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We have two purposes in this article. The first is to explore the definition of micromanagement by reviewing research papers and empirical studies. Micromanagement is a commonly used term, but there is no clear definition for the research. Second, we try to understand the concept of excessive control in micromanagement from the fourth hunger of Transactional Analysis （Meredith, 2000）. Since Transactional Analysis is effective to change relationships from the behavioral and cognitive aspects, it will be effective for suggesting strategies for coping with negative side of micromanagement.

Physiological needs create powerful motivations (e.g., thirst and hunger). Studies in humans and animal models have implicated the insular cortex in the neural regulation of physiological needs and need-driven behavior. We review prominent mechanistic models of how the insular cortex might achieve this regulation and present a conceptual and analytical framework for testing these models in healthy and pathological conditions.

The 1943 Bengal famine had severely changed the social landscape in rural Bengal. Thousands of peasants who mortgaged or sold their lands to the economic elite to migrate to Calcutta for food had to start over landless and precarious. Married women who were forcibly repudiated by their husbands (“talaq”) during the famine had to abide by the religious law of purdah (of keeping women at home) and accepting death by hunger. Abu Ishaque’s 1955 novel, Surja Dighal Bari (The Ominous House) evocatively captures these harrowing moments of hunger and poverty in the majority rural population through the life-events of Jaigun and her family. The novel shows how a resilient single mother’s will to work and provide for her children is crushed by the male elite through religious injunctions and social alienation. In this essay, I will comment on the intersection of land, hunger, purdah, and patriarchy, reading them together as an instance of “postcolonial disaster,” which conspires to produce an endless condition of precarity for the socio-economically vulnerable in post-independence rural East Pakistan, and consequently a raw esthetic of realism in the postcolony.

Resumo Esse texto tem como objetivo explicitar a lógica de funcionamento do complexo sistema agroindustrial na produção da mercadoria-alimento e sua relação com a fome no Capitalismo. No aspecto metodológico, trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica. Ao longo do texto demonstramos como a apropriação do capital na alimentação ocorre desde a ocupação do solo, a propriedade da terra, que passa necessariamente pela expulsão das famílias camponesas do campo e reconstruímos a lógica da cadeia de produção do alimento-mercadoria com as ramificações do complexo sistema agroindustrial de alimentos. Buscamos demonstrar que essa forma de produção de alimentos, voltada para a valorização do capital ainda que produza alimentos gerará fome, pois tem como resultado uma agricultura com diversidade restringida pelo monocultivo, um alimento desprovido de nutrientes, sobrecarregado de produtos químicos que provocam câncer, dentre outros agravos à saúde e não cumprem a função de alimentar os seres humanos. Em síntese alimentam a fome. Abstract This text aims to explain the working logic of the complex agro-industrial system in the production of food commodities and how it relates with hunger in Capitalism. Methodologically, this is a bibliographical research. Throughout the text, we seek to demonstrate how capital appropriation in food takes place: since the occupation of soil to the ownership of lands, which necessarily involves the expulsion of peasant families from the countryside, we reconstruct the logic of this production chain with the branches of the complex agro-industrial food system. We seek to demonstrate that this form of food production, which values capital, may even produce food, but it will generate hunger, as it results in an agriculture with low diversity due to monocultures, in food devoid of nutrients, overloaded with chemicals that cause cancer and other illnesses and do not fulfill the function of feeding people. In short, a system which feeds on hunger.

Resumo Este artigo, de natureza qualitativa, recorre à metodologia bibliográfica e documental, consistindo em um ensaio apresentado em três seções, além da introdução e das considerações finais. Objetiva discutir a fome na agenda política brasileira que viola o direito ao acesso a alimentos de qualidade, em quantidade suficiente e sustentável. Problematiza sobre: a produção da fome como expressão da desigualdade de classe na sociedade capitalista; o direito à alimentação e a Política Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, a partir da análise socio-histórica do enfrentamento à fome e da formulação do arcabouço legal na agenda política brasileira; e como a estrutura e dinâmica do sistema alimentar hegemônico sustenta os impérios alimentares, com repercussão na redução do acesso à comida de verdade, no apagamento do patrimônio alimentar, desrespeitando a soberania alimentar, e no incentivo ao elevado consumo de alimentos/mercadorias ultraprocessados e seus efeitos deletério para a saúde humana e biodiversidade. Abstract This article, characterized by a qualitative nature, employs a bibliographic and documental methodology and consists of an essay organized into three sections, in addition to the introduction and final considerations. It analyzes hunger in the Brazilian political agenda, which violates the right to access quality food in sufficient and sustainable quantities. It discusses: the production of hunger as an expression of the class inequality within the capitalist society; the right to food and the National Food and Nutrition Policy, based on a socio-historical analysis of the fight against hunger and of the formulation of the Brazilian political agenda; and how the structure and dynamics of the current hegemonic food system sustains food empires, with consequences such as the reduction of access to real food, the disappearance of food habits and traditions, disrespecting food sovereignty, and the incentive to an elevated consumption of ultra-processed foods/merchandise, with its deleterious effects for human health and biodiversity.

Search engines, such as Google or Yandex, shape social reality by informing their users about current and historical phenomena. However, there is little research on how search engines deal with contested memories, which are subjected to ontological conflicts known as memory wars. In this article, we investigate how search engines circulate information about memory wars related to the Holodomor, a mass famine caused by Soviet repressive politics in Ukraine in 1932–1933. For this aim, we conduct an agent-based audit of four search engines—Bing, DuckDuckGo, Google, and Yandex—and examine how their top search results represent the Holodomor and related memory wars. Our findings demonstrate that search engines prioritize interpretations of the Holodomor aligning with specific sides in the memory wars, thus becoming memory warriors themselves.

La intención de esta ponencia es formular el concepto de 'hambre monstruosa' como centro de las propuestas y de las acciones en tres novelas contemporáneas del Cono Sur que se inscriben dentro del género del terror: Cadáver exquisito (2018), de Agustina Bazterrica, El conserje y la eternidad (2017), de Ricardo Romero y Zombie (2013), de Mike Wilson. En estas tres novelas aparecen personajes emblemáticos de la literatura gótica y de terror, como lo son el vampiro, los zombis y el caníbal (o el canibalismo como expresión generalizada), pero materializados desde lo periférico, caracterizados desde una mirada inusual. En su concepción clásica, estas tres figuras tienen en común un hambre atroz llevada a consecuencias extremas. Me interesa mapear la representación del hambre monstruosa, entendida también como deseo vehemente, ansia de consumo y asunto de Estado, desde las diversas perspectivas que ofrecen estas obras. Así como también es mi intención detenerme en su repercusión dentro de las acciones, el entramado discursivo desde el cual es contada y las metáforas a las que alude. The intention of this paper is to formulate the concept of 'monstrous hunger' as the center of proposals and actions in three contemporary novels from the Southern Cone that fall within the horror genre: Cadáver exquisito (2018), by Agustina Bazterrica, El conserje y la eternidad (2017), by Ricardo Romero and Zombie (2013), by Mike Wilson. In these three novels, emblematic characters of gothic and horror literature appear, such as the vampire, the zombie and the cannibal (or cannibalism as a general expression), but materialized from the periphery, characterized from an unusual perspective. In their classical conception, these three figures have in common an atrocious hunger taken to extreme consequences. I am interested in mapping the representation of monstrous hunger, as vehement desire, craving for consumption and a matter of State, from the different perspectives offered by these works. It is my intention to dwell on its repercussion within the actions, the discursive framework from which it is told and the metaphors to which it alludes.

Brain responses to food are thought to reflect food's rewarding value and to fluctuate with dietary restraint. We propose that brain responses to food are dynamic and depend on attentional focus. Food pictures (high-caloric/low-caloric, palatable/unpalatable) were presented during fMRI-scanning, while attentional focus (hedo-nic/health/neutral) was induced in 52 female participants varying in dietary restraint. The level of brain activity was hardly different between palatable versus unpalatable foods or high-caloric versus low-caloric foods. Activity in several brain regions was higher in hedonic than in health or neutral attentional focus ( p < .05, FWE-corrected). Palatability and calorie content could be decoded from multi-voxel activity patterns ( p < .05, FDR-corrected). Dietary restraint did not significantly influence brain responses to food. So, level of brain activity in response to food stimuli depends on attentional focus, and may reflect salience, not reward value. Palatability and calorie content are reflected in patterns of brain activity.

Objective The aim of this study was to compare changes in hedonic hunger and food reward in individuals with severe obesity achieving 10% to 15% weight loss with a very low-energy diet (VLED) alone or VLED and bariatric surgery. Methods Patients scheduled for sleeve gastrectomy (SG) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) initiated a VLED 2 weeks prior to surgery and continued the diet for 8 weeks postoperatively. BMI-matched controls underwent a VLED for 10 weeks. Hedonic hunger was assessed with the Power of Food Scale, and food reward with the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire, pre and post intervention. Results A total of 44 participants completed the study: 15 SG, 14 RYGB, and 15 controls (61%, 79% and 69% females, respectively; BMI: 40.5 ± 0.5 kg/m2; age: 43.9 ± 1.4 years). Average weight loss was 18.3 ± 0.6 kg (16%), comprising 13.5 ± 0.5 kg fat mass, with no significant differences between groups. Similar reductions in hedonic hunger were observed in all groups. Overall, food reward was similarly reduced in SG and RYGB groups, whereas controls showed little or no change. Conclusions Independent of modality, weight loss seems to reduce hedonic hunger, but bariatric surgery leads to several additional favorable changes in food reward and preferences.

‘Hedonic hunger’ indicates the desire to consume food in the absence of an energy requirement. Hedonic hunger can be investigated using the validated Power of Food Scale (PFS). Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) are currently the most effective treatment options for severe obesity. Following RYGB, hedonic hunger diminishes, which may contribute to sustained weight loss. There are no data examining the effect of SG on hedonic hunger. We prospectively evaluated hedonic hunger using PFS in patients with severe obesity prior to and 6 months after SG (n = 95) or RYGB (n = 44) and investigated the procedure-specific relationship between percentage weight loss (%WL) and hedonic hunger. Anthropometric data were collected at baseline after 6 months, 12 months and 24 months post-operatively. PFS contains 15 items grouped into 3 domains considering when food is: available (FA), present (FP), tasted (FT) and a total score (TS). At 6 months, a significant reduction was seen in all categories post-SG (p p = 0.003), FA (p = 0.0006) and FP (p = 0.0007) post-RYGB. A significantly larger reduction in FP scores was seen post-SG (p = 0.01). Post-SG, a significant correlation with 6-month %WL was noted for changes in FP (p = 0.03) and TS (p = 0.03). Post-SG changes in FP and TS predicted 24-month %WL. Post-RYGB significant correlations were seen between 6-month %WL and dFA (p = 0.04) and dFP (p = 0.03). Changes in FA, FP and TS were predictive of 12-month %WL. HH is reduced following both SG and RYGB with a greater reduction following SG and is related to post-operative %WL. PFS may have a role as a predictive tool for post-operative outcomes following SG and RYGB.

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the relationship of hedonic hunger with food addiction and obesity in university students.The research sample consists of 275 university students between the ages of 19-28 years. Body weight (kg), height (cm), waist and hip circumference (cm) were measured by applying a face-to-face questionnaire including descriptive characteristics of individuals, the Power of Food Scale (PFS), the Palatable Eating Motive Scale (PEMS) and the Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale (mYFAS) 2.0. Statistical analysis of the data was done with SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) 18.In individuals, according to the mean PFS score the presence of food power-induced hedonic hunger was detected. While according to the mean PEMS score no motivational hedonic hunger was detected. According to the BMI classification the average scores of PFS (p = 0.002), PEMS (p = 0.009), and mYFAS 2.0 (p 0.001) showed a gradual increase from underweight to obese. A weak positive correlation was found between BMI and PFS score (r = 0.238; p 0.05) and PEMS score (r = 0.196; p 0.05), respectively. The moderate positive correlation (r = 0.439 p 0.001) was found between mYFAS 2.0 and the PEMS scores.As a result, the presence of food-based hedonic hunger was determined in young individuals. A relationship was determined between food addiction and hedonic hunger caused by the motivation to consume delicious foods. Accordingly, hedonic hunger is related to food addiction and obesity in university students.V, cross-sectional descriptive study.

We use newly collected individual-level hunger recall information from the China Family Panel Survey to estimate the causal effect of undernourishment on later-life health. We develop a Two-Sample Instrumental Variable (TSIV) estimator that can deal with heterogeneous samples. We find a non-linear relationship between mortality rates, a commonly used famine indicator, and the individual hunger experience. The nonlinearity in famine exposure may explain the variation in the famine's effect on later life health found in previous studies. We also find that exposure to famine-induced hunger early in life leads to worse health among females fifty years later. This effect is much larger than the reduced-form effect found in previous studies. For males, we find no impact.

To evaluate the association between the Child Opportunity Index (COI) and food insecurity.This was a secondary analysis of a comprehensive screening instrument for social determinants of health and behavioral health risks. It was administered in 2 urban pediatric emergency departments to adolescents aged 13-21 years and caregivers of children aged 0-17 years. Food insecurity was assessed using the 2-item Hunger Vital Sign. Residential addresses were geocoded and linked with COI data. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models were developed to measure the relationship between COI and food insecurity.Of the 954 participants (384 adolescents, 570 caregivers) who underwent screening, 15.7% identified food insecurity (14.3% of adolescent and 16.7% of caregiver participants). The majority of participants were non-Hispanic Black (overall, 62.3%; food secure, 60.9%; food insecure, 72.0%), were publicly insured (overall, 56.6%; food secure, 53.1%; food insecure, 73.3%), and lived in neighborhoods of low/very low opportunity (overall, 76.9%; food secure, 74.7%; food insecure, 88.3%). In adjusted analyses, participants living in neighborhoods of low/very low child opportunity had 3-fold greater odds of being food insecure compared with children living in neighborhoods of high child opportunity (aOR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.4-6.3).We demonstrate that food insecurity is associated with lower neighborhood opportunity. Our results could inform future screening initiatives and support the development of novel, place-based interventions to tackle the complex issue of food insecurity.

BACKGROUND: Most street children studied in lower- and middle-income African countries are without family links. However, the majority of street children are children on the street, living with families during the night and spending their day-time on the streets. The health of this majority group is poorly captured in the literature despite the growing epidemic of child streetism. AIM: To explore the health of children on the street of Ibadan using multiple qualitative studies. SETTING: A street in each of the five urban local government areas of Ibadan Oyo State, Nigeria. METHODS: Participants comprising of children on the street, parental figures, street shop owners and child-welfare officers were purposively selected and interviewed. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and thematically analyzed RESULTS: Using triangulated data from 53 interviews, the study found that the children on the streets of Ibadan experienced many health challenges. Outstanding are poor carbohydrate-based diet, open defaecation with consequent infections, physical injuries and few deaths from road traffic accidents. Sexual, verbal and substance abuse were common although few children acquired resilience to adversity. The children had poor health-seeking behaviour and resorted to patent medicine dealers or tradomedical practitioners on the streets. CONCLUSION: This study bridged some gaps in the literature regarding the health of children on the streets in Nigeria. The straddling of children between the family and street has cumulative health consequences as depicted in this study. CONTRIBUTION: This research can inform family-level intervention and primary health care plans to forestall the health challenges of children on the streets

Drying-off may challenge the welfare of especially high-yielding dairy cows. In this study, 119 loose-housed Holstein cows yielding ≥20 kg milk/d were enrolled in a 2 × 2 factorial design aiming to investigate effects of changes in diet energy density and daily milking frequency on behavior. The last 7 d before the dry-off day, cows were milked either twice or once daily, and were fed either a lactation diet or the same diet diluted with 30% barley straw, both offered in individual bins for ad libitum intake. All cows were fitted with sensors to record lying time and activity, and data from 109 of these cows were used together with behavioral observations obtained from video recordings of 52 of the cows. Data from activity sensors and video recordings were obtained during 24 h on d −6, −3, and −1 relative to the dry-off day (i.e., the day of the last milking). Across all days of observation, cows milked once daily spent more time feeding (149 vs. 130 min/d) than cows milked twice daily. Cows on the reduced diet and milked twice daily had a shorter lying time compared with cows on the normal diet and milked twice (759 vs. 837 min/d), whereas lying times of cows on the remaining 2 treatments were intermediate. Among cows on the lactation diet, reduced milking frequency increased time spent perching (from 11.1 to 28.7 min/d). Cows fed the energy-reduced diet spent more time feeding (154 vs. 124 min/d), showed more attempts to feed from unassigned feed bins (31.7 vs. 15.4 attempts daily), and spent less time using a mechanical brush (6.5 vs. 9.2 min/d) than cows fed the lactation diet. These results show that several aspects of cows' behavior, including main activities such as lying and feeding, but also behaviors of low resilience such as brush use, and to some extent more subtle and complex behaviors such as perching and attempts to feed from unassigned feed bins, are sensitive to management changes typically applied during the days before dry-off. The behavioral effects of the reduced feed energy level support earlier findings suggesting that qualitative feed restriction renders cows hungry. The effects of the reduced milking frequency on behavior were generally less pronounced, but 2 noteworthy interactions between milking frequency and diet were seen. First, cows milked twice daily and fed the energy-reduced diet spent less time lying, which is possibly related to increased energy demand and hunger. Second, cows milked once daily and fed the lactation diet spent more time perching, which may be related to udder discomfort. However, these more complex findings warrant further study. Taken together, the results of this study show that a dry-off procedure involving reduced energy supply induces behavioral changes indicating a higher degree of compromised welfare compared with reduced milking frequency.

During the first 1000 days of life is the basis for a child's future health established.To evaluate the impact of a prenatal educational intervention in pregnant women on the nutritional status of the child from birth to 4 months of age.Quasi-experimental intervention design in women with at least 12 weeks of gestation, who were randomly assigned to an intervention group (IG) to participate in five group and three individual sessions on feeding practices and maternal perception of the child's weight and signals of hunger-satiety; the control group (CG) received routine care that included at least three prenatal consultations.Thirty women were included in each group. After the intervention, women in the CG practiced less exclusive breastfeeding, were more likely to underestimate or overestimate the children's weight, and perceived hunger-satiety signals with less intensity (p0.05). 80 % of the infants in the IG had normal weight, whereas 63 % of those in the CG had a combination of overweight and obesity (p0.05).The prenatal education program in pregnant women showed a significant effect on postnatal nutritional status of infants four months after birth.Durante los primeros 1000 días de vida se establece la base para la salud futura de un niño.Evaluar el impacto de una intervención educativa prenatal en mujeres embarazadas sobre el estado nutricional del hijo desde el nacimiento hasta los cuatro meses de edad.Diseño cuasiexperimental de intervención con mujeres a partir de la semana 12 de gestación, asignadas aleatoriamente a un grupo de intervención (GI) para recibir cinco sesiones grupales y tres individuales sobre prácticas de alimentación y percepción materna del peso del hijo y de señales de hambre-saciedad; el grupo control (GC) recibió atención de rutina que incluía al menos tres consultas prenatales.30 mujeres conformaron cada grupo. Después de la intervención, las mujeres del GC practicaron menos lactancia materna exclusiva, fueron propensas a subestimar o sobrestimar el peso del hijo y percibieron con menor intensidad las señales de hambre-saciedad (p0.05). El 80 % de los lactantes del GI presentaron peso normal y 63 % de los niños del GC, una combinación de sobrepeso y obesidad (p0.05).El programa de educación prenatal en mujeres embarazadas mostró un efecto significativo en el estado nutricional de los lactantes después de cuatro meses del nacimiento.

Cultivating Victory’s overall argument is very convincing. The book’s aim to “complement yet complicate the existing narrative of nations, nature and gender in the twentieth century” (p. 11) is successfully met. As such, Gowdy-Wygant has delivered an important and engaging book which shows how women’s efforts in food campaigns affected gender roles and norms during both world wars. In articulating the lives of individual women within the WLA’s, she delivers an accessible narrative for understanding the origins and collaborations of these agricultural women’s organizations. As such, her book serves to restore women’s contributions to their own advancement to their rightful place in history.

Calorie restriction (CR) is a common approach to inducing negative energy balance. Recently, time-restricted feeding (TRF), which involves consuming food within specific time windows during a 24-h day, has become popular owing to its relative ease of practice and potential to aid in achieving and maintaining a negative energy balance. TRF can be implemented intentionally with CR, or TRF might induce CR simply because of the time restriction. This review focuses on summarizing our current knowledge on how TRF and continuous CR affect gut peptides that influence satiety. Based on peer-reviewed studies, in response to CR there is an increase in the orexigenic hormone ghrelin and a reduction in fasting leptin and insulin. There is likely a reduction in glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and cholecystokinin (CCK), albeit the evidence for this is weak. After TRF, unlike CR, fasting ghrelin decreased in some TRF studies, whereas it showed no change in several others. Further, a reduction in fasting leptin, insulin, and GLP-1 has been observed. In conclusion, when other determinants of food intake are held equal, the peripheral satiety systems appear to be somewhat similarly affected by CR and TRF with regard to leptin, insulin, and GLP-1. But unlike CR, TRF did not appear to robustly increase ghrelin, suggesting different influences on appetite with a potential decrease of hunger after TRF when compared with CR. However, there are several established and novel gut peptides that have not been measured within the context of CR and TRF, and studies that have evaluated effects of TRF are often short-term, with nonuniform study designs and highly varying temporal eating patterns. More evidence and studies addressing these aspects are needed to draw definitive conclusions.

The food insecurity-obesity paradox suggests that people lacking access to adequately nutritious foods are more susceptible to disordered eating. However, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between food insecurity and binge eating are not well understood.This study sought to assess the role of eating behaviors (i.e., cognitive restraint, disinhibition, and hunger) as mediators between food insecurity and binge eating among a sample of preoperative bariatric candidates.University hospital in the Appalachian region of the United States.A total of 369 adults seeking bariatric surgery were included in this cross-sectional study. Patients completed validated measures of food insecurity and eating behaviors as part of a routine psychological evaluation prior to bariatric surgery.Food insecurity was significantly related to binge eating symptoms (r[369] = .14, P.01) and hunger (r[369] = .11, P.05). Hunger mediated the relationship between food insecurity and binge eating (b = 1.23, standard error = .62, 95% confidence interval .08-2.54). Food insecurity was not associated with restraint (r[369] = .06, P = .27) or disinhibition (r[369] = .02, P = .69).Food insecurity presents a unique pathway to binge eating that has several implications for intervention prior to bariatric surgery. Identification of food insecurity and the subsequent effects on eating behaviors is crucial to understanding the factors relevant to disordered eating prior to bariatric surgery.

Animal narratives have not been a major part of the coronavirus pandemic other than to frame animals as "epidemic villains" whose relations with humans are either zoonotic or pathological. In this context, this article considers stories of compassion from Kerala, where activists and ordinary people started feeding stray dogs and other street animals during the state instituted lockdowns. State sanction and media coverage of feeding these hungry animals allowed them to be instated as part of a multispecies community in the pandemic, allowing them for the first time, legitimized access to food and water. Compassion was prescribed and validated on the basis of perceiving suffering synergistically or as mutually experienced during the pandemic. However, a linear history of compassion cannot be constructed as Kerala has an antagonistic relationship with street dogs framing them as violent free-ranging dogs that carry diseases and attack people. This article draws on insights gleaned from multispecies ethnography to explore the hidden everyday lives of the animals during the pandemic. It raises questions about how people come to occupy relations of care in societies where animal suffering is not acknowledged and explores the possibilities opened by the way compassion was constructed as a practical and moral value during the pandemic.

Purpose Research suggests that food’s nutritional content and the feelings and behaviors associated with eating contribute to overall health, yet these constructs are rarely considered simultaneously. The current cross-sectional study investigated healthy eating profiles in college women that included both nutritional quality and intuitive eating (IE), with IE being an eating style that prioritizes physiological hunger/satiety cues and minimizes dieting and emotional eating. Design/Setting/Subjects Undergraduate women ( n = 352) completed an online assessment and daily diaries (80% retention). Measures Nutritionally healthy eating, IE, dieting, body dissatisfaction, disordered eating, and psychological health were examined. Analysis Latent profile analysis explored patterns of nutritionally healthy eating and IE, and determined how these patterns related to psychological and disordered eating outcomes. Results A four-profile solution emerged: 1) Dieting (high nutritionally healthy eating + intermediate IE), 2) Unhealthy Eating (low nutritionally healthy eating + low IE), 3) Intuitive Eating (moderately high nutritionally healthy eating + high IE), and 4) Non-Dieting (low nutritionally healthy eating + intermediate IE). These profiles significantly differed from one another, such that the Intuitive Eating and Non-Dieting profiles reported lower psychological distress, body mass index, and disordered eating compared to other profiles, while the Dieting and Unhealthy Eating profiles showed the healthiest and poorest nutritional eating, respectively. Conclusion These findings suggest that IE and nutritionally healthy eating are distinct factors in conceptualizing the eating patterns of college women, and both should be considered when developing interventions. Future research should replicate these findings in larger/more diverse samples and examine eating profiles longitudinally.

Purpose The aim of this study is to determine factors affecting hedonic hunger in adults. Design and methods A cross-sectional research design was used to collect face-to-face data from 315 adults, aged 18-65 years, residing in Balikesir/Turkey by way of a questionnaire. Findings Hedonic hunger was found to be higher in women and also rates decreased with age. As body mass index increased, so did hedonic hunger. Hedonic hunger was seen as higher in individuals who do not engage in regular physical activity, those who consume nighttime snacks, and persons who follow a weight loss diet. It has been determined that individuals with hedonic hunger have a high level of food craving, impulsiveness, and low self-esteem. Practice implications Controlling psychological factors such as impulsiveness and self-esteem can be effective in reducing hedonic hunger.

Resumo Objetivou-se identificar determinantes sociais em saúde associados à vivência da fome entre adolescentes escolares brasileiros. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com microdados de 16.526 adolescentes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar 2015. A vivência da fome foi estimada considerando a frequência com que o adolescente havia ficado com fome por não ter comida suficiente em casa no mês anterior à pesquisa. Para a análise dos determinantes sociais em saúde foi realizada Regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Verificou-se, no Brasil, que a vivência da fome foi de 22,8% (IC95%: 21,9-23,7) entre adolescentes. Essa associou-se diretamente ao sexo masculino (RP=1,12; IC95%: 1,07-1,16), a não ter excesso de peso (RP=1,08; IC95%: 1,04-1,13), ao consumo irregular de feijão (RP=1,20; IC95%: 1,13-1,26), de legumes e verduras (RP=1,16; IC95%: 1,09-1,22) e de frutas (RP=1,19; IC95%: 1,13-1,24), à insatisfação corporal (RP=1,26; IC95%: 1,18-1,35) e ao consumo irregular de almoço ou jantar com os responsáveis (RP=1,41; IC95%: 1,32-1,52); e inversamente ao gradiente de escolaridade materna, e às macrorregiões do complexo Centro-Sul. Os resultados indicam a coexistência da fome, comportamentos alimentares de risco nutricional, insatisfação corporal e condições de iniquidade social entre adolescentes brasileiros. Abstract The aim of this study was to identify social determinants of health associated with the experience of hunger among school-age adolescents in Brazil. We conducted a cross-sectional study with a sample of 16,526 adolescents using data from the 2015 National School-based Student Health Survey. Experience of hunger was determined based on the answer to the question “In the last 30 days, how often have you been hungry because there wasn’t enough food at home?” The social determinants of health were analyzed using Poisson regression with robust variance. The prevalence of the experience of hunger was 22.8% (95%CI: 21.9-23.7). The experience of hunger was directly associated with being male (PR = 1.12; 95%CI: 1.07-1.16); not being overweight (PR = 1.08; 95%CI: 1.04-1.13 ); irregular consumption of beans (PR = 1.20; 95%CI: 1.13-1.26), vegetables (PR=1.16; 95%CI: 1.09-1.22) and fruit (PR = 1.19; 95%CI: 1.13-1.24); body dissatisfaction (PR = 1.26; 95%CI: 1.18-1.35); and not regularly eating lunch or dinner with parents or guardians (PR = 1.41; 95%CI: 1.32-1.52). An inverse association was found between the experience of hunger and maternal education level and living in the Mid-West, Southeast and South. The findings show that the experience of hunger among Brazilian adolescents coexists with risky eating behaviors, body dissatisfaction, and social inequality.

Freshman-15 is a phenomenon of first-year university students resulting in weight gain partly due to new cafeteria eating patterns and stress. This study determined if a premeal walnut snack alters planned eating behavior and mealtime nutrient intake during a subsequent buffet-model meal. Healthy university students (n = 36; 18.1 ± 0.5 years; body mass index: 23.6 ± 3.9) received three treatments (90 min premeal) in randomized order on 3 consecutive days: (1) snack of 190 Cal (1 oz) of walnuts (WS), (2) snack of 190 Cal of gummy candy (GS), or (3) no snack (NS; control) before a standard cafeteria dinner (1760 Cal). Visual analog scale (VAS) surveys were administered before and after dinner, and caloric intake was determined. Premeal VAS desire to eat was lower after WS and GS than NS, whereas the sense of hunger and sense of fullness were higher after WS and GS compared with NS. Postmeal VAS was not different between treatments. Mealtime calories, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, protein, sodium, fiber, and sugar consumed after WS were significantly less than NS. Total fat and sodium consumed after GS did not significantly differ from NS. Mealtime total fat, sodium, and fiber for WS were significantly less than GC, and a trend was observed for total calories. Differences in calorie intake were not observed between treatments when snack calories were included as part of the mealtime caloric intake. These findings could be helpful for promoting WS and to a lesser degree GS for increased satiety before meals possibly leading to reduced food intake during dinner by university students.

The present investigation was carried out in the Latacunga canton, José Guango Bajo Parish, Barrio Centro, with the objective of carrying out an analysis of the food waste that occurs in the area to design the implementation proposal of the UTC Food Bank. The methodology of the kobotoolbox tool was used, which allowed the results of the survey to be collected. Strategic random sampling was applied for the application of 2,481 surveys distributed as follows; it was applied to 700 agricultural producers, 860 to consumers and 921 to marketers. This study focuses on the context of waste. The results detail the lack of regulations and inconveniences derived from the composition of the system, in the same way the surveys report that the majority of people waste food, 30% in homes, 25% commercialization, 25% storage while in the distribution of food 20%. 80% of those surveyed affirm that the proposal of the UTC Food Bank for the city of Latacunga would be a good initiative, which would benefit vulnerable people in the sector. La presente investigación se llevó a cabo en el cantón Latacunga, Parroquia José Guango Bajo, Barrio Centro, con el objetivo de realizar un análisis sobre el desperdicio de alimentos que se da en la zona para diseñar la propuesta de implementación del Banco de alimentos UTC. Se utilizó la metodología de la herramienta de kobotoolbox que permitió levantar los resultados de la encuesta. Se aplicó el muestreo aleatorio estratégico para la aplicación de 2.481 encuestas distribuidas de la siguiente manera; se aplicó a 700 productores agrícolas, 860 a consumidores y 921 a comercializadores. Este estudio se enfoca en el contexto del desperdicio. Los resultados detallan la carencia normativa e inconvenientes derivados de la composición del sistema, de igual manera las encuestas informan que la mayoría de las personas desperdician los alimentos, 30% en los hogares, 25% comercialización, 25% almacenamiento mientras que en la distribución de los alimentos 20%. El 80% de los encuestados afirman que sería una buena iniciativa la propuesta del Banco de Alimentos UTC para la ciudad de Latacunga la cual beneficiara a las personas vulnerables del sector.&nbsp

Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP-2) is associated with caloric intake and glucose metabolism. Purpose: Assess if a low-calorie diet with interval exercise (LCD+INT) raises LEAP-2 more than LCD in relation to appetite and cardiometabolic health. Methods: Women with obesity were randomized to either 2 weeks of LCD (n = 13, ~1200 kcal/d) or LCD+INT (n = 12; 60 min/d) of INT at 3 min of 90% and 50% HRpeak, respectively. LEAP-2 and acylated ghrelin (AG) were measured at 0, 30, and 60 min, while glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and free fatty acids (FFA) were obtained up to 180 min of a 75 g OGTT. Fasting and 120 min OGTT appetite were assessed via visual analog scales. Results: LCD reduced the BMI (p < 0.001) compared with LCD+INT, but only LCD+INT increased the VO2 max (p = 0.04). Treatments reduced fasting LEAP-2 (p = 0.05), but only LCD increased LEAP-2 iAUC60 min (p = 0.06) and post-prandial LEAP-2 stimulation (p = 0.02). Higher post-LEAP-260 min tended to relate to a lower desire to eat 120 min of sweet (r = 0.40, p = 0.07) and salty foods (r = 0.41, p = 0.06), as well as lower AG30 min (r = −0.51, p = 0.01) and higher FFA iAUC180 min (r = 0.56, p = 0.007) post-treatment. Conclusion: LCD, with or without INT, reduced fasting LEAP-2, but only LCD raised post-prandial LEAP-2. How diet and exercise impact LEAP-2 for lower chronic disease risk awaits further investigation.

Este informe de opción de grado está dirigido para dar a conocer las diferentes funciones elaboradas en las practica empresarial realizada en la Alcaldía de Restrepo (Meta), en la secretaria de Hacienda, con fin de abordar las actividades realizadas y concretar el aprendizaje del estudiante ante el ámbito laboral. This grade option report is aimed at publicizing the different functions elaborated in the business practice carried out in the Mayor’s Office of Restrepo (Meta), in the Secretary of Finance, in order to address the activities carried out and to concretise the student’s learning in the workplace Contador Público http://www.ustavillavicencio.edu.co/home/index.php/unidades/extension-y-proyeccion/investigacion Pregrado

During the development of the Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights (UDBHR), discussions were held with various non-Christian religions (Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam and Confucianism), as well as the Roman Catholic faith tradition around the content of the UDBHR, while the Protestant faith tradition was glaringly uninvited. If a Protestant delegation had been invited to the discussions on the development of the UDBHR in 2003, representatives could have indicated that the food ethics of UDBHR (access to adequate nutrition) are firmly grounded on biblical principles. Participants in the discussion could have indicated on the basis of a covenantal perspective that scarce, contaminated and toxic food or food that harbours no nutritional value is held by Scripture to be a reality, and that the calling of the church is to promote the availability of sufficient, safe and nutritious food. Along with this, interlocutors could have taken the discussion further to indicate that these matters could be supported from an Old Testament, as well as New Testament perspective (Christological and pneumatological).Contribution: From a broad Protestant standpoint, it would therefore be fair to claim that this global bioethical principle (access to adequate nutrition) should not only be supported but must also be actively promoted, locally and globally, not only by civil society and the state, but also by the church. Adequate and healthy food is the message of the kingdom of Christ.

This paper examines the effect of conflict on agricultural value added, using the example of the conflict in the Anglophone and Northern regions of Cameroon. The authors examine this relationship using data from FAO (FAOSTAT, 2022) and the World Bank (WDI, 2022) for the period 2000 to 2022. The econometric results show that the conflict variable, whose impact is the purpose of this exercise, has a negative sign and is statistically significant at the 1% level. The coefficient indicates that the years of conflict lead to a negative variation in agricultural production of sixteen percentage points, corresponding to a total estimated loss of nearly 4615 billion CFA francs over the eight years of conflict (2014-2022), or an average of 576.9 billion CFA francs per year. If conflict is a fundamental cause of the decline in agricultural value-added in Cameroon, then policies aimed at defusing and preventing conflict and promoting peace are an essential means of agricultural recovery, improving food security, and reducing rural poverty in Cameroon.

Introduction: Despite modern obesity treatments such as pharmacotherapy and bariatric surgery, lifestyle intervention remains one of the key therapies. In particular, modification of dietary habits, increasing physical activity, and improvement of psychological state, which often complicates weight loss and maintenance of achieved weight loss. The treatment of obesity should be dealt with in particular by doctors and health professionals who are knowledgeable about the issue and who use the correct diagnostic and therapeutic approach. However, the main role is played by the patient, who must be motivated and cooperate with the multidisciplinary team. The nutritional therapist sets individual dietary recommendations, taking into account the patient's state of health and current diet and eating habits. The psychologist helps to understand the patient's thoughts by analysing the psychosocial context, lifestyle analysis and habits, thus being able to change the patient's behaviour. Thus, regular nutritional and psychological intervention can lead to a higher success rate of the reduction regime. Aims: The main aim of this study is to determine the association of factors of eating habits with weight change at 1 and 2 years after bariatric surgery. The second aim is to confirm the effect of nutritional...