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Chronological cues are ubiquitous in retail settings, whether they come in the form of production, release, on-shelf, or purchase dates, etc. Yet, they remain relatively underexplored in the marketing literature. Could newness that arises from these chronological cues lead consumers to prefer options merely because they are newer, above and beyond any substantive benefits conferred or implied by that newness? We propose and find in a series of eight preregistered studies (n= 2,216) that consumers exhibit mere newness preference across many product domains—preferring chronologically newer options over older options with no substantive benefits to newness. We provide evidence that overgeneralization is one important driver of mere newness preference: Most consumers hold positive (negative) associations with chronological newness (oldness) in an implicit association test, and mere newness preference is reduced in domains in which the opposite association exists. Consequently, consumers are willing to pay a newness premium even for mere newness.

Interest in unintended discrimination that can result from implicit attitudes and stereotypes (implicit biases) has stimulated many research investigations. Much of this research has used the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure association strengths that are presumed to underlie implicit biases. It had been more than a decade since the last published treatment of recommended best practices for research using IAT measures. After an initial draft by the first author, and continuing through three subsequent drafts, the 22 authors and 14 commenters contributed extensively to refining the selection and description of recommendation-worthy research practices. Individual judgments of agreement or disagreement were provided by 29 of the 36 authors and commenters. Of the 21 recommended practices for conducting research with IAT measures presented in this article, all but two were endorsed by 90% or more of those who felt knowledgeable enough to express agreement or disagreement; only 4% of the totality of judgments expressed disagreement. For two practices that were retained despite more than two judgments of disagreement (four for one, five for the other), the bases for those disagreements are described in presenting the recommendations. The article additionally provides recommendations for how to report procedures of IAT measures in empirical articles.

En France comme dans de nombreux pays, la recherche a établi l’existence de discriminations liées à l’origine. D’où viennent ces comportements de discrimination raciale ou ethnique qui se maintiennent et semblent loin de disparaître malgré les efforts visant à les éradiquer ? Cet article expose les principaux enseignements de la psychologie sociale au regard de cette question, une contribution encore largement méconnue en France. Dans un premier temps, je présente l’approche intergroupe en discutant de trois grandes théories des relations intergroupes développées en psychologie sociale : la théorie du conflit réaliste, la théorie de l’identité sociale et la théorie de la dominance sociale. Ces théories ont stimulé d’innombrables recherches, la plupart du temps concernant les stéréotypes et les préjugés, et plus rarement les comportements de discrimination eux-mêmes. Cette tendance tient au fait qu’il est difficile de mesurer les comportements de discrimination en laboratoire. Dans la deuxième partie, je présente une procédure expérimentale inspirée par la théorie de la dominance sociale et visant précisément à mesurer la discrimination. Les premiers résultats obtenus à l’aide de cette méthode sont prometteurs. Mais il s’agit ici de mesurer les comportements individuels de discrimination. La discrimination et le racisme ne se limitent pas à des attitudes ou des comportements individuels. Dans une troisième et dernière partie concernant les discriminations institutionnelles, je montre comment la théorie de la dominance sociale et les recherches aux USA ayant mis au point des mesures de biais racistes non-intentionnels offrent une perspective originale et inédite concernant les manifestations contemporaines de discriminations institutionnelles. Les résultats d’un programme de recherches mené en France au moyen de méthodes différentes s’avèrent théoriquement cohérents avec ceux obtenus aux États-Unis.

In France, as in many other countries, research has established the existence of origin-based discrimination. Where does this racial or ethnic discrimination come from, and why does it seem to last despite efforts to eradicate it? This article outlines the main findings on the issue in social psychology, whose contribution is still largely ignored in France. First, I describe the intergroup approach by discussing three major theories of intergroup relations developed in social psychology: realistic conflict theory, social identity theory, and social dominance theory. These theories have spurred much research, mostly about stereotyping and prejudice, but more rarely about discriminatory behavior. The reason for this neglect is that it is difficult to measure discriminatory behavior in a laboratory. In the second section, I present an experimental procedure inspired by social dominance theory, which aimed precisely at measuring discrimination. The first results obtained with this method are promising. The objective, in this case, was to measure individual discriminatory behaviors. However, discrimination and racism are not limited to individual attitudes or behaviors. In the third and final section on institutional discrimination, I show how social dominance theory and research developed in the United States to measure unintended racist bias provide an original and novel approach for understanding the contemporary manifestations of institutional discrimination. The findings of a series of studies conducted in France using different methods appear to be theoretically consistent with those obtained in the United States.

In this research project, I study how people perceive and judge Algorithmic Leadership, in terms of leadership behavior (Relational vs. Task oriented). The underlying theories will be Implicit Leadership Theories (ILTs), Behavioral approach to leadership, and Leader-Member Exchange. Two methods of Implicit Association Tests (IAT) and scenario experiments with randomization are used. The main motivation for this research is to understand how people implicitly view algorithms in leadership roles and how it is compared with a human leader. This question can be answered by conducting a study using Implicit Association Tests and Explicit measures to see 1) to what degree people associate algorithmic leaders with relational vs task-oriented leadership behavior.

In this research project, I study how people perceive and judge Algorithmic Leadership, in terms of Trust (Ability, Integrity, Benevolence). The underlying theories will be Implicit Leadership Theories (ILTs), Organizational Trust, and Leader-Member Exchange. Two methods of Implicit Association Tests (IAT) and scenario experiments with randomization are used. The main motivation for this research is to understand how people implicitly view algorithms in leadership roles and how it is compared with a human leader. This question can be answered by conducting multiple studies using Implicit Association Tests and Explicit measures to see 1) to what degree people associate algorithmic leaders with three elements of trust (ability, integrity, benevolence)

Gender-fair language (GFL) aims to fight women’s invisibilisation and can be applied through the feminisation of job titles, to counteract the masculine bias induced by masculine generics. This preregistration pertains to data collection regarding experiment 1 : assessment of the influence of GFL on STEM and care jobs with explicit measures. After conducting a pretest and aimed to include it in a paper, reviewers found insufficient that the data did not include an a priori power analysis and the participants' demographics. Hence, we will conduct a conceptual replication of this pre-test and this is its pre-registration. We measure how generic vs. gender-fair wording of jobs titles influences the estimated proportion of women and men in a given job.

Our behavior towards a stimulus can change as a result of observing a regularity between that stimulus and someone else’s emotional reaction, a type of social learning referred to as observational conditioning. We explore the idea that causal attributions (i.e., the extent to which the observer attributes the model’s reaction to the stimulus) play an important role in observational conditioning effects. In three experiments (total N = 665), participants watched videos in which one cookie was followed by a positive reaction and another cookie was followed by a negative reaction, after which their own evaluations of each cookie were measured via self-reports and an implicit association test (IAT). Critically, we manipulated whether the observed reactions were high or low in terms of distinctiveness (Experiments 1a and 1b) or consensus and consistency (Experiment 2). These three variables are known to influence stimulus attributions and were therefore predicted to moderate observational conditioning effects. In line with our predictions, high distinctiveness (Experiments 1a and 1b) and high consensus and consistency (Experiment 2) both resulted in larger observational conditioning effects, with one exception: high distinctiveness did not lead to larger changes in automatic evaluations (i.e., IAT effects). Taken together, our findings suggest that causal attributions play an important role in observational conditioning. We outline more elaborate analyses of the attributional processes that are involved and suggest potential future directions for research on observational conditioning. ispartof: Collabra-Psychology vol:9 issue:1 status: published

War manifests itself as an intergroup conflict, regardless of the motivations or groups involved. American Psychological Association (APA) defined intergroup conflict as a disagreement or confrontation between two or more groups and their members that may involve interpersonal, psychological, or physical violence (Cricenti et al., 2022). So, if a threat is believed to be related to personal safety or towards the country, conflict might lead to an ingroup and outgroup classification, resulting in support for aggressive polices toward the outgroup (Cricenti et al., 2022). We define intergroup bias as the systematic disposition of individuals to favorably evaluate their own membership group (the "ingroup") over a group to which they do not belong (the "outgroup") (Hewstone et al., 2002; Tajfel, 1970). Therefore, one's own ingroup's positive actions are interpreted as arising from the members' innate dispositions, whereas similar positive actions by the outgroup are seen as situational in nature. The outgroup was forced to act positively by the circumstance, whereas the ingroup did so because of its inherent nature. Contrarily, negative behavior by an ingroup is thought to be situational ("forced to be bad"), whereas negative behavior by an outgroup supports stereotypes of outgroup members as terrible actors (Lyall et al., 2013). A similar process occurred during Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2014: War enhanced pro-home identity, strengthening the link between Ukrainian citizens and the state across ethnic groups (Erlich & Garner, 2021). Regardless of ethnicity, a newly salient, hostile outgroup emphasizing the value of civic identity contributed to higher levels of pro-home-state identity (Saideman & Ayres 2008). From a European perspective, the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2014 had a significant and long-lasting positive influence on EU identity among European citizens. It was linked to increased trust in EU institutions and support for common policies (Gehring, 2022). We suggest that the current Russia-Ukraine conflict has exacerbated these processes, so that European citizens have responded to the conflict’s outbreak by strengthening their European identity, seeing Europe (and Ukraine, which has highlighted its pro-European values and applied for membership of the European Union by the end of February 2022, after Russia's invasion) as the ingroup, and Russia (with the set of values that this state represents) as the outgroup. As a result, our goal is to investigate the individual’s perception of Russia and Ukraine after the outbreak of the war, by measuring the degree to which the two countries are implicitly and explicitly associated with the concept of War and Peace in a sample of Italian participants. Even if the conflict has taken on the meaning of a war, with attacks and counterattacks from both sides (so both countries should be equally associated to the construct of War and Peace), implicit and explicit associations could be influenced by Italian participants’ ingroup (Europe/Ukraine) vs outgroup (Russia) bias, considering the two countries differently involved and responsible for the ongoing conflict. Moreover, explicit (but not implicit) associations could be more sensitive to conscious citizens' willingness to endorse a specific narrative of reality and the framework of values that it implies, which sees the conflict between Ukraine and Russia as a clash between European values and anti-democratic values, leading to a dissociation between explicit and implicit measures. The idea that could exist a dissociation between implicit and explicit associations is consistent with the literature: Research on implicit social cognition showed how implicit and explicit attitudes correlation was markedly lower when participants considered the research topic social sensitive (in other words, when participants were very concerned about the impression that the self-report response would make on others); for example, according to Erlich and Garner (2021), examining attitudes toward the home state and the aggressor during wartime, presented a significant methodological challenge because these are the opinions that respondents are most likely to falsify. In times of conflict, survey respondents may feel considerable pressure to express support for their home country and hostility toward the adversary, especially if the question is posed by a researcher they have just met. Moreover, Falvo and coll. (2013) hypothesized that implicit associations may reflect the cultural context and public debate rather than personal beliefs, partially explaining the dissociation between implicit and explicit measures. Literature provides numerous examples of the importance of using both implicit and explicit methods to conduct a thorough investigation of how citizens perceive nations and conflicts, particularly in polarized international debates where individual opinions may be influenced by social desirability, such as the Russia-Ukraine war. To illustrate, Ugarriza and coll. (2022) used an Implicit Association Test to assess the intergroup prejudice among war victims, guerillas and paramilitaries involved in the Colombian armed conflict, with a focus on the victimization experience and the processes involved in the post-war reconciliation. Falvo and coll. (2013) investigated the correspondence between explicit and implicit images of USA among Italians with different political orientation, finding a dissociation in how people perceive explicitly and implicitly USA , particularly among left-wing participants. Implicit measures have also been used to investigate the role of ethnic identity in the home-state bias during wartime (Erlich & Garner, 2021). Specifically, an Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald et al., 1998) was used to evaluate pro-Ukraine and pro-Russia attitudes among Ukraine citizens (after Russian invasion of Crimea in 2014), hypothesizing that Ukraine’s self-identified ethnic Russian minority could show stronger explicit pro-Ukraine attitudes because of social desirability, but weaker and even opposite implicit attitudes (Erlich & Garner, 2021). Focusing on our study, the IAT is thus a suitable method to investigate implicitly the association between Russia, Ukraine, War and Peace. The IAT is an implicit method aiming to assess the strength of associations among concepts (Nosek, Greenwald, & Banaji, 2007). The label “implicit” refers to the properties of the measure, that reveals the construct indirectly and implicitly (Greenwald et al., 2020), outside conscious awareness, addressing to the problem of “social desirability bias”, defined as participants’ reticence to express certain attitudes considered inappropriate and socially undesirable (Mo, 2015). The IAT measures associations between constructs in a relative rather than absolute way, thus being particularly useful for the purposes of this study. Ingroup-outgroup bias could also moderate beliefs about responsibility and blame for past actions toward the individual and the group, so that outgroup members’ actions are more blamed than the ingroup members’ ones, even in the war context (Lyall et al., 2013). If people tend to blame more outgroup actions and to favor members of one’s own group (Hewstone, 2002), we can suppose that the strength of the conscious ingroup-outgroup bias (reflected particularly in the explicit associations between Russia/Ukraine and War/Peace) could be correlated with the judgment of justifiability of Russia actions (as the outgroup, Russia should be blamed more when the ingroup-outgroup bias is stronger), and with the degree of agreement with the military and economic support of Ukraine (Ukraine should be considered as the ingroup, so participants with stronger ingroup-outgroup bias should be more favorably to help Ukrainian citizens). The judgment of justifiability of Russia actions could be considered as a specific attitude toward the Russia-Ukraine conflict. The literature highlighted that two constructs, the Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) and the generalized attitude toward war, are positive predictors of attitudes toward specific wars (Pratto et al., 1994; Cohrs & Moschner, 2002). SDO was defined by Pratto et coll. (1994) as "the extent to which one desires that one's ingroup dominate and be superior to outgroups" (p. 742). SDO could be considered the psychosocial foundation for the development of hierarchy-enhancing legitimizing myths-attitudes, values, beliefs, and ideologies that provide moral and intellectual justification for practices that result in unequal social value allocation among social groups (Roccato & Ricolfi, 2005). Moreover, previous research identified social dominance orientation as an important determinant of the generalized attitude toward war (Cohrs & Moschner, 2002; McFarland, 2005; Cohrs et al., 2005).

This study aims to verify the effect of mortality salience on unconscious ethnic bias among the Japanese. According to terror management theory (Greenberg et al., 1986), mortality salience motivates people to defend their cultural worldviews. Bradley et al. (2012) demonstrated that mortality salience strengthens participants' implicit racial bias in the Implicit Association Test (IAT; Greenwald et al., 1998). In this study, we will conduct an experiment with a sufficient sample size to detect a small effect (d = 0.2) to test the applicability on east Asians of the finding. The experiment registered here is a modified version of Otsubo (2022).

Preregistration for testing the sensitivity of the PEP to relational information.

The present study is aimed at showing that body related disgusting odors increase implicit prejudice towards stigmatized outgroups. In particular, here we assess this hypothesis by using a measure of implicit attitudes that relates more specifically to disease related concepts.

Initially we initiated a preregistration but forgot to update some of the uploaded materials. Additionally, that preregistration erroneously preregistered the study details component only, rather than the whole project. This preregistration amends these issues.

Attitude towards sleep-promoting behaviour is generally measured with explicit assessement tools. The addition of an indirect measure, capturing processes that operate at the automatic level, might improve the ability to predict sleep behaviour. We developed two types of implicit association tests to assess attitude towards sleep-promoting behaviour: an evaluation IAT (E-IAT) and an identification IAT (I-IAT). This study aims to examine if the E-IAT and/or I-IAT are an adequate measure to indirectly assess attitude towards sleep-promoting behaviour. To do so, we will compare both IATs on their construct validity. See the component 'Study Details' on the OSF Storage of this project for more details.

Though there is renowned progress toward gender equality, and hostile sexism is usually frowned upon, benevolent sexism behavior still generally receives positive reinforcement from society. In this study, we will examine the explicit and implicit attitudes of single women towards benevolent sexism. We will check whether women who support gender equality, still possess implicit and/or explicit positive attitudes to benevolent sexism. Also, we will investigate whether these attitudes are related to attraction to a man who shows benevolent sexist behavior.

Project Implicit Experiment testing a placebo-expectancy and associative account of approach-avoidance training effects on IAT scores

This study investigates how correct and incorrect performance information influence individuals’ beliefs about merit-based and affirmative action college admissions policies, and how each policy is related to the perceived performance and equity of elite public universities. The implications of this study inform a general understanding of how genuine and false information in combination with individuals’ existing views influences their perceptions of institutional policies and performance.

This project explores the effect of social dominance orientation on the explicit and implicit attitudes of Northern and Southern English speakers towards these two varieties of spoken English. To do this, it utilises an auditory implicit association test to assess associations of spoken words with competence-related adjectives.

Drawing on Compensatory Control Theory (CCT), diverse mechanisms to compensate perceived loss of control have been examined (see Kay et al., 2009, for a review). We aim to investigate whether stereotyping and prejudice also serve as compensatory mechanisms. We will a) test the influence of induced loss of control these processes and b) examine their impact on perceived control.

Following previous work (Jimenez, Arndt, & Helm, under review) which found that prejudice against Native Americans increased the discontinuation of Native American mascots (i.e., Chief Wahoo and Chief Illiniwek), the present study attempts to replicate this finding in the context of the removal of the Washington Redskins' name and mascot. Further, we are testing whether framing the removal as either racial progress or racial commitment influences prejudicial responses.

In this project we examine an effect of task switching instruction on switch cue evaluations

In the current research, we are interested in examining how parenting orientations changed from before to during the COVID-19 pandemic. We plan to examine how select features of the individual and their experiences during COVID-19 may impact changes in parenting orientations.

The goal of this study is to observe the relationship between implicit biases and visual fixation on suspects in high risk suspect situations. This study is a mixed between and within subjects design. Participants were exposed to twelve unique scenarios within a virtual environment which required a decision of whether or not to shoot. The simulation included two sets of 12 scenes, where 6 scenes included a Black suspect and 6 included a White suspect. Each scenario was approximately 30 seconds long and unfolded such that a decisive stimulus (a gun or benign object) appeared at the 28 second mark. In order to measure implicit biases, we used the Implicit Associations Test (IAT) which research has shown to have the power to reveal implicit racial biases (McConnell & Leibold, 2001). Additionally, there is evidence to support that the external motivation to appear prejudiced influences individuals to respond to implicit associations by trying to override them (James, 2018). We measured the effort to override implicit bias by focusing on the participants' visual fixation, or percentage of time in which participants are visually focusing on the suspect, since past research has shown that visual fixations are associated with biases (Mele, Federici, & Dennis, 2014).

Gender-fair language (GFL) aims to fight women’s invisibilisation and can be applied through the feminisation of job titles, to counteract the masculine bias induced by masculine generics. A first study (N=152) evaluates the influence of GFL on gender representations of Science/STEM and Care jobs with declarative measures. We observe that Science and Care jobs are respectively perceived as predominantly masculine and feminine. We predict that GFL will shift these representations toward gender parity. Instead, we observe an overall feminisation. A second preregistered experiment (N=81) uses a modified gender IAT to evaluate stereotypical associations between gender and Science and Care jobs. We replicate a classical IAT effect which is moderated by GFL: GFL reduced stereotypical associations and facilitated counter-stereotypical associations. We also observed an immediate (but not prolonged) influence of GFL. Altogether, this paper brings evidence that GFL can partly alter representations and debias stereotypical associations of professions.