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The post-harvest processing of strawberries generates considerable amounts of by-products that consist of the inedible parts of the fruit (sepal, calyx, stem, and non-marketable portion of the fruit), which is an environmental problem for local producers and industries. This study aimed to revalue these kinds of tissues through identifying and quantifying the genotype influence on the total phenolic content, phenolic profile, and the antioxidant activity of the by-products from three strawberry cultivars: ‘Festival’ (FE), ‘San Andreas ‘ (SA), and ‘Camino Real’ (CR). The total phenolic content was determined by the Folin–Ciocalteu method, in-vitro antioxidant activity by the DPPH* radical scavenging method and the phenolic profile by PAD–HPLC. The different genotypes showed significant differences (p /Kg of by-product ), followed by SA and CR cultivars. The antioxidant capacity of the SA and FE tissues were similar (p > 0.05) and higher (15.1–16.3 mmol Trolox equivalents /Kg R) than CR. Eight main phenolic compounds were identified and quantified on the three cultivars. Agrimoniin was the principal polyphenol (0.38–1.56 g/Kg R), and the cultivar FE had the highest concentration. This compound showed the highest correlation coefficient with the antioxidant capacity (R2 0.87; p

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-01T11:07:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-05-01 Syzygium cumini (Myrtaceae) is a tropical tree used in traditional medicines to treat several diseases. All parts of S. cumini are used for medicinal purposes and present antioxidant potential. In this study, we evaluated the phytochemical composition of the ethanolic extract of S. cumini leaves (EESC) and its biological activity in vitro and in vivo regarding some effects on the central nervous system. Behavioral tests of anxiety, depression, and memory were performed with mice and the cerebral cortex used to evaluate lipoperoxidation and the acetylcholinesterase activity ex vivo. The EESC showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, and gallic acid esters-4-O-glucurosides, detected for the first time in the species. The EESC presented antioxidant capacity in vitro with EC50 of 82.8 μg/mL in the DPPH assay and IC50 of 1.27 μg/mL in the lipoperoxidation test. The EESC inhibited the in vitro acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase activities presenting IC50 of 44.54 and 432.7 μg/mL, respectively. However, the EESC did not show significant effects on the behavioral tests and ex vivo assays. Our results confirm the potential of EESC as a source of bioactive compounds acting on important target enzymes for central nervous system disorders, but the in vivo effects must be better evaluated. Department of Biotechnology School of Sciences Humanities and Languages São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida Dom Antônio, 2100 Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas Universidade Federal do ABC, Rua Arcturus, 03 Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Botucatu, 740, 4º andar Department of Biotechnology School of Sciences Humanities and Languages São Paulo State University (UNESP), Avenida Dom Antônio, 2100

Boar taint is an unpleasant odour and flavour released during heat treatment of pork from uncastrated male pigs. The two main compounds responsible for boar taint are androstenone and skatole. Androstenone is a steroid hormone formed in the testis during sexual maturity. Skatole is a product of microbial degradation of the amino acid tryptophan in the hindgut of pigs. Both of these compounds are lipophilic, which means that they can be deposited in adipose tissue. Several studies have reported heritability estimates for their deposition from medium (skatole) to high magnitudes (androstenone). In addition to efforts to influence boar taint through genetic selection, much attention has also been paid to reducing its incidence using various feeding strategies. From this point of view, research has focused especially on the reduction in skatole content by supplementation of feed additives into the nutrition of entire male pigs. Promising results have been achieved using hydrolysable tannins in the diet. To date, most studies have investigated the effects of tannins on the production and accumulation of skatole in adipose tissue, intestinal microbiota, growth rate, carcasses and pork quality. Thus, the objective of this study was, in addition to determining the effects of tannins on androstenone and skatole accumulation, to assess the effects of tannins on the sensory traits of meat from entire males. The experiment was performed on 80 young boars—progeny of several hybrid sire lines. Animals were randomly assigned to one control and four experimental groups (each numbering 16). The control group (T0) received a standard diet without any tannin supplementation. Experimental groups were supplemented with 1% (T1), 2% (T2), 3% (T3) or 4% (T4) SCWE (sweet chestnut wood extract) rich in hydrolysable tannins (Farmatan). Pigs received this supplement for 40 days prior to slaughter. Subsequently, the pigs were slaughtered, and sensory analysis was applied to evaluate the odour, flavour, tenderness and juiciness of the pork. The results showed a significant effect of tannins on skatole accumulation in adipose tissue (p = 0.052–0.055). The odour and flavour of the pork were not affected by tannins. However, juiciness and tenderness were reduced by higher tannin supplementation (T3–T4) compared to the controls (p < 0.05), but these results were sex-dependent (in favour of men compared to women). Generally, women rated tenderness and juiciness worse than men regardless of the type of diet.

This research was focused on identifying gallotannins and ellagitannins degradation pathways to better understand their behavior in complex media such as wine spirits (WS). A WS was aged with chestnut wood staves with three levels of micro-oxygenation, nitrogen, and using wooden barrels. Gallotannins and ellagitannins were identified by LC-ESI-HRMS/MS using a Q-TOF in samples collected at 8, 21, 60, 180, 270, and 365 days of ageing, allowed comparing their relative abundances according to the ageing technology. It was established for the first time, the importance of oxygen in gallotannins and ellagitannins formation/degradation pathways in WS and shading light into the explanation for the steady increase of gallic and ellagic acid contents on WS during ageing. The results also highlighted the presence of penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, tetra-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, tri- O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, di-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, and mono-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose, 2,3-(S)-hexahydroxydiphenoyl- β-D-glucose, pedunculagin, isomers vescalagin/castalagin and two products stemming from ethanol-promoted oxidation of castalagin/vescalagin and vescalin/castalin, in the composition WS aged with chestnut wood. This paper is a result of the research Project OXYREBRAND, funded by National Funds through FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology under the Project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-027819 (PTDC/OCE-ETA/ 27819/2017). This work was also funded by National Funds through FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology under the Projects UIDB/ 05183/2020 [MED]; UID/AGR/04129/2020, DL 57/2016/CP1382/ CT0025 [LEAF]; UIDB/00239/2020 [CEF]; UIDB/00100/2020, PTDC/ QUI-QAN/32242/2017 and UIDP/00100/2020 [CQE], and contracts CEECIND/02725/2018 (to T.A.F.) and CEECIND/02001/2017 (to A.M. M.A). Joint funding from FCT and the COMPETE Program through grant RNEM-LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-022125 funding are also gratefully acknowledged. T info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the dietary inclusion of commercial hydrolysable tannins (HT) on the growth performance and haemato-immunological parameters of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic practical diets were formulated to contain 0; 0,1; 0,2 and 0,3% of HT obtained from the sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa). The 0,3% HT was designed to be included in a diet with a low level of fish meal (FM) (7,5%), while others included 10% FM. A total of 240 post larvae shrimp with an average initial body weight of 4.24 ± 0,03 g were randomly stocked in four groups, with four replicates per treatment and 15 shrimp per aquaria tank. Results showed that there were no significant differences in terms of final biomass, final mean weight, survival, weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and thermal growth coefficient (TGC). However, biologically, a better performance was observed when the diets had higher inclusion levels of HT. Shrimp fed diets with 0,2 and 0,3% HT had a significantly higher total haemocytes count, and those fed the diet with 0,2% HT also had a significantly higher lysozyme activity, compared to shrimp from the control group. These results indicated that 0,2 and 0,3% HT could remarkably improve the growth performance and the haemato-immunological parameters of Pacific white shrimp, and have potential functional properties when included in commercial diets for shrimp.

The use of flours or phenolic extracts obtained from non-traditional sources or agri-food industry by-products has been a strategy used to formulate new bakery products with characteristics of a functional food. However, phenolic compounds present great structural diversity, as well as the ability to interact in a complex way with the macromolecules that constitute the bread matrix. Therefore, the addition of these flours, extracts or pure compounds produces various effects on the microstructure of bread, and several of its sensory properties. This is mainly due to interactions between phenolic compounds and gluten proteins. The objective of this review is to analyze some of the most recent published works on the addition of phenolic compounds in wheat bread to identify the type of positive and negative effects that have been observed and how they can be related to the physicochemical interactions between phenolic compounds and the macromolecules that constitute the food matrix, mainly gluten. The effect of monomeric and polymeric phenolic compounds on the strength of these interactions and on the properties of dough and bread are discussed.Graphical Abstract

Light exposure of white wine can cause a light-struck taste (LST), a fault induced by riboflavin (RF) and methionine (Met) leading to the formation of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), including methanethiol (MeSH) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS). The study aimed to investigate the impact of different antioxidants, i.e., sulfur dioxide (SO2), glutathione (GSH) and chestnut tannins (CT), on preventing LST in model wine (MW) and white wine (WW), both containing RF and Met. Both MW and WW samples were added with the antioxidants, either individually or in different combinations, prior to 2-h light exposure and they were stored in the dark for 24 months. As expected, the light induced the degradation of RF in all the conditions assayed. Met also decreased depending on the antioxidants added. The presence of antioxidants limited the formation of LST as lower concentrations of VSCs were found in both MW and WW samples. In the latter matrix, neither MeSH nor DMDS were detected in the presence of CT, while only DMDS was found in WW+GSH, WW+SO2+GSH and WW+CT+SO2 samples at a concentration lower than the perception thresholds. Considering the antioxidants individually, the order of their effectiveness was CT ≥ GSH &gt, SO2 in WW under the adopted experimental conditions. The results indicate tannins as an effective enological tool for preventing LST in white wine and their use will be further investigated in different white wines under industrial scale.

Hydrolysable tannins (HTs) are useful secondary metabolites that are responsible for pharmacological activities and astringent taste, flavor, and quality in fruits. They are also the main polyphenols in Canarium album L. (Chinese olive) fruit, an interesting and functional fruit that has been cultivated for over 2000 years. The HT content of C. album fruit was 2.3–13 times higher than that of berries with a higher content of HT. 1-galloyl-β-d-glucose (βG) is the first intermediate and the key metabolite in the HT biosynthesis pathway. It is catalyzed by UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs), which are responsible for the glycosylation of gallic acid (GA) to form βG. Here, we first reported 140 UGTs in C. album. Phylogenetic analysis clustered them into 14 phylogenetic groups (A, B, D–M, P, and Q), which are different from the 14 typical major groups (A~N) of Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression pattern and correlation analysis showed that UGT84A77 (Isoform0117852) was highly expressed and had a positive correlation with GA and βG content. Prokaryotic expression showed that UGT84A77 could catalyze GA to form βG. These results provide a theoretical basis on UGTs in C. album, which will be helpful for further functional research and availability on HTs and polyphenols.

Jaboticaba is a Brazilian native berry described as a rich source of phenolic compounds (PC) with health promoting effects. PC from jaboticaba peel powder (JPP) have low intestinal bio-accessibility and are catabolized by gut microbiota. However, the biological implication of PC-derived metabolites produced during JPP digestion remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the antiproliferative effects of colonic fermented JPP (FJPP) in a 3D model of colorectal cancer (CRC) composed by HT29 spheroids. JPP samples fermented with human feces during 0, 2, 8, 24 or 48 h were incubated (10,000 µg mL−1) with spheroids, and cell viability was assessed after 72 h. Chemometric analyses (cluster and principal component analyses) were used to identify the main compounds responsible for the bioactive effect. The antiproliferative effect of FJPP in the CRC 3D model was increased between 8 h and 24 h of incubation, and this effect was associated with HHDP-digalloylglucose isomer and dihydroxyphenyl-γ-valerolactone. At 48 h of fermentation, the antiproliferative effect of FJPP was negligible, indicating that the presence of urolithins did not improve the bioactivity of JPP. These findings provide relevant knowledge on the role of colonic microbiota fermentation to generate active phenolic metabolites from JPP with positive impact on CRC.

Extensive ruminant farming systems often face fluctuating pasture availability, resulting in two periods with very different forage quality. Tannins are natural bioactive compounds able to modify ruminants’ digestive metabolism thanks to their bioactive properties. To evaluate a differential effect of tannins in different feeding situations, according to the availability of pasture along the year, an in vitro rumen incubation trial was performed. Buffered sheep rumen content was incubated in vitro with two different substrates, vetch pasture (VP) and vetch hay (VH), in the presence of two different tannin extracts, from quebracho (QUE) and a mixture of quebracho and chestnut tannins (MIX). Each of the tannin extract was tested at 0, 15 and 30 g of tannin/kg DM. The gas production was determined at 3.5 and 24 h of fermentation. After 24 h in anaerobic conditions, volatile fatty acids (VFA), ammonia and fatty acids (FA) were analysed. Interesting significative two-way interactions with different tannin extracts were observed in some fermentation parameters. Adding MIX to VH treatment resulted in a higher depression (P < 0.050) of ammonia production and iso-VFA proportions, compared to QUE supplementation, while no differences were observed in VP treatment. QUE was more effective than MIX (P < 0.050) in reducing acetate/propionate ratio when supplemented to VH treatment. However, the MIX treatment showed a higher increase (P < 0.050) of CO2/CH4 ratio after 24 h of incubation when supplemented at 30 g/kg, compared to QUE treatment. MIX and QUE exerted similar effects on rumen biohydrogenation. Tannin extracts decreased the rumenic/linoleic acid ratio and iso-FA proportions (P < 0.050) only when added to the VH treatment. These results demonstrate that tannin extracts are more effective in modulating rumen metabolism when associated with a hay-based diet. Also, the MIX treatment was more effective in protecting proteins from ruminal degradation, a key point in grazing periods. Therefore, extensive husbandry could benefit from different strategies for using dietary tannin extracts according to season and pasture availability.

Summary Although tannins have been an important focus of studies of plant–animal interactions, traditional tannin analyses cannot differentiate between the diversity of structures present in plants. This has limited our understanding of how different mixtures of these widespread secondary metabolites contribute to variation in biological activity.We used UPLC‐MS/MS to determine the concentration and broad composition of tannins and polyphenols in 628 eucalypt (Eucalyptus, Corymbia and Angophora) samples, and related these to three in vitro functional measures believed to influence herbivore defence: protein precipitation capacity, oxidative activity at high pH and capacity to reduce in vitro nitrogen (N) digestibility.Protein precipitation capacity was most strongly correlated with concentrations of procyanidin subunits in proanthocyanidins (PAs), and late‐eluting ellagitannins. Capacity to reduce in vitro N digestibility was affected most by the subunit composition and mean degree of polymerisation (mDP) of PAs. Finally, concentrations of ellagitannins and prodelphinidin subunits of PAs were the strongest determinants of oxidative activity.The results illustrate why measures of total tannins rarely correlate with animal feeding responses. However, they also confirm that the analytical techniques utilised here could allow researchers to understand how variation in tannins influence the ecology of individuals and populations of herbivores, and, ultimately, other ecosystem processes.

The interest in antimicrobial compounds as feed additives is currently increasing. Among different options, tannins seem to have several beneficial effects when employed in animals diet. The present study aimed at investigating the influence on caecal microbial communities of the supplementation of a chestnut and quebracho tannins mix in meat rabbit's diet, also considering animals live performances. Four groups of rabbits were fed with a different diet: a control diet (C); a control diet with coccidiostat (CC), and two experimental diets with 0.3% (T0.3) and 0.6% (T0.6) chestnut and quebracho tannins mix. For microbial analysis, culture-dependent and culture-independent methods were employed. Live performances were not significantly affected by tannins mix supplementations, as well as culturable microbial loads of E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroides spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. C. perfringens was always under the detection limit. A consistent result was obtained by qPCR. As for PCR-DGGE analysis, the Richness and evenness (Shannon-Weiner index) of bacterial communities in caecum resulted significantly higher in control samples (C and CC) than in those from rabbit fed with tannin-containing diets. Sequencing analysis revealed that the phylum Firmicutes was less represented in samples from control groups. As for the methanogen archaeal DGGE, no significant differences were found in richness and diversity among different groups, all dominated by Methanobrevibacter spp.. This work highlights the potential antimicrobial effect of chestnut and quebracho tannins mix in an in vivo system revealed by molecular analysis.

Context: High concentrations of crude protein in ruminant diets may lead to excessive production of ruminal ammonia, which may stress the animal’s metabolism and impact nitrogen efficiency. This may become a problem in zero-concentrate feeding systems when pasture grass is rich in crude protein. Polyphenols such as tannins may protect part of dietary protein from ruminal degradation and thus inhibit ammonia formation. Aims: The present study screened mature herbs for their potential to mitigate ruminal ammonia formation in cattle, when provided as a supplement to a forage diet. Methods: Thirty-five temperate-climate, herbaceous meadow plant species (including three legumes) that appear in biodiverse natural and sown pastures were investigated for their effects on ruminal ammonia production. Aboveground material was harvested during ripening of the seeds and analysed for nutrient and phenol concentrations. Net energy and protein absorbable at the duodenum were calculated. Incubations (24 h) with cattle rumen fluid following the in vitro Hohenheim Gas Test protocol were performed to compare the effects of the test plants on ruminal gas and ammonia formation. Test plants replaced one-third of a basal mixture consisting of 57% Lolium perenne L. and 43% Medicago sativa L. (air-dry-matter basis). Results were compared with those obtained with the basal mixture alone. Key results: According to regression analysis, ammonia concentration after incubation was negatively related to concentrations of total extractable phenols and total tannins in feed mixtures, whereas the relationship was weakly positive with dietary crude protein. In 23 and 19 of the test diets, respectively, in vitro gas production (indicating ruminal organic matter digestibility) and ammonia concentrations in the incubation medium after 24 h were significantly lower than with the basal mixture alone. Incubations containing Galium verum L., Leontodon hispidus L., Lotus corniculatus L., Onobrychis viciifolia Scop., Plantago lanceolata L., Sanguisorba minor Scop. and Scabiosa columbaria L. maintained gas production and estimated in vitro organic matter digestibility while at the same time lowering ammonia concentrations. Conclusions: Seven mature herbs of a screening of 35 proved to have potential for positive effects on ruminal protein utilisation without impairing fermentation. Implications: These herbs are of particular interest as dietary supplements for dairy cows grazing protein-rich pastures., Animal Production Science, 61 (5), ISSN:1836-0939, ISSN:1836-5787

Tannins are a class of phenolic compounds commonly found in plants and studied for their bioactive and inhibitory enzyme properties. Cytinus hypocistis (L.) L. is a wild edible parasitic plant whose biological properties have been correlated with its high tannin content. Thus, studying the extraction of tannins from C. hypocistis will give comprehensive clues to enhance the recovery of these high added-value bioactive compounds. The present work applied Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to optimise tannins extraction using Heat-Assisted (HAE) and Ultrasound-Assisted (UAE) methods. Two three-factor Rotatable Central Composite Designs were used to assess the linear, quadratic, and interaction effects of the independent variables on the target responses. The obtained results from both extraction systems revealed high ethanol percentages as the critical factor in increasing tannin content. The optimum global processing conditions predicted by the polynomial models were 95.1 min, 46.4 ◦C, and 74.3% ethanol for HAE; and 18.7 min, 327.4 W, and 69.3% ethanol for UAE. Following these conditions, 200 mg and 178 mg of total tannins per g of extract were recovered using HAE and UAE, correspondingly. Although HAE presented a higher final response, the UAE stood out as a time-saving technique. The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support through national funds FCT/MCTES to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020). A. R. Silva is grateful to FCT and FSE for her Doctoral Grant (SFRH/BD/145834/2019), and J. Pinela and L. Barros for the contracts through the individual (CEECIND/01011/2018) and institutional scientific employment program-contract, respectively. The authors are also thankful to the FEDER-Interreg Espa˜na-Portugal programme for financial support through the project TRANSCoLAB 0612_TRANS_CO_LAB_2_P and to ERDF through the Regional Operational Program North 2020, within the scope of the Project GreenHealth - Norte-01-0145-FEDER-000042. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Tannins are compounds able to form complexes with proteins limiting their ruminal degradation and thus the synthesis of some odour-active compounds may be inhibited. Tannins are broadly divided in condensed tannins (CT) and hydrolysable tannins (HT). The study aimed to assess the influence of dietary inclusion of three commercial tannin extracts, namely mimosa (Acacia mearnsii; CT), chestnut (Castanea sativa; HT) or tara (Caesalpinia spinosa; HT) on volatile profile and flavour of meat and kidney fat from lambs. Comisana male lambs were divided into four groups (n = 9 each) and fed for 75 days with a concentrate-based diet (CON) or CON supplemented with 4% of one of the tannin extracts. Tannins reduced “pastoral” odour in perirenal fat of lambs the meat of which was characterized by a very low perception of this attribute. It may be assumed that p-cresol and 8-methylnonanoic acid mostly contributed to “pastoral” odour expression in the diet without condensed or hydrolysable tannins.

Hydrolysable tannins are polyphenolic molecules contained in plant foodstuffs, potentially toxic for animals. Since tannins have been found in some bee products such as bee pollen, propolis, and ho...

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are caused by uropathogenic microorganism colonization. UTIs often require an antibiotic therapy that can cause the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains. A natural bioactive compound may represent a valid therapeutic adjuvant approach, in combination with drug therapy. In this paper, we present a pilot study, based on the administration of an oral food supplement (OFS), containing chestnut tannins and anthocyanins, to nephropathic patients suffering from recurrent UTIs (16 treated patients with 1 cp/day and 10 untreated patients). We performed laboratory tests and quality of life and body composition assessments, at T0 (baseline) and T1 (after 6 weeks OFS assumption). The analysis of OFS was performed by HPLC-DAD-MS for its content in polyphenols and by in vitro tests for its antioxidative and anti-free radical activities. In each capsule, polyphenol content was 6.21 mg (4.57 mg hydrolysable tannins, 0.94 mg anthocyanosides, 0.51 mg proanthocyanidins, 0.18 mg quercetin derivatives). A significant reduction of erythrocyte sedimentation rate was observed only in male patients. Urinalysis showed a significant reduction of leukocytes in both genders, whereas urinary bacterial flora at T1 significantly decreased only in male subjects. Tannins seem to exert an antimicrobial action according to gender, useful to counteract the recurrence of UTIs.

Both condensed and hydrolysable tannins represent versatile natural polyphenolic structures exhibiting a broad range of activities that could be exploited in various fields including nutraceutics, cosmesis, consumer care, household and pharmaceutical applications. Various tannins are commercially available nowadays for use in such application fields. We have analysed a representative selection of commercially available condensed and hydrolysable tannins for structural features and purity. Using a combination of quantitative 31P NMR spectroscopy, HSQC measurements, MALDI-ToF analyses, gel permeation chromatography and wet chemical analysis, detailed structural characterisations and descriptions were possible, allowing for verification and falsification of claimed structural features.

Ellagitannins may have a beneficial impact in cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of high-fat diet (HFD) and the efficacy of Castanea sativa Mill. bark extract (ENC) on cardiac and vascular parameters. Rats were fed with regular diet, (RD, n = 15), HFD (n = 15), RD + ENC (20 mg/kg/day by gavage, n = 15), and HFD + ENC (same dose, n = 15) and the effects on body weight, biochemical serum parameters, and inflammatory cytokines determined. Cardiac functional parameters and aorta contractility were also assessed on isolated atria and aorta. Results showed that ENC reduced weight gain and serum lipids induced by HFD. In in vitro assays, HFD decreased the contraction force of left atrium, increased right atrium chronotropy, and decreased aorta K+ -induced contraction; ENC induced transient positive inotropic and negative chronotropic effects on isolated atria from RD and HFD rats and a spasmolytic effect on aorta. In ex vivo experiments, ENC reverted inotropic and chronotropic changes induced by HFD and enhanced Nifedipine effect more on aorta than on heart. In conclusion, ENC restores metabolic dysfunction and cardiac cholinergic muscarinic receptor function, and exerts spasmolytic effect on aorta in HFD rats, highlighting its potential as nutraceutical tool in obesity.

In the thermal-drying processing of astringent persimmon fruit, the tissue-specific changes in the key antioxidants have hardly been investigated, while they have been well investigated in the flesh. We report here the different patterns of the antioxidant activities in the thermally processed flesh and peel of astringent persimmon, with analyses of the carotenoids, the condensed and hydrolysable tannins, and the total phenolics and flavonoids. The persimmon powders presented different colors on the basis of the drying temperatures: brown in 30 °C; light yellow in 60 °C; and dark brown in 90 °C, respectively. Non-maillard reaction and reduction of carotenoids caused the light-yellow color of 60 °C dried persimmon. Thermal drying reduced the antioxidant activities of the flesh in a temperature-dependent manner, with decreases in the carotenoids, the condensed and hydrolysable tannins, and the total phenolics and flavonoids, whereas it enhanced the antioxidant activities of the peel. The increase in the antioxidant activities in the peel were mainly the result of the increase in the total phenolics by the thermal effect, and especially in the content of the hydrolysable tannins, although the thermal processing decreased the other components. The heat-induced increase of antioxidant activity in the peel showed a strong significant correlation only with the contents of total phenolics (r2 = 0.9493) and total hydrolysable tannins (r2 = 0.9288), suggesting that the main antioxidant contributors differ from the flesh.

Quali-quantitative analyses of anthocyanins and non-anthocyanin phenolic compounds performed with the use of liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry, were evaluated in juice of pomegranate fruits (&lsquo, Dente di Cavallo&rsquo, ), in relation to different light exposures (North, South, West and East). A total of 16 compounds were identified, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, hydrolysable tannins, and anthocyanins, known for their health-promoting effects. Striking differences were observed about the total phenolic content, which was high in juices from fruits with east- and north-facing position, while it was lower in juices facing south. The greatest contents of total flavonoids and anthocyanins were recorded in fruit juices with southern exposure, however, there are no great differences in the content in phenolic acids. Tannins were mainly synthesized in fruit juices with West exposure. The results showed that the position within the tree had no significant effects on color juice, however, it significantly (p &lt, 0.05) affected data on fruit weight, soluble sugars and juice yield. Remarkable synergies existed among polyphenols and phytochemicals in pomegranate juice, but collecting fruits with different solar exposure could enhance different health benefits, i.e., the juices with higher polyphenols content could have more anticancer effect or those with higher tannins content could have more antimicrobial effect.

In this study, we tested the growth inhibition effect of 22 individual ellagitannins and of pentagalloylglucose on four bacterial species, i.e., Clostridiales perfringens, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus plantarum and Staphylococcus aureus. All tested compounds showed antimicrobial effects against S. aureus, and almost all against E. coli and C. perfringens. For L. plantarum, no or very weak growth inhibition was detected. The level of inhibition was the greatest for S. aureus and the weakest for C. perfringens. For S. aureus, the molecular size or flexibility of ellagitannins did not show a clear relationship with their antimicrobial activity, even though rugosins E and D and pentagalloylglucose with four or five free galloyl groups had a stronger growth inhibition effect than the other ellagitannins with glucopyranose cores but with less free galloyl groups. Additionally, our results with S. aureus showed that the oligomeric linkage of ellagitannin might have an effect on its antimicrobial activity. For E. coli, the molecular size, but not the molecular flexibility, of ellagitannins seemed to be an important factor. For C. perfringens, both the molecular size and the flexibility of ellagitannin were important factors. In previous studies, corilagin was used as a model for ellagitannins, but our results showed that other ellagitannins are much more efficacious, therefore, the antimicrobial effects of ellagitannins could be more significant than previously thought.

The partition coefficients (logP) between n-octanol and water of 47 purified and characterized hydrolysable tannins were measured with the shake flask method utilizing UPLC and HPLC with UV detection. Results show that galloyl glucoses and gallotannins are clearly more hydrophobic than ellagitannins but the differences in hydrophobicity within ellagitannins are more varied than within galloyl glucoses or gallotannins. Most notable structural features that were found to influence the hydrophobicity of ellagitannins were the number of free galloyl groups, acyclic versus cyclic polyol, substitution of the anomeric position of glucose and 4C1 versus 1C4 conformation of the glucopyranose core.

In this study, we tested the growth inhibition effect of 22 individual ellagitannins and of pentagalloylglucose on four bacterial species, i.e., Clostridiales perfringens, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus plantarum and Staphylococcus aureus. All tested compounds showed antimicrobial effects against S. aureus, and almost all against E. coli and C. perfringens. For L. plantarum, no or very weak growth inhibition was detected. The level of inhibition was the greatest for S. aureus and the weakest for C. perfringens. For S. aureus, the molecular size or flexibility of ellagitannins did not show a clear relationship with their antimicrobial activity, even though rugosins E and D and pentagalloylglucose with four or five free galloyl groups had a stronger growth inhibition effect than the other ellagitannins with glucopyranose cores but with less free galloyl groups. Additionally, our results with S. aureus showed that the oligomeric linkage of ellagitannin might have an effect on its antimicrobial activity. For E. coli, the molecular size, but not the molecular flexibility, of ellagitannins seemed to be an important factor. For C. perfringens, both the molecular size and the flexibility of ellagitannin were important factors. In previous studies, corilagin was used as a model for ellagitannins, but our results showed that other ellagitannins are much more efficacious; therefore, the antimicrobial effects of ellagitannins could be more significant than previously thought.

Combretum padoides Engl. &amp, Diels, C. psidioides Welv. and C. zeyheri Sond. are used forthe treatment of infections and tuberculosis related symptoms in African traditional medicine. In orderto verify these uses, extracts were screened for their growth inhibitory eects against M. smegmatisATCC 14468. Ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flightmass spectrometry (UHPLC/QTOF-MS) and GC-MS were used to investigate the polyphenoliccomposition in the active extracts. The lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), 625 g/mL,was shown by a methanol extract of the stem bark of C. psidioides. A butanol extract of C. psidioidesgave large inhibition zone diameters (IZD 21 mm) and inhibited 84% of the mycobacterial growthat 312 g/mL. Combretastatin B-2 and dihydrostilbene derivatives were present in the methanolextract of C. psidioides, whereas the butanol extract of this species contained punicalagin, corilagin,and sanguiin H-4. Methanol and butanol extracts of the stem bark of C. padoides gave large inhibitionzone diameters (IZD 26.5 mm) and MIC values of 1250 and 2500 g/mL, respectively. C. padoidescontained an ellagitannin with a mass identical to punicalagin ([M-H]&minus, 1083.0587) and a corilaginlike derivative ([M-H]&minus, 633.0750) as well as ellagic acid arabinoside and methyl ellagic acid xyloside.A butanol extract of the roots of C. zeyheri showed mild antimycobacterial activity and containeda gallotannin at m/z [M-H]&minus, 647.0894 as the main compound along with punicalagin and threeunknown ellagitannins at m/z [M-H]&minus, 763.0788, 765.0566, and 817.4212. Our results indicate thatthe studied species of Combretum contain phenolic and polyphenolic compounds with possiblepotential as leads for antimycobacterial drugs or as adjuvants for conventional anti-TB drugs.

The partition coefficients (logP) between n-octanol and water of 47 purified and characterized hydrolysable tannins were measured with the shake flask method utilizing UPLC and HPLC with UV detection. Results show that galloyl glucoses and gallotannins are clearly more hydrophobic than ellagitannins but the differences in hydrophobicity within ellagitannins are more varied than within galloyl glucoses or gallotannins. Most notable structural features that were found to influence the hydrophobicity of ellagitannins were the number of free galloyl groups, acyclic versus cyclic polyol, substitution of the anomeric position of glucose and 4C1 versus 1C4 conformation of the glucopyranose core.

In this study, we tested the growth inhibition effect of 22 individual ellagitannins and of pentagalloylglucose on four bacterial species, i.e., Clostridiales perfringens, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus plantarum and Staphylococcus aureus. All tested compounds showed antimicrobial effects against S. aureus, and almost all against E. coli and C. perfringens. For L. plantarum, no or very weak growth inhibition was detected. The level of inhibition was the greatest for S. aureus and the weakest for C. perfringens. For S. aureus, the molecular size or flexibility of ellagitannins did not show a clear relationship with their antimicrobial activity, even though rugosins E and D and pentagalloylglucose with four or five free galloyl groups had a stronger growth inhibition effect than the other ellagitannins with glucopyranose cores but with less free galloyl groups. Additionally, our results with S. aureus showed that the oligomeric linkage of ellagitannin might have an effect on its antimicrobial activity. For E. coli, the molecular size, but not the molecular flexibility, of ellagitannins seemed to be an important factor. For C. perfringens, both the molecular size and the flexibility of ellagitannin were important factors. In previous studies, corilagin was used as a model for ellagitannins, but our results showed that other ellagitannins are much more efficacious; therefore, the antimicrobial effects of ellagitannins could be more significant than previously thought.

Танины – обширная группа вторичных метаболитов, широко используемых в медицинской практике и в хозяйственной деятельности человека. Для них характерен широкий спектр фармакологической активности, в том числе противоопухолевая, вяжущая, кровоостанавливающая, антиоксидантная и прооксидантная, противомикробная, противовирусная и другие. Методы, используемые для химического анализа данной группы соединений и для стандартизации танин-содержащих видов растительного сырья, совершенствовались с развитием аналитических методов. Решение вопросов стандартизации и применения гидролизуемых и конденсированных танинов остаются актуальными и на сегодняшний день. В данном обзоре отражены основные вехи исторического развития анализа танинов: от использования качественных капельных реакций и физических свойств веществ, использования простейших физико-химических методов анализа до установления структуры ЯМР-спектроскопией, и от титриметрических методов с использованием химических и физико-химических индикаторов до современных методов высокоэффективной хроматографии с различными типами детекторов, а также использования сочетаний современных физико-химических методов анализа с математическими методами для оценки и прогнозирования качественного и количественного состава танинов и их фармакологического эффекта. Описаны основные виды биологической активности гидролизуемых и конденсированных танинов, полученных из растительных объектов и механизмы их действия., Tannins are an extensive group of secondary metabolites widely used in medical practice and in human activities. They are characterized by a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antitumor, astringent, hemostatic, antioxidant and prooxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, and others. The methods used for the chemical analysis of this group of compounds and for the standardization of tannin-containing types of plant materials have been improved with the development of analytical methods. Addressing the issues of standardization and application of hydrolysable and condensed tannins remain relevant today. This review reflects the main milestones in the historical development of tannin analysis: from using qualitative droplet reactions and physical properties, using the simplest physico-chemical analysis methods to establishing the structure of NMR spectroscopy, and from titrimetric methods using chemical and physico-chemical indicators to modern high-performance chromatography with various types of detectors, as well as the use of combinations of modern physicochemical methods of analysis with mathematical methods for assessing and predicting the qualitative and quantitative composition of tannins and their pharmacological effect. The main types of biological activity of hydrolysable and condensed tannins obtained from plant objects and their mechanisms of action are described.

The consumption of plant-based beverages can be an excellent way to increase the intake of bioactive compounds promoting consumers’ health. However, unprocessed plant-based beverages have a short shelf life and thermal treatments are usually required, affecting the overall quality of the beverages. High pressure processing (HPP) may be a solution since it has been recognized for retaining nutritional and sensorial quality of fresh foods. The acorn is very abundant in Portugal but still is sub-valorised to the point of staying in the field without any use, despite its high nutritional value, phytochemical compounds, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, and cardioprotective properties. This work aimed to develop a functional acorn beverage, free of gluten and lactose. Thereafter, the impact of HPP (450 and 600 MPa for 5, 12.5, and 20 min) and conventional thermal processing (85 ºC for 30 min) on the microbiological safety (Enterobacteriaceae, mesophiles, psychrophiles, molds and yeasts, Staphylococcus and lactic bacteria) and physical-chemical characteristics (pH, colour, antioxidant activity, and food compounds) was assessed. The initial acorn leaching reduces in 42.5 % the content of hydrolysable tannins, which are responsible for the undesirable astringency. The pressurized samples maintained microbiological stability over ten weeks of analysis, which was not verified for untreated samples. Moreover, HPP at 450 MPa/5 min was enough to inactivate B. cereus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The HPP better preserved the colour (lower ΔE*), but the pH increased after both treatments (from 5.1 to 5.9 and 6.2, for thermal processed and pressurized samples). The degree brix is very low in all samples (0.1 – 1.6 %), with higher values in the thermal processed samples. Total phenolics as well as antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH, and ORAC) were similar among the different treatments being gallic acid the main phenolic compound found in this beverage. The total carbohydrates, lipids, and protein contents were similar between the different treatments, as well as the lipid fraction, that shows elevated values of both MUFA and PUFA, namely nutritionally relevant fatty acids like oleic, linoleic, and linolenic. The lipid fraction also reveals low thrombogenicity and atherogenicity indices. This beverage is source of amino acids once it contains all the essential amino acids determinate. Regarding mineral content, potassium was the principal compound quantified but other minerals were found in minor amounts. The absence of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural was confirmed in both treatments. In the sensory analysis performed, the consumers preferred the pressurized treated sample. With this study some tests were performed in order to proceed with the development of a functional beverage with this fruit that is a surplus in Portugal and around the world. O consumo de bebidas vegetais pode ser uma excelente forma de aumentar a ingestão de compostos bioativos que promovem a saúde. No entanto, as bebidas vegetais não processadas têm um tempo de prateleira curto e geralmente são necessários tratamentos térmicos, afetando a sua qualidade. O processamento por alta pressão (HPP) pode ser uma solução, pois tem sido reconhecido por manter a qualidade nutricional e sensorial de alimentos frescos. A bolota é muito abundante em Portugal, mas ainda é subvalorizada, a ponto de permanecer no campo sem utilidade, apesar de seu elevado valor nutricional, compostos fitoquímicos, propriedades antioxidantes, anticarcinogénicas, e cardioprotetoras. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver uma bebida funcional de bolota, isenta de glúten e lactose. O impacto do HPP (450 e 600 MPa por 5, 12.5, e 20 min) e do processamento térmico convencional (85 ºC por 30 min) na segurança microbiológica (mesófilos, psicrófilos, bolores e leveduras, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus, e bactérias lácticas) e características físico-químicas (pH, cor, atividade antioxidante, e compostos antioxidantes) foi avaliado. A lixiviação inicial da bolota reduziu em 42.5 % o teor de taninos hidrolisáveis, responsáveis pela adstringência indesejável. As amostras pressurizadas mantiveram a estabilidade microbiológica ao longo de dez semanas de análise, o que não se verificou para amostras não tratadas. Além disso, o HPP a 450 MPa por 5 min foi suficiente para inativar B. cereus, E. coli, e P. aeruginosa. O HPP preservou melhor a cor (ΔE* menor), mas o pH aumentou após ambos os tratamentos (de 5.1 para 5.9 e 6.2, em amostras processadas termicamente e pressurizadas, respetivamente). O grau brix foi muito baixo em todas as amostras (0,1 – 1,6 %), mas com valores mais altos nas processadas termicamente. Os fenólicos totais e a atividade antioxidante (ABTS, DPPH, e ORAC) foram semelhantes entre os diferentes tratamentos, sendo o ácido gálico o principal composto fenólico detetado. O conteúdo total em hidratos de carbono, lípidos, e proteínas foi semelhante, bem como a fração lipídica, que mostrou elevados valores de MUFA e PUFA, ácidos gordos nutricionalmente relevantes, como oleico, linoleico e linolénico. A fração lipídica revelou também baixos índices de trombogenicidade e aterogenicidade. Esta bebida é fonte de aminoácidos, uma vez que contém todos os aminoácidos essenciais determinados. Em relação ao conteúdo em minerais, o potássio foi o principal composto quantificado, mas outros foram encontrados em menores quantidades. A ausência de 5-hidroximetilfurfural foi confirmada em ambos os tratamentos. Na análise sensorial realizada, os consumidores preferiram a amostra pressurizada. Com este estudo foram realizados alguns ensaios a fim de prosseguir com o desenvolvimento de uma bebida funcional com este fruto que é um excedente em Portugal e no mundo. Mestrado em Biotecnologia

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In tropical areas, dairy and meat production from ruminants is limited by low availability and poor quality of forages. In addition to this dietary constraint, the emission of enteric methane under these less productive conditions is proportionally larger than under temperate conditions. The aim of this work is i) to compare enteric methane production in tropical and temperate environments, and ii) to promote tropical forages rich in hydrolysable or condensed tannins having anti-methanogenic properties that could reduce the environmental impact without compromising animal productivity. This work includes three separate studies. The first one was an in vivo study aiming to determine the origin of the differences of digestibility, methane production, ruminal fermentation and microbial ecosystem between tropical and temperate countries using as variables: the site of the experiment (tropics or temperate area), the type of forage (grown in the tropics or in temperate areas); and the animal genotype (tropical or temperate). Results showed that differences are mainly due to forages, but with interactions between nature of forages, environment and genotype. The objective of the second study was to determine the effect of plants rich in condensed tannins (leaves of Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, and Manihot esculenta) on methane production, intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and microbial ecosystem. An in vivo trial demonstrated that the inclusion of 40% of these plants as pellets in sheep diet reduced enteric methane without compromising the nutritive value of the diet. An in vitro trial showed that the response to tannins was more due to tannin concentration than to the plant species. In the third study, plants rich in hydrolysable tannins (leaves and pods of Acacia nilotica) or in condensed tannins (leaves of Calliandra calothyrsus, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Manihot esculenta, Musa spp) were studied for their anti-methanogenic properties and their ruminal degradation in an in situ and an in vitro trial. Results suggest that hydrolysable tannins are more suitable than condensed tannins for mitigating methane emission because of a strong reduction in methane production without negatively affecting ruminal fermentation. These results have been partly explained by the fate of the different fractions of condensed tannins (free, protein-bound and fibre-bound) in the rumen. The association of plants rich in hydrolysable tannins with plants rich in condensed tannins failed to produce synergistic effects on methane mitigation. This work showed that enteric methane production by ruminants could be reduced in tropical areas by the inclusion of hydrolysable tannins without compromising digestive processes in the rumen; methane mitigation with condensed tannins may result in a reduction of the extent of fermentation.; En zone tropicale, la production de lait et de viande par les ruminants est limitée par une faible disponibilité et une qualité médiocre des fourrages. A ces contraintes alimentaires s’ajoute l’impact environnemental lié en particulier aux émissions de méthane entérique par les ruminants. L’objectif de cette thèse était de comparer la production de méthane en milieu tempéré et en milieu tropical, puis de valoriser des fourrages tropicaux connus pour leur richesse en tanins dont les propriétés anti-méthanogènes sont reconnues, et qui peuvent réduire l’impact environnemental sans compromettre la productivité animale. Cette thèse comporte trois expérimentations distinctes. La première consistait en une étude in vivo visant à déterminer si les différences de digestibilité, de production de méthane, de fermentation et d’écosystème microbien du rumen observées entre les zones tempérées et tropicales proviennent de l’environnement (site d’expérimentation en milieu tempéré ou tropical), du fourrage (produit en zone tempérée ou tropicale), ou du génotype ovin (race de zone tempérée ou tropicale). Les résultats ont montré que les différences sont liées en priorité à la nature du fourrage, et sont influencées par les interactions entre génotype, caractéristiques du fourrage et environnement. La seconde expérience consistait à étudier l’effet de plantes riches en tanins condensés (feuilles de Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Manihot esculenta) sur la production de méthane, l’ingestion et la digestibilité de la ration, les fermentations et l’écosystème microbien du rumen. Un essai in vivo a montré que l’incorporation de ces plantes à raison de 40% du régime d’ovins sous forme de granulés permettait de réduire le méthane entérique sans effets indésirables sur la digestibilité et la fermentation ruminale. Un essai in vitro a montré que le principal facteur de la réponse a été la dose de tanins condensés plutôt que la source. La troisième expérience consistait en l’étude in situ et in vitro du pouvoir anti-méthanogène et de la dégradation dans le rumen de plantes riches en tanins hydrolysables (feuilles et gousses d’Acacia nilotica) ou en tanins condensés (feuilles de Calliandra calothyrsus, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Manihot esculenta, Musa spp). Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que les tanins hydrolysables conviennent mieux à la réduction des émissions de méthane que les tanins condensés car ils inhibent fortement la production de méthane sans effets négatifs marqués sur la fermentation ruminale. Les effets des tanins sur la production de méthane et la fermentation dans le rumen ont été en partie expliqués par le devenir des différentes fractions des tanins (libres, associés aux protéines ou aux fibres) dans le rumen. L’association de plantes riches en tanins hydrolysables et en tanins condensés ne parvient pas à dégager de possibles synergies entre ces de types de molécules. Ce travail a permis de montrer qu’il était possible de réduire les émissions de méthane entérique par les ruminants en milieu tropical par la consommation de fourrages riches en tanins hydrolysables sans compromettre les processus digestifs dans le rumen ; la diminution de la méthanogenèse avec les tanins condensés présente plus de risque de réduire les fermentations.

In tropical areas, dairy and meat production from ruminants is limited by low availability and poor quality of forages. In addition to this dietary constraint, the emission of enteric methane under these less productive conditions is proportionally larger than under temperate conditions. The aim of this work is i) to compare enteric methane production in tropical and temperate environments, and ii) to promote tropical forages rich in hydrolysable or condensed tannins having anti-methanogenic properties that could reduce the environmental impact without compromising animal productivity. This work includes three separate studies. The first one was an in vivo study aiming to determine the origin of the differences of digestibility, methane production, ruminal fermentation and microbial ecosystem between tropical and temperate countries using as variables: the site of the experiment (tropics or temperate area), the type of forage (grown in the tropics or in temperate areas); and the animal genotype (tropical or temperate). Results showed that differences are mainly due to forages, but with interactions between nature of forages, environment and genotype. The objective of the second study was to determine the effect of plants rich in condensed tannins (leaves of Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, and Manihot esculenta) on methane production, intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and microbial ecosystem. An in vivo trial demonstrated that the inclusion of 40% of these plants as pellets in sheep diet reduced enteric methane without compromising the nutritive value of the diet. An in vitro trial showed that the response to tannins was more due to tannin concentration than to the plant species. In the third study, plants rich in hydrolysable tannins (leaves and pods of Acacia nilotica) or in condensed tannins (leaves of Calliandra calothyrsus, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Manihot esculenta, Musa spp) were studied for their anti-methanogenic properties and their ruminal degradation in an in situ and an in vitro trial. Results suggest that hydrolysable tannins are more suitable than condensed tannins for mitigating methane emission because of a strong reduction in methane production without negatively affecting ruminal fermentation. These results have been partly explained by the fate of the different fractions of condensed tannins (free, protein-bound and fibre-bound) in the rumen. The association of plants rich in hydrolysable tannins with plants rich in condensed tannins failed to produce synergistic effects on methane mitigation. This work showed that enteric methane production by ruminants could be reduced in tropical areas by the inclusion of hydrolysable tannins without compromising digestive processes in the rumen; methane mitigation with condensed tannins may result in a reduction of the extent of fermentation.; En zone tropicale, la production de lait et de viande par les ruminants est limitée par une faible disponibilité et une qualité médiocre des fourrages. A ces contraintes alimentaires s’ajoute l’impact environnemental lié en particulier aux émissions de méthane entérique par les ruminants. L’objectif de cette thèse était de comparer la production de méthane en milieu tempéré et en milieu tropical, puis de valoriser des fourrages tropicaux connus pour leur richesse en tanins dont les propriétés anti-méthanogènes sont reconnues, et qui peuvent réduire l’impact environnemental sans compromettre la productivité animale. Cette thèse comporte trois expérimentations distinctes. La première consistait en une étude in vivo visant à déterminer si les différences de digestibilité, de production de méthane, de fermentation et d’écosystème microbien du rumen observées entre les zones tempérées et tropicales proviennent de l’environnement (site d’expérimentation en milieu tempéré ou tropical), du fourrage (produit en zone tempérée ou tropicale), ou du génotype ovin (race de zone tempérée ou tropicale). Les résultats ont montré que les différences sont liées en priorité à la nature du fourrage, et sont influencées par les interactions entre génotype, caractéristiques du fourrage et environnement. La seconde expérience consistait à étudier l’effet de plantes riches en tanins condensés (feuilles de Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Manihot esculenta) sur la production de méthane, l’ingestion et la digestibilité de la ration, les fermentations et l’écosystème microbien du rumen. Un essai in vivo a montré que l’incorporation de ces plantes à raison de 40% du régime d’ovins sous forme de granulés permettait de réduire le méthane entérique sans effets indésirables sur la digestibilité et la fermentation ruminale. Un essai in vitro a montré que le principal facteur de la réponse a été la dose de tanins condensés plutôt que la source. La troisième expérience consistait en l’étude in situ et in vitro du pouvoir anti-méthanogène et de la dégradation dans le rumen de plantes riches en tanins hydrolysables (feuilles et gousses d’Acacia nilotica) ou en tanins condensés (feuilles de Calliandra calothyrsus, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Manihot esculenta, Musa spp). Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que les tanins hydrolysables conviennent mieux à la réduction des émissions de méthane que les tanins condensés car ils inhibent fortement la production de méthane sans effets négatifs marqués sur la fermentation ruminale. Les effets des tanins sur la production de méthane et la fermentation dans le rumen ont été en partie expliqués par le devenir des différentes fractions des tanins (libres, associés aux protéines ou aux fibres) dans le rumen. L’association de plantes riches en tanins hydrolysables et en tanins condensés ne parvient pas à dégager de possibles synergies entre ces de types de molécules. Ce travail a permis de montrer qu’il était possible de réduire les émissions de méthane entérique par les ruminants en milieu tropical par la consommation de fourrages riches en tanins hydrolysables sans compromettre les processus digestifs dans le rumen ; la diminution de la méthanogenèse avec les tanins condensés présente plus de risque de réduire les fermentations.

A retrospective data analysis suggested that the levels of boar taint compounds depend on the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) level of the adipose tissue (AT) being significantly greater in the unsaturated AT. In addition, we recently reported that hydrolysable tannins (HTs) offered to entire males (EMs) reduce skatole and, to a greater extent, indole levels in the AT. Thus, the objective of the study was to determine the impact of HTs and a high dietary level of PUFA on growth performance and board taint compounds in EMs. In addition, the interaction between PUFA and HTs on gut microbiota and its link to intestinal skatole and indole production was investigated. At 25 kg BW, 44 EM originating from 11 litters were randomly assigned within litter to four dietary treatments. Two basal grower (25&ndash, 60 kg BW) and finisher (60&ndash, 105 kg BW) diets containing either 2% soy oil (H = high PUFA level) or 2% tallow (L = low PUFA level) were formulated. The H and L diets were either supplemented (H+/L+) or not (H&minus, /L&minus, ) with 3% chestnut extract containing 50% HTs. The pigs had ad libitum access to the diets and were slaughtered at 170 days of age. The microbiota composition was investigated through the 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained by next-generation sequencing (Illumia MiSeq platform, San Diego, CA, USA) and analyzed with a specific packages in R, version 3.5.0. Regardless of the PUFA content, the EMs fed the H+ diets were 2% (p &lt, 0.01) less feed efficient overall. This was due to the slower (p = 0.01) growth in the finisher period despite similar feed intake. Carcass characteristics were not affected by the diets. Regardless of HT feeding, the PUFA level in the AT of the H pigs was 10% greater (p = 0.05) than in the L pigs. The indole level tended (p = 0.08) to be 50% lower in the H+ group. Surprisingly, the pigs that were fed diet H&minus, had greater skatole levels than those fed diet L&minus, with intermediate skatole levels in the H+ and L+. Independent of the PUFA level, the HTs decreased bacteria abundance and qualitatively affected the microbiota composition. In conclusion, these data do not confirm that boar taint compound levels were related to PUFA levels in the AT. However, HTs can be considered to be a promising alternative to conventional antibacterial additives, with no detrimental effects on pig gut health and with appealing properties for reducing the synthesis of the main components of boar taint.

Background The outer peels of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) possess two groups of polyphenols that have health beneficial properties: anthocyanins (ATs, which also affect peel color); and hydrolysable tannins (HTs). Their biosynthesis intersects at 3-dehydroshikimate (3-DHS) in the shikimate pathway by the activity of shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH), which converts 3-DHS to shikimate (providing the precursor for AT biosynthesis) or to gallic acid (the precursor for HTs biosynthesis) using NADPH or NADP+ as a cofactor. The aim of this study is to gain more knowledge about the factors that regulate the levels of HTs and ATs, and the role of SDH. Results The results have shown that the levels of ATs and HTs are negatively correlated in the outer fruit peels of 33 pomegranate accessions, in the outer peels of two fruits exposed to sunlight, and in those covered by paper bags. When calli obtained from the outer fruit peel were subjected to light/dark treatment and osmotic stresses (imposed by different sucrose concentrations), it was shown that light with high sucrose promotes the synthesis of ATs, while dark at the same sucrose concentration promotes the synthesis of HTs. To verify the role of SDH, six PgSDHs (PgSDH1, PgSDH3–1,2, PgSDH3a-1,2 and PgSDH4) were identified in pomegranate. The expression of PgSDH1, which presumably contributes to shikimate biosynthesis, was relatively constant at different sucrose concentrations. However, the transcript levels of PgSDH3s and PgSDH4 increased with the accumulation of gallic acid and HTs under osmotic stress, which apparently accumulates to protect the cells from the stress. Conclusions The results strongly suggest that the biosynthesis of HTs and ATs competes for the same substrate, 3-DHS, and that SDH activity is regulated not only by the NADPH/NADP+ ratio, but also by the expression of the PgSDHs. Since the outer peel affects the customer’s decision regarding fruit consumption, such knowledge could be utilized for the development of new genetic markers for breeding pomegranates having higher levels of both ATs and HTs.

1,2,3,4,6-Penta-O-Galloyl-β- d -Glucose (PGG) is a hydrolysable tannin that belongs to the group of gallotannins but also participates in the formation of ellagitannins. PGG is composed of five galloyl groups with a glucose at its core and has structural characteristics that confer a high biological power. In this paper, we describe the chemistry of PGG, which is analyzed from a critical point regarding the types of synthesis, new sources of production from plants and by-products, highlighting the PGG obtaining, and its main functional properties recently reported in scientific literature. PGG has attracted attention because of its therapeutic potential and has shown functional properties as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic, antidiabetic and antioxidant. Bioconversion from tannic acid can be potentialized with the use of biotechnological techniques. PGG can be obtained from natural sources as by-products. Research should continue to obtain pure molecules, in adequate quantity and with great biological activity.

Hydrolysable tannins (HTs) are useful secondary metabolites that are responsible for pharmacological activities and astringent taste, flavor, and quality in fruits. They are also the main polyphenols in Canarium album L. (Chinese olive) fruit, an interesting and functional fruit that has been cultivated for over 2000 years. The HT content of C. album fruit was 2.3–13 times higher than that of berries with a higher content of HT. 1-galloyl-β-d-glucose (βG) is the first intermediate and the key metabolite in the HT biosynthesis pathway. It is catalyzed by UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs), which are responsible for the glycosylation of gallic acid (GA) to form βG. Here, we first reported 140 UGTs in C. album. Phylogenetic analysis clustered them into 14 phylogenetic groups (A, B, D–M, P, and Q), which are different from the 14 typical major groups (A~N) of Arabidopsis thaliana. Expression pattern and correlation analysis showed that UGT84A77 (Isoform0117852) was highly expressed and had a positive correlation with GA and βG content. Prokaryotic expression showed that UGT84A77 could catalyze GA to form βG. These results provide a theoretical basis on UGTs in C. album, which will be helpful for further functional research and availability on HTs and polyphenols.

Jaboticaba is a Brazilian native berry described as a rich source of phenolic compounds (PC) with health promoting effects. PC from jaboticaba peel powder (JPP) have low intestinal bio-accessibility and are catabolized by gut microbiota. However, the biological implication of PC-derived metabolites produced during JPP digestion remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the antiproliferative effects of colonic fermented JPP (FJPP) in a 3D model of colorectal cancer (CRC) composed by HT29 spheroids. JPP samples fermented with human feces during 0, 2, 8, 24 or 48 h were incubated (10,000 µg mL−1) with spheroids, and cell viability was assessed after 72 h. Chemometric analyses (cluster and principal component analyses) were used to identify the main compounds responsible for the bioactive effect. The antiproliferative effect of FJPP in the CRC 3D model was increased between 8 h and 24 h of incubation, and this effect was associated with HHDP-digalloylglucose isomer and dihydroxyphenyl-γ-valerolactone. At 48 h of fermentation, the antiproliferative effect of FJPP was negligible, indicating that the presence of urolithins did not improve the bioactivity of JPP. These findings provide relevant knowledge on the role of colonic microbiota fermentation to generate active phenolic metabolites from JPP with positive impact on CRC.

Main conclusion: The polyphenol profiles of 18 cell cultures from 12 plant species were screened. The detected polyphenol fingerprints were diverse and differed from polyphenol profiles typically found in corresponding plant species. Cell cultures originating from 12 different plant species growing or grown in the Nordic countries were screened for their ability to synthesize polyphenols to assess their suitability for future studies and applications. The focus was on plant families Rosaceae and Ericaceae. On average, the Rosaceae cultures were the most efficient to produce hydrolysable tannins and the Ericaceae cultures were the most efficient to produce proanthocyanidins. This is in line with the general trend of polyphenols found in Rosaceae and Ericaceae leaves and fruits, even though several individual cell cultures differed from natural plants in their polyphenolic composition. Overall, several of the studied cell cultures exhibited capability in producing a large variety of polyphenols, including tannins with a high molecular weight, thus also showing promise for further studies concerning, for example, the accumulation of specific polyphenols or biosynthesis of polyphenols in the cell cultures.

Estudiamos y caracterizamos la estructura de taninos hidrolizables de tara comercial en polvo, mediante espectrometría de masas de ultra-alta resolución (MALDI/FT-ICR) sin empleo de técnicas de separación. Nuestros resultados experimentales, fundamentados por cálculos computacionales al nivel DFT/M05-2X, muestran que las especies identificadas son básicamente estructuras oligoméricas de ácidos poligaloquínicos del tipo (C7H4O4)n(C7H12O6) formados por una cadena de residuos de ésteres gálicos (dépsido) unida, vía enlace de éster, a un ácido quínico. We have studied and characterized the structure of hydrolysable tannins of commercial powder tara, performed by means ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometry (MALDI/FT-ICR) without using separation techniques. Our experimental results, supported by computational calculations at DFT/ M05-2X level of theory, show that the identified species are basically oligomeric structures of polygalloyquinic acids, of the (C7H4O4)n(C7H12O6) type, composed by a chain of polygallic esters (depside) linked, via ester bond, to one quinic acid.

Cork is a renewable, non-wood high valued forest product, with relevant ecological and economic impact in the Mediterranean-type ecosystems. Currently, cork is ranked according to its commercial quality. The most valuable planks are chosen for cork stoppers production. Cork planks with adequate thickness and porosity are classified as stoppable quality cork (SQC). The chemical composition of cork is known, but the regulation of metabolic pathways responsible of cork production and composition, hence of cork quality, is largely unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that post-genomic events may be responsible for the development of SQC and N-SQC (non-stoppable quality cork). Here, we show that combined proteomics and targeted metabolomics (namely soluble and cell wall bound phenolics) analyzed on recently formed phellem allows discriminate cork planks of different quality. Phellem cells of SQC and N-SQC displayed different reducing capacity, with consequential impact on both enzymatic pathways (e.g., glycolysis) and other cellular functions, including cell wall assembly and suberization. Glycolysis and respiration related proteins were abundant in both cork quality groups, whereas the level of several proteins associated to mitochondrial metabolism was higher in N-SQC. The soluble and cell wall-bound phenolics in recently formed phellem clearly discriminated SQC from N-SCQ. In our study, SQC was characterized by a high incorporation of aromatic components of the phenylpropanoid pathway in the cell wall, together with a lower content of hydrolysable tannins. Here, we propose that the level of hydrolysable tannins may represent a valuable diagnostic tool for screening recently formed phellem, and used as a proxy for the quality grade of cork plank produced by each tree., Graphical Abstract The shikimate and the core phenylpropanoid pathways are involved in the synthesis of the polyphenols identified in cork producing cells. Stoppable cork quality producing cells are characterized by higher incorporation of aromatic components of the phenylpropanoid pathway in the cell wall, together with a lower content of hydrolysable tannins.

Natural compounds isolated from medicinal herbs and plants have immense significance in maintaining bone health. Hydrolysable tannins have been shown to possess a variety of medicinal properties including antiviral, anticancer, and anti-osteoclastogenic activities. As a part of a study on the discovery of alternative agent against skeletal diseases, we isolated a hydrolysable tannin, 2-O-digalloyl-1,3,4,6-tetra-Ogalloyl- β-D-glucose (DTOGG), from Galla Rhois and examined the effect on osteoclast formation and function. We found that DTOGG significantly inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor- κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation by downregulating the expression of the key regulator in osteoclastogenesis as well as osteoclast-related genes. Analysis of RANKL/RANK signaling revealed that DTOGG impaired activation of IκBα and p65 in the nuclear factor kappa-lightchain- enhancer of activated B cells (NF- κB) signaling pathway. Furthermore, DTOGG reduced bone resorbing activity of osteoclasts, compared to the vehicle-treated control. These results suggest that DTOGG could be a useful natural compound to manage osteoclast-mediated skeletal diseases. [BMB Reports 2019; 52(6): 409-414]

A bio-guided study of leaf extracts allowed the isolation of two new macrobicyclic hydrolysable tannins, namely merianin A (1) and merianin B (2), and oct-1-en-3-yl &beta, xylopyranosyl-(1&rdquo, 6&rsquo, )-&beta, glucopyranoside (3) from Meriania hernandoi, in addition to 11 known compounds reported for the first time in the Meriania genus. The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses including one- and two-dimensional NMR techniques and mass spectrometry. The bioactivities of the compounds were determined by measuring the DPPH radical scavenging activity and by carrying out antioxidant power assays (FRAP), etiolated wheat coleoptile assays and phytotoxicity assays on the standard target species Lycopersicum esculentum W. (tomato). Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited the best free radical scavenging activities, with FRS50 values of 2.0 and 1.9 &micro, M, respectively.

3 páginas, 1 tabla.- Trabajo presentado al: XVIII Jornadas sobre Producción Animal AIDA. Zaragoza, España, 7-8 mayo 2019., P. G. Toral disfruta de un contrato Ramón y Cajal (RYC-2015-17230) del MINECO, cofinanciado por el Fondo Social Europeo.

5 páginas, 2 tablas.--Contributed to: Efficiency and resilience of forage resources and small ruminant production to cope with global challenges in Mediterranean areas, Proceedings of the 1st Joint Meeting of the FAO-CIHEAM Network for Research and Development in Sheep and Goats (Subnetworks on Nutrition and Production Systems) and the FAO-CIHEAM Subnetwork on Mediterranean Forage Resources. López-Francos A., Jouven M., Porqueddu C., Ben Salem H., Keli A., Araba, A. and Chentouf M. (Eds.). Meknes (Morocco), 23-25 October 2019., [EN] Due to the high dependence of ruminant feeding systems on the use of soybean meal as source of protein, insect meals have been suggested as a promising alternative. However, a high rumen degradability might be a drawback for its utilisation. In this regard, tannins are known to be able to exert beneficial effects on the digestive utilization of protein-rich feeds due to a reduction of their degradation in the rumen, especially of the protein, although they might also restrict intestinal digestibility. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to examine if tannins could improve the digestive utilization of 4 insect meals (from Acheta domesticus, Alphitobius diaperinus, Tenebrio molitor and Zophobas morio). To this aim, four ruminally cannulated sheep were used to study the ruminal degradation and intestinal digestibility of these feedstuffs as well as those of soybean meal, which was used as a reference. The five substrates were treated with either 0% (control) or 15% DM of commercial tannin extracts from oak (OAK) or quebracho (QUE), and incubated in situ for 16 h. Afterwards, the intestinal digestibility of non-degraded protein was estimated in vitro. Both oak and quebracho tannins were able to protect the protein of insect meals from ruminal degradation, following a similar pattern than that observed in soybean meal. On average, reductions were about 15%, with no significant differences between oak and quebracho effects. On the opposite, the OAK treatment might offer advantages over QUE in terms of intestinal protein digestibility, as the latter caused a lower value in A. domesticus compared with the control. More research would be advisable to confirm these results, particularly in vivo, [FR] . En raison de la forte dépendance à l’utilisation de tourteau de soja comme source de protéines dans les systèmes d’alimentation des ruminants, la farine d’insectes a été suggérée comme une alternative prometteuse. Cependant, une forte dégradation de sa protéine dans le rumen pourrait constituer un inconvénient à son utilisation. À cet égard, les tanins peuvent avoir des effets bénéfiques sur l’utilisation digestive des aliments riches en protéines, en réduisant leur dégradation dans le rumen, même si ils peuvent limiter la digestibilité intestinale. Par conséquent, cet essai a été mené afin d’examiner si les tanins pouvaient améliorer l’utilisation digestive de 4 farines d’insectes (provenant d’Acheta domesticus, Alphitobius diaperinus, Tenebrio molitor et Zophobas morio). Pour ce faire, quatre moutons munis d’une canule ruminale ont été utilisés afin d’étudier la dégradation ruminale et la digestibilité intestinale de ces aliments, en comparaison avec celles du tourteau de soja (aliment de référence). Les cinq substrats ont été traités avec 0 (témoin) ou 15% MS des extraits commerciaux de tanin de chêne (OAK) ou de quebracho (QUE) et par la suite ils ont été incubés in situ pendant 16 h. Ensuite, la digestibilité intestinale de la protéine non dégradée a été estimée in vitro. Les tanins de chêne et de quebracho ont permis de protéger la protéine des farines d’insectes de la dégradation ruminale, en suivant une tendance similaire à celle observée pour le tourteau de soja. En moyenne, la réduction de la dégradation protéique a été d’environ 15%, sans différence significative entre les effets du chêne et du quebracho. Au contraire, en termes de digestibilité intestinale des protéines, le traitement OAK pourrait offrir des avantages par rapport à QUE, puisque ce dernier a entrainé une valeur inférieure pour A. domesticus par rapport au contrôle. D’autres recherches seraient requises pour confirmer ces résultats, particulièrement en conditions in vivo, P. G. Toral received a contract (RYC-2015-17230) from the MINECO, co-funded by the ESF.

Purpose We investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with strawberry extracts rich in ETs and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) on the intestinal microbiota and the formation of bacterial metabolites in the distal intestine, as well as the absorption of ET metabolites and antioxidant status in rats. Methods Rats were allocated into six groups of eight animals each and fed for 4 weeks with a control diet (group C), a control diet supplemented with FOS (group C + FOS) or modifications of these diets, in which a monomeric or dimeric ET-rich extract was added (groups ME and ME + FOS or DE and DE + FOS, respectively). Results The extract addition, the FOS addition and their interaction significantly affected the total and selected bacterial counts in the caecal digesta (all P

Little information is available on the effects of different sources of tannins on ruminant product quality. Nowadays several tannin-rich extracts, produced from different plants, are available and contain tannins belonging to different chemical groups, but most of these have not been used so far as feed supplements. The present study aimed at comparing the effects of feeding three tannin extracts (one containing condensed tannins and two containing hydrolysable tannins) to lambs on growth performances and meat oxidative stability. Comisana male lambs were divided into four groups (n=9 each) and were fed for 75 days: a concentrate-based diet (CON), or CON supplemented with 4% tannin extracts from either mimosa (MI; Acacia mearnsii, De Wild; condensed tannins), chestnut (CH; Castanea sativa, Mill; hydrolysable ellagitannins) or tara (TA; Cesalpinia spinosa, (Molina) Kuntze; hydrolysable gallotannins). Only CH reduced growth rate, final weight, carcass weight and feed intake (P0.05). The TA diet increased (P

Two extracts derived from plant material rich in hydrolysable (Tara, T, Caesalpinia spinosa) or condensed (Mimosa, M, Acacia mearnsii) tannins were added to lamb&rsquo, s diet and their effects on meat quality and on microbial population were evaluated, a diet without tannins represented the Control (C). Meat pH, vitamin E, intramuscular fat content and muscle fatty acid composition were determined. Oxidative stability and microbiological analyses were performed on meat samples after 0, 4 and 7 days of refrigerated storage. Psychrotrophic bacteria were identified through MALDI-TOF MS analysis. Regarding meat fatty acids, Tara treatment decreased the percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids. The counts of all microbial groups were similar among dietary treatments at day 0, while a significant reduction of microbial loads was observed in T-group at day 7. Pseudomonas fluorescens group count was significantly affected by T extract supplementation. The MALDI-TOF MS identification revealed the dominance of Pseudomonas fragi species in all samples while Pseudomonas lundensis, Brochothrix thermosphacta and Candida famata were revealed only in control ones. In conclusions, the tannin extract supplementation is a promising dietary strategy to preserve lamb meat quality.