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Background: Psychotherapy for depression aims to reduce symptoms and to improve psychosocial functioning. We examined whether some symptoms are more important than others in the association between depression and functioning over the course of psychotherapy treatment.Methods: We studied associations between specific symptoms of depression (PHQ-9) and change in social and occupational functioning (SOFAS), both with structural equation models (considering liabilities of depression and each specific symptom) and with logistic regression models (considering the risk for individual patients). The study sample consisted of adult patients (n symbolscript 771) from the Finnish Psychotherapy Quality Registry (FPQR) who completed psychotherapy treatment between September 2018 and September 2021.Results: Based on our results of logistic regression analyses and SEM models, the baseline measures of depression symptoms were not associated with changes in functioning. Changes in depressed mood or hopelessness, problems with sleep, feeling tired, and feeling little interest or pleasure were associated with improved func-tioning during psychotherapy. The strongest evidence for symptom-specific effects was found for the symptom of depressed mood or hopelessness. Limitations: Due to our naturalistic study design containing only two measurement points, we were unable to study the causal relationship between symptoms and functioning. Conclusions: Changes in certain symptoms during psychotherapy may affect functioning independently of un-derlying depression. Knowledge about the dynamics between symptoms and functioning could be used in treatment planning or implementation. Depressed mood or hopelessness appears to have a role in the dynamic relationship between depression and functioning.

This study aimed to examine the perceived social support, burnout, and hopelessness levels among mothers with children with special educational needs in terms of socio-demographic characteristics. In this descriptive study, the target population was mothers of children with special educational needs residing in rural areas of Hakkari Province, located in the Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. The study data was collected using the Personal Information Form, Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale, Maslach Burnout Scale, and Beck Hopelessness Scale. The study included 95 voluntary participants, who were generally from low socioeconomic backgrounds and had low levels of education and income. According to the results of the study; As the education level increases, the perceived family and friend support of the mother increases. It has been observed that the perceived special human support of a civil servant mother is higher than that of a mother working in the private sector. It was determined that mothers with extended family type had higher perceived social support and lower burnout levels compared to mothers with nuclear and split family types. It was determined that the burnout levels of mothers with mentally retarded children were higher than those of mothers with physically disabled children. As a result, it was determined that as the social support perceived by the mothers increased, the level of burnout decreased, and as the burnout decreased, the hopelessness decreased. In line with this result, it was determined that social support is an important parameter in the prevention of burnout and hopelessness in mothers with children in need of special education.

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to determine the coronavirus anxiety, hopelessness levels and occupational anxiety levels of students studying in the field of health.Methods: The research was conducted with 286 students studying in the field of health in a vocational school in Trabzon. The data of the study were evaluated with the questionnaire form, the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale and the Beck Hopelessness Scale.Results: In the study, while 8% of the participants stated that they had Coronavirus disease, 62.9% of them stated that their relatives got this disease. The mean score of the students on the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale was 1.38 ± 2.58, and the total score of the Beck Hopelessness Scale was 6.89 ± 5.09. It was determined that the mean total score of Coronavirus anxiety was related to the program type, Beck Hopelessness Scale score, getting Coronavirus and smoking (p, Amaç: Bu çalışmada, sağlık alanında öğrenim gören öğrencilerin koronavirüs kaygısı, umutsuzluk düzeyleri ve mesleki kaygı düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.Yöntem: Araştırma Trabzon’da bir meslek yüksekokulunda sağlık alanında öğrenim gören 286 öğrenci ile yürütülmüştür. Çalışmanın verileri anket formu, Koronavirüs Kaygı Ölçeği ve Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Çalışmada, katılımcıların %8’i koronavirüs hastalığına yakalandığını ifade ederken, %62.9’u yakınlarının bu hastalığa yakalandığını belirtti. Öğrencilerin Koronavirüs Kaygı Ölçeği puan ortalaması 1.38±2.58 olarak Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği toplam puanı 6.89±5.09 olarak hesaplandı. Koronavirüs kaygı toplam puan ortalamasının; program türü, Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği puanı, koronavirüse yakalanma ve sigara kullanma durumu ile ilişkili olduğu belirlendi (p

Background: The study aims to investigate the willingness of physicians for the coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination, factors contributing to their attitude, and the effects of vaccination on their mental health. It is conducted online with physicians between February 17 and March 17, 2021, corresponding to a period of at least 1 month after the first dosage. Methods: Sociodemographic and professional characteristics are investigated along with coronavirus disease 2019 experiences. The Fear of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Scale, Attitudes Toward the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine, The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Beck Hopelessness Scale are given to evaluate the effects on mental health. Results: Among 578 participants, the total vaccination rate was 91.5\% and the main reason for non-vaccination is being already infected by coronavirus disease 2019. Vaccination affected mental health positively in more than half of the participants (59.2\% in the vaccinated group). Advanced age (odds ratio= 0.985, P < .05), positive attitude toward vaccination (odds ratio=0.918, P < .001), and high fear of coronavirus disease 2019 (odds ratio=0.937, P= .001) were among the predictors of being positively affected by the vaccination. Fear of coronavirus disease 2019 was positively correlated with hopelessness (r = .239, P < .001), depression (r = 0.387, P < .001), and anxiety (r = 0.531, P < .001). The negative thoughts about the vaccination were found to be correlated with hopelessness levels (r=-0.093, P < .05). Conclusions: Physicians have positive attitudes toward vaccination and vaccination has positive effects on their mental health. As vaccination is a key point during the fight against the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, studies on vaccination and its effects on mental health gained importance. The role of physicians in this regard is inevitable.

Background and Objectives: Gender differences are poorly investigated in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), although they could be useful in determining the most appropriate pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment. The aim of the present study was to compare sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and the emotional and behavioral dimensions (such as coping, alexithymia, and sensory profile) between males and females with BPD. Material and Methods: Two hundred seven participants were recruited. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were collected through a self-administered questionnaire. The Adolescent/Adult Sensory Profile (AASP), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE), and Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) were administered. Results: Male patients with BPD showed more involuntary hospitalizations and greater use of alcohol and illicit substances compared to females. Conversely, females with BPD reported more frequent medication abuse than males. Furthermore, females had high levels of alexithymia and hopelessness. Regarding coping strategies, females with BPD reported higher levels of “restraint coping” and “use of instrumental social support” at COPE. Finally, females with BPD had higher scores in the Sensory Sensitivity and Sensation Avoiding categories at the AASP. Conclusions: Our study highlights gender differences in substance use, emotion expression, future vision, sensory perception, and coping strategies in patients with BPD. Further gender studies may clarify these differences and guide the development of specific and differential treatments in males and females with BPD.

The present study aimed to examine the roles that hopelessness and cognitive control play in the relationship between entrapment and depression. Data were collected from 367 college students in South Korea. The participants completed a questionnaire that consisted of the Entrapment Scale, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Inventory, and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory. Results showed that hopelessness partially mediated the relationship between entrapment and depression. In addition, cognitive control moderated the relationship between entrapment and hopelessness: greater cognitive control weakened the positive association between entrapment and hopelessness. Finally, the mediating effect of hopelessness was moderated by cognitive control. The findings of this study expand the understanding of the protective role of cognitive control, especially when an increased sense of entrapment and hopelessness intensifies depression.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy is the most important event in women’s lives and can lead to psychological lability. Several risk factors (such as disasters, events and pandemics) have been correlated with greater prevalence of mental disorders during pregnancy. OBJECTIVES: To research how pregnant women have been affected by the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic process, in order to contribute to the limited literature. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional survey study conducted at the Training and Research Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Ordu, Ordu, Turkey, from February 1 to March 1, 2021. METHODS: In total, 356 pregnant women were enrolled and completed the survey. Intention of going to hospital and the Beck anxiety, Beck depression, Beck hopelessness and Epworth sleepiness scales were applied to detect mental disorders. RESULTS: Among the participants, the anxiety, depression, hopelessness and sleepiness scores were 29.2%, 36.2%, 58.1% and 11.8%, respectively. The pregnant women stated that they avoided going to hospital in unnecessary situations by obeying the ‘stay at home’ calls, but also stated that they were afraid of the potential harmful effects of inadequate physician control. However, most of them stated that they would go to the hospital in emergencies. CONCLUSIONS: This paper illustrated the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of pregnant women and emphasized their high rates of anxiety, depression, hopelessness and sleepiness. Since presence of mental disorders is indirectly related to poor pregnancy outcomes, preventive strategies should be developed, especially during this pandemic process.

This study aims to examine the relationship between the levels of hopelessness, loneliness, and spiritual well-being of patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes during the process of COVID-19 outbreak. The study was carried out with diabetic patients living in three different cities that are in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey between the dates of 15 of November and 30 of November 2020. The sample of the study consisted of 500 (Type 1, n = 218, Type 2, n = 282) diabetes patients. Data were collected using a demographic information form, Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS), and Spiritual Well-being Scale (FACIT–Sp). While the mean scores of hopelessness and loneliness of type 1 patients were below the moderate level, the mean scores of their spiritual well-being were found to be above the moderate level. Moreover, while the mean scores of hopelessness and loneliness in type 2 patients were below the moderate level, the mean scores of their spiritual well-being were found above the moderate level. A significant relationship was found between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes patients' levels of hopelessness, loneliness, and spiritual well-being during the COVID-19 outbreak. It was found that as the spiritual well-being levels of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetic patients increased, the levels of their loneliness and hopelessness decreased. It is recommended that mass communication that includes spiritual care practices can be used effectively to reduce diabetes patients’ levels of loneliness and hopelessness during the pandemic. In addition, while providing care to diabetes patients, it can be suggested that health professionals offer a holistic approach with initiatives that will increase diabetes patients’ spiritual well-being. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. The authors thank the patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes who participated in this study.

This study explores the relationship among spirituality, self-efficacy, COVID-19 anxiety, and hopelessness. The participants are comprised of 418 individuals (282 females and 136 males) in Turkey whose ages range between 18 and 61 years old. The participants completed the following surveys: The Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, and the Spiritual Orientation Inventory. The relationships among the variables have been examined using path analysis. According to the results, spirituality, self-efficacy, and COVID-19 anxiety have direct effects on hopelessness. The analysis also shows self-efficacy to mediate the relationship between spirituality and hopelessness. The proposed model has good fit indices. The findings are discussed in the context of the literature on COVID-19, spirituality, self-efficacy, and hopelessness, with practical implications for mental health professionals being provided.

Objective Cancer patients are at increased risk for psychological difficulties and COVID-19. We sought to analyze anxiety and depression levels during the COVID-19 pandemic and the association between sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological factors in patients with advanced cancer. Methods A prospective, multicenter cohort of 401 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed, advanced cancer completed the Brief Symptom Inventory, Michel Uncertainty in Illness Scale, Herth Hope Index, and Cancer Worry Scale between February 2020 and May 2021. Linear regression analyses explored the effects of uncertainty, hopelessness, and cancer worry on anxiety and depression, adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical variables. Results The incidence of anxiety and depression was 36% and 35%, respectively. Emotional distress was greater among women, patients 18 months. Linear regression analysis revealed that being female, preoccupation about cancer, and hopelessness were associated with increased levels of anxiety (p

Social anxiety is the most common anxiety disorder and it affects individuals’ life very profoundly. Recent findings have suggested that both parental attitudes and hopelessness are potential vulnerability and maintenance factors for the development of social anxiety symptoms. Therefore, the aims of the current study were to examine whether social anxiety, perceived parental attitudes and hopelessness differ in male and female adolescents in order to identify predictors of social anxiety in Turkish adolescents. Hence, the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, the short form of EgnaMinnenBeträffandeUppfostran Scale (short-EMBU), and Hopelessness Scale were administered to 756 adolescents. Consistent with other findings, we could show that females experienced more social anxiety, perceived more emotional warmth and more overprotection from mother and mother than males. The results of a regression analysis for the whole sample revealed that being female, greater the number of sibling, older grades, low mother education, perceived rejection from mother and hopelessness are significant predictors of social anxiety. Finally, social anxiety was predicted by different variables for females, (class level, mother education, mother rejection, hopelessness) and males (number of sibling, hopelessness). Therefore, clinicians should consider these differences in their interventions., {"references":["Kessler, R.C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K., & Walters, E.E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593- 602.","Ranta, K.,Kaltiala-Heino, R., Koivisto, A. M., Tuomisto, M. T., Pelkonen, M., &Marttunen, M. (2007). Age andgenderdifferences in socialanxietysymptomsduringadolescence: TheSocialPhobia Inventory (SPIN) as a measure. PsychiatryResearch, 153(3), 261-270.","Brook, C. A., & Willoughby, T. (2015). The social ties that bind: Social anxiety and academic achievement across the university years. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(5), 1139-1152.","Richards, J. M.,Patel, N., Daniele-Zegarelli, T., MacPherson, L., Lejuez, C. W., &Ernst, M. (2015). Socialanxiety, acutesocialstress, andrewardparametersinteracttopredictriskydecision-makingamongadolescents. Journal of AnxietyDisorders, 29, 25-34.","Blöte, A. W., Miers, A. C., &Westenberg, P. M. (2016). Adolescent social anxiety and substance use: The role of susceptibility to peer pressure. Child Development Research, 1-8.","Gren-Landell, M., Tillfors, M., Furmark, T., Bohlin, G., Andersson, G., &Svedin, C. G. (2009). Social phobia in Swedish adolescents: prevalence and gender differences. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 44, 1-7","Essau, C. A., Lewinsohn, P. M., Olaya, B., & Seeley, J. R. (2014). Anxiety disorders in adolescents and psychosocial outcomes at age 30. Journal of Affective Disorders, 163, 125-132."]}

Demoralization is a complex clinical phenomenon which has raised a growing interest in clinical and research realms. The present systematic review of the literature aimed at (1) updating on demoralization prevalence in different populations, (2) identifying the instruments more largely used to assess demoralization, and (3) verifying whether new tools of assessment have been proposed. PubMed and Web of Science were searched from inception to April 2022. Search terms were: demoralization/demoralized/demoralizing/demoralised/demoralising. PRISMA guidelines were followed. GRADE rating system was used. A total of 188 papers were included. Demoralization appeared to be a distinctive psychological state common in medical, psychiatric, and non-clinical settings, thus not limited to life-threatening diseases. Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research (DCPR) and Demoralization Scale (DS) are the most commonly used tools to assess it. DCPR allow to diagnose demoralization as a manifestation of dealing with chronic stress. DS captures dimensionally a psychological distress related to end of life. Demoralization is associated with clinical features encompassing allostatic overload, quality of life, wellbeing/euthymia. Implications on health outcomes and treatment are discussed. Demoralization warrants careful consideration in clinical contexts through valid assessment procedures. DCPR are recommended to diagnose it, DS can be helpful to capture clinical details.

Demoralization is a complex clinical phenomenon which has raised a growing interest in clinical and research realms. The present systematic review of the literature aimed at (1) updating on demoralization prevalence in different populations, (2) identifying the instruments more largely used to assess demoralization, and (3) verifying whether new tools of assessment have been proposed. PubMed and Web of Science were searched from inception to April 2022. Search terms were: demoralization/demoralized/demoralizing/demoralised/demoralising. PRISMA guidelines were followed. GRADE rating system was used. A total of 188 papers were included. Demoralization appeared to be a distinctive psychological state common in medical, psychiatric, and non-clinical settings, thus not limited to life-threatening diseases. Diagnostic Criteria for Psychosomatic Research (DCPR) and Demoralization Scale (DS) are the most commonly used tools to assess it. DCPR allow to diagnose demoralization as a manifestation of dealing with chronic stress. DS captures dimensionally a psychological distress related to end of life. Demoralization is associated with clinical features encompassing allostatic overload, quality of life, wellbeing/euthymia. Implications on health outcomes and treatment are discussed. Demoralization warrants careful consideration in clinical contexts through valid assessment procedures. DCPR are recommended to diagnose it, DS can be helpful to capture clinical details.

Danışman: DOÇ. DR. AYDIN PEKEL Yer Bilgisi: İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi / Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü / Antrenörlük Eğitimi Ana Bilim Dalı / Sporda Psikososyal Alanlar Bilim Dalı Konu: Spor = Sports, Bu çalışmanın temel amacı 6 hafta süren ve haftada iki kez düzenli bir şekilde uygulanan fiziksel egzersiz programına katılan (deney) ve katılmayan (kontrol grubu) özel gereksinimli bireye sahip annelerin kaygı ve umutsuzluk düzeylerinin araştırılıp değerlendirilmesidir. Bu çalışma yarı deneysel bir çalışma olarak tasarlanmıştır. Araştırmada ön test-son test kontrol gruplu araştırma modeli uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın popülasyonunu; İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Sosyal Hizmetler Daire Başkanlığı'na bağlı Özel Gereksinimli Eğitim Merkezi (ÖZGEM) bünyesinde eğitim alan öğrencilerin anneleri (N=100) oluşturmaktadır. Deney grubuna 6 hafta boyunca haftada iki kez planlamış egzersiz aktiviteleri uygulanmış olup, kontrol grubu ise herhangi bir uygulamaya tabi olmada rutin yaşantısına devam etmiştir. Katılımcıların kaygı ve umutsuzluk düzeylerinin belirlenmesi için her iki gruba da ön test ve son test olarak Durumluk ve Sürekli Kaygı Ölçeği ile Beck Umutsuzluk ölçekleri uygulanmıştır. Toplanan verilerin analizi IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 programı ile yapılmıştır. Deney grubu ve kontrol gruplarının ölçek değişkenleri açısından karşılaştırılması için öncelikle Kolmogorov Smirnov normal dağılım sınaması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Gruplar arasındaki kaygı ve umutsuzluk ortalamalarının karşılaştırılmasında Mann Whitney U testi, gruplar içinde ön ve son test ortalamalarının karşılaştırılmasında ise Wilcoxon testleri kullanılmıştır. Tüm analizlerde p, The main purpose of this study is to investigate and evaluate the anxiety and hopelessness levels of mothers with special needs individuals who participated (experiment) and did not participate (control group) in a physical exercise program that lasted for 6 weeks and was regularly applied twice a week. This study was designed as a quasi-experimental study. In the research, a pretest-posttest control group research model was applied. The population of the study; The mothers (N=100) of the students who receive education in the Special Needs Education Center (ÖZGEM) affiliated to the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality Social Services Department. Planned exercise activities were applied to the experimental group twice a week for 6 weeks, while the control group continued its routine life without being subject to any application. In order to determine the anxiety and hopelessness levels of the participants, the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory and Beck Hopelessness Scales were administered to both groups as pre-test and post-test. The analysis of the collected data was made with the IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0 program. In order to compare the experimental group and control groups in terms of scale variables, the Kolmogorov Smirnov normal distribution test was performed first. Mann Whitney U test was used to compare anxiety and hopelessness averages between groups, and Wilcoxon tests were used to compare pre- and post-test averages within groups. In all analyses, p

Suicide has taken the lives of 700,000 population worldwide, and it has caused five deaths per day in Malaysia in recent years. The COVID-19 pandemic has heightened the suicide prevalence because of the lockdown and the deprivation of social connection, making it the second leading death factor for young adults. The researcher will often look into the underlying cause of suicide by measuring suicidal ideation. This study examines the risk and protective factors of suicidal ideation among Malaysian young adults using the 3 Step Theory of Suicide. I am using the parallel mixed design to see the independent interaction of the relationship between psychological pain, hopelessness, and connectedness (e.g., belongingness, sociocultural self-connectedness, religious connectedness) and their association with suicidal ideation. This study will start by adapting, translating, and validating the instruments that will be used. The main study will employ a cross-sectional survey research design to collect data from at least 395 young adults with suicidal ideation. The analysis will include explanation and prediction techniques in Structural Equation Modeling to interpret the data. These findings will produce a highly validated and reliable result on the risk and protective factors of suicidal ideation among young adults in Malaysia. It can help to raise the awareness of suicidal ideation among the scholars, mental health practitioners, and the population.

Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bu araştırmada üniversite öğrencilerinde internet oyun oynama bozukluğu ile internet bağımlılığı, psikolojik katılık ve umutsuzluk arasındaki yordayıcı ilişkilerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu 2021-2022 yıllarında İç Anadolu bölgesinde bir üniversitede öğrenim gören üniversite öğrencilerinden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmaya 464' kadın 178'i erkek olmak üzere 642 üniversite öğrencisi katılmıştır. Araştırmada İnternet Oyun Oynama Bozukluğu Ölçeği Kısa Formu (İOOBÖ9-KF), Young İnternet Bağımlılığı Testi Kısa Formu (YİBT-KF), Kabul ve Eylem Formu-2 ve Kişisel Bilgi Formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada bağımsız örneklemler t-testi, tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA), Person momentler çarpımı korelasyon katsayısı analizi ve çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, internet oyun oynama bozukluğu puan ortalamalarının romantik ilişki durumu, kardeş sayısı, günlük uyku süresi ve düzenli fiziksel aktivite yapma durumuna göre anlamlı olarak farklılaşmadığı bulunmuştur. Erkeklerin internet oyun oynama bozukluğu düzeyleri kadınlardan daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Annesi lise mezunu olan ve annesi üniversite ve üzeri eğitim kademesinden mezun olan katılımcıların internet oyun oynama bozukluğu düzeyleri annesi ilkokul mezunu olanlardan anlamlı düzeyde daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Babası üniversite ve üzeri eğitim kademesinden mezun olan katılımcıların internet oyun oynama bozukluğu düzeyleri babası ilkokul mezunu olan katılımcılardan anlamlı düzeyde yüksek bulunmuştur. İnternet oyun oynama bozukluğunun hafta içi/hafta sonu oyun oynama süresine göre anlamlı olarak farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Hafta içi/hafta sonu oyun oynamadığını belirten katılımcıların internet oyun oynama bozukluğu düzeyleri 1 saatten az, 1-3 saat arasında ve 3 saatten fazla oynayanlardan daha düşüktür. Hafta içi/hafta sonu 1 saatten az oyun oynadığını belirten katılımcıların internet oyun oynama bozukluğu düzeyleri de 1-3 saat arasında ve 3 saatten fazla oynayan katılımcılardan daha düşüktür. Hafta sonu 1-3 saat oyun oynadığını belirten katılımcıların internet oyun oynama bozukluğu düzeyleri 3 saatten fazla oynadığını belirten katılımcılardan daha düşük bulunmuştur. Düzenli beslendiğini belirten katılımcıların internet oyun oynama bozukluğu düzeylerinin bazen düzenli beslendiğini ve düzenli beslenmediğini belirten katılımcılardan daha düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Oyun oynamadığını belirten katılımcıların internet oyun oynama bozukluğu düzeyleri, oyun oynamak için masaüstü/dizüstü bilgisayar kullanan ve oyun oynamak için akıllı telefon/tablet/oyun konsolu kullanan katılımcılardan daha düşüktür. Oyun oynamak için akıllı telefon/tablet/oyun konsolu kullanan katılımcıların internet oyun oynama bozukluğu düzeyleri masaüstü/dizüstü bilgisayar kullanan katılımcılardan daha düşüktür. Oyun oynamadığını belirten katılımcıların internet oyun oynama bozukluğu düzeyleri FPS, MOBA/MMORPG, Battle Royale ve diğer oyun türlerini tercih eden katılımcılardan daha düşük bulunmuştur. Ayrıca kategorilerin dışındaki diğer oyunları tercih ettiğini belirten katılımcıların internet oyun oynama bozukluğu düzeyleri FPS oyun türünü tercih eden katılımcılardan ve MOBA/MMORPG tercih eden katılımcılardan daha düşük bulunmuştur. Oyun oynamak için motivasyonu olmadığını belirten katılımcıların internet oyun yonama bozukluğu düzeyleri oyun oynamak için motivasyonu olduğunu belirten katılımcılardan daha düşüktür. İnternet oyun oynama bozukluğu ile internet bağımlılığı, psikolojik katılık ve umutsuzluk arasında pozitif yönlü anlamlı ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. İnternet bağımlılığı ile psikolojik katılık ve umutsuzluk arasında ve psikolojik katılık ile umutsuzluk arasında da pozitif yönlü anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonucunda internet bağımlılığı, psikolojik katılık ve umutsuzluğun internet oyun oynama bozukluğu üzerinde yordayıcı etkisi olduğu bulunmuştur., The purpose of this study is to examine the predictive relationships between internet gaming disorder and internet addiction, psychological inflexibility and hopelessness in college students. The study group of the research consists of students studying at the colleges in the years 2021-2022. Relational screening model was used in the research. A total of 642 university students, 464 women and 178 men, participated in the study. Internet Gaming Disorder Scale Short Form (IGDSSF9-SF), Short Form of Young Internet Addiction Test (YIAT-SF), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-2 (AAQ-2) and Personal Information Form prepared by the researcher were used. Independent samples t-test, one-way variance analysis (ANOVA), Person moment product correlation technique and multiple linear regression analysis were used. In the study, there was no significant difference between the internet gaming disorder point averages of college students according to romantic relationship status, number of siblings, daily sleep time and regular physical activity. Males were found to have higher levels of internet gaming disorder than famales. Internet gaming disorder levels of the participants whose mothers were high school graduates and mothers graduated from university or higher education level were found to be significantly higher than those whose mothers were primary school graduates. Internet gaming disorder levels of the participants whose fathers graduated from university or higher education level were found to be significantly higher than those whose fathers were primary school graduates. It has been determined that internet gaming disorder differs significantly according to weekday/weekend gaming time. Internet gaming disorder levels of the participants who stated that they did not play games on weekdays/weekends were lower than those who played less than 1 hour, 1-3 hours and more than 3 hours. Internet gaming disorder levels of the participants who stated that they played less than 1 hour on weekdays/weekends were also lower than the participants who played between 1-3 hours and more than 3 hours. Internet gaming disorder levels of the participants who stated that they played 1-3 hours on the weekend were lower than the participants who stated that they played more than 3 hours. It was determined that the level of internet gaming disorder of the participants who stated that they were eating regularly was lower than the participants who stated that they sometimes fed regularly and did not eat regularly. Internet gaming disorder levels of the participants who stated that they do not play games are lower than those who use desktop/ laptop computers and smart phones/tablet/ game consoles to play games. Internet gaming disorder levels of participants who use smartphones/tablets/game consoles to play games are lower than those who use desktop/laptop computers. Internet gaming disorder levels of the participants who stated that they did not play games were found to be lower than the participants who preferred FPS, MOBA/MMORPG, Battle Royale and other game types. In addition, the internet gaming disorder levels of the participants who stated that they preferred other games outside the categories were found to be lower than the participants who preferred the FPS and MOBA/MMORPG game type. It was determined that the internet gaming disorder levels of the participants who stated that they did not have motivation to play games were lower than the internet gaming disorder levels of the participants who had motivation to play games. A positive and significant relationship was found between internet gaming disorder and internet addiction, psychological inflexibility and hopelessness. Significant positive correlations were found between Internet addiction and psychological inflexibility and hopelessness, and between psychological inflexibility and hopelessness. As a result of the research, it was found that internet addiction, psychological inflexibility and hopelessness were predictive effects on internet gaming disorder.

Bu araştırmada, beliren yetişkinlik dönemindeki üniversite öğrencilerinin bağlanma stilleri, umutsuzluk düzeyleri ve akademik motivasyonlarının problemli cep telefonu kullanımı ile anlamlı bir ilişkisi olup olmadığını ve umutsuzluk, akademik motivasyon düzeyleri ve bağlanma stillerinin problemli cep telefonu kullanımını yordayıp yordamadığını incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma grubu İstanbul ilindeki devlet ve vakıf üniversitelerinde öğrenim gören 356 öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Katılımcılar 18-25 yaş aralığına sahiptir. Veriler, Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Problemli Cep Telefon Kullanım Ölçeği (PCTKÖ), Yakın İlişkilerde Yaşantılar Envanteri-II (YİYE-II), Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği ve Akademik Motivasyon Ölçeği kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS paket programı ile yorumlanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, Bağımsız Örneklem t- Testi, MANOVA, Tukey post hoc Testi, Pearson Momentler Çarpım Korelasyon tekniği ve Çoklu Regresyon Analizi tekniği kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre problemli cep telefonu kullanımı ile bağlanma stilleri ve umutsuzluk düzeyleri arasında pozitif, akademik motivasyon düzeyleri arasında negatif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Son olarak akademik motivasyon, umutsuzluk düzeyleri ve bağlanma stillerinin birlikte, problemli cep telefonu kullanımını yordadığı görülmüştür., The present study aims to analyze the relationship between the attachment styles, hopelessness levels, and academic motivations of university students in emerging adulthood with problematic mobile phone use. Also, this study aims to analyze the predictive power of perceived hopelessness, academic motivation, and attachment styles on problematic mobile phone use of individuals in the emerging adulthood period. The sample of this research consists of 356 public and foundation university students in Istanbul. The ages of the participants are in the range of 18-25. The data were created by utilizing the Personal Information Form, Problematic Mobile Phone Use Scale (PMPUS), Experiences in Close Relationships- Revised (ECR-R), Beck Hopelessness Scale, and Academic Motivation Scale (AMS). Data obtained was analyzed using the SPSS statistical software. Independent samples T-test, MANOVA, Pearson Moment Product Correlation, Tukey post hoc Test, and multiple regression analysis were performed for statistical analysis. According to the analysis results, there was a positive relationship between problematic mobile phone use with attachment styles and hopelessness levels. There was a negative relationship between problematic mobile phone use with academic motivation levels. According to the regression analysis results, all of the predictive variables together explained in problematic mobile phone use.

Hopelessness is a painful cognitive state that is related to depression and suicide. Despite its importance, only unsystematic efforts have been made to specifically target hopelessness in interventions, and no comprehensive review is currently available to guide future clinical studies. In this narrative review, we first analyze the phenomenon of hopelessness, by highlighting its components (e.g., dismal expectations, blocked goal-directed processing, and helplessness), antecedents (e.g., inferential styles), and contextual factors (e.g., loneliness and reduced social support). Then, we review the currently available interventions and manipulations that target these mechanisms, either directly or indirectly, and we highlight both their strengths and lacunae. Finally, we propose possible avenues to improve our clinical toolbox for breaking the vise of hopelessness.

Hope for a messianic future and the Messiah’s return emerge from everyday life negotiations of some Iranians within the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Islamic Republic has co-opted the religion, messianic hope and the Messiah to build a mode of religious governance and to maintain pro-regime families and the revolu-tionary youth. I will demonstrate politics of hope in Iran and argue that subscribing to the messianic hope by pro-regime families may appear as a religious expression of futurity or compliance with the Islamic Republic at first glance. However, messianic hope is a mode of world-making to endure militancy, militarization of everyday life, political Islam and the pain caused by a stream of dead bodies coming from different conflict zones. This article builds on the existing debates of hope to show how the reality of ‘the future’ becomes messianic for Shia believers and how social actors carving hope amidst precarities is not an orientation towards the future but rather a mode of making-do.

The study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-compassion, perceived social support, and Self-esteem with borderline personality symptoms mediated by aloneness and hopelessness. The research method was descriptive-correlational which was done through structural equation modeling. The study population consisted of women in Isfahan city, 262 of whom were selected by available sampling and were assessed with self-compassion, perceived social support, self-esteem, Borderline Personality Symptoms, Feeling of loneliness and Beck's hopelessness scales. The results of structural equation modeling indicated a good fit of the research model. Findings showed that self-compassion is directly related to feelings of loneliness and borderline personality symptoms, as well as self-compassion indirectly affecting the symptoms of borderline personality disorder by affecting the feeling of loneliness. The results showed that social support and self-esteem had a direct and negative relationship with feelings of loneliness, hopelessness and borderline personality symptoms. Social support and self-esteem also affect the symptoms of borderline personality disorder through feelings of loneliness and hopelessness. The findings of the present study, in addition to practical implications, has provide a useful framework for identifying the components that affect the formation and development of borderline personality disorder in women.

Aim To examine the body image and hopelessness status of early‐stage breast cancer survivors who received a one‐time dressing change after surgery and were ready to be discharged from a hospital in China. Design A cross‐sectional study. Methods Participants were 211 women with breast cancer who had received a one‐time dressing change postsurgery. Spearman's correlation and structural equation modelling were used for data analysis. Results Participants in the 35–45 age group and those who underwent bilateral mastectomy presented higher scores for hopelessness. Married participants showed lower scores for the feelings about the future subscale compared to other subscales. Body image was significantly and positively associated with and had a positive effect on hopelessness. Women with a more positive appraisal of their body image tended to report lower levels of hopelessness. Healthcare providers should evaluate patients’ distress levels after a mastectomy to identify women who may require early psychosocial intervention.

Background The COVID-19 global pandemic has had profound effects on mental health and wellbeing. The present study examined trends in distress and recovery in the aftermath of COVID-19 in China. Predictors that might increase risks or provide protections again distress were explored. Method Participants were recruited using social media during the COVID-19 pandemic to complete a baseline and 6-week follow-up survey (N = 241). The change patterns of PTSD symptoms from baseline to follow-up were characterized using latent class growth analysis (LCGA). A repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted to explore the differences in the depressive symptoms across trajectory groups. Multinominal logistic regression was performed to investigate potential predictors of the outcome trajectories. Results Four longitudinal outcome trajectories were identified: chronic (PTSD symptoms remained high; 14.9%), resilient (symptoms remained low; 43.2%), recovered (symptoms decreased from symptomatic levels to asymptomatic; 19.5%), and delayed (symptoms increased from asymptomatic levels to symptomatic; 22.4%). Hopelessness and maladaptive coping strategies were unique predictors of distress and resilience as well as longer-term trajectories. Conclusion Individuals evidenced four outcome trajectories of distress in the aftermath of COVID-19 in China. Despite the uncertainty and high levels of stress related to the pandemic, the majority of the sample demonstrated resilience and recovery. It is essential to identify individuals at risk for chronic and delayed distress in order to build resilience. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12529-021-10036-8.

Background: There is limited literature available showing the mental health burden among adolescents following cyberbullying. Objective: The aim was to evaluate the association between low mood and suicidality among cyberbullied adolescents. Method: A cross-sectional analysis of the data was performed among adolescents from the National Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. Responses from adolescents related to cyberbullying and suicidality were evaluated. Chi-square and mix-effect multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association of cyberbullying with sadness/hopelessness and suicide consideration, plan, and attempts. Results: Of a total of 8274 adolescents, 14.8% of adolescents faced cyberbullying past year. There was a higher prevalence of cyberbullying in youths aged 15, 16, and 17 years (25%, 26%, 23%, respectively), which included more females than males (68% vs. 32%, p &lt, 0.0001). Caucasians (53%) had the highest number of responses to being cyberbullied compared to Hispanics (24%) or African Americans (11%, 0.0001). There was an increased prevalence of cyberbullied youths, feelings of sadness/hopelessness (59.6% vs. 25.8%), higher numbers considering suicide (40.4% vs. 13.2%), suicide plan (33.2% vs. 10.8%), and multiple suicidal attempts in comparison to non-cyberbullied (p &lt, 0.0001). On regression analysis, cyberbullied adolescents had a 155% higher chance of feeling sad and hopeless [aOR = 2.55, 95%CI = 2.39–2.72] and considered suicide [aOR = 1.52 (1.39–1.66)] and suicide plan [aOR = 1.24 (1.13–1.36)]. Conclusion: In our Study, cyberbullying was associated with negative mental health outcomes. Further research is warranted to examine the impact of cyberbullying among adolescents and guiding the policies to mitigate the consequences.

(1) Objectives: Hallucinogens are being explored as a potential treatment of psychiatric disorders. Micro dosing of illicitly purchased hallucinogen drugs is on the rise despite conclusive benefits. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and odds of hopelessness, suicidality, and co-occurring substance use among adolescent hallucinogen users. (2) Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) 2001–2019 data that nationally represents school-going US adolescents. We identified hallucinogen use based on the survey questions, exploring the use of hallucinogens (LSD, PCP, mescaline, and mushrooms). (3) Results: Out of a total of 125,550 respondents, 8.4% reported using hallucinogens. Overall, the trend of hallucinogen use decreased from 13.3% (2001) to 7.0% (2019) (pTrend < 0.0001). Hallucinogen users were at high odds of feeling sad and hopeless (aOR: 1.40; 95%CI: 1.21–1.61; p < 0.0001), considering suicide (aOR: 1.36; 95%CI: 1.08–1.70; p = 0.009), and planning suicide (aOR: 1.49; 95%CI: 1.19–1.86; p = 0.001). Additionally, adolescent hallucinogen users had a higher prevalence of alcohol, cigarette, e-cigarette, marijuana, synthetic marijuana, inhalants, heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, and ecstasy use. (4) Conclusions: The overall trend of hallucinogen use decreased among school-going American adolescents. We found a high prevalence of co-occurring substance use among hallucinogen users. We found that hallucinogen users were at high odds of feeling sad, hopeless, and considering and planning suicide. Further research is needed to explore the effects of recreational hallucinogen use among the adolescent population.

This study investigates the psychological effects of Covid anxiety on individuals from a consumer standpoint. Specifically, the current research looks at the impact of Covid anxiety on future orientation, hopelessness, and compulsive buying, as well as the influence of hopelessness and future orientation on compulsive buying. Future orientation and hopelessness link is also being investigated. In this context, 350 individuals are surveyed online, and the structural equation modeling technique is utilized to analyze the data. It is confirmed that Covid anxiety increases hopelessness and compulsive buying tendency and reduces future orientation. The results also demonstrate that hopelessness boosts compulsive buying, whereas future orientation declines this tendency. Finally, there is evidence of a negative link between hopelessness and future orientation. This study gives insight into the interactions among psychological factors that resulted in considerable cognitive changes and compulsive buying during the pandemic. Further, the current study is a pioneer one that integrates Covid anxiety, hopelessness, future orientation, and compulsive buying into a conceptual model., Bu çalışma, Kovid kaygısının bireyler üzerindeki psikolojik etkilerini tüketici bakış açısından incelemektedir. Spesifik olarak, mevcut araştırma, Covid kaygısının gelecek yönelimi, umutsuzluk ve kompulsif satın alma üzerindeki etkisiyle birlikte umutsuzluk ve gelecek yöneliminin kompulsif satın alma üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektedir. Bunların yanı sıra gelecek yönelimi ve umutsuzluk arasındaki ilişki de araştırılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda 350 kişiye çevrimiçi anket uygulanmış ve verilerin analizinde yapısal eşitlik modellemesi tekniğinden yararlanılmıştır. Kovid kaygısının, umutsuzluğu ve kompulsif satın alma eğilimini artırdığı ve gelecek yönelimini azalttığı doğrulanmıştır. Ayrıca sonuçlar umutsuzluğun kompulsif satın alma eğilimini yükselttiği, ancak gelecek yöneliminin bu eğilimi düşürdüğünü göstermektedir. Son olarak, umutsuzluk ile gelecek yönelimi arasında negatif bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, pandemi sırasında önemli bilişsel değişikliklere neden olan ve kompulsif satın alma ile sonuçlanan çeşitli psikolojik faktörler arasındaki etkileşimlere yönelik bir iç görü sağlamaktadır. Ayrıca mevcut çalışma, Kovid kaygısını, umutsuzluğu, gelecek yönelimini ve kompulsif satın alma değişkenlerini kavramsal bir modelde ele alan öncü bir çalışmadır.

Bu araştırmada, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman ve Artvin Çoruh Üniversitelerinin ormancılık bölümünde okuyan öğrencilerin psikolojik dayanıklılık ve umutsuzluk düzeylerinin ve psikolojik dayanıklılık ile umutsuzluk arasında nasıl bir ilişki olduğunun belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca, öğrencilerin psikolojik dayanıklılık umutsuzluk düzeylerinin demografik özelliklere göre değişiklik gösterip göstermediği ve yapısal eşitlik modellemesi kullanılarak da psikolojik dayanıklılığın umutsuzluk üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır. Araştırma örneklemini, ormancılık bölümünde okuyan 372 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Ana çalışma değişkenlerini ölçmek için “Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği” ve “Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, ormancılık bölümünde okuyan öğrencilerin orta seviyede bir psikolojik dayanıklılık ve umutsuzluk düzeylerine sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Psikolojik dayanıklılık ve boyutları ile umutsuzluk ve boyutları arasında anlamlı ve negatif bir ilişki bulunmaktadır. Öğrencilerin umutsuzluk seviyelerinin sınıf ve gelir değişkenlerine göre farklılık gösterirken, psikolojik dayanıklılık seviyeleri ise cinsiyet ve sınıf değişkenlerine göre farklılık göstermektedir. Yapısal eşitlik modellemesi kullanılarak psikolojik dayanıklılığın umutsuzluk düzeyini azalttığı tespit edilmiştir., The aim of this research is to determine the psychological resilience and hopelessness levels of the students studying in the forestry department of Muğla Sıtkı Koçman and Artvin Çoruh Universities and the relationship between psychological resilience and hopelessness. In addition, whether the students' levels of resilience hopelessness vary according to demographic characteristics and the effect of resilience on hopelessness was investigated by using structural equation modeling. The research sample consists of 372 students studying in the forestry department. The “Psychological Resilience Scale” and the “Beck Hopelessness Scale” were used to measure the main study variables. As a result of the research, it was found that the students studying in the forestry department had a moderate level of psychological resilience and hopelessness. There is a significant and negative relationship between psychological resilience and its dimensions and hopelessness and its dimensions. While students' hopelessness levels differ according to class and income variables, psychological resilience levels differ according to gender and class variables. It was determined that psychological resilience reduces the level of hopelessness by using structural equation modeling.

OBJECTIVE: Psychotherapies for depression are similarly effective, but the processes through which these therapies work have not been identified. We focus on psychological process changes during therapy as predictors of long-term depression outcome in treatment responders.METHOD: Secondary analysis of a randomized trial comparing cognitive therapy (CT) and interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) that focuses on 85 treatment responders. Using mixed-effects models, changes during therapy (0-7 months) on nine process variables were associated with depression severity (BDI-II) at follow-up (7-24 months).RESULTS: A decrease in dysfunctional attitudes was associated with a decrease in depression scores over time. Improved self-esteem was associated with less depression at follow-up (borderline significant). More improvement in both work and social functioning and interpersonal problems was associated with better depression outcomes in IPT relative to CT, while less improvement in work and social functioning and interpersonal problems was associated with better outcomes in CT relative to IPT.CONCLUSIONS: Less negative thinking during therapy is associated with lower depression severity in time, while changes during therapy in work and social functioning and interpersonal problems appear to predict different long-term outcomes in CT vs. IPT. If replicated, these findings can be used to guide clinical decision-making during psychotherapy.

Bu araştırmanın amacı görme engelli yetişkin bireylerin gelecek beklentileri ve umutsuzluk düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın evreni Ankara ve İstanbul illerindeki görme engelli derneklerine üye görme engelli yetişkin bireylerdir. Araştırmaya amaçsal örneklem yöntemi ile 165 görme engelli yetişkin birey dahil edilmiştir. Araştırmada Olumlu Gelecek Beklentisi Ölçeği ve Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği olmak üzere üç ölçek kullanılmıştır. Araştırma verilerinin analizi için t-testi, ANOVA ve Pearson Korelasyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Sosyal hizmetin çalışma alanları gereği engellilik olgusu ile iç içe bir meslek olduğu da düşünüldüğünde görme engellilik olgusuna araştırılan konular üzerinden gerçekleşecek bir sosyal hizmet bakışının literatüre katkı sağlayacağı ve ortaya konulan problemle birlikte yeni araştırmalara olanak sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir., The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between, future expectations and hopelessness levels of visually impaired adults. The participants in the research of the research are visually impaired adult individuals who are members of associations for the visually impaired people in Ankara and Istanbul provinces. A total of 165 visually impaired adults were included in the study by purposive sampling method. In the research, three scales including Multidimensional Perceived, Positive Future Expectation Scale and Beck Hopelessness Scale were used. For the analysis of the research data, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson Correlation analysis were used. Considering that social work is a profession intertwined with the area related to disabled people due to its fields of study, it could be thought that a social work perspective on the visual disability through the issues investigated will contribute to the literature and will enable new research with the problem posed.

The current study focused on the role of the sense of coherence (SOC) in the serial relationships among the fear of COVID-19, indices of psychological distress, and life satisfaction. It examined the hypothesis that an SOC would mitigate the impact of the fear of COVID-19 on psychological distress, which in turn would positively impact life satisfaction. Participants were school teachers (N = 355) who completed the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, the trait scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the short form of the Sense of Coherence Scale, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. A path analysis confirmed the mediating role of the dimensions of the SOC in the relationships among the fear of COVID-19, indices of psychological distress, and life satisfaction. Specifically, comprehensibility, meaningfulness, and manageability were found to mediate the associations between the fear of COVID-19 and anxiety, and the fear of COVID-19 and hopelessness, which in turn were associated with higher levels of life satisfaction. The findings confirmed that an SOC is an important source of resilience. Interventions that facilitate the re-appraisal of stressors as challenges and enhance the awareness of practical coping strategies can build an SOC and promote mental health.

This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the potential role of hopelessness, helplessness, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between adverse life events and psychological distress among Turkish adults. Participants' ages ranged from 18 to 64 years old. The majority were female. From June 21, 2021, to August 18, 2021, 432 participants responded to an online questionnaire that included the Negative Life Events List (NLEs), the Helplessness, and Hopelessness, and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies Scale (CERS) and General Health Questionnaire-12. The findings suggest that the NLEs, directly and indirectly, predict psychological distress through helplessness and hopelessness. The direct and indirect predictive effects of the NLEs on psychological distress varied depending on the level of CERS. The current study's findings have contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the relationship between the NLEs and psychological distress during pandemics.

In this study, it was aimed to examine the relationship of leisure satisfaction with happiness and hopelessness level of university students during the covid-19 process. The relational screening model based on descriptive study was carried out in the research. The sample of the study included 1131 students studying at Faculty of Health Sciences and Faculty of Sport Sciences at Gazi University and Atatürk University. The "Personal Information Form" created by the researchers to determine the socio-demographic information, the "Leisure Satisfaction Scale" to measure leisure satisfaction levels, the “Oxford Happiness Scale Short Form” to measure happiness levels of students were used. In order to determine the hopelessness of the participants “Beck Hopelessness Scale” was applied in the study.The SPSS Statistics 26 programme was handled for analysis of the research data utilized by percentage distribution tables, frequency analysis, arithmetic mean and standard deviation, t-test and Regression analysis.According to the results of the research, it was found that there is a positive and low level significant relationship between leisure satisfaction and happiness [(p, Yapılan bu araştırmada, Covid-19 pandemi sürecinde üniversite öğrencilerinin serbest zaman doyumlarının mutluluk ve umutsuzlukla ilişkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada betimsel çalışmaya dayalı ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemini Gazi Üniversitesi ve Atatürk Üniversitesi’nde öğrenim gören 1131 sağlık bilimleri ve spor bilimleri fakülteleri öğrencileri oluşturmuştur. Üniversite öğrencilerinin sosyo-demografik bilgilerini belirlemek için araştırmacılar tarafından oluşturulan “Kişisel Bilgi Formu”, serbest zaman doyumları için, “Serbest Zaman Doyum Ölçeği”, mutluluk düzeylerini ölçmek için “Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği Kısa Formu” kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların umutsuzluk durumlarını belirlemek için ise “Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği” uygulanmıştır. Araştırma verilerinin analizinde SPSS Statistics 26 programı kullanılarak; yüzde dağılım tabloları, sıklık analizi (Frekans), aritmetik ortalama, standart sapma, t-testi ve Regresyon analizlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Serbest zaman doyumu ile mutluluk arasında pozitif yönde düşük düzeyde anlamlı ilişki olduğu bulunmuştur [(p

Amaç: HIV ile yaşayan bireylerde (PLWH) damgalanma, umutsuzluk, depresyon ve ilişkili faktörlerin belirlenmesi amaçlandı.Materyal ve Metod: Bu tanımlayıcı-kesitsel tipteki araştırmaya 01 Mart – 30 Nisan 2022 tarihleri arasında XXX hastanesine başvuran 57 PLWH hastası dahil edilmiştir. Berger HIV Stigma Ölçeği, Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği ve Beck Depresyon Envanteri hastalarla yüz yüze görüşülerek dolduruldu. Araştırmanın birincil sonuçları HIV ile damgalanma, umutsuzluk ve depresyondur.Bulgular: Berger HIV-Damgalanma Ölçeği puan ortalamasının yüksek seviyede (104.5±16.7), Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği puan ortalamasının orta seviyede (7.6±6.1) ve Beck Depresyon Envanteri puan ortalamasının orta seviyede (16.3±13.7) olduğu belirlenmiştir. Umutsuzluk oranı %63.2, depresyon oranı ise %40.4 olarak belirlendi. Damgalanma ile umutsuzluk arasında orta düzeyde (r:0.44), damgalanma ile depresyon arasında yüksek düzeyde (r:0.52) ve umutsuzluk ile depresyon arasında çok yüksek düzeyde pozitif bir ilişki (r:0.80) vardı. Ayrıca, HIV ile yaşayan umutsuz bir bireyin, umutlu bir bireye göre depresyona maruz kalma olasılığının 76 kat daha fazla olduğu bulundu. Bekar olmanın ve muhafazakar olmayan bir ailede büyümenin HIV-damgalanmayı azalttığı belirlendi. HIV bulaşmasını gizlemek zorunda kalmanın HIV-damgalanmayı artırdığı belirlendi. HIV bulaşmasını gizlemek zorunda kalmanın umutsuzluğu azalttığı (odss=0.13), depresyonun ise umutsuzluğu artırdığı (odss=1.21) belirlendi. Umutsuzluğun depresyonu artırdığı belirlendi (odss=1.87).Sonuç: Bu çalışma HIV ile yaşayan bireylerin HIV ile damgalanma, umutsuzluk ve depresyondan önemli ölçüde etkilendiğini ve bu hastalarda umutsuzluğun depresyonu artırdığı vurgulamaktadır., Background: It was aimed to determine stigma, hopelessness, depression and associated factors in people living with HIV (PLWH).Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 57 PLWH who admitted to Şanlıurfa Training and Research Hospital hospital between March 01-April 30, 2022. Berger HIV Stigma Scale, Beck Hope-lessness Scale and Beck Depression Inventory were filled during face-to-face interviews with patients.Results: It was determined Berger HIV-Stigma Scale mean score was high level (104.5±16.7), Beck Hopelessness Scale mean score was medium level (7.6±6.1) and Beck Depression Inventory mean score was medium level (16.3±13.7). Hopelessness rate was determined as 63.2% and depression rate as 40.4%. It was found a moder-ate correlation between stigma and hopelessness (r=0.44), a high level of correlation between stigma and depression (r=0.52), and a very high positive correlation between hopelessness and depression (r=0.80). Besides, a hopeless individual living with HIV was found to be odds 76 times more likely to be exposed to de-pression than a hopeful individual. In the regression analysis, it was determined that being single and growing up in a non-conservative family decreased HIV-stigma. On the other hand, it was observed that having to hide being infected with HIV increased HIV-stigma. It was determined that having to hide contagion with HIV de-creased hopelessness (odds=0.13) but depression increased hopelessness (odds=1.21). It was determined that hopelessness increased depression (odds=1.87).Conclusions: Stigma, hopelessness and depression are seen at high rates among PLWH and hopelessness in-creases depression significantly.

We are exploring the effectiveness of a digital single-session intervention (SSI) focused on minority stress for sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth ages 13 to 16. We are examining how intervention effectiveness is moderated by intersectional identities, social support, and structural stigma.

Introduction: Depression is regarded as the main cause of individual’s incapacity. One of the component of depression is hopelessness. This study was planned to examine if the digit ratio associates with depression and hopelessness status in the Iranian women. Methods: This cross-sectional study sample included 358 women aged between 20 to 32 years old. The palm side of both hands of individuals was photographed and then the length of index and ring fingers was measured by ImageJ. The Beck’s depression inventory II and Beck’s hopelessness scale (BHS) were used to measure the levels of depression and hopelessness respectively. ANOVA and Student’s t test was applied to compare the study groups in respect to the continuous data. Results: The results showed that the means of 2D:4D ratio of neither right nor left hands were significantly different between the depression study groups. The same insignificant results were derived with hopelessness status too. However, reanalyzing the data, while combination of depression and hopelessness was considered, showed a significantly lower digit ratio of the right hand in the women whit neither depression nor hopelessness (group 1) compared to the women with moderate/severe depression while holding a degree of hopelessness (group 2) (ratio mean for group 1: 0.978 ± 0.003 and for group 2: 0.992 ± 0.005; t = -2.417, P = 0.017). Conclusion: Our data suggested that the 2D:4D ratio of the right hand in the women associates with the severity of depression when accompanied by hopelessness.

AIM: This study was aimed to test group art therapy using clay as a medium as a method to cope with feelings of loneliness and hopelessness in older adults. METHOD: This study was a randomized controlled study. A total of 60 older adults who lived alone were enrolled in the study. Thirty subjects were randomly assigned to six 1.5-hour weekly sessions of group art therapy using clay, and interviewed face-to-face twice (intervention group (IG)), and 30 subjects were randomly assigned to be interviewed face-to-face twice (control group (CG)). The effects of interventions were measured using the UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA-LS) and the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS). Loneliness and hopelessness levels in the IG and CG were measured at the beginning (pre-test) and the end (post-test) of the study. This study was conducted using the CONSORT statement. The group art therapy trial is registered at the US National Institutes of Health (ClinicalTrials.gov) #NCT04295083. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was found between the pre-test and post-test scores of the IG and CG, with respect to the loneliness and hopelessness levels among older adults living alone. CONCLUSION: Clay-based group art therapy can contribute toward decreasing the sense of loneliness and hopelessness in older adults. Nurses using group art therapy for older adults will realize the psychological healing aspects and effectiveness of this intervention and recognize it as an effective method for the psychological growth of older adults and the reduction in their levels of loneliness and hopelessness.

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the hopelessness and violence tendency of football fans and to investigate the differences between these variables and various demographic variables. The research group was formed by 398 male volunteer football fans who watched the Elazigspor (Sports Toto 1st League ) matches in the 2018-2019 season in Turkey. In addition to demographic variables in the study, the Violent Trend Scale and Beck Hopelessness Scale were used. The SPSS program was used to analyze the data. Independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, pearson correlation, and linear regression analysis were used in the analysis of the data. In the findings of the research, it was determined that there was a moderate positive relationship between the variable of hopelessness and the tendency toward violence. It was determined that there was a statistically significant difference in the tendency toward violence according to the variables of fans going to away games, the duration of watching matches at the stadium, and with whom fans watched the matches. As a result, as the level of fans’ hopelessness increased, it was observed that there was an increase in violent tendencies. In addition, those who went to watch away matches, those who watched matches at the stadium for a long period of time, and those who went to watch matches with friends were found to have high levels of violent tendencies.

Chen Chen,1,2 Si Dai,2 Lijuan Shi,3 Yidong Shen,2 Jianjun Ou2 1Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Key Laboratory of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, Shanghai, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China; 3School of Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Jianjun OuDepartment of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No. 139 Middle Renmin Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 17775861486Email oujianjun@csu.edu.cnPurpose: The mediating role of depressive symptoms and hopelessness on the relationship between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and internet gaming disorder (IGD) symptoms has not yet been elucidated. This study assessed this mediating effect in college students.Participants and Methods: Participants consisted of 1236 freshmen recruited at a local university. Symptoms of ADHD, IGD, depression and hopelessness were measured using self-report scales. The effect of ADHD on IGD mediated by depression and hopelessness was analyzed by Haye’s PROCESS macro for SPSS (Model 6) using the bias-corrected percentile bootstrap method with 5000 bootstrapped samples.Results: Symptoms of ADHD, depression and hopelessness were common in college students and were strongly associated with the appearance of IGD symptoms. ADHD symptoms of college students impacted their IGD symptoms directly and indirectly via depressive symptoms and hopelessness. The total effect of ADHD symptoms on IGD symptoms was 0.075 (standard error [SE]: 0.009, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.057, 0.093), with a direct effect of 0.037 (SE: 0.010, 95% CI 0.018, 0.056, effect ratio: 49.3%), and total indirect effect was 0.038 (SE: 0.005, 95% CI 0.029, 0.050, effect ratio: 50.7%).Conclusion: Depressive symptoms and hopelessness can mediate the relationship between ADHD and IGD symptoms among college students. These findings point to the importance of evaluating ADHD, depressive and hopelessness symptoms for the prevention and treatment of adult IGD.Keywords: attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, internet gaming disorder, depression, hopelessness, mediation effect

Objectives:A deterioration in adolescents’ body appearance or their perception of this may be related to psychological problems. This study examined the effects of high school students’ height, weight, and related perceptions on their self-esteem, social anxiety, and hopelessness.Materials and Methods:Anthropometric measurements were performed for 1,025 adolescents in 10 high schools in Ankara. The students were asked to fill out the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and the Social Anxiety Scale for Children (SACS).Results:The students were categorized into three groups by their body mass indices: underweight, normal weight, and overweight-obese. BHS and SACS scores in underweight and overweight-obese individuals tended to be higher than in those with normal weight, but the difference did not reach statistical significance. The median SACS scores were higher in both girls and boys with short stature than those with normal height. The median RSES and SACS scores of students who thought they were overweight were significantly higher than those who thought they were at a normal weight. The median RSES and SACS scores of those who thought they were short were higher than those who thought they were of normal height.Conclusion:The study suggests that adolescents who are short or think they are short or overweight are at risk for developing mental disorders. Counseling activities for this adolescent group can prevent the development of mental illnesses, and thus, those who develop mental illness can be noticed early and receive psychiatric help.

Neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is a chronic medical disease that often presents with psychiatric disorders. We investigated suicidal ideation in NF1 patients compared to healthy controls. We also evaluated whether hopelessness, depressive symptoms and perceived disability may mediate suicidal ideation in patients with NF1.We enrolled 60 patients with NF1 and 50 healthy controls with no history of NF1. Patients underwent a full psychiatric evaluation. Psychiatric diagnosis was made according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5) criteria. Patients and controls underwent a series of psychometric measures, namely the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the Italian Perceived Disability Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory.Suicidal ideation was significantly higher in patients with NF1 (45%) than in controls (10%). Patients also presented more severe perceived disability and hopelessness and more frequent psychiatric disorders than controls. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that perceived disability was independently associated with the presence of suicidal ideation in patients with NF1.In conclusion, our results showed that suicidal ideation was present in almost half of patients with NF1, suggesting the importance of suicide assessment in these patients.Key pointsPatients with NF1 have an increased suicide ideation when compared to healthy controlsIncreased suicidal ideation correlates with perceived disability, but not with the presence of psychiatric disordersAssessment of suicidal ideation should be performed in patients with NF1.

In this study, the aim is to determine the relationship between cognitive-behavioral avoidance, dysfunctional attitudes and hopelessness levels of parents having children with special needs. The research group consists of 155 parents having children with special needs in Kastamonu. Mean, t test, anova and pearson correlation coefficient analysis techniques were used in the analysis of the data. According to the research findings, significant relationships were found between cognitive-behavioral avoidance, dysfunctional attitudes and hopelessness levels of parents having children with special needs. No significant relationship was found in cognitive-behavioral avoidance, dysfunctional attitude and hopelessness levels according to the marital status of the parents and the sex of their children with special needs. Significant relationships were found in cognitive-behavioral avoidance, dysfunctional attitudes, and hopelessness levels according to the sex of the parents, the place of residence, the level of education of the child with special needs, and educational diagnoses. Hopelessness and dysfunctional attitudes of parents having children with special needs are low whereas; cognitive-behavioral avoidance of parents was found to be above the average., Bu araştırmada, özel gereksinimli çocuğu olan ebeveynlerin bilişsel-davranışsal kaçınma, fonksiyonel olmayan tutum ve umutsuzluk düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma grubunu Kastamonu ilinde bulunan ve özel gereksinimli çocuğu olan 155 ebeveyn oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin analizinde ortalama, t testi, anova ve pearson korelasyon katsayısı analizi teknikleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre özel gereksinimli çocuğu olan ebeveynlerin bilişsel-davranışsal kaçınma, fonksiyonel olmayan tutum ve umutsuzluk düzeyleri arasında anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Ebeveynlerin medeni durumları ve özel gereksinimli çocuklarının cinsiyetlerine göre bilişsel-davranışsal kaçınma, fonksiyonel olmayan tutum ve umutsuzluk düzeylerinde anlamlı ilişki bulunmamıştır. Ebeveynlerin cinsiyetlerine, yerleşim yerlerine, özel gereksinimli çocuğun eğitim gördüğü kademeye ve eğitsel tanılarına göre bilişsel-davranışsal kaçınma, fonksiyonel olmayan tutum ve umutsuzluk düzeylerinde anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Özel gereksinimli çocuğu olan ebeveynlerin umutsuzlukları ve fonksiyonel olmayan tutumları düşük düzeyde; ebeveynlerin bilişsel-davranışsal kaçınmaları ise ortalamanın üzerinde olduğu görülmüştür.

A Descriptive Study of Youth Beliefs About Depression Permanence

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Depression and suicide are increasing concerns from a public mental health perspective, with adolescent suicide following a similar pattern. For justice-involved youth, who are at increased risk for mental health concerns, understanding unique risk factors can help with both screening procedures and mental health interventions for adolescents involved in the juvenile justice system. Perceptions of procedural justice has been identified as an influential risk factors for individuals involved in the legal system. However, it has been understudied with mental health concerns as the main outcome, especially in an adolescent population. We are planning to examine how perceptions of procedural justice and hopelessness predict depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation over time in a sample of justice-involved youth.

Interpretation bias, hopelessness, and perfectionism are broadly categorized as maladaptive cognitive styles, and have individually been identified as contributing to the etiology and maintenance of internalizing disorders. However, there is a paucity of research empirically testing the relationships among these constructs, and the individual impacts of each construct on clinical outcomes. We aim to characterize the relationships among these mechanisms, and explore whether the constructs predict symptom severity concurrently and longitudinally in a sample of patients attending a transdiagnostic partial hospital program.

Amaç: Bu araştırma hemodiyaliz hastalarının manevi yönelimlerinin umutsuzluk düzeylerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla tanımlayıcı olarak yürütülmüştür.Materyal ve Metot: Araştırmanın örneklemini Temmuz-2017 ve Mayıs 2018 tarihleri arasında Ondokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi (OMÜ SUVAM) hemodiyaliz ünitesi, nefroloji servisi ve OMÜ SUVAM’a bağlı Şehir Sağlık Merkezi’nde tedavi gören 100 hemodiyaliz hastası oluşturmuştur. Veriler hasta tanıtıcı bilgi formu, Manevi Yönelim Ölçeği (MYÖ) ve Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği (BUÖ) kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin normal dağılıma uygunluğu Shapiro Wilk testi ile incelenmiştir. Normal dağılıma uymayan verilerin karşılaştırılmasında Kruskal Wallis ve Mann Whitney U testi kullanılmıştır. Ölçeklerin alt boyutları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesinde ise Spearman korelasyon analizinden yararlanılmıştır.Bulgular: Hastaların yaş ortalamasının 56.7±14.4 olduğu, %59’unun erkek, % 80’inin evli, % 53’ünün 1-5 yıl önce kronik böbrek yetmezliği tanısı aldığı, % 75’inin 1-5 yıldır hemodiyaliz tedavisi aldığı, % 63’ünün başka bir kronik hastalığı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu araştırmada MYÖ toplam puan ortalaması 99.57±15.51 olarak saptanmıştır. BUÖ toplam puan ortalaması ise 5.68±4.43; gelecek ile ilgili duygular ve beklentiler alt boyutu toplam puan ortalaması 1.2±1.29 iken motivasyon kaybı alt boyutu toplam puan ortalaması 2.56±1.89 ve umut alt boyutu toplam puan ortalaması 1.91±1.82 olarak belirlenmiştir. MYÖ ve BUÖ arasında orta düzeyde negatif yönde anlamlı korelasyon belirlenmiştir (r: -0.385, p, Aim: This study was conducted descriptively to determine the effects of the spiritual orientation of hemodialysis patients on their levels of hopelessness. Method: The study sample consisted of 100 hemodialysis patients treated at Ondokuz Mayıs University Health Application and Research Center (OMUHARC) hemodialysis unit, nephrology service and City Health Center affiliated to OMUHARC between July 2017 and May 2018. The data were collected using patient introductory information forms, Spiritual Orientation Scale (SOS) and Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS). The compliance of the data to normal distribution was examined using the Shapiro Wilk test. Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney U tests were used to compare data that did not conform to normal distribution. Spearman correlation analysis was used to examine the relationship between the sub-dimensions of the scales. Result: The patients' average age was 56.7±14.4, 59% were male, 80% were married, 53% were diagnosed with chronic renal failure 1-5 years ago, 75% had been receiving hemodialysis treatment for 1-5 years and 63% had another chronic disease. The mean total score of SOS was 99.57±15.51. The mean BHS total score was 5.68 ± 4.43; while the emotions and expectations about the future sub-dimension mean total score was 1.2 ± 1.29, that of the motivation loss sub-dimension was 2.56±1.89, whereas that of the hope sub-dimension was 1.91±1.82. A moderately negative significant correlation was found between SOS and BHS (r: -0.385, p

Despite accumulation of clinical research on risk factors for suicidal process, understanding of the mechanisms and pathways underlying the emergence of suicidal thoughts and their progression to acts is insufficient. The suicidal process has been conceptualized in multiple psychological theories that have aimed to shed light on the interplay of contributing factors. One of the central concepts included in both the cubic model of suicide and the three-step theory of suicide is psychological pain (mental pain or psychache). Over the two last decades, interest in psychological pain has increased considerably, particularly since the discovery of the complex link between the pain processing system and the neurobiology of suicide, and the putative antisuicidal effect of buprenorphine. Growing evidence supports the association between experiencing psychological pain and suicidal ideation and acts in both clinical and non-clinical samples. However, many questions related to the concept of psychological pain and its role in prediction of suicidal behavior remain to be answered in future research. In this narrative review, we have outlined the history of the concept, the definition of psychological pain, and the tools developed for its measurement, summarized the empirical research on psychological pain in relation to suicidal behavior, and suggested future directions for clinical research on psychological pain and suicidal behavior.

Aim: We aimed to determine the perceived stress and hopelessness levels in COVID-19 patient contacts.Materials and Methods: The study included all COVID-19 contacts who presented to a family health center in Niğde, Turkey between August and October 2020. The data were collected from contacts who were reached daily for a period of 14 days using the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) and the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The data were analyzed using the SPSS package program, and p

Background: Adolescent suicide can have serious consequences for individuals, families and society, so we should pay attention to it. As social media becomes a platform for adolescents to share their daily lives and express their emotions, online identification and intervention of adolescent suicide problems become possible. In order to find the suicide mechanism path of high-suicide-risk adolescents, we explore the factors that influence is, especially the relations between psychological pain, hopelessness and suicide stages. Methods: We identified high-suicide-risk adolescents through machine learning model identification and manual identification, and used the Weibo text analysis method to explore the suicide mechanism path of high-suicide-risk adolescents. Results: Qualitative analysis showed that 36.2% of high-suicide-risk adolescents suffered from mental illness, and depression accounted for 76.3% of all mental illnesses. The mediating effect analysis showed that hopelessness played a complete mediating role between psychological pain and suicide stages. In addition, hopelessness was significantly negatively correlated with suicide stages. Conclusion: mental illness (especially depression) in high-suicide-risk adolescents is closely related to suicide stages, the later the suicide stage, the higher the diagnosis rate of mental illness. The suicide mechanism path in high-suicide-risk adolescents is: psychological pain→ hopelessness → suicide stages, indicating that psychological pain mainly affects suicide risk through hopelessness. Adolescents who are later in the suicide stages have fewer expressions of hopelessness in the traditional sense.

Psychological theories of suicide posit conceptually similar constructs related to the development of suicidal thinking. These constructs often evince high-magnitude interrelationships across studies. Within these theories, defeat, entrapment and hopelessness standout as conceptually and quantitatively similar. Theoretical improvements may be facilitated through clarifying the subscale and item-level similarities among these constructs. Factor analytic and phenomenological work has demonstrated equivocal evidence for a distinction between defeat and entrapment; hopelessness is not typically analyzed together with defeat and entrapment despite evidence of large-magnitude interrelationships. This study explored the interrelationships among the foregoing constructs within a sample of undergraduate students (N = 344) from two universities within the Southeastern United States. Participants, oversampled for lifetime history of suicidal ideation and attempts, completed an online cross-sectional survey assessing defeat, entrapment, hopelessness and SI. Exploratory factor and parallel analyses demonstrated support for a one factor solution when analyzed at subscale level of the three measures as well as when all items of the three measures were analyzed together. Ad hoc exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM) bifactor results evinced support for the existence of a single, general factor at the item level. Item level communalities and bifactor fit indices suggest that hopelessness may be somewhat distinct from defeat and entrapment. Clinical and theoretical implications are discussed in the context of study limitations.