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The combustion of bones results in numerous processes whose impact on the representivity of fossil bone assemblages is increasingly well known due to the multiple experimental approaches developed over the last ten years. Recent experiments conducted with outdoor hearths have shown the consequences of prolonged combustion on bone combustion residues.The average loss of bone mass after combustion is 65%. The weight of the fine fraction (ashes and fragments less than 2 cm) corresponds to more than one quarter of the residual mass of the remains collected, while the mass of calcined (i.e. white) bone represents an average of 77.2% of the residues. Finally, the residual bone mass is not correlated with the duration of use of a hearth, but with the manner in which it is maintained. These experiments thus clearly document the significant role of fire maintenance methods on the nature and form of bone residues.

El reconocimiento de áreas de actividad intrasitio y la recuperación de restos orgánicos en regiones boscosas suele presentar limitaciones con relación a la visibilidad y conservación. Sin embargo, el abordaje de un conjunto de microrrestos ha permitido sortear algunas de estas limitaciones y poder ampliar el conocimiento de la relación entre grupos humanos y plantas. Se presentan los resultados del estudio de microrrestos de diverso origen a partir de una muestra de cenizas procedentes de un fogón en el sitio Pozo de la Chola, siguiendo la metodología de análisis múltiple de microfósiles. Los hallazgos de silicofitolitos y almidones, en conjunto con otras materialidades, permiten vislumbrar prácticas vinculadas con el procesamiento, cocción y el descarte de alimentos de plantas afines a maíz (Zea mays), poroto (Phaseolus vulgaris) y ají (Capsicum sp.), y la utilización de monocotiledóneas silvestres de la familia Cannaceae, Arecaceae y Bromeliaceae. Además de dicotiledóneas leñosas posiblemente como combustible., The recognition of intra site activity areas and the recovery of organic remains in forests usually present limitations in relation to visibility and conservation. However, the study of microremains has allowed to overcome these limitations and to expand knowledge around the relationship between human groups and plants. The result of micro remains from plants studied from a sample of ashes extracted from the hearth at the Pozo de la Chola site are presented. Multiple microfossil analysis protocol was followed to preserve fragile microfossil assemblages. Silicophytoliths and starches, together with other materials, allowed us to glimpse practices related to the processing, cooking and disposal of food from plants related to corn (Zea mays), beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), chili (Capsicum sp.), and the use of wild monocots of the Cannaceae, Arecaceae and Bromeliaceae families. As well as woody dicots, possibly as fuel., Trabajos presentados en las I Jornadas de Arqueología del Noroeste Argentino: Trayectorias, diálogos y saberes (IJAN) (Jujuy, 28 de marzo al 1 de abril del 2022)., Sociedad Argentina de Antropología

Polazeći od antičkih filozofa i sokratskih razgovora, preko Augustina, Boetija i Dantea Alighierija, do Wittgensteina, Jaspersa i Pierrea Hadota, ovo istraživanje upućuje na filozofiju kao ars medicinalis i philosophia medicans, tj. na terapeutsku funkciju filozofije. Rad otkriva da filozofija, usmjerena na stvarnost, na život i na način kako treba živjeti, kao liječnica u kriznim životnim situacijama potiče na razgovor i promišljanje, prepoznaje uzroke bolesti i određuje terapiju, vodi do ozdravljenja bolesti duše, srca, uma i jezika, te da stoga čovjek svakoga doba u filozofiji može naći radost prijelaza iz bolesti k zdravlju., Starting from Antique philosophers and Socratic discourses, to Augustine, Boethius, and Dante Alighieri, to Wittgenstein, Jaspers, and Pierre Hadot, this study draws attention to philosophy as ars medicinalis and as philosophia medicans, i.e., to the therapeutic function of philosophy, while revealing that philosophy, directed to reality, to life and to the way one ought to live, as a physician in critical life situations, prompts one to discuss and to reflect, recognises causes of illness and proscribes therapies, leads to healing of illnesses of the soul, heart, mind, and language, and, thus, a human person of each era can find in philosophy the joy of transitioning from illness to health.

Through a case study of the coastal Mesolithic site of Port Neuf (Hoedic), this article aims to introduce archaeologists to the use of geomagnetic prospection methods in the context of irregular vegetation cover and topography inherent to this type of coastal site. The constraints and limitations of the method are discussed, e.g. the negative influence of pollution by a large metal mass on the information obtained. The data processing carried out to attenuate the disturbance induced by this magnetic pollution does not allow relevant information to be extracted over the entire polluted area. It is also shown that in the context of the presence of dune cover, such as that covering the archaeological levels, it is necessary to study the variation in magnetic field intensity rather than its vertical gradient by gradiometry. The use of other complementary geophysical methods provides information to refine the proposed interpretations, particularly concerning the presence of hearths. For example, electromagnetic methods, such as the use of conductivity meters, provide information on the spatial variation of the substrate's capacity to conduct electricity or a magnetic field at the site scale, or the use of contact sensors, which at the scale of the excavation help to determine areas of potential hearths by detecting zones of magnetic enhancement. The need for archaeologists and geophysicists to work together and for excavators to adopt these tools is discussed.

Public version of the project excavation report (see project page for abstract).

We find ourselves situated within a world that can be experienced visually, for the first time, in its wholeness. Using conceptual analysis, we intend to show that notions born within the practice of habitation, such as the sense of place, place attachment, and hearth, can help us evaluate the psychological implications of the images of Earth taken from space. We chose a phenomenological approach to human habitation because it allows concepts pertaining to connected and inherently interdisciplinary fields, for instance environmental psychology or human geography, to be reunited under the umbrella of an anthropological interpretation. The sensory and imaginary connotations of the notion of place may be noticed starting from the distinction between space as mathematical abstraction and concrete places being experienced directly. An analysis of the nature of this connection leads to the finding that we actively imagine and reimagine the surrounding world as an unfolding space in which we are constantly attempting to dwell. What is of particular interest for us is the manner in which technologically-mediated visual experience may inspire cognitive representations or may generate profound emotions, such as the attachment to a particular place. Therefore, the value of imagination for the anthropology of habitation is not rendered by its compensatory role, but by its link to ontogenesis. Familiar places, which continue to attract us, are capable of triggering unique imaginary processes, reveries which refer us to the primordial steps of ontogenesis with outmost intensity. The process of subjective appropriation of the world begins with that privileged space of origin specific to each of us, the space which we identify with most intensely. Thus, the psychological impact of the image of Earth from space: we become intensely aware that this planet is our Place within a hostile universe.

Wear of the hearth refractory and buildup (“skull”) formation play important roles for the life length of the ironmaking blast furnace. The extent of these factors during the campaign can be estimated by solving a sequence of inverse heat-conduction problems, but this requires thermocouple measurements in the lining and the effect of liquid flow is often disregarded. The model developed in the present paper aims at providing a theoretical estimation of the asymptotic inner profile of the hearth by a CFD-based approach that estimates both the iron flow and the refractory erosion and possible skull. The profile, shaped by the flowing hot metal, solidified skull, and remaining refractory, is obtained through an iterative process based on the calculated fluid flow and temperature distribution in the domain. The paper presents the assumptions behind the model, its main equations and the solution procedure, as well as a set of illustrative examples that show the versatility of the approach. The results of the model can be used to estimate the potential strengths and weaknesses of a specific hearth design and also how the lining state would be affected by changes in the boundary conditions.

The study of the funeral rite of the Eastern Slavs and the dynamics of its development is important for the clarification of the religious, state-creating, ethno-cultural and social processes of the Old Rus formation. In the paper the author makes a new attempt of the comprehensive analysis of the burial sites of chronicle Severians who are identified with the bearers of Romenska archaeological culture. For this purpose, the most complete and reliable catalogue of these sites included 142 items has been created. Statistical calculations show at the main part of the Dnieper Left Bank in the 9th—10th centuries the dominance of cremation rites away from the burial, placing the urn in the upper levels of the mound. Burials of this type are at least 82 % of Romenska culture cremations. They are reflected in literary sources. Burials at the level of the horizon and in small holes should be considered only as a few deviations from the classical Romenski rite. Burials of these types are characterized by such specific elements as circular wooden fences and ritual hearths, and most of them do not contain the urns. Differences in the funeral rites of the Dnieper Left Bank can be explained by the reasons of both ethnographic and chronological nature. In the second half of the 10th century in the Severians area a few cremations are recorded at the places of burial. No Romenska culture pottery or ornaments were found in any of these complexes: they all contained exclusively the Old Rus materials. There is no doubt that the rite of cremation at the place was brought to the Dnieper Left Bank by settlers from the Middle Dnieper together with the establishment of the Kyiv Princes power. Radical changes in the Romenski funeral rite occur in the late 10th — early 11th centuries. The rite of inhumation at the level of the horizon becomes dominant, less often in the mound pits. Although a number of scholars link these changes to the socio-economic changes in society the author considers it possible to explain them only by the total Christianization of the newly acquired territories by Kyiv. It is likely that the cremation of the dead was strictly forbidden by the church.

The present study investigates the effect of different forms of carbon in various coal and char-based composite pellets on reduction kinetics in a laboratory-scale multi-layer bed rotary hearth fur...

В статье рассматриваются циклы стихотворений осетинской поэтессы З.А. Хостикоевой и русского классика С.А. Есенина, посвященные теме родного очага, отчего дома, матери, мотиву пути-дороги. Ни один писатель, независимо от степени таланта, еще не смог избежать благотворного влияния наследия прошлого в области художественной деятельности. Так, темы истинных и вечных ценностей в творчестве осетинской поэтессы З. Хостикоевой коррелируют с темой родного очага, образом матери и мотивом пути. В цикле произведений о матери и отчем доме, а также исследуя мотив пути, Хостикоева продолжает поэтические традиции Есенина, но преломляет их соответственно личностному и национальному опыту, особенностям местного колорита. В литературе многих народов, в творчестве многих поэтов «Письмо матери» Есенина стало схематичным художественно-изобразительным средством. Для русского поэта строки данного стихотворения – это, по образному определению Ю.Л. Прокушева, «…честная и мужественная исповедь мятежной, ищущей души». Так и Хостикоева в «Письмах к матери» использует поэтические обороты речи, которые выражают бескрайнюю любовь, верность, восторг, признательность и уважение к матери. В статье описываются пути творческих достижений яркой, самобытной осетинской поэтессы, рассматриваются жанровые, сюжетные и психологические особенности некоторых произведений, подчеркивается необходимость дальнейшего изучения творчества Хостикоевой в данном контексте. Попытки осетинской поэтессы перенять лиризм и образность поэзии С. Есенина требуют научного изучения. The article examines the cycles of poems by the Ossetian poetess Z.A. Hostikoeva and Russian classic S.A. Yesenin, dedicated to the theme of the home, the father's home, mother, the motive of the path-road. No writer, regardless of the degree of talent, has yet been able to escape the beneficial influence of the heritage of the past in the field of artistic activity. Thus, the themes of true and eternal values in the work of the Ossetian poetess Z. Khostikoeva correlate with the theme of the home, the image of the mother and the motive of the path. In the cycle of works about the mother and father's house, as well as exploring the motive of the path, Khostikoeva continues Yesenin's poetic traditions, but refracts them according to personal and national experience, the peculiarities of local color. In the literature of many nations, in the works of many poets, Yesenin's "Letter to Mother" has become a schematic artistic and pictorial means. For a Russian poet, the lines of this poem are, according to the figurative definition of Yu.L. Prokusheva, "...an honest and courageous confession of a rebellious soul-seeking." So Khostikoeva in "Letters to Mother" uses poetic turns of speech that express boundless love, loyalty, delight, gratitude and respect for the mother. The article describes the ways of creative achievements of a bright, original Ossetian poetess, considers the genre, plot and psychological characteristics of some works, and emphasizes the need for further study of Khostikoeva's work in this context. The attempts of the Ossetian poetess to adopt the lyricism and imagery of S. Yesenin's poetry require scientific study.

The graphitization and performance of deadman coke in the blast furnace hearth have an essential influence on the longevity of the blast furnace. In this paper, coke samples were obtained from various heights in a hearth during the overhaul of the blast furnace. The voidage, particle size, graphitization degree, microstructure, and structure evolution of multiple cokes were analyzed through digital image processing, XRD, Raman spectra, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). The graphitization results were compared with feed coke, tuyere coke, cohesive zone coke, and deadman coke in reference, and the main findings were analyzed. The following results were obtained. First, the voidage of deadman coke increased and then decreased with the increase of the depth while the particle size continued to decrease. In addition, the consumption rate of coke as a carburizer, reductant, and heart source was 8.47, 30.95, and 60.58%, respectively. Second, the graphitization degree of deadman coke was extremely high and showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Finally, the evolution mechanism of coke graphitization was proposed. Molten iron, alkali metal, temperature, and mineral were the crucial factors that affect the graphitization of coke. The turning point of the graphitization degree was related to the buoyancy of the hearth.

“Ocak” kavramının Anadolu’ya nasıl geldiğini anlamak için tarih öncesi dönemlere doğru bir yolculuk yapmak kaçınılmazdır. Günümüz Anadolusunda hâlen kullanılmaya devam eden ocak teriminin tarihî yolculuğunun en önemli evresi Hitit Devleti dönemidir demek yanlış olmayacaktır. Nitekim Anadolu’nun ilk yazılı belgelerine sahip olan Hititler, çivi yazılı belgeleri ile Anadolu kültür tarihinin en erken kayıtlarını sunmaktadır. Bu yazılı kayıtlarda, ocak etrafında yapılan kurban ve bayram törenleri, büyü ve fal gibi çeşitli ritüeller çivi yazılı belgelerde detaylı bir şekilde tasvir edilmektedir. Bu belgelerdeki ocak kavramı üzerine yapılmış çalışmaların sayısı oldukça fazladır. Bu çalışmalardan, Hititlerin ocak kavramına vermis oldukları değer açıkça anlaşılmaktadır. Yazılı kayıtların önemli bir kısmını oluşturan Hitit mitolojik belgeleri ise Hititlerin dini inanışlarını detaylı bir şekilde yansıtmaktadır. Bu belgeler, yerleşik hayata geçişten itibaren Anadolu’da önemli sayılan ocak kavramının elde ettiği yeni anlamlarla birlikte Hitit dinî hayatının ayrılmaz bir parçası olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Hititlerin korkuları, öfkeleri ve umutlarını içeren inanç sistemini yansıtan bu belgeler, Anadolu mitolojisinin ocak terimi ile ilgili ilk belgeleri sayılmaktadırlar. Bu denli önemli görevlere sahip olan bu belgeler üzerinde yapılan çalışmaların arasında ocak kavramı üzerine olanların azlığı bu çalışmanın ortaya çıkış sebebi olmuştur. Bu çalışma, Hitit mitolojik belgelerinde geçen ocak kavramını tanımlamak ve bu tanımın Anadolu ocak inancı ile ilişkisini belirlemeyi amaçlamaktadır., In order to find out how the concept of “hearth” has come to Anatolia, it is inevitable to travel in time towards the prehistoric ages. It would not be wrong to indicate that the most important period of this journey has been the period of Hittite State. With their cuneiform documents, Hittites, who have the first Anatolian written documents, provide the earliest records of Anatolian cultural history. In these records, various rituals such as sacrificial rites, festivals, sorcery and fortune telling carried out around the hearth were depicted in detail. It is simply understood that the Hittites have highly valued the concept of hearth. Hittite mythological documents, which consist of a substantial part of these records, reflect the religious beliefs of Hittites. These documents point out that with its various new meanings, the term of hearth which has been considered very important since the settled life in Anatolia, becomes the inseparable part of Hittite religion. These documents that reflect the belief system including the fears, angers and hopes of the Hittites are regarded as the first records of Anatolian mythology related to the term of hearth. Among the studies on mythological documents of Hittites, there is a scarcity of the ones related to the hearth term. The lack of the studies carried out on the hearth term in mythological texts has been the reason of this study. This study aims to identify the hearth in Hittite mythological documents and to determine the relationship between this identification and Anatolian hearth belief.

This research employs machine learning (Mask Region-Based Convolutional Neural Networks [Mask R-CNN]) and cluster analysis (Density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise [DBSCAN]) to identify more than 20,000 relict charcoal hearths (RCHs) organized in large “fields” within and around State Game Lands (SGLs) in Pennsylvania. This research has two important threads that we hope will advance the archaeological study of landscapes. The first is the significant historical impact of charcoal production, a poorly understood industry of the late eighteenth to early twentieth century, on the historic and present landscape of the United States. Although this research focuses on charcoal production in Pennsylvania, it has broad application for both identifying and contextualizing historical charcoal production throughout the world and for better understanding modern charcoal production. The second thread is the use of open data, open source, and open access tools to conduct this analysis, as well as the open publication of the resultant data. Not only does this research demonstrate the significance of open access tools and data but the open publication of our code as well as our data allow others to replicate our work, to tweak our code and protocols for their own work, and reuse our results.

Blast furnace ironmaking usually requires maintaining a reasonable level of hot metal desulphurization; therefore, knowledge of the complex interplay between physical properties and desulphurizatio...

Objective:To examine the difference in the rehabilitation rate from underweight by child age at enrolment in the Positive Deviance (PD)/Hearth programme.Design:This secondary data analysis used programme monitoring records of underweight children aged 6–60 months attending a 2-week PD/Hearth session and followed up for 6 months from September 2018 to March 2019. Data were analysed using multilevel mixed-effect regression and Poisson regression with robust variance.Setting:Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh.Participants:A total of 5227 underweight (weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ) Results:From enrolment to 6 months follow-up, the mean WAZ improved from −2·80 to −2·09, and the percentage of underweight children decreased to 54·5 %. Compared to the enrolment age of 6–11 months, the estimated monthly change in WAZ at 6 months of follow-up were 0·05 lower for 12–23 months, 0·06 lower for 24–35 months, and 0·09 lower for 36–60 months of the enrolment age (all P < 0·001). The probability of rehabilitation at 6 months of follow-up were lower by 16·7 % for 12–23 months (RR = 0·83; 95 % CI 0·77, 0·91), 15·5 % for 24–35 months (RR = 0·84; 95 % CI 0·78, 0·92), and 34·9 % for 36–60 months of the enrolment age (RR = 0·65; 95 % CI 0·59, 0·72), compared to the enrolment age of 6–11 months.Conclusions:Enrolment in the PD/Hearth programme at a younger age had the advantage of greater rehabilitation from underweight than older age. Our findings provide a better understanding of the successes and failures of the PD/Hearth programme to achieve more sustainable and cost-effective impacts.

In 2001 excavation works undertaken in advance of quarrying at East Barns, East Lothian (NGR: NT 7121 7686), revealed the substantial remains of a robust Mesolithic house structure, securely dated to the late 9th millennium BC. The house was situated within a large, natural hollow whose gradual infilling had effectively sealed the archaeological deposits. The house consisted of a sub-circular sunken floor with the remains of a westfacing entrance and two concentric angled post rings, suggesting episodes of replacement if not actual rebuilding. The remains of interior furniture were also recorded in the form of post holes, a platform, and three probable hearth features. A charred deposit of occupation debris rich in lithics sealed many of the structural features around the internal perimeter of the house. The distribution of this deposit appeared to reflect informal refuse toss/drop zones formed during the occupation of the structure and suggests some form of internal spatial organisation. The house at East Barns joins an increasing group of substantial analogous sites related to Early Mesolithic activity in Scotland and northern England. These substantial house sites reflect increasing socio-economic, cultural and chronological complexity during the Mesolithic. As such the site allows provisional hypotheses to be formed about the scale and nature of Early Mesolithic social and economic adaptation around the North Sea Basin.

Публикация посвящена итогам археологических исследований Балымерского V селища в 2019 г. Проведение работ обусловлено разрушением культурного слоя памятника разветвленной овражной сетью левого берега р. Волга. Впервые на Балымерском V селище в 1955 г. археологические раскопки под руководством А.М. Ефимовой провела Куйбышевская археологическая экспедиция. Двумя раскопами А.М. Ефимова выявила очаги, хозяйственные, жилые и «жертвенные» ямы, и установила существование поселения в именьковское и булгарское домонгольское время. По ее мнению, болгарское поселение прекращает свое существование к концу XI – началу XII вв. Исследования 2019 г. позволили уточнить датировку памятника. Исходя из результатов исследований, территория Балымерского V селища начала осваиваться в именьковское время (IV–VII вв.). В период Волжской Булгарии территория именьковского селища перерабатывается в результате хозяйственной деятельности и распашки. 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М.: Наука, 1983. 128 с. Лихачев Н. О двух фельсах, найденных около сельца Балымер, Казанской губернии // Записки Восточного Отделения Императорского Русского Археологического Общества. Т. V. 1890. СПб.: Типография Императорской Академии Наук, 1890−1891. С. 108−110. Руденко К.А. Булгарские железные пряжки и накладки (X – XIV вв.) // Научное наследие А.П. Смирнова и современные проблемы археологии Волго-Камья / Труды ГИМ. Вып. 122 / Отв. ред. И.В. Белоцерковская. М.: ГИМ, 2000. С. 237−253. Руденко К.А. Датировка находок «аскизского круга» из Волжской Булгарии // Аскизские древности в средневековой истории Евразии / Отв. ред. К.А. Руденко. Казань: ГОМ РТ, 2000. С. 47–127. Руденко К.А. Тюркский мир и Волго-Камье в XI–XIV вв.: Изделия аскизского круга в Среднем Поволжье. Казань: Заман, 2001. 256 с. Руденко К.А. Исследования археологических памятников у с. Балымери в 1996-1998 гг. // Вопросы древней истории Волго-Камья / Отв. ред. Е.П. Казаков. Казань: Мастер Лайн, 2002. С. 70–77. Руденко К.А. Булгарские святилища эпохи средневековья XI–XIV вв. (по археологическим материалам) // Культовые памятники Камско-Вятского региона / Отв. ред. Н.И. Шутова. Ижевск: УИИЯЛ УрО РАН, 2004. С. 36–66. Руденко К.А. Исследования VI Алексеевского и Мурзихинского селищ в Татарстане в 1992–1996 г. Казань: Издательский дом «Казанская недвижимость», 2015. 400 с. Свод археологических памятников Республики Татарстан. Т. 3. / Отв. ред. А.Г. Ситдиков, Ф.Ш. Хузин. Казань, 2007. 528 с. Смолин В.Ф. Раскопки «Шолома» в селе Балымерах Спасского кантона Татреспублики в 1924–1925 гг. (краткий обзор) // ИОАИЭ. Т.33. Вып. 2–3. Казань, 1926. С. 113–130. Спицын А.А. Заметки из поездки 1898 года // Известия ИАК. Вып. 60. Спб., 1916. С. 73–93. Старостин П.Н. Балымерский «Шелом» – городище // Вопросы истории и литературы Среднего Поволжья / Ред. А.М. Залялов. Казань: ИЯЛИ, 1965. С. 59–68. Старостин П.Н. Памятники именьковской культуры / САИ. Вып. Д1-32. М.: Наука, 1967. 97 с. Сингатуллина А.З. Джучидские монеты поволжских городов XIII в. Казань: Заман, 2003. 192 с. Халикова Е.А. Археологические исследования в Куйбышевском районе ТАССР // КСИА. Вып. 104. М.: Наука, 1965. С. 110–116. Хлебникова Т.А. Керамика памятников Волжской Болгарии. К вопросу об этнокультурном составе населения. М.: Наука, 1984. 241 с. Хлебникова Т.А. Неполивная керамика Болгара // Город Болгар: Очерки ремесленной деятельности / Отв. ред. Г.А. Федоров-Давыдов. М.: Наука. 1988. С. 7–102. Чижевский А.А., Хисяметдинова АА., Вязов Л.А., Салова Ю.А. Исследования вала городища «Шолом» в 2014 г. // Поволжская археология. 2017. №2 (20). С. 108−126. Шпилевский С.М. Древние города и другие булгарско-татарские памятники в Казанской губернии. Казань: Типография Казанского ун-та, 1877. 586 с.

This article discusses the ‘red yurt’ campaigns in early Soviet Kazakhstan, in which party and state institutions sponsored mobile centres of Soviet culture in nomadic pastoralist communities. In c...

The Gothic short form in Latin America has yet to receive focused scholarly attention. Yet, despite no early Gothic novel tradition to speak of, the Gothic mode emerged in poetry and short fiction, representing particular anxieties and colonial/postcolonial realities specific to the region owing in part to a significant increase in periodicals. Focusing on two case studies – Clemente Palma's ‘La granja blanca’ (Peru, 1904) and Horacio Quiroga's ‘El almohadón de plumas’ (Uruguay, 1917) – this article will explore how Latin American authors classified as modern, modernista, and criollista were experimenting with Gothic forms, adapting the design of the traditional Gothic novel to intensify its effect and reach a wider readership. Demonstrating a particular influence of Poe, a unity of effect is created, one that suggests that the home is a place of horrors, not comfort, and the uniquely horrifying settings and plot ultimately challenge established moral codes and literary tendencies.

This article concerns the distribution of fire as light and heat source within the insula investigated by the ongoing Swedish Pompeii Project. Here the author suggests that fire installations as kitchens, ovens and baths were clustered in specific areas within this insula, and the installations were not efficiently used to heat the dwelling areas of the house. It is also proposed that the surfaces of the interior walls and floors of the Roman atrium house were polished in purpose to reflect and distribute light and, which is emphasised in the article, to soften the transition between brightly lit areas and areas in dark shadow. This contrast had to be eliminated for the human eye to adopt to the light conditions in the room and by that, to make the light as efficient as possible.

Starting from new discoveries of classical Saami hearths in an area where they hitherto have been unknown, the author claims that the organization of the Saami hut can be explained by what can be considered as a shamanistic nomadic tradition common to Eurasia and Greenland. The comparative ethnographic material is supplied by the Evenks at the river Yenisey in Siberia. The expressions of the shamanistic cosmology are to be found in the midpassage or linear structure of the arctic huts with the hearth at the centre. This structure has been used also in the practice ofthe shamans. The metaphoric and cosmological potential ofthe fire and the hearth is furthermore explored in sedentary societies, with examples in Classical Antiquity and in Scandinavia. Some implications concern different types of cairns. Iconographical aspects are also treated. The similarities are tentatively explained as consequences of the archetypes of the transforming and regenerating fire, but also as a means of upholding social boundaries in a literary as well as a figurative sense.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the hearth as the most important sacred center of Roman dwelling interior space. It addresses such issues as the role of the hearth in a Roman family’s sacra privata; peculiarities of the ritual practice of paterfamilias, materfamilias and their children. Attention is paid to the pantheon of gods related to the hearth and rituals aimed at their veneration. The relevance of this study lies in addressing the religious component of Roman living space, which, unfortunately, is not a priority for the specialists in Roman history who focus more on social aspects analysis of the space of a Roman house. Historicism and scientific objectivity principles served as a methodological basis for the research, the comparative-historical method was also used. A study of Romans’ home religion made it possible to establish that all significant events in the family were accompanied by rituals at the hearth; they also turned to it for help in the event of a threat; the hearth could warn a family of danger ‒ it could “bleed” or be “overturned”. It is important to note that the sacredness of the hearth is also confirmed by the fact that they should have bring it from home and not light a fire on the spot. The paterfamilias’ daughters and not his wife, were involved in daily rituals at the hearth, probably due to their “purity” which they kept until marriage. Research result is the partial reconstruction of family’s sacred sphere, especially ritual practice. Conducting this reconstruction is very problematic and conditionally due to the lack of sources, but it is important to note that even a partial reconstruction allows us to define the main functions of participants in ritual practice and claim that family’s sacred sphere was primarily associated with the hearth, which was the basis of the ancient Romans’ sacra privata. Keywords: atrium, focus, ritual, paterfamilias, materfamilias, Lares, Penates, Vesta

The northern Bohemian sandstone region brings an exceptionally rich record of Mesolithic settlement, particularly in the form of fireplaces as key structures to be studied when addressing cooking and consumption practices. A large number of different fireplace structures – including kettle-shaped pits and surface or sunken fireplaces, some lined with stones – can be interpreted in terms of performing roasting, boiling, steaming or smoking procedures. The organic remains directly associated with them reveal which resources were exploited and almost certainly consumed, although in many cases they seem to have been discarded into the fire after processing. A Mesolithic inland settlement of northern Bohemia was undoubtedly economically based on the exploitation of plant and animal resources occurring in varied local forest and river environments. According to the evidence, hazelnuts were a staple component of the plant diet, probably processed using roasting hearths. Some fireplaces also yielded carbonised remains of other edible plants, such as raspberry (Rubus idaeus, Rubus sp.), elderberry (Sambucus nigra), red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa) and fat hen (Chenopodium album). The faunal vertebrate assemblages suggest a broad-spectrum economy, exploiting terrestrial mammals, birds, amphibians and fish. The molluscan record suggests the exploitation of edible land snails as well as thick-shelled river mussels. Rather than assuming a simple connection between fireplace type and the resources identified, a complex set of biases is considered and discussed.

At the Pushkari I Upper Paleolithic settlement three settlement complexes with dwellings, activity areas, and hearths have been excavated. All eight hearth of the Pushkari I site located in different parts of the cultural horizon are however territorially close to each other and identical as to their geological and cultural attribution. A comparative analysis of the hearths was aimed on reconstruction of ways of their construction and using. The study was based on a simple indication of the location of hearths found on three part of the settlement (Excavations II, V and VII) —outside and inside dwellings. As a result of the study, three groups of hearth structures, which were used in different ways, were identified. The most important feature of the “outdoor” hearths is numerous pits and depressions at their base. Investigating their shape, carbonaceous bone remains, and ethnogra- phic examples, we concluded that the large outdoor hearths were used as cooking areas. Meat could be fried on bones inserted vertically into the hearths. In some cases the hearths could be the centers of working activity areas (Excavation V). The hearths inside the dwellings were small in size and were surrounded by a number of specially working activity areas. These hearths were primarily used for dwelling heating (Excavations II and V). They could also carry some economic functions. The hearth inside the dwelling (Excavation VII) has all the characteristics of an external “kitchen” hearth, but also it had a secondary carbonaceous filling brought from outside. Such a hearth structure could be a heating and kitchen object in a special-purpose dwelling.

This paper presents the results of excavations conducted at the Late Gravettian site of Lubna VI in 2012 and 2018. This site is an exceptional example of a short-term Late Gravettian campsite, occupied between 27.5 and 27.1 ka cal BP. Due to the specific location of this site, in an area situated far from lithic raw material sources, the archaeological remains offer a rare possibility to understand the subsistence strategy of highly mobile hunter-gatherers in the Late Pleistocene. The knapped lithic assemblage is composed of erratic Cretaceous flint imported over long distances, and the tool inventory is typical of Late Gravettian assemblages from Central Europe, with a dominance of burins and backed implements. However, the lack of chert and flint raw material in the vicinity of the site inspired the occupants to use bladelet blanks to make hunting weaponry from burin spalls. This specific behaviour is unique among Gravettian inventories known from the western Carpathians. Reindeer dominate the faunal assemblage over other species. The season of occupation at Lubna VI was probably early autumn, and may be associated with the maximum use of environmental resources by the hunter-gatherers. The small campsite was located at a convenient spot for processing reindeer carcasses, where some hearth stone constructions were arranged. Because there was no woody vegetation in the closest vicinity of the site, reindeer bones and fat were used as fuel in hearths. Given the lack of nearby flint raw materials, the accessibility of large numbers of reindeer near Lubna, probably present on a seasonal basis, explains the occurrence of Late Gravettian occupation in this micro-region.

Dans le Mali rural contemporain, lorsqu'il s'agit de cuisiner, il existe une stricte division du travail. Les femmes préparent toujours les repas. Chaque jour, elles transforment des ingrédients crus en plats cuisinés pour elles-mêmes et leurs familles. Par leurs activités alimentaires quotidiennes, elles produisent une nourriture de subsistance essentielle. Cependant, leur travail au foyer aide à créer plus que de la nourriture. Dans cet article, je souligne le rôle important que jouent les femmes de la région dans le domaine vital de la préparation des aliments et, par extension, dans la création de fils conducteurs du tissu de la vie sociale et culturelle. À l'aide des informations tirées d'une recherche ethnographique longitudinale approfondie sur le plateau du Mandé au centre du Mali, je montre comment les activités culinaires des femmes ont soutenu la création et le maintien de dynamiques socioculturelles durables. Leur cuisine et leurs repas contribuent à favoriser les valeurs et les dispositions fondamentales, facilitent la dynamique familiale et communautaire élémentaire et, peut-être plus important encore, (re)produisent des identités de genre et des relations de genre. J'utilise cette étude de cas pour attirer l'attention sur la signification culturelle de la cuisine et plus largement sur l'agency alimentaire des femmes. In contemporary rural Mali, when it comes to cooking, there is a strict division of labour. Women always make the meals. Each and every day, they transform raw ingredients into cooked fare for themselves and their families. Through their quotidian, alimentary activities they produce essential physical nourishment. However, their labour at the hearth helps to create more than food. In this paper I highlight the important role women in the region play in the life-giving realm of food preparation and by extension in the creation of key threads of the fabric of social and cultural life. Using insights from extensive, longitudinal ethnographic research on the Mande Plateau in central Mali, I show how women's culinary activities have supported the creation and maintenance of long-lasting, socio-cultural dynamics. Their cooking and meals help foster fundamental values and dispositions, facilitate elemental family and community dynamics, and perhaps most importantly (re)produce gender identities and gender relations. I use this case study to draw attention to the cultural significance of cooking and women’s alimentary agency more broadly.

This thesis is an exploration of method demonstrated in a series of mechanical drawings of the elements. An investigation of methods of drawing and of how different questions can be asked through drawing. Furthermore, this thesis asks the question of place in the elements of fire, earth, and sky in the formal relationship between walls, joints, trusses. These architectural elements protect against the natural ones, forming place focused around the hearth. This thesis traces the formal relationship between the elements of architecture stemming from the German thinker Gottfried Semper's treatise on architecture, but diverges from Semper's fixation with materiality and delves into questions of form, appearance, and construction through drawing. The drawings address questions about the elements; questions about form, tectonics, and the relation of part to whole. The whole becomes a building focused on forming a place and the relation of the elements to one another. Master of Architecture "Throughout all phases of society the hearth formed that sacred focus around which the whole took order and shape. It is the first and most important, the moral element of architecture. Around it were grouped the three other elements: the roof, the enclosure, and the mound, the protecting negations or defenders of the Hearth's flame against the three hostile elements of nature" (Semper 102) This reading, The Four Elements of Architecture by Gottfried Semper, and this quote were the origin of my thesis, which became a series of studies of these elements as parts and their relations to one another. Through mechanical investigative drawings I explored the traits and qualities assigned to these elements by Semper and developed my own understanding of them. Each element has a tectonic quality and architectural characteristic that defines it. The tectonic quality is "different technical skills of man used to construct the elements: ceramics and afterwards metal work around the hearth, water and masonry works around the mound, carpentry around the roof and its accessories… Wickerwork was the essence of the wall" (Semper 103-104). The mound forms the base of the building connecting it to the hearth, and also joins to the hearth and raises it. The roof as a dominant element protects from above. The wall is a spatial enclosure that forms the protected space. The hearth is the central and social element of the building, protected from nature by the other elements. In addition to an investigation of each of the elements, I also had an interest in constructing a building informed by these investigations, forming a place of gathering that focused around the hearth. How would the protective elements form and appear in space, and how would the hearth form the place around it. The wall, defined as woven and enclosing, led to a series of questions regarding its form, material, and connection to the other elements. Semper's understanding of woven extends to being a dressed wall or a wall of a pattern of parts, such as brick or wood. How can variation of size, depth, and material be used to form patterns in a wall? How do hierarchies of panels, verticality, and horizontality differ from one another? How can the wall connect to the mound and emphasize the existing character of the building? The roof, defined as dominant and of carpentry, led to a series of questions regarding frames and joints. My main interest in the roof was its structure, and the interior spatial quality it provided. How can the joint and the frame inform one another? What are the qualities of trusses? What are different types of joints and how do they display themselves? How do joints form a truss and the truss form a frame? The mound, defined as earthen and meeting, was investigated in conjunction with other elements. It forms the base that protects the hearth from the earth and acts as a base to the other elements. Its original use as a structural base for houses in marsh lands is no longer prevalent and its role lessened. Semper understood this evolution, "some elements [become] more developed while others [recede] into the background" (Semper 103). The hearth, defined as central and of worked metal, led to a series of questions regarding material, form, and relation to its surroundings. The hearth acts as a single focus that forms areas of repose protected by the other elements from nature. How should it connect to the roof and the floor? Benefits of a hanging hearth versus traditional? How can it act as more by storing wood and the other tools it needs to be worked? How can it relate to other elements through material and form? As Semper stated, "some elements [become] more developed" and I found some of these progressions through my studies. One of these developments is the hearth creating areas of transition in the interior and the need to connect this transitioning to the exterior. The frame of the hearth is repeated as a threshold, forming an area of transition between the exterior and the interior. Another development is the roof and the chimney belonging to the sky. As the mound recedes from importance, the sky and its connection to the roof develops further. These boards each developed from a series of questions, and led to further questions. They ask about the part and then about the part in relation to other parts. Each question can stand on its own, but it is only when you keep asking questions that you begin to find something. Each part is its own, but when formed together it creates something new. And that was my thesis, a series of questions and the joining of parts.

In this work, large-scale simulations of the blast furnace hearth are presented, conducted using a model combining Computational Fluid Dynamics, the Volume of Fluid method, and the Discrete Element Method. Using a 5 m diameter, full-3D geometry, the influence of burden weight, bi-disperse packing, and blocked tuyeres on the liquid and solids flow within the hearth are investigated. Horizontal and vertical porosity profiles are presented, and the influence of the dynamic liquid level on the state of the deadman is evaluated. The liquid iron flow during tapping is visualised, and the influence of a coke-free space on the flow pattern is analysed. The magnitude of the circumferential flow through the corner of the hearth is analysed, and found to decrease with increasing burden weight pressure and coke diameter in the bed centre. A significant influence of the dynamic deadman on the liquid flow pattern is found, especially in case of a floating deadman. In addition to the liquid flow, the solid coke flow towards the raceways is analysed. Two pathways for coke particles towards the raceway are uncovered, one path through the actively flowing layer above the deadman, and a second path moving through the deadman and entering the raceways from below. The balance between these two mechanisms was found to change during the tapping cycle. Lastly, implementations for heat and dissolved carbon mass transfer are presented, and demonstrated using a full-scale 10 m hearth simulation. Additional closures for heat and mass transfer rates are required, but the current model is found in good shape for future work.

This dissertation focuses on the earliest traces of brick use on the mainland of medieval Finland, when and where the brick use and brick building started, the form in which it firstappeared, and how it seems to have developed. In addition, the actors behind the building projects as well as meaning of the brick is shortly discussed. This study goes through threedifferent sites, along with their brick materials and structures: the Koroinen site, where the bishop's see was located in the 13th century; the Early Phases of Turku excavation site aroundTurku Cathedral; and a standing brick building in the Hame region, the Holy Cross Church of Hattula. All of these sites, excavated or studied through archaeology and buildingarchaeology, are unique and are the first in medieval Finland in their own way; Koroinen wasthe first ecclesiastical centre and Turku the oldest town. Holy Cross Church is the only—and thus, the first—parish church built in brick. This material will be discussed in light of new scientific dating and pXRF results and in the context of other sites with brick structures andbuildings, as well as in a larger perspective in the Baltic Sea Region. The dating methods applied are dendrochronology, optically stimulated luminescence, radiocarbon dating and wiggle matching. Materials dated are brick, wood, burnt bone and mortar.Brick use started on the mainland of medieval Finland in the second half of the 13th century at Koroinen. Bricks were applied in various ways in several different structures,but the first brick buildings were erected only in the second half of the 14th century. Not only roof tiles but also ordinary wall bricks and moulded bricks were imported, but all of them were also locally produced. The bishop was the first to employ brick, likelybecause he wanted to promote Koroinen as an ecclesiastical centre. Right after foundingTurku, brick was applied in the hearths and floors of wooden buildings, which suggeststhat it was also available to other actors in town. On the other hand, bricks, including thespecial raw bricks dealt with in this study, were hardly acquired for just a few modest structures, but it seems likely that a large-scale building project was going on in town inthe early 14th century. In Hame, brick use also probably started in the 14th century. Themain building material of the Hame Castle may have been brick already at the end of the14th century or early 15th century. The Crown seems to have launched brick use in Hame since the Holy Cross Church of Hattula was built only in the second half of the 15th century at the earliest. In the Aland Islands, brick may have been introduced only in the early 14th century. Compared to the Baltic Sea region, brick building was launched modestly in medieval Finland, but as seen in the overview of the known traces and remains, it is richer, more varied and earlier than recently believed.

Studies investigating the production of later Acheulian handaxes in South Africa remain rare. Acheulian assemblages in this region are typically fragmented, which hinders our ability to investigate...

Coke–slag–metal samples located near the deadman edge and below the taphole of blast furnace were obtained by core drilling after cooling. The chemical composition, microstructure, phase composition and distribution of samples were studied in detail. In addition, the graphitisation degree of coke in hearth was also investigated. The results showed that coke larger than 60 mm still existed (more than 1%). Pores in coke are filled with molten slag and a small part of liquid iron. The pores in hearth coke are not completely filled, but there is still plenty of micropore, with a volume of less than 1 mm. There are also a little alkali metals (K and Na) in ash, which causes the deterioration of coke. The iron–carbon interface is covered by a slag layer. The coke remained in deadman long enough to undergo the graphitisation process.

The authors take a novel look at recent Hungarian economic policy achievements of Orban governments. Compared to the Hungarian economic policies of the 2000s and the decades after 1989 up to 2010, ...

In the wake of the Indian Uprising in 1857, British sanitary campaigner and statistician Florence Nightingale renewed her efforts to reform Britain's military forces at home and in India. With the Uprising following so soon after the Crimean War (1854-56), where poor sanitary conditions had also taken an enormous toll, in 1859 Nightingale pressed the British Parliament to establish a Royal Commission on the Sanitary State of the Army in India, which delivered its report in 1863. Western Australia was the only colony to present its case before the Commissioners as an ideal location for a foreign sanatorium, with glowing assessments offered by colonial elites and military physicians. In the meantime, Nightingale had also commenced an investigation into the health of Indigenous children across the British Empire. Nearly 150 schools responded to her survey from Ceylon, Natal, West Africa, Canada and Australia. The latter's returns came from just three schools in Western Australia: New Norcia, Annesfield in Albany and the Sisters of Mercy in Perth, which together yielded the highest death rate of the respondents. Although Nightingale herself saw these inquiries as separate, their juxtaposition invites closer analysis of the ways in which metropolitan elites envisioned particular racial futures for Anglo and indigenous populations of empire, and sought to steer them accordingly. The reports reflect prevailing expectations and anxieties about the social and biological reproduction of white society in the colonies, and the concomitant decline of Indigenous peoples. Read together, these two inquiries reveal the complex ways in which colonial matters of reproduction and dispossession, displacement and replacement, were mutually constituting concerns of empire. In this article I situate the efforts to attract white women and their wombs to the temperate colony of Western Australia from British India in the context of contemporary concerns about Anglo and Aboriginal mortality. In doing so, I reflect on the intersections of gender, race, medicine and environment in the imaginaries of empire in the mid-nineteenth century.

With the development of a large-scale blast furnace, hearth activity has an important impact on the longevity and efficiency. Based on the analysis of practical example of ShaSteel No. 3 blast furn...

Evidence for prehistoric salt production in Britain has been confined to the Bronze and Iron Ages. This article presents new evidence for Early Neolithic (3800–3700 BC) salt-working at Street House, Loftus, in north-east England. This deeply stratified coastal site has yielded the remains of a brine-storage pit and a saltern with at least three associated hearths, together with an assemblage of flint and stone tools, ceramic vessel sherds and briquetage. A process of production is suggested and parallels are drawn from contemporaneous European and later British sites. This discovery has the potential to influence future Neolithic studies considering subsistence, early technologies and exchange mechanisms.

The constructional features of Dykyi Sad (Wild Garden) ancient settlement building constructions № 24 and 24-a, located in the southern part of the ‘citadel’, are uncovered in the paper. The composition and principles of constructing, as well as the peculiarities of internal filling of pits, are characterized. Material objects (pottery, produced items made of bone, horn, clay, stone, and bronze) found in a cultural layer of the constructions are analyzed. It is found out that the structure № 24 can be attributed to residential (ground) constructions with a set of posts, utility, and utility and ritual pits. The most impressive objects are a bronze sickle, a fragment of a bronze dagger, a bone spindle whorl, a bottom part of a pot with 5 holes, the walls of vessels with ornaments in the form of drawn lines and oval indentations, flat roasters, and a ‘skate’ blank made of horse bone. Some fragments of pottery are found in the pits: pieces of pots with ornaments in the form of rims, goblets with the drawn ornaments, bowls, flat roasters, upper grinding stones, hooves and bones of animals (horse, sheep), backbones and bones of fish. Structure 24-a, taking into account the constructional features, nature and filling of the pits, as well as the found artifacts, can be attributed to the ground buildings of utility and ritual purposes, where around the central hearth the multifunctional pits (posts, utility, and utility and ritual) were situated. However, it is possible that the object was used as a residential building, but just at a certain time, either during the period of settlement emergence or at the end of its existence. The majority of the found material objects (floor level and pits filling) are pottery. Other artifacts are represented by produced items made of horns and bones of animals, clay, and stones. Among them are a horn and some talus bones with a processing surface, a ceramic disc and a small spindle whorl, grinders, upper grinding stones, and anthropomorphic lithic objects. Ecofacts include the remains of animal and fish bones, as well as tortoise and snail shells. All the found artifacts are typical for the collection of material objects from Dykyi Sad and belong to the antiquities of Bilozerka-Tudorove period of the North-Western Black Sea region.

Мақалада қазақтың ас беру дәстүрі мен тас мүсіннің ерте замандарда бір ғұрыптық шара болғандығы қарастырылып жан-жақты дәлелденеді. Тас мүсін тұрған жерлердің қазақтың ас берген «ошақ» орындарымен қатар келуі екі ғұрыптың бастауы бір екендігін көрсетеді. Далалық зерттеу барысында Қарағанды облысының Ақтоғай ауданы жерінде анықталған «Орманбет ошағы», «Ербекей ошағы», «Шегетай ошағы» орындары және осы алқапта орналасқан тас мүсіндер дәлелге келтіріледі. Мақалада экспедициялық жұмыстардың нәтижесі және ас беру барысында орын алатын салт-дәстүрлер және көне ғұрыптар сөз болады.Тас мүсіннің бойындағы «ыдыс», «аяқ-табақ» секілді дүниелер осы көне ас беру ғұрпымен байланысты туындағаны және т.б. жайттар қарастырылады. Ас беру ғұрпының қоғамдық ролі, тарихи-саяси маңызы анықталады. Мақалада қазақпен қатар қырғыз халқындағы ас беру дәстүрі қоса сипатталады. Библиографические ссылки 1. Ақжолтай Ағыбай батыр. Жезқазған: Облтипография, 1992. 180 б. 2. Аманбаев Зияда. Әулет аралық естелік. Естелік-шежіре. 1-бөлім. Балқаш: Қалалық баспахана, 2001. 160-бет. 3. Әбішев Х. Аспан сыры. Алматы: Қазақ мем-тік саяси әдебиет баспасы, 1962. 251 б. 4. Броневский С.Б. Записки генерал-майора Броневского о киргиз-кайсаках Средней орды // Отечественные записки. 1830. Ч. 43. № 124. С. 119–356. 5. Валиханов Ч.Ч. Следы шаманства у киргизов // Собрание сочинений в пяти томах. Т. 4. Алма-Ата: Гл. Ред. Каз. Сов. Энцикл., 1985. 463 с. 6. Венюков М.И. Путешествие по окраинам русской Азии и записки о них. СПб: Типография Императорской Академии наук, 1868. 528 с. 7. Грач А.Д. Древнетюркские изваяния Тувы. М.: Изд-во вост. лит., 1961. 96 с. 8. Дневные записки путешествия капитана Н. Рычкова в Киргис-кайсацкой степи 1771 году. СПб.: Типография Императорской Академии наук, 1772. 105 с. 9. Досымбаева А. Западный Тюркский каганат. Культурное наследие казахских степей. Алматы: Типография Комплекс, 2006. 168 с. 10. Ермоленко Л.Н. Средневековые каменные изваяния Казахстанских степей (типология, семантика в аспекте военной идеологии и традиционного мировоззрения). Новосибирск: Изд-во ИАЭт СО РАН, 2004. 132 с. 11. Зеланд Л.Н. Киргизы (этнологический очерк) // Записки Западно-сибирского отдела РГО. 1885. Кн. 7, вып. 2. С. 1–78. 12. Кастанье И.А. Древности Киргизской степи и Оренбургского края // Труды ОУАК. 1910. Вып. 22. 332 с. 13. Кастанье И.А. Надгробная сооружения киргизских степей // Труды ОУАК. 1911. Вып. 26. 102 с. 14. Киргиз-кайсаки Большой, Средней и Малой орды по записям Андреева, с дополнениями П.К. Фролова и издателя // Сибирский вестник. 1820. Ч. IX–XI. 183 с. 15. Конур-Аулие // Витебская Губернская Ведомости. 1892. № 63. 16. Кызласов Л.Р. О назначении древнетюркских каменных изваяний, изображающих людей // СА. 1964. № 2. С. 27–39. 17. Құрманқұлов Ж., Ермоленко Л. Ежелгі Сарыарқа тас мүсіндер (каз., орыс, ағыл. тілд.). Қарағанды: «Credos Ltd C», 2014. 168 б. 18. Левшин А.И. Описание киргиз-казачьих, или киргиз-кайсацких орд и степей. Ч. 3: Этнографические известия. СПб.: Типография Карла Края, 1832. 304 с. 19. Манас: Великий поход. Кыргызский эпос / Пер. С. Липкина и др. Бишкек: Шам, 2004. 404 с. 20. Марғұлан Ә.Х. Ежелгі жыр, аңыздар: Ғылыми-зерттеу мақалалар. Алматы: «Жазушы», 1985. 368 б. 21. Марғұлан Ә. Ұлытау төңірегіндегі тас мүсіндер // Ә.Х. Марғұлан шығармалары. Алматы: «Алатау», 2007. IV т. 221–274-бб. 22. Народы России. Киргизы: [этнографические очерки]. СПб.: «Досуг и дело», 1880. 58 с. 23. Радлов В.В. Из Сибири (страницы дневника) / Пер. с нем. К.Д. Цивиной и В.Е. Чистовой. Прим. и послесл. С.И. Вайнштейна. М.: Наука, 1989. 749 с. 24. Руденко С.И. Культура населения Горного Алтая в скифское время. М.-Л: Изд-во АН СССР, 1953. 402 с. 25. Смағұлов Е.М. Қазақтың ас беру дәстүрі: қоғамдық-әлеуметтік қызметі (XVIII–XIX ғғ. деректер бойынша): тарих ғыл. канд. ... дис. автореф. Алматы, 2005. 33 б. 26. Тұрсын Жұртбай. Құнанбай (Жәбір сұлтаны) // Абай әлемі (ұлы ойшылдың өмірі мен шығармашылығына арналған онлайн-эниклопедия). URL: https: // abaialemi.kz /post/ view?id=910 27. Халид Құрбанғали. Қазақта мәйіт шығару // Тауарих хамса: (Бес тарих). ауд. Б. Төтенаев, А. Жолдасов. Алматы: «Қазақстан», 1992. 304 б. 28. Чорманов М. Казахские народные обычаи. Караганда: «Арко», 2000. 104 с. 29. Шарипов С. Бағаналы елінің жайы // Шығармалар жинағы. ІІ т. Алматы: «Жазушы», 1982. 508 б. 30. Шер Я.А. Каменные изваяния Семиречья. М.–Л.: Наука, 1966. 141 с. 31. Шомбал-Кукашев Р. О символике старинного казахского поминального ритуала «түйе шешу» // Қазақтың әдет-ғұрыптары мен салт-дәстүрлері: өткендегісі және бүгіні. Алматы: Ғылым, 2001. С. 351–373.

Archaeological works in 2015 within an agricultural area to the north of Dornoch have provided evidence for the prehistoric occupation of the area. The 2015 excavation uncovered evidence of Iron Age settlement, including a palisade enclosure within which was a post-built structure as well as a collection of hearth pits and large stone-lined pits. The recovery of a pivot stone from one later Iron Age feature is evidence for the former presence of a domestic structure. While the artefactual evidence and a programme of radiocarbon dating strongly indicates an Iron Age origin for the majority of the remains identified, a single calibrated date recovered from a shell midden indicates the likely reworking of Neolithic material, and one hearth structure may potentially overlie a large Neolithic pit feature. An artefact assemblage of worked coarse stone, worked antler, and Iron Age pottery was recovered.

Objective Functional cardiac tissue engineering holds promise as a candidate approach for myocardial infarction. Tissue engineering has emerged to generate functional tissue constructs and provide an alternative means to repair and regenerate damaged heart tissues. Materials and Methods In this experimental study, we fabricated a composite polycaprolactone (PCL)/gelatine electrospun scaffold with aligned nanofibres. The electrospinning parameters and optimum proportion of the PCL/ gelatine were tested to design a scaffold with aligned and homogenized nanofibres. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mechanophysical testes, the PCL/gelatine composite scaffold with a ratio of 70:30 was selected. In order to simulate cardiac contraction, a developed mechanical loading device (MLD) was used to apply a mechanical stress with specific frequency and tensile rate to cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) in the direction of the aligned nanofibres. Cell metabolic determination of CPCs was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). Results Physicochemical and mechanical characterization showed that the PCL/gelatine composite scaffold with a ratio of 70:30 was the best sample. In vitro analysis showed that the scaffold supported active metabolism and proliferation of CPCs, and the generation of uniform cellular constructs after five days. Real-time PCR analysis revealed elevated expressions of the specific genes for synchronizing beating cells (MYH-6, TTN and CX-43) on the dynamic scaffolds compared to the control sample with a static culture system. Conclusion Our study provides a robust platform for generation of synchronized beating cells on a nanofibre patch that can be used in cardiac tissue engineering applications in the near future.

The paper describes the dwellings of the Kama Neolithic culture, which were studied on the territory of the Middle Cis-Urals. In total, six dwellings are known in the region at the sites of Ust-Bukorok, Khutorskaya (2 dwellings), Levshino, Chernashka and Ust-Zalaznushka II settlements. They belong to different stages of the Kama Neolithic culture. The huts were located either on terraces or in the floodplain. All dwellings had a quadrangular shape. Inside the dwellings, 1 to 6 household pits of the sub-oval or sub-circular shape are distinguished. Hearths are known only in dwellings of the early and Khutorskaya stages Kama Neolithic culture. All huts had no more than one exit. As a rule, it was located on the longitudinal axis of the structure. Dwellings belonging to the Kama Neolithic culture are known on the territory of North-East Europe, the Kama-Vyatka interfluve, the Lower Kama and the Middle Volga Region. The main type of dwellings are structures under a quadrangular shape, deepened into the mainland by 0,20,6 m, with 12 exits, 13 hearths, 16 household pits.

The paper studies the construction of residential buildings in the Stone Age of the Mari Volga Region. We have analyzed buildings on the settlements of the Mesolithic and Early Neolithic periods of the Mari Volga Region. The main principles of house building of the Mesolithic era of the Mari Volga Region are highlighted. In view of the fact that the complexes under consideration are located in the same landscape zone, a number of indicators may be similar. However, there will be differences on several points of comparison that may lead to discussions. For example, such an indicator as the prevalence of finds in the inter-dwelling space or their absence. In total, 38 structures of the Mesolithic and 35 structures of the Early Neolithic era were analyzed. To summarize, seven indicators of housing construction were selected. It is characteristic that in the Mari Volga Region most of the Neolithic sites are multilayered, however, none of the Mesolithic sites in the region has yet been found to contain early Neolithic ceramics. You can trace the difference in buildings more clearly. The presence of ground structures on the Neolithic settlements is obvious, while the local Mesolithic ones are ubiquitous semi-dugouts. Having a topographic distribution of settlements and short-term sites, a planigraphy of dwellings, as well as a presence of separate industrial and residential buildings in the Early Neolithic and Late Mesolithic, we face the problem of chronological division of the Neolithization process in the forest belt.

The twentieth-century excavations of stratified deposits at Kom W, adjacent to Lake Qarun in Fayum north shore, Egypt, led to a variety of interpretations, including the argument for the presence of a Neolithic village. This has influenced the evaluation of early to mid-Holocene occupation in Egypt. Here, we report our recent study of the erosion and deposition processes at the site and its environs in order to reassess these interpretations. Changes in the level of Lake Qarun, evidence for wind erosion, deflation, and deposition, and analyses of artifact density provide a geomorphic context for Kom W and its immediate environs. Radiocarbon determinations from surface hearths that surround the Kom are reported. From the time of its initial formation, Kom W was subject to post-depositional processes, particularly wind erosion, which have affected the site’s current form, and the preservation of features and artifact within the deposits. These changes need to be considered when deriving behavioral interpretations from the archaeological record at Kom W and in the surrounding area. The composition of deflated deposits that surround Kom W suggests that the site is not as unique as once imagined. Remains that might have allowed interpretations of a village occupation have not survived. Instead, deposits are consistent with other early to mid-Holocene occupations interpreted as locations with the use of domesticates but without villages.

The ambition of this monograph is to analyse a limited number of topics regarding house types and thus social and economic change from the extensive material that came out of the archaeological excavation that took place at Forsandmoen (“Forsand plain”), Forsand municipality, Rogaland, Norway during the decade 1980–1990, as well as the years 1992, 1995 and 2007. The excavation was organised as an interdisciplinaryresearch project within archaeology, botany (palynological analysis from bogs and soils, macrofossil analysis) and phosphate analysis, conducted by staff from the Museum of Archaeology in Stavanger (as it was called until 2009, now part of the University of Stavanger). A large phosphate survey project had demarcaded a 20 ha settlement area, among which 9 ha were excavated using mechanical topsoil stripping to expose thehabitation traces at the top of the glaciofluvial outwash plain of Forsandmoen. A total of 248 houses could be identified by archaeological excavations, distributed among 17 house types. In addition, 26 partly excavated houses could not be classified into a type. The extensive house material comprises three types of longhouses, of which there are as many as 30–40 in number, as well as four other longhouse types, of which there are only 2–7 in number. There were nine other house types, comprising partly small dwelling houses and partly storage houses, of which there were 3–10 in number. Lastly, there are 63 of the smallest storage house, consisting of only four postholes in a square shape. A collection of 264 radiocarbon dates demonstrated that the settlement was established in the last part of the 15th century BC and faded out during the 7th–8th century AD, encompassing the Nordic Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. As a number of houses comprising four of the house types were excavated with the same methods in the same area by the same staff, it is a major goal of this monograph to analyse thoroughly the different featuresof the houses (postholes, wall remains, entrances, ditches, hearths, house-structure, find-distribution) and how they were combined and changed into the different house types through time. House material from different Norwegian areas as well as Sweden, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands is included in comparative analyses to reveal connections within the Nordic area. Special attention has been given to theinterpretation of the location of activity areas in the dwelling and byre sections in the houses, as well as the life expectancy of the two main longhouse types. Based on these analyses, I have presented a synthesis in 13 phases of the development of the settlement from Bronze Age Period II to the Merovingian Period. This analysis shows that, from a restricted settlement consisting of one or two small farms in the Early BronzeAge, it increases slightly throughout the Late Bronze Age to 2–3 solitary farms to a significantly larger settlement consisting of 3–4 larger farms in the Pre-Roman Iron Age. From the beginning of the early Roman Iron Age, the settlement seems to increase to 8–9 even larger farms, and through the late Roman Iron Age, the settlement increases to 12–13 such farms, of which 6–7 farms are located so close together that they would seem to be a nucleated or village settlement. In the beginning of the Migration Period, there were 16–17 farms, each consisting of a dwelling/byre longhouse and a workshop, agglomerated in an area of 300 x 200 m where the farms are arranged in four E–W oriented rows. In addition, two farms were situated 140 m NE of the main settlement. At the transition to the Merovingian Period, radiocarbon dates show that all but two of the farms were suddenly abandoned. At the end of that period, the Forsandmoen settlement was completely abandoned. The abandonment could have been caused by a combination of circumstances such as overexploitation in agriculture, colder climate, the Plague of Justinian or the collapse of the redistributive chiefdom system due to the breakdown of the Roman Empire. The abrupt abandonment also coincides with a huge volcanic eruption or cosmic event that clouded the sun around the whole globe in AD 536–537. It is argued that the climatic effect on the agriculture at this latitude could induce such a serious famine that the settlement, in combination with the other possible causes, was virtually laid waste during the ensuing cold decade AD 537–546.

The paper examines Housing First (HF) policy in the context of Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing Act ([HEARTH], 2009) using a policy analysis framework. The analysis follows Ginsberg and Miller-Cribbs’ (2005) common elements of policy analysis and grounds the values and ethics in feminist ethic of care (Fisher & Tronto, 1990). The analysis examines both rational and moral considerations of HF in the context of the HEARTH Act. The values of the analysis are positioned in a feminist ethic of care framework that views caring as a moral and practical obligation. The paper argues that HF in the context of the HEARTH Act is responsive to a section of the homeless population. However, the paper points out inconsistencies in policy implementation. Based on the analysis, a broader definition of homelessness that encapsulates macro factors is recommended. In addition, participatory change strategies are recommended to effectively implement HF policy in communities.

The Willandra Lakes region is a series of once interconnected and now-dry lake basins in the arid zone of southeastern Australia. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site of cultural, archaeological, and geological significance, preserving records of Aboriginal occupation and environmental change stretching back to at least 50 ka. Linking the archaeology with the commensurate palaeoenvironmental information is complicated by the millennial time spans represented by the past hydrological record preserved in the sediment vs. the subdecadal evidence of each archaeological site. Oxygen isotope records across annual growth rings of fish otoliths (ear stones) can elucidate flooding and drying regimes on subannual scales. Otoliths from hearth sites (fireplaces) link lake hydrology with people eating fish on the lakeshore. Oxygen isotopic trends in hearth otoliths from the last glacial maximum (LGM) were previously interpreted in terms of high evaporation under dry conditions. However, this ignored hydrology-driven changes in water δ18O. Here, a mass balance model is constructed to test the effect lake desiccation has on water δ18O and how this compares with the LGM otolith records. Based on this modelling, we suggest that Lake Mungo otolith signatures are better explained by evaporation acting on full lakes rather than by lake drying.

Fulfillment of the application sequence of smelting aids (increase in the blast rate, an increase in top gas pressure, and oxygen enrichment) is one of essential factors of blast-furnace smelting and performance indicators of furnaces. The use of smelting aids should be consistent with the change of full mechanical energies of blasting and hearth gas fluxes, whereas avoiding the decrease in blasting consumption and full mechanical energies of blasting and hearth gas rather than the change of the kinetic energy of blasting should be considered during the tuyere diameter choice. The optimal total tuyere section on furnace should also correspond to the increase in the blast-furnace enrichment rather than a decrease in the blast consumption. The route towards intensification of blast-furnace smelting through the increase in the oxygen concentration in blasting without improving the quality of iron ore raw material and coke is ineffective.

A thermodynamic model was developed to study the roasting of molybdenite ore into molybdenum trioxide in a multiple-hearth furnace roaster. The model was developed using FactSage™, a software specializing in thermochemical simulations. The model assumes thermodynamic equilibrium between the solid and gaseous phases on each hearth. The results from the model were compared with operational data obtained from an earlier paper regarding molybdenite conversion at the then Climax Molybdenum Co. roaster in Langeloth, PA, USA. A good correlation has been observed between the conversion of molybdenum-containing species on each hearth and experimental data from the Climax roaster. The developed model also describes the behavior of some of the minor compounds typically present as impurities in molybdenite concentrates.