also confirmed the presence of factorial-effective relationship in the «environmental pollution — morbidity — micronutrient composition of biosubstrates — immune status» system and have a prognostic significance. Conclusion. Studies have shown that immune status, trace element composition of biological media of the organism and comprehensive assessment of the relationship make it possible to consider these figures as criteria of environmental risk.

espanolAntecedentes: Las deficiencias de anticuerpos abarcan un amplio espectro de patologias y constituyen aproximadamente 50 % de las inmunodeficiencias primarias; con la citometria es posible evaluar el estado inmunologico de forma rapida, efectiva y a bajo costo. objetivo: Evaluar mediante citometria de flujo, las celulas de pacientes con tres tipos de inmunodeficiencias primarias humorales. Metodo: Mediante citometria de flujo se analizaron muestras de sangre de pacientes y sujetos sanos con distintos anticuerpos monoclonales. resultados: Mediante diversas tinciones se demostro disminucion severa de linfoci- tos B en pacientes con agammaglobulinemia ligada al cromosoma X, la falta de expresion de CD154 en pacientes con sin- drome de hiperinmunoglobulina M y heterogeneidad de subpoblaciones de linfocitos B en pacientes con inmunodeficiencia comun variable. conclusion: Con la citometria de flujo es posible realizar el diagnostico temprano de inmunodeficiencias primarias con un nivel de confianza elevado y, en muchos casos, identificar los genes implicados. EnglishBackground: Antibody deficiencies encompass a wide spectrum of pathologies and constitute approximately 50 % of primary immunodeficiencies; with cytometry, it is possible to evaluate the immune status rapidly, effectively and at low cost. objective: To assess, by means of flow cytometry, the cells of patients with three types of primary humoral immunodeficiencies. Method: Us- ing flow cytometry, blood samples from patients and healthy subjects were analyzed with different monoclonal antibodies. results: Using various stains, a severe decrease in B lymphocytes was shown in patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia, as well as a lack of CD154 expression in patients with hyper-immunoglobulin M syndrome, and heterogeneity of B lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with common variable immunodeficiency. conclusion: Flow cytometry enables early diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies with a high level of confidence and, in many cases, identification of the genes involved.

Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a blinding corneal infection caused by the protozoan Acanthamoeba. The long-term course of AK suggests the host immunity could not kill Acanthamoeba rapidly. The immune status is still unclear in the late stage of AK. The comparative transcriptome analysis was made based on the bulk RNA sequencing of cornea tissues from AK patients and donors. Differentially expressed genes and enriched signaling pathways were calculated. CIBERSORT algorithm was used for immune infiltration analysis of cornea tissue between AK and normal controls. A total of 2668 differentially expressed genes, including 1477 upregulated genes and 1191 downregulated genes, were detected. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that the pathways were significantly enriched in leukocyte migration, regulation of T-cell activation, the external side of plasma membrane, collagen-containing extracellular matrix, immune receptor activity, and cytokine binding. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis showed that the pathways were significantly enriched in the cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction, hematopoietic cell lineage, and Staphylococcus aureus infection pathway. The immune infiltration profiles varied little between AK and normal controls. Compared with normal tissue, cornea tissue of AK contained a higher proportion of M0 macrophages and CD8 T cells, while resting memory CD4 T cells contributed to a relatively lower portion (p < 0.05). Finally, the expression levels of cell markers and SLAMF7/STAT6 pathway were confirmed by histopathology examinations, RT-qPCR, and Western blot.

The project "Effects of diving with compressed air on markers of function and integrity of the nervous and cardiovascular system as well as hormonal and immune status and erythropoiesis" is the product of the collaboration of 3 teaching and healthcare institutions and brings together employees of the: (1) University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry (prof. Jerka Dumić and assist. prof. Sandra Šupraha Goreta), (2) Dubrovnik General Hospital (Antonija Perović, Ph.D. and Marina Njire Bratičević), (3) and Dubrava University Hospital (assist. prof. Marko Žarak). The outcomes of the project so far are: 2 doctoral dissertations, 8 scientific papers and 6 poster abstracts, and another doctoral dissertation is currently being prepared. The results of this project were also presented several times at international congresses where the project participants were invited to give lectures. In one of the last phases of the research, a successful collaboration was achieved with the employees of the epiMark research group, especially Irena Abramović, Ph.D. and prof. Nino Sinčić. Their technology for the detection and quantification of cell-free DNA greatly helped us in understanding (patho)physiological mechanisms that occur during and after diving with compressed air (SCUBA diving). As a result of a successful collaboration a scientific paper has been recently published in the prestigious international journal Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. The results were also presented as a poster abstract at The Biochemistry Global Summit (25th IUBMB, 46th FEBS, 15th PABMB Congress) which was held in Lisbon, Portugal last year.

Xiaofeng Wu,1,&ast; Jing Zhu,2,&ast; Wei Liu,1 Meng Jin,1 Mengqing Xiong,1 Ke Hu1 1Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Ke Hu Tel +86 18971035988Email huke-rmhospital@163.comBackground: The hypoxia and immune status of the lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) microenvironment appear to have combined impacts on prognosis. Therefore, deriving a prognostic signature by integrating hypoxia- and immune infiltrating cell-related genes (H&IICRGs) may add value over prognostic indices derived from genes driving either process alone.Methods: Differentially expressed H&IICRGs (DE-H&IICRGs) were identified in The Cancer Genome Atlas transcriptomic data using limma, CIBERSORT, weighted gene co-expression network analysis, and intersection analysis. A stepwise Cox regression model was constructed to identify prognostic genes and to produce a gene signature based on DE-H&IICRGs. The potential biological functions associated with the gene signature were explored using functional enrichment analysis. The prognostic signature was externally validated in a separate cohort from the Gene Expression Omnibus database.Results: Five prognostic genes associated with overall survival in LUAD were used in the DE-H&IICRG-based prognostic signature. Patients in the high-risk group had an inferior prognosis, which was validated in an independent external cohort, and had lower expression of most immune checkpoint genes. In multivariate analysis, only risk score and T stage were independent prognostic factors. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the risk score were enriched for pathways related to cell cycle, hypoxia regulation, and immune response. TIDE analyses showed that low-risk LUAD patients might also respond better to immunotherapy.Conclusion: This study establishes and validates a prognostic profile for LUAD patients that combines hypoxia and immune infiltrating cell-related genes. This signature may have clinical application both for prognostication and guiding individualized immunotherapy.Keywords: lung adenocarcinoma, LUAD, hypoxia, immune status, prognosis, immunotherapy

Xiaofeng Wu,1,&ast; Jing Zhu,2,&ast; Wei Liu,1 Meng Jin,1 Mengqing Xiong,1 Ke Hu1 1Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of China&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Ke Hu Tel +86 18971035988Email huke-rmhospital@163.comBackground: The hypoxia and immune status of the lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) microenvironment appear to have combined impacts on prognosis. Therefore, deriving a prognostic signature by integrating hypoxia- and immune infiltrating cell-related genes (H&IICRGs) may add value over prognostic indices derived from genes driving either process alone.Methods: Differentially expressed H&IICRGs (DE-H&IICRGs) were identified in The Cancer Genome Atlas transcriptomic data using limma, CIBERSORT, weighted gene co-expression network analysis, and intersection analysis. A stepwise Cox regression model was constructed to identify prognostic genes and to produce a gene signature based on DE-H&IICRGs. The potential biological functions associated with the gene signature were explored using functional enrichment analysis. The prognostic signature was externally validated in a separate cohort from the Gene Expression Omnibus database.Results: Five prognostic genes associated with overall survival in LUAD were used in the DE-H&IICRG-based prognostic signature. Patients in the high-risk group had an inferior prognosis, which was validated in an independent external cohort, and had lower expression of most immune checkpoint genes. In multivariate analysis, only risk score and T stage were independent prognostic factors. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with the risk score were enriched for pathways related to cell cycle, hypoxia regulation, and immune response. TIDE analyses showed that low-risk LUAD patients might also respond better to immunotherapy.Conclusion: This study establishes and validates a prognostic profile for LUAD patients that combines hypoxia and immune infiltrating cell-related genes. This signature may have clinical application both for prognostication and guiding individualized immunotherapy.Keywords: lung adenocarcinoma, LUAD, hypoxia, immune status, prognosis, immunotherapy

Globally, there is increasing demand for safe poultry food products free from antibiotic residues. There is thus a need to develop alternatives to antibiotics with safe nutritional feed derivatives that maximize performance, promote the intestinal immune status, enrich beneficial microbiota, promote health, and reduce the adverse effects of pathogenic infectious microorganisms. With the move away from including antibiotics in poultry diets, botanicals are among the most important alternatives to antibiotics. Some botanicals such as fennel, garlic, oregano, mint, and rosemary have been reported to increase the poultry's growth rate and/or feed to gain ratio. Botanicals' role is assumed to be mediated by improved immune responses and/or shifts in the microbial population in the intestine, with the elimination of pathogenic species. In addition, modulation of the gut microbiota resulted in various physiological and immunological responses and promoted beneficial bacterial strains that led to a healthy gut. There is thus a need to understand the relationship between poultry diets supplemented with botanicals and good health of the entire gastrointestinal tract if we intend to use these natural products to promote general health status and production. This current review provides an overview of current knowledge about certain botanicals that improve poultry productivity by modulating intestinal health and reducing the negative impacts of numerous pathogenic bacteria. This review also describes the efficacy, negative effects, and modes of action of some common herbal plants applied in poultry as alternatives to reduce the use of antibiotics.

Background. The article analyzes the nature of the change in the phenotypic composition of blood lymphocytes, the content of IgA, IgG, IgM, and the fractional composition of immune complexes in patients with ischemic stroke and chronic brain ischemia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nature of disorders of cellular and humoral parts of the immune system in the acute period of ischemic stroke. Materials and methods. A comparative clinical and immunological examination was performed in 85 patients in the acute period of ischemic stroke (basic group) and 66 patients with chronic cerebral ischemia (control group). To assess cellular immunity, we used the indicators of immunophenotyping of blood cells — the absolute and percentage content of the population of T- and B-lymphocytes, their main subpopulations: T-helper cells, cytotoxic T-cells, subpopulations of natural killers. To evaluate humoral immunity, the contents of the main classes of immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM) and circulating immune complexes were studied. Results. In the acute period of stroke, an increase in the number of leukocytes (p = 0.028) and a decrease in lymphocytes (p = 0.031), T-lymphocytes (p = 0.002), T-helpers (p = 0.027) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (p = 0.045) were observed. There was also a tendency to a decrease in the number of natural killers (p = 0.45). In the humoral immunity an increase in the B-lymphocytes (p = 0.048), dysgammaglobulinaemia due to an increase in IgG level (p = 0.048) and the tendency to hyperfunction of IgA and IgМ (p = 0.05) were observed. Changes in immune status indicators are more pronounced with increasing severity of stroke. Conclusions. These studies demonstrate the involvement of the immune system in a complex set of reactions involved in the development of cerebral accidents., Актуальность. В статье проанализирован характер изменения фенотипического состава лимфоцитов крови, содержания IgA, IgG, IgM и фракционного состава иммунных комплексов у пациентов с ишемическим инсультом и хронической ишемией мозга. Цель исследования: изучить характер нарушений клеточного и гуморального звеньев иммунитета в остром периоде ишемического инсульта. Материалы и методы. Провели сравнительное клинико-иммунологическое обследование 85 пациентов в остром периоде ишемического инсульта (основная группа) и 66 пациентов с хронической ишемией мозга (контрольная группа). Для оценки клеточного иммунитета использовали показатели иммунофенотипирования клеток крови — абсолютное и процентное содержание популяции Т- и В-лимфоцитов, их основных субпопуляций: Т-хелперов, цитотоксических Т-клеток, субпопуляции натуральных киллеров. Для оценки гуморального иммунитета исследовали содержание основных классов иммуноглобулинов (IgA, IgG, IgM) и циркулирующих иммунных комплексов. Результаты. В остром периоде инсульта наблюдали повышение количества лейкоцитов (р = 0,028) и снижение уровня лимфоцитов (р = 0,031), зрелых Т-лимфоцитов (р = 0,002), Т-хелперов (р = 0,027) и цитотоксических Т-лимфоцитов (р = 0,045). Отмечена тенденция к снижению количества натуральных киллеров (р = 0,45). В гуморальном звене иммунитета наблюдалось увеличение В-лимфоцитов (р = 0,048), дисгаммаглобулинемия за счет повышения уровня IgG (р = 0,048) и тенденции к гиперфункции IgА и IgМ (р = 0,5). Изменения показателей иммунного статуса более выражены при увеличении тяжести инсульта. Выводы. Данное исследование доказывает вовлечение иммунной системы в сложный комплекс реакций, участвующих в развитии инфарктов мозга., Актуальність. У статті проаналізований характер змін фенотипового складу лімфоцитів крові, вмісту IgA, IgG, IgM і фракційного складу імунних комплексів у пацієнтів з ішемічним інсультом і хронічною ішемією мозку. Мета дослідження: вивчити характер порушень клітинної і гуморальної ланок імунітету в гострому періоді ішемічного інсульту. Матеріали та методи. Провели порівняльне клініко-імунологічне обстеження 85 пацієнтів у гострому періоді ішемічного інсульту (основна група) та 66 пацієнтів із хронічною ішемією мозку (контрольна група). Для оцінки клітинного імунітету використовували показники імунофенотипування клітин крові — абсолютний і відсотковий вміст популяції Т- і В-лімфоцитів, їх основних субпопуляцій: Т-хелперів, цитотоксичних Т-клітин, субпопуляції натуральних кілерів. Для оцінки гуморального імунітету досліджували вміст основних класів імуноглобулінів (IgA, IgG, IgM) і циркулюючих імунних комплексів. Результати. У гострому періоді ішемічного інсульту спостерігали підвищення кількості лейкоцитів (р = 0,028) і зниження рівня лімфоцитів (р = 0,031), зрілих Т-лімфоцитів (р = 0,002), Т-хелперів (р = 0,027) і цитотоксичних Т-лімфоцитів (р = 0,045). Відзначена тенденція до зниження кількості натуральних кілерів (р = 0,45). У гуморальній ланці імунітету спостерігали підвищення В-лімфоцитів (CD20+) (р = 0,048), дисгаммаглобулінемію за рахунок підвищення рівня IgG (р = 0,048) і тенденції до гіперфункції IgА і IgМ (р = 0,05). Зміни показників імунного статусу більш виражені при зростанні тяжкості інсульту. Висновки. Це дослідження доводить залучення імунної системи до складного комплексу реакцій, які беруть участь у розвитку інфарктів мозку.

During the last 30 years, our understanding of the development and diversification of postganglionic sympathetic neurons has dramatically increased. In parallel, the list of target structures has been critically extended from the cardiovascular system and selected glandular structures to metabolically relevant tissues such as white and brown adipose tissue, lymphoid tissues, bone, and bone marrow. A critical question now emerges for the integration of the diverse sympathetic neuron classes into neural circuits specific for these different target tissues to achieve the homeostatic regulation of the physiological ends affected.

The objective of the study: to evaluate the impact of HIV infection on the nature and results of surgical interventions in respiratory tuberculosis (RTB) patients with the relevance of their immune status.Subjects and Methods. An ambispective observational study with continuous sampling included 565 patients above 18 years old who underwent surgical interventions. The study participants were divided into RTB+HIV Group (90 patients) with HIV-associated respiratory tuberculosis and RTB Group which included 475 HIV negative patients with respiratory tuberculosis. In RTB+HIV Group, patients were divided into three subgroups: with CD4-lymphocyte count below 200 cl/μL (n = 41), 200-499 cl/μL (n = 26), and 500 or more cl/μL (n = 23).Results. Compared to RTB Group, RTB+HIV Group was found to have less frequent resection surgery (24%; p < 0.0001; OR = 3.0) with acomparable frequency of collapsed surgery (4%; p > 0.05) and much more frequent thoracic diagnostic surgery (11%; p < 0.0001; OR = 10.6) and extrathoracic surgery (50%; p < 0.0001; OR = 6.8). In RTB+HIV Group, patients with CD4-lymphocyte count below 200 cells/μL (46%; p < 0.05) who had no resection surgery predominated, and the rate of collapsed surgery was 2.4% (p < 0.0001). There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of postoperative complications for each individual type of surgery when stratifying participants by CD4-lymphocyte count in the intergroup comparison, as well as in RTB+HIV Group.

BackgroundAsthma is a heterogeneous disease that can be divided into four inflammatory phenotypes: eosinophilic asthma (EA), neutrophilic asthma (NA), mixed granulocytic asthma (MGA), and paucigranulocytic asthma (PGA). While research has mainly focused on EA and NA, the understanding of PGA is limited. In this study, we aimed to identify underlying mechanisms and hub genes of PGA.MethodsBased on the dataset from Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO), weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network analysis were conducted to construct a gene network and to identify key gene modules and hub genes. Functional enrichment analyses were performed to investigate the biological process, pathways and immune status of PGA. The hub genes were validated in a separate dataset.ResultsCompared to non-PGA, PGA had a different gene expression pattern, in which 449 genes were differentially expressed. One gene module significantly associated with PGA was identified. Intersection between the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and the genes from the module that were most relevant to PGA were mainly enriched in inflammation and immune response regulation. The single sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) suggested a decreased immune infiltration and function in PGA. Finally six hub genes of PGA were identified, includingADCY2,CXCL1,FPRL1,GPR109B, GPR109AandADCY3,which were validated in a separate dataset of GSE137268.ConclusionsOur study characterized distinct gene expression patterns, biological processes and immune status of PGA and identified hub genes, which may improve the understanding of underlying mechanism and provide potential therapeutic targets for PGA.

Torque Teno virus (TTV) is a group of chronically persisting viruses with a short circular DNA genome. TTV demonstrates a wide sequence diversity and a large majority of humans are chronically infected by one or more types of TTV. Since TTV is ubiquitous, and viral replication correlates with immune status, TTV has been studied as a marker to assess global functional immune competence in transplant recipients. Most studies of the prevalence, amounts, and variation in TTV have been performed using PCR assays. We here present a comparison of the most frequently used quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for TTV with shotgun metagenomic sequencing for detection and characterization of TTV in a cohort of pediatric cancer patients. The results show that TTV is more common than the qPCR assays indicated, and analysis of the TTV genome sequences indicate that a qPCR with primers and probe designed on a conserved region of the TTV genome may fail to detect some of the TTV strains found in this study. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

The aim of the study was to study the effectiveness of the use of immunomodulators and antioxidants in the correction of immune status parameters in patients with adenomyosis. 70 patients were examined, including 57 women (the main group), who were diagnosed with adenomyosis according to the results of a comprehensive clinical, ultrasound and hysteroscopic examination. The control group consisted of 23 gynecologically healthy women. After verification of the diagnosis, all patients with hypertension received standard treatment (SL) (clinical recommendations of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation from 2016). Among the female patients, 19 women received only SL (1st subgroup). 38 exhaust gases examined, in addition to SL, received various combinations of antioxidant, immunomodulator, and membrane protector and were divided into two subgroups. The second subgroup included 20 patients in addition to the SL receiving sodium ribonucleate; Hypoxene and phospholipids. The third subgroup included 18 patients who additionally received Inosine + Nicotinamide + Riboflavin + Succinic acid; Meglumine acridone acetate, and glycyrrhizic acid + phospholipids. The analysis of the cytokine status and the compliment system was performed at the time of admission and by the 15th day of observation. Detected changes of the cytokine status, complement system activation, increased oxygen-dependent activity of neutrophils in the peripheral blood (increased production of active oxygen forms as a result of respiratory burst) confirm the presence of immune inflammation on the systemic level. Insufficient clinical-laboratory efficacy of ST in the correction of immune changes has justified the use of drugs with immunomodulating, antioxidant, and membrane protective properties in the pharmacological therapy of adenomyosis, which have been successfully used in the treatment of other diseases with similar disorders.Optimal combinations of immunomodulators and antioxidants in the correction of the immune status of patients with adenomyosis were revealed. The study performed demonstrates the efficacy of correcting immune status parameters in patients with adenomyosis when the standard treatment is combined with antioxidant and immunomodulating agents.

The stress of weaning piglets negatively affects all factors of the body. First of all, this affects the violation of nutrition and a decrease in the activity of the immune system. The use of probiotics allows to reduce the negative consequences caused by weaning from a sow. The aim of the study was to study the effect of probiotics based on Lactobacillus reuteri on the indicators of nonspecific resistance and productivity of piglets. The obtained data showed a high efficiency of the use of probiotics. In the experimental group, the phagocytic activity of neutrophils increased by 4.4%, the phagocytic index was 6.6% higher, and the bactericidal activity increased by 29% compared to the control group. In piglets treated with Lactobacillus reuteri, body weight increased by 9.3%, and the average daily gains in the control group increased by 15.8%. The use of probiotics in the period of stress after weaning allows you to activate the immune status.

BACKGROUND Colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is one of the most common and fatal malignant tumors, which increases the difficulty of prognostic predictions. Thus, new biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of COAD should be explored. Ferroptosis is a recently identified programmed cell death process that has the characteristics of iron-dependent lipid peroxide accumulation. However, the predictive value of ferroptosis-related genes (FRGs) for COAD still needs to be further clarified. AIM To identify some critical FRGs and construct a COAD patient prognostic signature for clinical utilization. METHODS The Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus databases were the data sources for mRNA expression and corresponding COAD patient clinical information. Differentially expressed FRGs were recognized using R and Perl software. We constructed a multi-FRG signature of the TCGA-COAD cohort by performing a univariate Cox regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator Cox regression analysis. COAD patients from the Gene Expression Omnibus cohort were utilized for verification. RESULTS Our research showed that most of the FRGs (85%) were differentially expressed between the corresponding adjacent normal tissues and cancer tissues in the TCGA-COAD cohort. Seven FRGs were related to overall survival (OS) in the univariate Cox analysis (all P < 0.05). A model with five FRGs (AKR1C1, AKR1C3, ALOX12, CRYAB, and FDFT1) was constructed to divide patients into high- and low-risk groups. The OS of patients in the high-risk group was significantly lower than that of the low-risk group (all P < 0.01 in the TCGA and Gene Expression Omnibus cohorts). The risk score was an independent prognosticator of OS in the multivariate Cox analysis (hazard ratio > 1, P < 0.01). The predictive capacity of the model was verified by a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. In addition, a nomogram based on the expression of five hub FRGs and risk score can precisely predict the OS of individual COAD cancer patients. Immune correlation analysis and functional enrichment analysis results revealed that immunology-related pathways were abundant, and the immune states of the high-risk group and the low-risk group were different. CONCLUSION In conclusion, a novel five FRG model can be utilized for predicting prognosis in COAD. Targeting ferroptosis may be a treatment option for COAD.

High rates of cancer incidence and mortality from malignant neoplasms remains an urgent health problem. The development of the most effective therapeutic algorithms is required to improve the survival of cancer patients. An important condition for the discovery of new anticancer drugs and their translation into clinical practice involves the ability to model tumor growth, reproduce the characteristics of human disease, and evaluate measurable effects of pharmacological substances in laboratory facilities. Xenograft models established by direct implantation of fresh tumor tissue samples from individual patients into immunodeficient mice are considered suitable for both preclinical trials and for solving fundamental problems in oncology. The review highlights the significance of patient-derived xenograft models as a platform with high predictive value and the prerequisites that make them the preferred tool for research in cancer biology. The most important methodological aspects in the creation of these models are considered. Methods for obtaining and preparing biological tumor samples for xenotransplantation are discussed. The significance of the immune status, as well as the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of recipient animals, is described. The article presents the limitations of animal models associated with their immunodeficiency status and ways to overcome them. The principles for choosing xenotransplantation sites (heterotopic and orthotopic) and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. In conclusion, we emphasize the need to continue the work on optimizing PDX (Patient-Derived Xenograft) models to overcome their limitations and to obtain the most reliable and valuable research results in oncology.

The purpose is to characterize the clinical picture, immune status and the natural history of HIV infection in the stage of secondary diseases in vertical and parenteral infected children.Materials and methods. A clinical, laboratory, instrumental, immunological examination of 132 children in the stage of secondary diseases infected with HIV in a vertical way (90; I group) and parenteral way in infancy (42; II group) was carried. Results. The clinical picture of HIV infection in the stage of secondary diseases included various combinations of HIV-associated symptoms, opportunistic infections, tumors, which determines the symptomatology of a particular stage. The use of the Cox regression mathematical model of proportional intensities demonstrated a reduction in the duration of stage 4A (RR 5.8; 95% CI 1.4—10.5; P < 0.001), 4B (RR 3.4; 95% CI 1.8—4.3; P < 0.001) and 4V (RR 4.8; 95% CI 1.2—8.9; P < 0.001) in children of group I. Using the method of multiplying Kaplan-Meier estimates, the significant differences between the time curves from the beginning of the 4A stage (Р = 0.044), 4B (P < 0.001) and 4V (Р = 0.029) before the transition to the subsequent stage in children of groups I and II were established. The content of CD4 lymphocytes in the blood in patients of group I was higher as compared with group II at the time of debut of stages 4A (Me 37.5%, IQI 33—40% and Me 22%, IQI 18—24%; Р < 0.001), 4B (Me 25%, IQI 22—28% and Me 20%, IQI 18—22%; Р < 0.001) and 4V (Me 14%, IQI 12—18% and Me 11%, IQI 10—14%; Р = 0.047).Conclusion. HIV infection in the stage of secondary diseases in children infected with the vertical way is characterized by more rapid progression compared with parenteral infected in infancy patients, which is associated with the immaturity of the immune system.

Aspergillus is ubiquitous, so the significance of the finding depends on the patient’s symptoms, underlying lung condition, immune status, and radiologic fi ndings.

Objective — to investigate immuno-metabolic homeostasis in patients with new and recurrent cases of destructive forms of multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis (MDR-PTB) after treatment with bedaquiline and linezolid. Materials and methods. A clinical and laboratory examination of 175 people with MDR-PTB (89 patients with new cases and 86 patients with recurrent cases of destructive forms of MDR-PTB). The study was performed before and after treatment with bedaquiline and linezolid. The total leukocytes count (L), the leukocyte differential count (leukocyte formula), was determined in all subjects, The content of populations and subpopulations of lymphocytes were calculated using monoclonal antibodies to CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, CD23+, CD56+ lymphocytes antigen in the reaction of indirect immunofluorescence. Quantitative determination of serum immunoglobulins was performed by Manchini radial immunodif­fusion in a gel. The level of circulating immune complexes (CIC) was determined by the spectrophoto­metric method by precipitation in polyethylene glycol. Results and discussion. In patients with new cases of destructive forms of MDR-PTB to treatment revealed hypersensitivity reactions of the first and the fourth type. Expressed activation of humoral and killer parts of immunity detected. In patients with recurrent cases of destructive forms of MDR-PTB before treatment, there are pronounced hypersensitivity reactions of the fourth type and activation of the humoral and killer parts of the immune system.Patients with new cases of destructive forms of MDR-PTB after application of treatment regimens with bedaquiline and linezolid have hypersensitivity reactions of the first and fourth types. Activation of humo­ral and killer parts of immunity detected. In patients with recurrent cases of destructive forms of MDR-PTB after the application of treatment regimens with bedaquiline and linezolid revealed a pronounced hypersensitivity reaction of the first type and activation of the killer and humoral parts of the immune system. Conclusions. In patients with new cases of destructive forms of MDR-PTB before treatment revealed T-cell immunodeficiency, which is expressed by a decrease in the level of T-lymphocytes (1.7 times relative to normal) and T-helpers (twice below normal). In patients with recurrent cases of destructive forms of MDR-PTB before treatment revealed T-cell immunodeficiency with a marked decrease in the level of T-lymphocytes (1.8 times normal) and T-helpers (1.8 times below normal). In patients with new cases of destructive forms of MDR-PTB after the application of treatment regimens with bedaquiline and linezolid revealed activation of the T-cell immune system due to increased levels of T-suppressors. In patients with recurrent cases of destructive forms of MDR-PTB after the application of treatment regimens with bedaquiline and linezolid revealed T-cell immunodeficiency due to the reduced content of T-lymphocytes (1.5 times below normal), namely T-helpers (1.9 times lower than normal).

The current study aimed to assess the efficacy of two unlike laser wavelengths (655 nm and 808 nm) used as photobiomodulation or low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on the immune status in male rats. Sixty-five male Sprague–Dawley rats were considered in the experiments which were further divided into three groups. For all the three groups, LPS (lipopolysaccharide) was used as an immunostimulant and it was administered 5mg/kg via intraperitonially (ip) route for 3 consecutive days. In the first group, 655 nm LLLT (power 150 mW) was investigated against LPS induced immune response. Second group investigated 808 nm LLLT (power 150 mW) against LPS induced immune function. After finding out the better responsive LLLT, third group investigated 808 nm LLLT with different power ie 75 mW and 150 mW. The results indicated that 655 nm LLLT at 150 mW power was not restored LPS associated TNF-α and IL-1β content. While, LPS induced enhance IL-1β and TNF-α level was significantly decreased in 808 nm LLLT group. Further, comparison was studied in 808 nm LLLT at different power ie 150 mW and 75 mW and pro-inflammatory cytokines estimation was quantified. The outcome of the study concluded that 808 nm LLLT has anti-inflammatory activity at 150 mW power. Hence, the further research work is required in this direction to advise that 808 nm LLLT at 150 mW could be considered as a treatment to protect inflammatory diseases. Keywords: Photobiomodulation; low-level laser therapy (LLLT); immune status; 655nm; 808nm; in vivo

This study aimed to tentatively evaluate the effects of dietary vitamin E (VE) on goose reproductive physiology through the investigation of reproductive performance, egg characteristics, antioxidant capacity, and immune status in breeding geese. A total of 480 female and 96 male Jiangnan White breeding geese were randomly assigned to four treatments with four replicates, and each replicate had 30 females and six males. Four levels of VE were successively added to four treatment diets from 48 to 54 weeks of age, representing the effects of VE deficiency (0 IU/kg), basic-dose VE (40 IU/kg), middle-dose VE (200 IU/kg), and high-dose VE (2000 IU/kg). Neither the egg-laying rate nor the healthy-gosling rate were affected by any of the VE supplementations (p > 0.05). The qualified egg rate, hatchability of fertilized eggs, and spleen index were increased by each VE supplementation (p < 0.05). Egg fertility, the concentration of plasma reproductive hormones (i.e., the follicle-stimulating hormone, estradiol, and progesterone), follicular development, and antioxidant enzyme activities—i.e., the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)—in the liver and ovary were improved by 200 IU/kg of dietary VE (p < 0.05). Plasma VE concentration, immunoglobulin A, and immunoglobulin G content were increased, whereas plasma vitamin D3 concentration was reduced by increasing dietary VE levels to 2000 IU/kg (p < 0.05). The VE deposition of yolk, the yolk color depth, and the albumen rate were increased by each VE supplementation (p < 0.05). Antioxidant enzyme activities (i.e., MDA concentration, T-AOC, SOD, and GSH) in yolk were improved by 200 IU/kg and 2000 IU/kg of dietary VE (p < 0.05), compared with 0 IU/kg. The VE deposition was significantly correlated with GSH activity and the MDA concentration in egg yolk (p < 0.05). However, the high intake of dietary VE (2000 IU/kg vs. 200 IU/kg) decreased egg fertility (p < 0.05) and reduced the antioxidant capacity in the liver and ovary (p < 0.05). The qualified egg rate was positively correlated to immunoglobulin production (p < 0.05). Egg fertility and hatchability were correlatively improved by increased antioxidant enzyme activity; decreased MDA in the liver and ovary; hatchability; and enhanced immune status (p < 0.05). To sum up, both VE deficiency and high-dose VE (2000 IU/kg) reduced reproductive performance, whereas a dose of 200 IU/kg VE achieved optimal fertility, possibly through enhancing antioxidant capacity and immune status.

Oroanthral fistula (anastomosis) is an element preventing the restoration of homeostasis in the maxillary sinus due to the constant flow of microbes from the oral cavity. It is also contributes to frequent exacerbations of maxillary sinusitis. Saprophytic gram-positive cocci and fungi of the oral cavity are dominating representatives of the microbial flora in the maxillary sinus. As the result of research, we found that in the case of maxillary sinusitis with oroantral fistula fungi made up 25.0% of microbiota, gram-positive bacteria – 41.7%, gram-negative bacteria – 33.3%. Gram-positive cocci from the Staphy­lococcus genus (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and fungi (Candida albicans) comprised the biggest proportion of microbial flora that 33.3% and 16.7%, respectively. Slightly decreased levels of monocytes in venous blood was noted in 69.2% of patients. The average value of total serum IgE in group with oroantal fistula was 226.2 (70.4) IU/ml, the result exceeded normal limits almost in 2.26 times. Large circulating immune complexes (CICs) were normal in all patients in the group with iatrogenic maxillary sinusitis. The average lavels of small size CICs was 170.2 (4.23)ОU, which is in 1.06 times higher the upper limit of the norm (160ОU). Elevated levels of total Ig E in serum of patients with oroanthral fistula indicates allergic sensitization. The detection of increased levels of CICs with small and medium sizes in serum may indicate a susceptibility of this category of patients to the development of immunopathological reactions.

Актуальність. Рекурентні респіраторні захворювання є найбільш поширеною патологією дитячого віку, можуть супроводжуватись пригніченням імунного статусу і бути основою для розвитку хронічних запальних процесів бронхолегеневої системи у старшому віці. Мета дослідження. Вивчити вплив галоаерозольтерапії з підвищеною інтенсивністю галоаерозольного впливу на імунний статус дітей із рекурентними респіраторними захворюваннями поза гострим періодом. Матеріали та методи. Oбстежені 58 дітей, які часто хворіють, та 61 хворий на рецидивуючий бронхіт віком від 6 до 11 років. Усі діти були поза гострим періодом. Визначали фагоцитарну активність нейтрофілів і моноцитів та їх фагоцитарне число, а також кількість СD3+-, СD4+-, СD8+-клітини з розрахунком відношення CD4+- до CD8+-лімфоцитів. Лікування проводилось за трьома комплексами. Перший включав 18 сеансів галоаерозольтерапії. Другий передбачав скорочений курс галоаерозольтерапії з призначенням синглетно-кисневої терапії, третій проводився аналогічно до другого з додатковим призначенням віброакустичного впливу на грудну клітку. Результати. У обстежених дітей поза гострим періодом зберігаються порушення неспецифічного захисту, що проявляються вірогідним зниженням поглинальних властивостей нейтрофілів і моноцитів. Відмічаються також зміни клітинного імунітету з проявами дисбалансу основних субпопуляцій Т-лімфоцитів та вірогідним зниженням співвідношення CD4+/CD8+-лімфоцитів, більш виражені у хворих на рецидивуючий бронхіт, що обґрунтовує необхідність імунореабілітаційного лікування. Галоаерозольтерапія в обох групах дітей веде до вірогідного покращення чи нормалізації поглинальних можливостей нейтрофілів і моноцитів, а також сприяє усуненню Т-клітинного дисбалансу і спрямуванню Т-клітинної диференціації у нормальне русло. У дітей, які часто хворіють, покращення імунореабілітаційного впливу можливе при додатковому призначенні одного або двох лікувальних факторів, що дає можливість скоротити курс галоаерозольтерапії до 13 сеансів. У хворих на рецидивуючий бронхіт виражений імунореабілітаційний ефект досягаєтья тільки при використанні двох додаткових лікувальних чинників на фоні скороченого режиму галоаерозольтерапії. Висновки. Застосування галоаерозольтерапії у відновлювальному лікуванні дітей з частими та рецидивуючими респіраторними захворюваннями забезпечує виражений імунокоригуючий ефект, що запобігає подальшому прогресуванню процесу., Актуальность. Рекуррентные респираторные заболевания являются наиболее распространенной патологией детского возраста, могут сопровождаться угнетением иммунного статуса и быть базисом для развития хронических воспалительных процессов бронхолегочной системы в старшем возрасте. Цель исследования. Изучить влияние галоаэрозольтерапии с повышенной интенсивностью галоаэрозольного воздействия на иммунный статус детей с рекуррентными респираторными заболеваниями вне острого периода. Материалы и методы. Oбследовано 58 часто болеющих детей и 61 больной с рецидивирующим бронхитом в возрасте от 6 до 11 лет. Все дети были вне острого периода. Определяли фагоцитарную активность нейтрофилов и моноцитов и их фагоцитарное число, а также количество СD3+-, СD4+-, СD8+-лимфоцитов с расчетом соотношения CD4+- до CD8+-лимфоцитов. Лечение проводилось по трем комплексами. Первый включал 18 сеансов галоаэрозольтерапии. Второй предусматривал сокращенный курс галоаэрозольтерапии с назначением синглетно-кислородной терапии, третий проводился аналогично второму, с дополнительным назначением виброакустического воздействия на грудную клетку. Результаты. У обследованных детей вне острого периода сохраняются нарушения неспецифической защиты, которые проявляются достоверным снижением поглощающих свойств нейтрофилов и моноцитов. Отмечаются также изменения клеточного иммунитета с проявлением дисбаланса основных субпопуляций Т-лимфоцитов и достоверным снижением соотношения CD4+/CD8+-лимфоцитов, более выраженные у больных с рецидивирующим бронхитом, что обосновывает необходимость иммунореабилитационного лечения. Галоаэрозольтерапия в обеих группах детей приводит к достоверному улучшению или нормализации поглощающих свойств нейтрофилов и моноцитов, а также способствует устранению Т-клеточного дисбаланса и направлению Т-клеточной дифференциации в нормальное русло. У часто болеющих детей усиление иммунореабилитационного влияния возможно при дополнительном назначении одного или двух лечебных факторов, что позволяет сократить курс галоаэрозольтерапии до 13 сеансов. У больных с рецидивирующим бронхитом выраженный иммунореабилитационный эффект достигается только при дополнительном использовании двух лечебных факторов на фоне сокращенного режима галоаэрозольтерапии. Выводы. Применение галоаэрозольтерапии в восстановительном лечении детей с частыми и рецидивирующими респираторными заболеваниями обеспечивает выраженный иммунокорригирующий эффект, что предупреждает дальнейшее прогрессирование процесса., Background. Recurrent respiratory diseases are the most common pathology of childhood, they may be accompanied by suppression of the immune system and form the basis for the development of chronic inflammatory processes in the bronchopulmonary system at older age. Materials and methods. 58 sickly children and 61 patients aged 6–11 years with recurrent bronchitis were observed, the children were beyond the acute period. The phagocytic activity of neutrophils and monocytes and their phagocytic number, as well as the number of CD3+-, CD4+-, CD8+-cells with the ratio of CD4+- to CD8+-lymphocytes were determined. Treatment was carried according to three sets. The first one included 18 sessions of haloaerosol therapy. The second one provided a shortened course of haloaerosol therapy with the prescription of singlet-oxygen therapy, the third was conducted similarly to the second one with the additional prescription of vibroacoustic influence on the chest. Results. It was found that disturbances of nonspecific defense persist in the examined children beyond the acute period, which are manifested by a significant decrease in the absorption properties of neutrophils and monocytes. There were also changes in cellular immunity with manifestation of imbalance in the main subpopulations of T-lymphocytes and a significant decrease in the CD4+-/CD8+-lymphocytes ratio, more pronounced in patients with recurrent bronchitis. These changes indicate the need for immunorehabilitation treatment. Haloaerosol therapy in both groups of children leads to a significant improvement or normalization of the absorption properties of neutrophils and monocytes, and also helps to eliminate T-cell imbalance and to direct T-cell differentiation into the normal course. In sickly children, the increase in immunorehabilitation effects is possible with the use of one or two additional curative factors, which enables to reduce the course of haloaerosol therapy to 13 sessions. In patients with recurrent bronchitis, the most significant immunorehabilitation effect was achieved only by using two therapeutic factors on the background of the reduced regimen of haloaerosol therapy. Conclusions. The use of haloaerosol therapy in the recovery treatment of children with frequent and recurrent respiratory diseases provides a pronounced immunocorrective effect.

Introduction. At the present stage, the occupational pathology of the skin remains one of the significant medical and social problems. In this regard, special attention is paid to the early diagnosis of sensitization to industrial chemical allergens to target occupational allergic diseases. The aim of the study was to study the changes in clinical and laboratory parameters in the formation of allergic skin diseases in workers during nickel plating. Material and methods. Three hundred eighty-nine employees of the machine-building enterprise were examined. The leading group consisted of 214 people exposed to harmful chemical factors of production. Group of intact persons 175 people is represented by employees who do not come into contact with harmful factors of the production environment. The condition of the skin of workers was analyzed. Laboratory studies of oxidative metabolism and immune status were performed according to unified methods. The nickel content in the urine was determined by voltammetry. Results. At the studied enterprise, 38,3% of workers were diagnosed with occupational skin diseases (epidermosis, allergic dermatitis, eczema). In the formation of dermatological morbidity, an increase in the activity of alkaline (ALPn) and acid (ACPn) phosphatase of neutrophils by 1,7–2.2 times and inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPn) by 1.2–1.5 times relative to the control group was found. On the part of the immune system, there was an activation of the suppressor function of T-lymphocytes (СD8 + ); B-lymphocytes (СD20 + ), an increase in the content of immunoglobulins IgG, total IgE, circulating immune complexes by 1.5–2.0 times and a decrease in the levels of immunoglobulins IgA, IgM by 3.0–5.0 times compared to the control. The relationship between the nickel content in the urine of workers and changes in the indicators of АCPn (r = 0.76), MPn (r = –0.87), (CD4 + ) (r = –0.91), (CD8 + ) (r = 0,86), general IgE (r = 0.92), indicating the priority role of nickel compounds in the formation of allergodermatoses in workers. Conclusion. The proposed complex of biomarkers aims to detect early the initial forms of allergodermatosis and the formation of risk groups for the timely rehabilitation of electroplating workers.

Jie Min,1 Fei Dong,1 Pin Wu,2 Xiaopei Xu,1 Yimin Wu,2 Yanbin Tan,1 Fan Yang,1 Ying Chai2 1Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Ying ChaiDepartment of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-57187783642Fax +86 571-87068001Email chaiy@zju.edu.cnPurpose: Immunotherapy has made breakthroughs in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, only a subset of patients achieved long-term survival, so it is of great importance to find a biomarker of lung cancer thus guide immunotherapy. Studies have shown that the infiltration level of tissue resident memory CD8+ T cells (CD8+ TRMs) is positively correlated with lung cancer prognosis and can be an ideal biomarker for assessing the tumor local immune status. We screened the radiomic features associated with CD8+ TRMs as targets in NSCLC surgical specimens by radiomic approaches, and established a radiomic predictive model to assess the local immune status, which may provide a scientific reference for lung cancer treatment strategies.Patients and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the NSCLC surgical specimens immune cell database and extracted CD8+ TRMs cell data, preoperative CT scan data were achieved. A total of 97 patients containing complete preoperative data were included, radiomic features were extracted from the preoperative CT image data. All the patients were divided into two groups, namely high-CD8+ TRMs infiltrated group and low-CD8+ TRMs infiltrated group, based on the proportion of CD8+ TRMs cells subset in the immune cell population. The most valuable radiomic features and semantic features were extracted and selected, and a neural network model was established to predict the level of CD8+ TRMs cell infiltration level to assess the tumor local immune status.Results: The NSCLC tumor immune status predictive model was built to discriminate high- from low-CD8+ TRMs with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.788 (95% CI) in the training set and 0.753 (95% CI) in the validation set.Conclusion: The radiomic models using CT image data showed a good predictive performance for accessing NSCLC immune status thus has great potential for personalized therapeutic decision making.Keywords: non-small-cell lung cancer, NSCLC, radiomic, tumor immune status, tissue resident memory CD8+ T cells, CD8+ TRMs

Background: In the intensive care unit, the curative plasmapheresis technique is widely applied among severe patients, who show signs of both endogenous and exogenous intoxication. The impact of isovolemic isooncotic curative plasmapheresis on the status of hemoleukogram and immunological markers has not been studied yet. Material and methods: The study is retrospective, observational. The medical records of 34 COVID-19 patients from the COVID intensive care units of Timofei Mosneaga Republican Clinical Hospital who benefited from isovolemic, curative isooncotic plasmapheresis were analyzed. There were 25 complete, analyzed data sets. General data were recorded: preplasmapheresis, postplasmaphesis hemoleukogram. Results: Isovolemic, isooncotic plasmapheresis, performed in patients with severe COVID-19, SARS-CoV2 showed effects of improving the status of laboratory indices that denote the evolution and favorable prognosis of the disease. The activity of the cytokine storm decreased in both groups of patients, both in those with a mean age of up to 60 years and in those over 60 years of age, with p = 0.001. Patients over 60 years of age had a marked improvement in serum ferritin index, compared to patients in the age group up to 60 years, in the period after plasmapheresis, p = 0.043. Analogously, the level of C-reactive protein was analyzed, which clearly decreases in patients 60 years of age, p = 0.037 Conclusions: Isovolemic, isooncotic plasmapheresis is a procedure performed in severe COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) patients to improve the status of the cytokine storm. Moreover, the performance of the procedure in different age groups induced an improvement in the satiety of hemoleukogram and proinflammatory indices.

Meat producing broiler chickens may needs dietary amino acids of animal origin to obtain high growth, good health, muscles yield and healthy immune response. To investigate the effects of the amino acids mixture from animal origins rich in glycine on performance and immunity of broiler chickens an in vivo experiment was conducted at which T1 andT2 groups supplemented with amino acid mixture in every 10 days for successive 3 days, 8 hr. daily interval at dose 1 ml/L in drinking water and the second ( T2 group) was experimentally challenged with avian pathogenic E.coli (APEC) and the third group (T3) had no supplementation. The obtained results showed that amino acids mixture treated groups( T1 and T2) had a remarkable immune-modulation as noticed by significant elevation of phagocytic count and activities(lysozymes and nitric oxide production) ,expression of IL-4, IL-10 and interferon- gamma-genes using RT-PCR. Performance studies proved that there was an improvement of body weight gain and lowered mortality rate in amino acids treated group.

This review article analyzes the data on the role of selenium in the regulation of the metabolic and immune status of a macroorganism. The data on endogenous functional selenium-containing molecules, which include selenocysteine, selenomethionine, and selenoproteins, are considered. The data on the pathologies associated with the deficiency of this microelement, its immunotropic properties and adjuvant effects are presented. The role of selenoproteins in the regulation of redox processes has been shown. The data on the immunotropic activity of compounds containing selenium and the prospects for their use as adjuvants are analyzed. The last section is devoted to the analysis of literature data on the biological properties of synthetic selenium compounds with an activity that mimics the catalytic activity of selenoproteins. The analysis of the data on the functional activity of selenoproteins carried out in this work indicates their key role in the regulation of metabolic and immune processes, as well as in maintaining homeostasis. The information presented in this review on the biological activity and mechanisms of action of new synthetic low-toxic organic compounds of selenium can serve as a basis for the development of nonspecific means of metabolic and immune correction of vaccinal processes caused by both live attenuated vaccines and artificially created ones.

Specific prevention is one of the most effective methods for the control of infectious diseases causing considerable economic damage to commercial pig farms, among which is porcine pleuropneumonia. In order to improve the effectiveness of preventive vaccination, various immunomodulators that differ in their origin and mechanism of action are used. The paper presents the results of the study of the effect of such products as biferon-S and prostimul containing species-specific recombinant interferons on the immune status of piglets during specific prevention of porcine pleuropneumonia. Tests were carried out in clinically healthy 30–35-day-old piglets immunized with Ingelvac® APPX vaccine (Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Germany). It was found that the use of biferon-S and prostimul together with the vaccine administration is accompanied by immune status improvement in the animals, which is manifested as an increase, in comparison with vaccinated animals that received no interferon-containing products (base case), in serum levels of γ-globulins – by 34.6 and 53.7% (in case of prostimul and β-globulins – by 10.1%), total immunoglobulins – by 32.8 and 37.8%, large circulating immune complexes – by 37.5 and 52.6%, a less significant increase in the levels of small complexes and, as a result, pathogenicity coefficient reduction by 5.4 and 12.4%, respectively. Tests for post-vaccination immunity levels in piglets showed a 3.8-fold increase in the levels of specific antibodies against the antigen of porcine pleuropneumonia agent, and in case of the vaccine administration in combination with biferon-S and prostimul – a 4.0-fold and 4.9-fold increase, respectively. The use of prostimul was accompanied by a more considerable improvement of immune status in the piglets, and this is attributable to the fact that vitamins А, Е and С, which have antioxidant properties and improve the effectiveness of interferons, natural resistance and specific immunity, are included in its composition in addition to recombinant type 1 cytokine.

The aim of the study was to study the polymorphism of HIF-1A (rs11549465) and VEGFA (rs2010963) genes and their association with immunological parameters among the miners with lung dust pathology in the Kemerovo region. Material and methods. 200 Kuzbass miners aged from 39 to 58 years, working in the primary occupations with a high risk of occupational pathology, were examined. All the subjects were divided into two groups: the 1st group included 130 cases with a proven diagnosis of dust lung pathology. The 2nd group was a control one represented by 70 workers in the same sanitary and hygienic conditions but without occupational diseases. Polymorphisms of the HIF-1A (rs11549465) and VEGFА (rs2010963) genes were studied by the method of real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunological parameters were determined by immunoenzyme (immunoglobulins A, M and G) and immunoturbidimetric (haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin and α-1-antitrypsin) methods. Results. The study of the distribution of heterozygous genotypes 1772C/T HIF-1A and -634G/C VEGFA did not reveal statistically significant differences between the miners with dust lung pathology and healthy individuals in the South of the Kemerovo region. However, the study results showed heterozygous polymorphisms HIF-1A and VEGFA, particularly the level of haptoglobin α-1-antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin, and IgM, to affect the immune status of the miners with dust lung pathology. Conclusion. Heterozygous polymorphisms 1772C/T HIF-1A and -634G/C VEGFA can be used to determine the immune response and predict the development of dust lung pathology in miners, as well as the choice of treatment and preventive measures. Contribution: Zhukova A.G. — the concept and design of the study, writing a text; Kazitskaya A.S. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing, editing; Yadykina T.K. — collection and processing of material; Panev N.I. — editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship. Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Conclusion of the Biomedical Ethics Committee of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases: the study was carried out in accordance with the ethical standard of the Bioethical Committee of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, developed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Association “Ethical principles of scientific research with human participation”, as amended in 2013 . and “Rules of Clinical Practice in the Russian Federation” approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 266 of June 19, 2003.

Aim.Justify the use of low-frequency laser radiation (LFLR) treating chronic salpingoophoritis of chlamydial etiology, taking into account the assessment of the immune status.Material and methods.The study included 110 women, of which 80 women had chronic salpingo-oophoritis of chlamydial etiology, and 30 were practically healthy. In addition to conventional methods, patients underwent examinations like immunological analysis, ultrasound examination of the pelvic organs, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis.Results and discussion.When comparing changes in the immune status in patients after LFLR and who underwent traditional therapy in the group of patients with sexually transmitted infections (STIs), there was a slight increase in the number of T-lymphocytes and T-helpers, as well as a decrease in the number of T-suppressors. Also, in these patients, there is a slight decrease in the number of IgA and IgM against the background of an increase in IgG and an increase in the phagocytic activity of neutrophils. In patients with traditional therapy, the above-described changes persisted, while an aggravation of the disturbed T-cell balance was observed.Conclusions.Thus, according to the results of a comparative analysis of the obtained data on changes in the immune status in patients with chronic salpingo-oophoritis after the use of laser therapy, a statistically significant increase in the number of T-lymphocytes, an increase in subpopulations including T-helpers, a decrease in the number of T-suppressors, an increase in immunoglobulin G and an increase in phagocytic activity of neutrophils was observed.

The gut microbiome (GM) has been implicated in a vast number of human pathologies and has become a focus of oncology research over the past 5 years. The normal gut microbiota imparts specific function in host nutrient metabolism, xenobiotic and drug metabolism, maintenance of structural integrity of the gut mucosal barrier, immunomodulation and protection against pathogens. Strong evidence is emerging to support the effects of the GM on the development of some malignancies but also on responses to cancer therapies, most notably, immune checkpoint inhibition. Tools for manipulating the GM including dietary modification, probiotics and faecal microbiota transfer (FMT) are in development. Current understandings of the many complex interrelationships between the GM, cancer, the immune system, nutrition and medication are ultimately based on a combination of short‐term clinical trials and observational studies, paired with an ever-evolving understanding of cancer biology. The next generation of personalised cancer therapies focusses on molecular and phenotypic heterogeneity, tumour evolution and immune status; it is distinctly possible that the GM will become an increasingly central focus amongst them. The aim of this review is to provide clinicians with an overview of microbiome science and our current understanding of the role the GM plays in cancer.

Continuous replacement therapy with clotting factor products can lead to serious complications in haemophilia A patients. One of potential reasons of such complications is an undesirable immune response to a blood clotting factor VIII (FVIII) product, which undermines the treatment effectiveness. The aim of the study was to systematise and summarise data on undesirable immunogenicity of plasma-derived and recombinant FVIII products, formation of immunological tolerance, and modern approaches to the development of clinical trial programmes for such products. The analysis was based on scientific literature, as well as Russian and international guidelines, including the updated document of the European Medicines Agency. The paper presents clinical trial data on pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of FVIII products, including data on manifestations of unwanted immunogenicity. It highlights molecular mechanisms of interaction between inhibitors and FVIII, and analyses the main factors (genetic characteristics, immune status of patients, dosage regimen, etc.) affecting the frequency and intensity of the immune response to the product. The authors summarised approaches to the clinical trial design, including selection of patients and studied parameters. They substantiate the need for post-authorisation studies to collect additional clinical data on both efficacy and safety of the routine use of the product, including additional assessment of immunogenicity and other adverse reactions. It is concluded that the successful use of high-quality FVIII products ensures by harmonisation of requirements of Russian and international regulatory documents.

Tire particles pose a potential threat to terrestrial organisms because they are deposited in large quantities in the soil by tire wear abrasion, and moreover their chemical complexity poses an additional risk. Microplastics can affect several physiological processes in organisms, including those related to immunity. Therefore, we investigated the expression profile of selected immune-related genes (MnSod, Manganese Superoxide dismutase; Cat, Catalase; CypG, Cyclophilin G; Nos, Nitric oxide synthase; Ppae2a, Prophenoloxidase-activating enzyme 2a; Dscam, Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule; Myd88, Myeloid-differentiation factor 88; Toll4, Toll-like receptor 4; Mas-like, Masquerade-like protein) in haemocytes and the digestive gland hepatopancreas of terrestrial crustacean Porcellio scaber after two different time exposures (4 and 14 days) to tire particles in soil. Our results reveal for the first time the response of P. scaber after microplastic exposure at the transcriptome level. We observed time- and tissue-dependent changes in the expression of the analysed genes, with more pronounced alterations in haemocytes after 14 days of exposure. Some minor changes were also observed in hepatopancreas after 4 days. Changes in the expression profile of the analysed genes are a direct indication of a modulated immune status of the test organism, which, however, does not represent an adverse effect on the test organism under the given conditions. Nevertheless, the question remains whether the observed change in immune status affects the immunocompetence of the test organism.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is one of the greatest public health and social problems threatening the human race. The trend of annual AIDS deaths is showing a steady decline since the implementation of the free Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) program in India (2004). HIV infection is characterized by replication of virus by abnormal non specific immune activation and persistent inflammation. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) has a cytokine-like co-stimulatory role in T cell proliferation which is independent of catalytic activity. Therefore, we decided to study the role of ADA as an indicator of immune status in HIV patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) in HIV patients was estimated before and after 3 months interval of antiretroviral therapy (ART) up to 9 months. The study included 150 HIV positive patients between age group of 20-50 years from ICTC (Integrated Counseling and Testing Centre) and ART centre. Venous blood samples were collected in plain bulb to estimate serum ADA activity before and after 3 months interval upto 9 months of ART. Serum ADA activity was estimated using colorimetric method of Giusti and Galanti. Activity of serum ADA was significantly raised before and after 3 months interval of ART with decrease in CD4 cell count. After 6 months, increased ADA activity started declining and comes to near normal after 9 months of ART (p

We evaluated the effect of fermented and raw rapeseed meal (FRCM and RRSM) on the growth performance, carcass traits, serum biochemical indexes, immune status and intestinal morphology of broilers. A total of 420-day-old Arbor Acre male broilers were randomly assigned to a 1 + 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with one basal diet group, two rapeseed meal (RSM) varieties (FRCM and RRSM) and three addition levels (5%, 10% and 15%) for a duration of 42 days. FRSM significantly increased the ADG and ADFI of broilers during the 22-42 days and 1-42 days (p 0.05) growth periods compared with RRSM groups. No significant difference was observed in ADG and ADFI between broilers fed FRSM in different dietary levels and control diets (p 0.05), but broilers fed diet with 15% RRSM showed significantly lower ADG, ADFI and spleen index (p 0.05). Both FRSM and RRSM in different dietary levels affected the anti-oxidation function of broilers, including a significant increase in the serum contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (p 0.05), and a significant decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) (p 0.05). Fermentation tends to increase the villus height of duodenum (p = 0.09), and significantly increased the villus height and V/C ratio of duodenum (p 0.05) in birds. The duodenum villus height was the highest in the 5% FRSM group and lowest in birds of 5% RRSM group. A 10% level significantly increased the duodenal V/C ratio in both FRSM and RRSM birds. The results indicated that FRSM could be used to supplemented in broilers diet to improve the production performance and maintain good health. FRSM can be added to broilers diet at 10% without adverse effect on growth performance or immune function.

Increased incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) is a prerequisite for searching new therapeutic approaches, primarily with an opportunity of site-directed impact on the colon lesion. UC pathogenesis is associated with dysregulated immune response, and limited effectiveness of basic therapy for the disorder. Vitamin D3 exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and other properties, it has been shown to be effective in some autoimmune diseases, thus prompting us to study its effect on immune status in UC. We aimed for studying the effect of vitamin D3, as a component of original rectal suppositories, upon clinical course and indexes of immune status in experimental UC. UC in rats was modeled with 3% oxazolone solution. The vitamin D3-containing suppositories (1500 IU) weighing 300 mg were administered per rectum every 12 hours for 6 days. On days 2, 4 and 6 of UC, the clinical features were assessed as well as blood leukocyte counts, numbers of CD3+, CD45RA+; absorbing and NBT-reducing abilities of blood neutrophils were determined; IgM, IgG, IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations in serum were also studied.The DAI index increased in non-treated UC, along with raised neutrophil numbers in blood, their absorption and NBT-reducing activity was also increased, the total number of lymphocytes, including CD3+, CD45RA+became higher, serum concentrations of IgM, IgG, IL-6, IL-8 increased. Local use of vitamin D3 in UC reduces DAI parameters, causes decrease in blood neutrophil counts, reducing and partially restoring absorptive and NBT-reducing abilities of neutrophils, decline of total lymphocyte counts in blood, partially restoring the CD3+and CD45RA+ numbers, causing decline and partial restoration of serum IgM, IgG, IL-6, IL-8 concentrations. An association between clinical signs and indexes of immune status in UC was established under the conditions of vitamin D3 use. Conclusions: The protective effect of vitamin D3 in UC can be mediated by its antioxidant effect, changes in production of immunoregulatory cytokines, modulation of Th1-, Th2-, Th17-dependent reactions and Treg activity, being a pre-requisite for further studies to clarify the mechanism of vitamin D3 immunotropic action in UC,with an opportunity of using it in clinical practice.

Objective. The paper analyzes the immunological parameters to identify their hidden relationships and informativeness by multivariate analysis in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis taking into account gender differences. Materials and methods. The immune status of 112 patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis was examined. The number of eosinophils, the phenotype of lymphocytes (CD3 + CD4 + ; CD3 + CD8 + ; CD3 - CD19 + ), the concentrations of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ), antimicrobial peptide - α-defensin (HNP1-3), and serum immunoglobulin E was investigated. The principal components were analyzed. Results. The results obtained enabled to identify the most important principal components of immunological parameters, taking into account the magnitude of the correlation coefficients in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis. The role of various immunity indicators and their contribution to the immune system functioning was studied considering gender differences. In women in the first complex, CD4 (r = -0.75), CD19 (r = -0.70) have the greatest influence, in the second one - Ig E (r = 0.73) and blood eosinophils (r = 0.78). In men in the first complex, a high contribution was made by the serum Ig E concentration (r = 0.87) and the blood eosinophils number (r = 0.82). The high contribution of the serum IL 10 level (r = 0.72) in women is reflected in the fifth complex, where the age was the most significant for men (r = 0.82). Conclusion. The multivariate analysis method using confirms the possibility of revealing hidden relationships between the studied parameters. The detection of connected combinations between immunological parameters creates the main complexes, taking into account their contribution to the general characteristics of the immune system in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the feeding effect of diet composed of microparticle protein added with lime juice as an acidifier on immune status and efficiency of protein utilization in relation to the growth of broiler chicken. Dietary treatments tested were P1 was diet with 20% intact protein and CaCO3 as a Ca source, P2 was diet with 20% microparticle protein and eggshell as a Ca source added with 1.2% lime juice, and P3 was diet with 20% microparticle protein and eggshell as a Ca source added with 2.4% lime juice. Variables measured were protein and amino acids digestibility, retentions of N and Ca, fecal Nτ–methyl histidine (Nτ–MH) excretion as a protein turnover index, lymphoid organs, heterophil and lymphocyte (H/L) ratio, immunoglobulin A (IgA) as a body resistance indicator, feed consumption, body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 8 replications. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and Duncan test at 5% probability. Protein and amino acid digestibility, N, and Ca retentions were significantly (p

The aim of the study was to assess the measles immunity level among employees of medical organizations of various specialties, young subjects, and neonates. Materials and Methods. The measles immunity status was assessed for all the employees of St. Petersburg State Budgetary Healthcare Institution Maternity Hospital No. 10 (386 subjects), civilian medical staff of the clinics of the Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov (Military Medical Academy) (1399 subjects), cadets of the Military Medical Academy (304 subjects) and 34 neonates. Laboratory testing was performed by using ELISA with test kits “VektoKor-IgG” (RF). Results. Medical workers displayed high total level of protection against measles virus serologically confirmed in 87.5% of the maternity hospital staff and 81.6% of the employees at the Military Medical Academy clinics. No differences in the immune status between the varying categories of medical personnel from the departments of various specialties were revealed. Lower population immunity was observed in the 20-40-year age group. Among the employees of the maternity hospital, the proportion of measles virus seropositive subjects aged 20—40 years was 75.9% (95%, CI 67.2—82.9%), 40—59 years — 91.5% (95%, CI 86.7—94.7%), 60 year and older subjects were all seropositive (95%, CI 94.6—100%). Dual vaccination did not guarantee emergence of effective measles immunity. The majority of seronegative subjects were dually vaccinated, hence, even in case of previous dual measles vaccination, it is necessary to perform a serological examination prior to recruitment to medical facilities. Females comprised more than 90% of medical workers. Therefore, women of fertile age previously dually vaccinated, but immunologically seronegative, are at risk of measles and intrauterine fetal infection, as well as the risk of its development is increased in vaccination age children. It was confirmed by demonstrating that as few as 70.6±15.3% of neonates were immune to the measles virus. The proportion of seronegative infants (29.4±15.3%) was comparable to that one in seronegative subjects aged 20—40 years (24.1±8.1%) working at the maternity hospital. Among the younger age group (aged 18—23 years) such as cadets of the Military Medical Academy, a significantly higher proportion of seronegative individuals was found — 48.3±5.6%, thereby increasing probability for measles outbreak therein. Conclusions. In order to eradicate measles, it is necessary to develop a screening program for detecting antibodies against measles among young and middle-aged subjects.