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Crop diversification is essential in lowland rice cropping systems to achieve sustainability, improve soil health, and as a climate-resilient practice to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted for the farms in the west-coast region of India to assess the environmental impact of the rice–rice and rice–cowpea cropping systems. The life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) was evaluated in a “cradle-to-gate” perspective. A higher energy consumption was found in the rice–rice system (32,673 vs. 18,197 MJ/ha), while the net energy output was higher in the rice–cowpea system (211,071 vs. 157,409 MJ/ha). Energy consumption was 44% lower in the rice–cowpea system, which was coupled with a higher energy efficiency (11.6 vs. 4.8), attributed to the lower energy consumption and the higher energy output. Further, the results indicated an energy saving potentialin the rice–cowpea system due to the higher use of renewable resources such as farmyard manure. Field emissions, fertilizer production, and fuel consumption were the major contributors to the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in both cropping systems. The total GHG emissions were 81% higher in the rice–rice system (13,894 ± 1329 kg CO2 eq./ha) than in the rice–cowpea system (7679 ± 719 kg CO2 eq./ha). The higher GHG emissions in the rice–rice system were largely due to the higher use of fertilizers, diesel fuel, and machinery. Hence, diversifying the winter rice with a cowpea crop and its large-scale adoption on the west coast of India would provide multiple benefits in decreasing the environmental impact and improving the energy efficiency to achieve sustainability and climate resilience in rice-based cropping systems.

The key factor in sustainable biogas production is a feedstock whose production has no adverse impact on the environment. Since maize cultivation harms the environment, biogas plant operators seek a more sustainable feedstock. Common reed is an invasive species mown as part of wetland conservation measures, or it can be harvested from paludiculture. This study aimed to investigate wet co-digestion of maize silage with 10%, 30%, and 50% content of common reed silage using the biochemical methane potential (BMP) test. In addition, the potential energy generated and avoided greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were calculated. The substitution of maize silage with 10%, 30%, and 50% content of reed silage reduced the methane (CH4) yield by 13%, 28%, and 35%, respectively. A disadvantage of reed silage addition was increased ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentrations in biogas. Although substituting maize silage with reed silage decreases the CH4 yield, the co-digestion of maize and reed biomass from conservation or paludiculture may positively affect environmental aspects of energy generation. The substitution of maize with reed in biogas plants decreases the area used for maize cultivation and reduces GHG emissions.

Management strategies of complex energy systems composed by different technologies is mandatory to exploit optimally the characteristics of each power generator, to reduce the cost of energy, the impact of greenhouse gases emissions and to increase the penetration of mini- and micro-grids into energy systems. To this purpose, optimization methods and algorithms have to be developed to assess the unit commitment of generators and to suggest decision variables in the definition of the emission costs. In this paper, a novel Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) optimization algorithm has been developed to compute the optimal management of a micro-energy grid composed either by four Internal Combustion Generators (ICGs), or three ICGs and a Micro Gas Turbine (MGT). The algorithm optimizes a multi objective function that takes in consideration the total cost, the NO x and the CO2 emissions of the system, while setting some technological constraints, like start-ups and transients that are typically neglected. Moreover, different fuelling of the devices is evaluated. The model proved the importance of including an accurate model of the greenhouse gases emissions as they can significantly affect the optimization results. Furthermore, it proved to be very flexible and to be a proper basis to be adopted in more complex systems embedding energy storage devices and renewable energy systems.

Increased rice production, which benefitted from cropping areas expansion and continuous N applications, resulted in severe increases in greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions from 1983 to 2019 in Heilongjiang Province, China. Therefore, field trials were performed in the high-cold Harbin region, Northeast China, to determine the efficiency of incorporating water regimes with N fertilization in minimizing the impact of rice production on GHG emissions. Two water-saving irrigation strategies, intermittent irrigation (W1) and control irrigation (W2), were used relative to continuous flooding (W0), and we combined them with six fertilized treatments. Our results demonstrated that W1 and W2 significantly decreased seasonal CH4 emissions by 19.7–30.0% and 11.4–29.9%, enhanced seasonal N2O emissions by 77.0–127.0% and 16.2–42.4%, and increased significantly yields by 5.9–12.7% and 0–4.7%, respectively, compared with W0. Although trade-offs occurred between CH4 and N2O emissions, W1 and W2 resulted in significant reductions in global warming potential (GWP). Moreover, low N rates (

[ES] La gestión logística se centra en obtener la máxima eficiencia en la cadena de suministro de un producto y, si, además, esto tiene una proyección exportadora y/o importadora, se trata de logística internacional. El propósito de este trabajo radica en poner en evidencia los costes logísticos de distribución de la empresa en análisis y, luego de un exhaustivo análisis y segmentación de datos disponibles, identificar ineficiencias y alternativas de mejora y ahorro de costes. A partir de lo anterior, además, se propone complementar esta información con datos de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero generados por dichas actividades logísticas con el objetivo de disponer con la mayor cantidad de información relevante que sirva como apoyo a la toma de decisiones empresariales., [EN] Logistics management focuses on obtaining maximum efficiency in the supply chain of a product and, if, in addition, this has an import/export projection, it is international logistics. The purpose of this work is to highlight the distribution logistics costs of the company under analysis and, after an exhaustive analysis and segmentation of available data, identify inefficiencies and alternatives for improvement and cost savings. Based on the above, it is also proposed to complement this information with data on greenhouse gas emissions generated by those logistics activities with the aim of having as much relevant information as possible to support business decision-making.

gráficos, tablas En las últimas décadas, se ha presentado aumento de la demanda energética en todo el mundo, debido principalmente a la dependencia de los combustibles fósiles en la industria y el transporte, ha llevado a un uso extensivo de los energéticos y a un aumento de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) a la atmósfera; esto ha generado un alto nivel de preocupación ambiental extendido en todos los países. En este sentido, es necesario un consumo proporcionado de los recursos energéticos y la descarbonización de la economía para apalancar la reducción de las emisiones a la atmósfera; de este modo, cobra sentido la implementación de sistemas de gestión de la energía (SGEn) dentro de las industrias, buscando fomentar el uso racional y eficiente de la energía. En esta tesis se presenta una revisión bibliográfica sobre la masificación de los SGEn en la industria, destacando los principales beneficios y desafíos para su implementación. Al respecto, se ha identificado que la masificación de la implementación de programas de gestión energética dentro de las industrias podría permitir, en el largo plazo, liberar capacidad en el mercado eléctrico y mejorar los índices de confiabilidad del suministro eléctrico a las redes a las que estas industrias están conectadas, a través de la implementación de medidas integrales que permitan el desarrollo sustentable de la organización. Teniendo esto en cuenta, esta tesis realiza un modelo de difusión partiendo de un análisis de causalidad sobre la gestión eficiente de la energía en la industria manufacturera colombiana, evaluando los factores asociados dentro de la industria y el rol del gobierno como ente regulador para proponer escenarios que permitan la masificación de los SGEn, con el fin lograr industrias competitivas y ambientalmente responsables, este modelo permite hacer comparaciones entre diferentes tipos de industrias y evidenciar cuales pueden ser las acciones encaminadas que permitan el cumplimiento de Colombia para la reducción de los gases efecto invernadero y elevar los estándares de eficiencia energética (EE) al interior de las industrias. Para el desarrollo del modelo de difusión se utilizó la metodología del pensamiento sistémico mediante la herramienta de dinámica de sistemas, que permite evaluar los problemas de una forma holística e interdisciplinaria, para así establecer las interacciones entre los criterios técnicos y ambientales asociados la masificación de forma integral de los SGEn en la industria colombiana. Los resultados obtenidos permiten realizar comparaciones entre los diferentes escenarios a largo plazo propuestos por la Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética (UPME) en el Plan Energético Nacional 2020-2050 (PEN 2020-2050) con el fin de aumentar el nivel de EE y disminuir las emisiones de GEI, mediante la renovación tecnológica y el cambio de la matriz energética asociado al consumo de cada tipo de industria, lo cual permite establecer comparaciones y direccionar los esfuerzos a nivel regulatorio en los tipos de industrias que generan mayor consumo de energía y mayor contaminación. Esta tesis genera como aporte la creación de una herramienta de decisión que permite realizar comparaciones entre los siguientes tipos de industrias: hierro y acero, productos químicos, papel y cartón, alimenticia y minerales no metálicos. Dicha interfaz se puede replicar a las demás industrias si se tienen los datos que se contemplan en este modelo que queda a disposición de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia para fines académicos e investigativos respetando los derechos de autor. (Texto tomado de la fuente) In the last decades, the increase in the energy demand worldwide, mainly due to the dependence of fossil fuels on both industry and transport power, has led to extensive use of fossil fuels and an increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the atmosphere; this has generated a high level of environmental concern spread in all countries. In this sense, a proportionate consumption of energy resources and the decarbonization of the economy is necessary to leverage the reduction of emissions to the atmosphere; in this way, the implementation of energy management systems (EnMS) within industries makes sense, seeking to encourage the rational and efficient use of energy. In this paper, we present a bibliographic review of the implementation of industrial EnMS, highlighting the main challenges and motivators for their implementation, In this regard, various research has identified that the widespread implementation of energy management programs within industries could allow, in the long term, to release capacity in the electricity market and improve the reliability indices of the electricity supply to the networks to which they are connected, through the implementation of comprehensive measures that allow the organization's sustainable development. Therefore, this thesis performs a diffusion model based on a causality analysis of the efficient management of energy in the Colombian manufacturing industry; by evaluating the associated factors within the industry and the role of the government as a regulatory entity to propose scenarios that allow the massification of EnMS to achieve more competitive and environmentally responsible industries. This model also allows the comparisons between different types of industries and shows which actions may help Colombia comply with the reduction of greenhouse gases and Raise energy efficiency standards within industries. For the development of the diffusion model, the methodology of systemic thinking was acquired through the system dynamics tool, which allows evaluating the problems in a holistic and interdisciplinary way, in order to establish the interactions between the technical and environmental variables associated with the overcrowding of the EnMS in the Colombian industry. The results obtained allow comparisons to be made between the different long-term scenarios proposed by the Mining and Energy Planning Unit ( UPME by its acronym in Spanish) in the National Energy Plan 2020-2050 (PEN 2020-2050 by its acronym in Spanish) in order to increase the level of EE and reduce GHG emissions, through technological renewal and change in the energy matrix associated with the consumption of each type of industry, which allows establishing comparisons and directing efforts at the regulatory level in the types of industries that generate greater energy consumption and greater pollution. This thesis generates as a contribution the creation of a decision tool that allows comparisons between the following types of industries: iron and steel, chemicals, paper and cardboard, food and non-metallic minerals. This interface can be replicated to other industries if you have the data contemplated in this model that is available to the National University of Colombia for academic and research purposes respecting copyright. Maestría Magíster en Ingeniería - Ingeniería Eléctrica La presente investigación busca determinar los criterios técnicos y ambientales que permitan la masificación de los SGEn en la industria colombiana, a partir de una correcta planeación e implementación de dichos sistemas utilizando dinámica de sistemas (DS). Para ello, se utilizará la metodología del pensamiento sistémico, de la cual una de sus herramientas más utilizada es la DS, la cual permite analizar los problemas de una forma holística e interdisciplinaria, en la cual se evalúa la relación e interacción de diversos elementos dentro de un entorno específico. La herramienta de la dinámica de sistemas fue propuesta aproximadamente en 1950 en el Instituto de Tecnología de Massachusetts (MIT por sus siglas en inglés) por Jay Forrester. Su diseño fue inspirado en la creación de una metodología que permitiera comprender la estructura y la dinámica de los sistemas complejos en los que cotidianamente estamos integrados [12]. La DS tiene por objetivo desarrollar modelos formales que permitan abstraer las dinámicas complejas y crear entornos que permitan el aprendizaje, la innovación y el desarrollo de políticas que generen una solución de forma integral a los problemas mediante las relaciones no lineales de cualquier sociedad. Ya que los sistemas humanos presentan desafíos únicos que traspasan las fronteras de cualquier ciencia o disciplina por si sola; sumado a esto, las herramientas que se han utilizado a lo largo de los años para la resolución de problemas se enfocan en una solución inmediata que provoca reacciones que no se habían previsto o efectos colaterales adversos. La ingeniería debe considerar los impactos sociales, políticos, ecológicos, además de los parámetros técnicos normalmente empleados que permitan obtener resultados que abarquen la realidad humana. De lo contrario la solución que se proponga puede generar efectos secundarios imprevistos que dañan bienestar humano y conducen al fracaso de la solución de ingeniería [13]. Esta metodología permite ver el mundo como un sistema complejo, para así comprender cómo todo está conectado e interrelacionado con factores sociales, ambientales, económicos, regulatorios y técnicos; que identifica los puntos para el desarrollo y la promoción de estrategias claras y concretas que permitan tomar decisiones consistentes basados en los mejores intereses a largo plazo, generando estrategias que permitan el apalancamiento de las acciones evaluadas y a su vez evitar la resistencia a las políticas. Además de establecer un modelo complejo y evaluarlo de una forma multidisciplinar, la dinámica de sistemas genera una forma de visualizar las problemáticas complejas mediante la creación de posibles escenarios que permitan visualizar con un propósito establecido diseños robustos que capturan las interrelaciones entre los procesos físicos y el comportamiento de las organizaciones, los límites, la intervención política, la retroalimentación de la información y los retrasos naturales de cada proceso. De esta manera, se pretende analizar los criterios técnicos y ambientales que permitan la masificación de los SGEn en la industria colombiana, enfocando las soluciones al desarrollo sostenible de la nación, la creación de procesos más limpios y eficientes que permitan a la industria ser más competitiva mediante la eliminación de pérdidas en sus procesos y la reducción de los gases efecto invernadero Eficiencia energética

International audience; A carbon care action has been developed for a European research project focused on the development of greener vehicles. The aim of this action is to reduce and mitigate the greenhouse gases emissions due the project activities. The classical carbon assessment has been extended to consider all the activities of an international research project. For the 3.5 years project, 209 tons of CO2eq have been estimated as GHG emissions. The most important part is related to the transport despite a significant reduction of travel during the COVID-19 pandemic.; Une action Carbon Care a été menée dans le cadre d'un projet européen portant sur le développement de véhicules plus verts. L'objectif de cette action est de réduire et de compenser les émissions de gaz à effet de serre générées par les activités du projet. L'évaluation carbone classique a été étendue de façon à prendre en compte toutes les activités d'un projet de recherche international. Pour les 3,5 années du projet, les émissions de GES ont été estimées à 209 tonnes de CO2eq. La part la plus importante étant celle des transports malgré la réduction significative des voyages liée à la pandémie de Covid.

Climate change is expected to affect agricultural production in direct and indirect pathways. The increase in mean temperatures directly accelerates crop development, the change in seasonal precipitation amounts together with increasing evaporative demand can indirectly lead to more drought stress for crops. In Egypt, the agricultural sector is highly vulnerable to climate change due to its dependence on the Nile River for irrigation, increasing soil salinity by sea water intrusion and soil deterioration as a result of decomposition of its organic contents. In this article, previous research carried out in Egypt on climate change assessments on water resources (the Nile River and rainfall on the north coast of Egypt), crop evapotranspiration, crop water requirements, crop yield, agricultural soils and national cultivated area are reviewed. Furthermore, the implemented actions to increase crop resilience to climate change were discussed. Additionally, the procedures used to reduce greenhouse gases emission were also reviewed.

Public discourse around “greenhouse gases” (GHG) has led to the application of life-cycle assessments to ascertain the “global warming potential” of human activities. Life-cycle assessments applied to agricultural systems typically do not consider positive contributions (i.e., fixation of atmospheric carbon dioxide [CO2]) or consider complex interrelationships among commodities within the larger agricultural sector. The purpose of this article is to present an argument for a paradigm shift and that poultry production should be considered as a value-adding activity within modern crop production systems for GHG foot-printing purposes. To this end, a case study based on 2018 production data is presented where poultry production (chicken and eggs) was contextualized as a sub-component of wheat and corn production in the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Ontario, respectively. Total GHG footprint was calculated to be 3.05 and 3.29 million tonnes (MT) of CO2 equivalent (eq) for Alberta wheat and Ontario corn production, respectively. The GHG footprint of chicken production was calculated to be 0.39 and 1.38 MT CO2 eq in Alberta and Ontario, respectively. The GHG footprint of egg production calculated to be 0.12 and 0.47 MT of CO2 eq in Alberta and Ontario, respectively. When carbon (C) fixation as crop biomass is included in the scenario, the combined crop–poultry system C balance in 2018 favored net fixation of 40.70 and 35.15 MT of CO2 eq in Alberta and Ontario, respectively. The calculated total GHG footprint of poultry production in Alberta and Ontario corresponded to only 1.2 and 5.5% of the calculated total net CO2 fixation of their respective cropping systems. This case study demonstrates that by failing to acknowledge real world estimates of C fixation by crop biomass, GHG foot-printing exercises largely misrepresent reality and can thus perpetuate faulty assumptions about the environmental footprint of animal agriculture. The authors propose that the calculations presented herein provide grounds to postulate the hypothesis that modern, integrated crop-livestock agricultural systems in Canada (and elsewhere) act as net sinks for atmospheric CO2.

The use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture can cause uncontrolled gas emissions, such as N2O and CO2, leading to global warming and serious climate change. In this study, we evaluated the greenhouse gases emissions (GHGs) that are concomitant with applied different rates of N fertilization, such as 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, and 120% of the recommended dose in green beans grown under three irrigation systems (surface, subsurface, and drip irrigation). The obtained results showed that GHGs were positively correlated with increasing the rate of N fertilization. Meanwhile, the subsurface irrigation system followed by drip irrigation achieved the highest significant (p ≤ 0.05) values regarding the growth and pod yield attributes. Furthermore, N supplements at 90% and/or 100% of the recommended dose under the subsurface irrigation system led to the highest concentration of chlorophyll, vitamin C, total protein, and activities of antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POX). Proline and pod fibers were decreased in parallel with increasing the N rate, while water use efficiency (WUE) was improved with increasing the rate of N supplements up to 100% or 110% of the recommended dose.

International audience; Carbon assessment is beginning to be widely used in research. It is used to quantify the amount of Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions of an activity and even tend to be part of the indicators that serve to evaluate labs. Databases and tools are available. Methods as well but they have to be adapted to each case, depending on the activities of the organization or company to be studied and the way people in charge want to build their assessment. This article aims at proposing a method for the assessment of GHG emissions of research projects. Being organized around the different activities within a research project, this method takes into account all aspects of the project. It allows a good picture and analysis of GHG emissions linked to a project.

The Fernando de Noronha archipelago is a key site for biodiversity conservation, besides being one of the most searched destinies for ecotourism in Brazil. We present the first study focusing on the evaluation of this important archipelago’s exposure to climate change. Our metric was based on the differences between current and future predictions of climatic and bioclimatic variables obtained from the WorldClim dataset. For the predictions, we considered two models of radiative forcing, the first optimistic and the second a business-as-usual scenario of greenhouse gases emissions. We showed an increase in average temperature and decrease in annual precipitation for the archipelago, although for the driest period of the year the precipitation is likely to increase. We also recovered a decrease in differences between interannual temperature variation and diurnal temperature variation, indicating a shift in the seasonality patterns. These changes can be potentially harmful to local biodiversity and consequently to local economy, since it is based on touristic activities that involves natural environments. The maintenance of local vegetation cover is likely to be a good strategy to avoid the local increase of environmental temperature, however, a global commitment to decrease the greenhouse gases emissions is paramount to avoid a potential collapse of small islands around the world, including the Fernando de Noronha archipelago.

Developing countries, including Pakistan, need a considerable effort to withstand economic growth; however, these countries have to cope with greenhouse gases emission and other environmental concerns. Financial advancement gives rise to modern, sometimes even innovative and energy-efficient technologies and, thus, contributes to a decline in energy usage among market entities: organizations and households. The current study explores the nonlinear asymmetric relationship between economic growth (Y) and the selected exogenous variables in Pakistan by incorporating time series data spanning from 1971 to 2016. Economic growth was considered as a target variable, while energy consumption (EC), electric power consumption (EPC), financial development (FD), and energy imports (EM) were considered independent variables. To investigate cointegration among the given variables, a nonlinear ARDL bound testing approach was employed. BDS independence test was used to check the nonlinearity, and a structural break unit root test was used for testing data stationarity. The findings confirm the presence of co-integration in the selected variables. A symmetric unidirectional significant causality exists running from EPC to Y, while a bidirectional symmetric causality was found between FD and Y. In contrast, any negative shocks in EPC, FD, and EM were found to have a positive asymmetric effect on Y. Meanwhile, a neutral effect was found between EC and Y. The outcomes of this study can provide guidelines for future re-searchers and policymakers. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Rice straw remains almost unutilised in the majority of cases and is usually burned. Data on rice residue production under European conditions are extremely limited. A detailed assessment of rice biomass yield, partitioning and straw collection was carried out in Spain. Eleven commercial rice varieties were evaluated in 2015, and two baling trials were performed in 2014 and 2015. The average straw yield was 9.7 t·ha−1. Straw yield, biomass partitioning indices and fibre composition varied significantly according to rice variety. Straw to grain ratio and harvest index were 1.00 and 0.50 on average for rough grain, and 1.25 and 0.41 for husked grain. Biomass partitioning indices significantly correlated with grain yield. Mean content of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and ash of rice straw was 32.5%, 19.8%, 6.5% and 13.7%, respectively. Straw amount of less than 3.0 t·ha−1 can be collected during the baling trials. Rice straw could represent an eco-friendly source of lignocellulosic biomass in Europe, however, in order to achieve this, baling machine improvements and special crop management should be carried out.

The objective of this study is to derive methane (CH4) emissions from three landfills, which are found to be the most significant CH4 sources in the metropolitan area of Madrid in Spain. We derive CH4 emissions from the CH4 enhancements observed by spaceborne and ground-based instruments. We apply satellite-based measurements from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) and the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) together with measurements from the ground-based COllaborative Carbon Column Observing Network (COCCON) instruments. In 2018, a 2-week field campaign for measuring the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases was performed in Madrid in the framework of Monitoring of the Greenhouse Gases Concentrations in Madrid (MEGEI-MAD) project. Five COCCON instruments were deployed at different locations around the Madrid city center, enabling the observation of total column-averaged CH4 mixing ratios (XCH4). Considering the prevalent wind regimes, we calculate the wind-assigned XCH4 anomalies for two opposite wind directions. Pronounced bipolar plumes are found when applying the method to NO2, which implies that our method of wind-assigned anomaly is suitable to estimate enhancements of trace gases at the urban level from satellite-based measurements. For quantifying the CH4 emissions, the wind-assigned plume method is applied to the TROPOMI XCH4 and to the lower tropospheric CH4 / dry-air column ratio (TXCH4) of the combined TROPOMI+IASI product. As CH4 emission strength we estimate 7.4 × 1025 ± 6.4 × 1024 molec. s−1 from the TROPOMI XCH4 data and 7.1 × 1025 ± 1.0 × 1025 molec. s−1 from the TROPOMI+IASI merged TXCH4 data. We use COCCON observations to estimate the local source strength as an independent method. COCCON observations indicate a weaker CH4 emission strength of 3.7 × 1025 molec. s−1 from a local source (the Valdemingómez waste plant) based on observations from a single day. This strength is lower than the one derived from the satellite observations, and it is a plausible result. This is because the analysis of the satellite data refers to a larger area, covering further emission sources in the study region, whereas the signal observed by COCCON is generated by a nearby local source. All emission rates estimated from the different observations are significantly larger than the emission rates provided via the official Spanish Register of Emissions and Pollutant Sources.

Although Mediterranean wetlands are characterized by extreme natural water level fluctuations in response to irregular precipitation patterns, global climate change is expected to amplify this pattern by shortening precipitation seasons and increasing the incidence of summer droughts in this area. As a consequence, a part of the lake sediment will be exposed to air-drying in dry years when the water table becomes low. This periodic sediment exposure to dry/wet cycles will likely affect biogeochemical processes. Unexpectedly, to date, few studies are focused on assessing the effects of water level fluctuations on the biogeochemistry of these ecosystems. In this review, we investigate the potential impacts of water level fluctuations on phosphorus dynamics and on greenhouse gases emissions in Mediterranean wetlands. Major drivers of global change, and specially water level fluctuations, will lead to the degradation of water quality in Mediterranean wetlands by increasing the availability of phosphorus concentration in the water column upon rewetting of dry sediment. CO2 fluxes are likely to be enhanced during desiccation, while inundation is likely to decrease cumulative CO2 emissions, as well as N2O emissions, although increasing CH4 emissions. However, there exists a complete gap of knowledge about the net effect of water level fluctuations induced by global change on greenhouse gases emission. Accordingly, further research is needed to assess whether the periodic exposure to dry–wet cycles, considering the extent and frequency of the cycles, will amplify the role of these especial ecosystems as a source of these gases and thereby act as a feedback mechanism for global warming. To conclude, it is pertinent to consider that a better understanding about the effect of water level fluctuations on the biogeochemistry of Mediterranean wetlands will help to predict how other freshwater ecosystems will respond.

The paper presents an analysis of the current state of green energy in Japan. The study showcases that Japan���s energy strategy focuses primarily on eliminating energy deficit and, secondly, on greening the sector. After the Fukushima accident, Japan recognized renewable energy as a solution to the energy security problem and intensified government policies to stimulate investment in renewable energy. Policy incentives, primarily the introduction of feed-in tariffs, and massive investments have led to an increase in the share of renewable energy sources, especially solar PV, in the structure of electricity generation, and contributed to CO2 emissions decline after 2013, as well as the improvement in the energy efficiency of the economy. By the end of the second decade of the 21st century, Japan was among the topfive countries based on installed renewable power capacity (excluding hydropower). However, the costs of electricity have been rising and the costs associated with installing renewables in Japan are very high comparing with other countries. Meanwhile, Japan is among the top-five economies with the highest CO2 emissions, 90 percent of which are energy-related, and has been criticized by the international community for its ongoing support for fossil fuels. In 2020, Japan announced an ambitious plan to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 by speeding up the development of key technologies such as next generation solar batteries and carbon recycling. The promotion of hydrogen society is called one of the most important steps towards a low-carbon economy in Japan. Achieving the goal will require a significant revision of the current energy plan, according to which, by 2030, more than half of the country���s energy will continue to be produced by fossil fuel plants. Japan has made some progress in its green energy policy, but whether it is sustainable remains to be seen. In addition, in light of low oil prices and the COVID-19 recession, the future of renewable energy sources remains uncertain.

We use different methane ground- and space-based remote sensing data sets for investigating the emission strength of three waste disposal sites close to Madrid. We present a method that uses wind-assigned anomalies for deriving emission strengths from satellite data and estimating their uncertainty to 9–14 %. The emission strengths estimated from the remote sensing data sets are significantly larger than the values published in the official register. ESA support through the COCCON-PROCEEDS and COCCON-PROCEEDS II projects. In addition, this research was funded by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad from Spain through the INMENSE project (CGL2016-80688-P). This research has largely benefit from funds of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (provided for the two projects MOTIV and TEDDY with IDs/290612604 and 416767181, respectively).

This paper stemmed from a workshop 'Emerging challenges in large scale soil carbon sequestration' held in Paris on 8-10 October 2018; International audience; To respect the Paris agreement targeting a limitation of global warming below 2°C by 2100, and possibly below 1.5°C, drastic reductions of greenhouse gas emissions are mandatory but not sufficient. Large‐scale deployment of other climate mitigation strategies are also necessary. Among these, increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks is an important lever because carbon in soils can be stored for long periods and land management options to achieve this already exist and have been widely tested. However, agricultural soils are also an important source of nitrous oxide (N$_2$O), a powerful greenhouse gas, and increasing SOC may influence N$_2$O emissions, likely causing an increase in many cases, thus tending to offset the climate change benefit from increased SOC storage. Here, we review the main agricultural management options for increasing SOC stocks. We evaluate the amount of SOC that can be stored as well as resulting changes in N$_2$O emissions to better estimate the climate benefits of these management options. Based on quantitative data obtained from published meta‐analyses and from our current level of understanding, we conclude that the climate mitigation induced by increased SOC storage is generally overestimated if associated N$_2$O emissions are not considered but, with the exception of reduced tillage, is never fully offset. Some options (e.g, biochar or non‐pyrogenic C amendment application) may even decrease N$_2$O emissions.; Pour respecter l'accord de Paris visant à limiter le réchauffement climatique à moins de 2°C d'ici 2100, et éventuellement à moins de 1,5°C, des réductions drastiques des émissions de gaz à effet de serre sont obligatoires mais pas suffisantes. Le déploiement à grande échelle d'autres stratégies d'atténuation du climat est également nécessaire. Parmi celles-ci, l'augmentation des stocks de carbone organique du sol (SOC) est un levier important car le carbone dans les sols peut être stocké pendant de longues périodes et les options de gestion des terres pour y parvenir existent déjà et ont été largement testées. Toutefois, les sols agricoles sont également une source importante d'oxyde nitreux (N$_2$O), un puissant gaz à effet de serre, et l'augmentation du SOC peut influer sur les émissions de N$_$O, provoquant probablement une augmentation dans de nombreux cas, tendant ainsi à compenser le bénéfice du changement climatique résultant du stockage accru du SOC. Nous passons ici en revue les principales options de gestion agricole pour l'augmentation des stocks de SOC. Nous évaluons la quantité de SOC qui peut être stockée ainsi que les changements qui en résultent dans les émissions de N$_2$O afin de mieux estimer les avantages climatiques de ces options de gestion. Sur la base des données quantitatives obtenues à partir de méta-analyses publiées et de notre niveau de compréhension actuel, nous concluons que l'atténuation du climat induite par un stockage accru du SOC est généralement surestimée si l'on ne tient pas compte des émissions de N$_2$O associées, mais, à l'exception du travail réduit du sol, n'est jamais totalement compensée. Certaines options (par exemple, le biochar ou l'application d'un amendement C non pyrogène) peuvent même réduire les émissions de N$_2$O.

Статья посвящена анализу современного состояния зелёной энергетики в Японии. Исследование показало, что текущая энергетическая стратегия Японии направлена в первую очередь на ликвидацию дефицита энергоснабжения и во вторую – на «озеленение» сектора. После катастрофы на АЭС «Фукусима-1» Япония признала возобновляемую энергию в качестве средства решения проблемы энергетической безопасности и активизировала государственную политику по стимулированию инвестиций в возобновляемые источники энергии (ВИЭ). Политические стимулы, прежде всего, введение зелёных тарифов и значительный объём инвестиций привели к увеличению доли ВИЭ, особенно солнечной энергии, в структуре производства электроэнергии, и способствовали снижению выбросов СО2 после 2013 г., а также повышению энергоэффективности экономики. К концу второго десятилетия ХХI в. Япония входила в пятёрку стран, обладающих наибольшими объёмами установленных мощностей возобновляемой энергетики (без учёта гидроэнергии). Однако затраты на установку ВИЭ и стоимость электроэнергии в Японии выше соответствующих показателей других стран. При этом Япония входит в число пяти стран с наибольшим объёмом выбросов СО2, 90 % которых связаны с энергетикой, и подвергается критике со стороны мирового сообщества за продолжающуюся поддержку использования ископаемого топлива. В 2020 г. Япония объявила об амбициозных планах по достижению углеродной нейтральности к 2050 г. за счёт развития солнечной энергетики и технологий по переработке углекислого газа. Одним из важнейших шагов на пути к низкоуглеродной экономике должно стать развитие водородной энергетики. Однако достижение этой цели потребует существенного пересмотра текущего энергетического плана, в соответствии с которым к 2030 г. более половины энергии в стране будут по-прежнему производить станции, работающие на ископаемом топливе. Несмотря на то, что Япония добилась определённых успехов в продвижении зелёной энергетики, называть тенденцию устойчивой пока преждевременно. В свете низких цен на нефть и экономического спада, вызванного пандемией COVID-19, будущее возобновляемых источников энергии остаётся неопределённым., The paper presents an analysis of the current state of green energy in Japan. The study showcases that Japan’s energy strategy focuses primarily on eliminating energy deficit and secondly on greening the sector. After the Fukushima accident, Japan recognized renewable energy as a solution to the energy security problem and intensified government policies to stimulate investment in renewable energy. Policy incentives, primarily the introduction of feed-in tariffs, and massive investments have led to an increase in the share of renewable energy sources, especially solar PV, in the structure of electricity generation, and contributed to CO2 emissions decline after 2013, as well as the improvement in the energy efficiency of the economy. By the end of the second decade of the 21st century, Japan was among the top-five countries based on installed renewable power capacity (excluding hydropower). However, the costs of electricity have been rising and the costs associated with installing renewables in Japan are very high comparing with other countries. Meanwhile, Japan is among the top-five economies with the highest CO2 emissions, 90% of which are energy-related, and has been criticized by the international community for its ongoing support for fossil fuels. In 2020, Japan has announced an ambitious plan to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 by speeding up the development of key technologies such as next generation solar batteries and carbon recycling. The promotion of ‘hydrogen society’ is called one of the most important steps towards a low-carbon economy in Japan. Achieving the goal will require a significant revision of the current energy plan, according to which, by 2030, more than half of the country's energy will continue to be produced by fossil fuel plants. Japan has made some progress in its green energy policy, but whether it is sustainable remains to be seen. In addition, in light of low oil prices and the COVID-19 recession, the future of renewable energy sources remains uncertain.

Climate change is real, and we, humans, are responsible for it. Its impact is already evident, both on the Earth system (global warming, sea-level rise, sea-ice melting, more intense and frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves and fires) and on people (famines, health issues, migrations, political tensions and conflicts). We need immediate and concrete mitigation actions aiming to reduce greenhouse gases emissions, and adaptation actions to be able to cope with the increasing changing climate. We have to reach zero-net greenhouse gases emissions as soon as possible, by reducing emissions by at least 5% a year, starting from now. Otherwise the climate change impact will become more and more severe: it will induce more injustice, and it will have a major impact on people health. We have the resources and the technologies to deal with it: we must have the courage to change and transform and deal with it. Addressing climate change is not impossible: to the contrary, it is a ‘possible mission’.

One of the most important consequences caused by the constant development of human activity is the uncontrolled generation of greenhouse gases (GHG). The main gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O) are illustrated by the carbon footprint. To determine the impact of port infrastructures, a Life Cycle Assessment approach is applied that considers construction and maintenance. A case study of a port infrastructure in Spain is analyzed. Main results reflect the continuous emission of GHG throughout the useful life of the infrastructure (25 years). Both machinery (85%) and materials (15%) are key elements influencing the obtained results (117,000 Tm CO2e). Sin financiación 3.390 JCR (2020) Q1, 42/176 Public, Environmental & Occupational Health 0.747 SJR (2020) Q2, 50/136 Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis No data IDR 2020 UEM

Brazil is one of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases in the world with most of its emissions coming from the land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) sector. New commitments have been set by the Paris Agreement and are reflected in the country's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). The Brazilian NDC has three main pillars to reduce emissions: increasing the share of biomass in the total primary energy supply to 18%, reducing deforestation, and achieving 45% of renewable energy in the energy mix. It is important to enlarge the share of biomass in the Brazilian economy, but it is also important to assess the potential impacts on deforestation in order to set the right strategy eventually. This study is thus an effort to investigate the contributions of a biobased economy to reduce Brazilian emissions, considering the broader concept of the bioeconomy, using biomass for energy, chemicals, and materials. To satisfy the objectives of the project, especially those related to its interest in economy-wide changes in feedstock (from fossil to biobased), computable general equilibrium modeling (CGE) was chosen as the basic methodology integrated with an economic input–output life cycle analysis (EIO-LCA). Results show that the impacts of the bioeconomy scenarios are positive but not sufficiently high to reduce the estimated emissions drastically. Emissions by the energy sector produce the highest reductions (7.5%) but the 12% increase in the LULUCF sector offsets those reduction.

This study analyzes the road freight sector of São Paulo state to identify the best options to reduce greenhouse gases emissions and local pollutants, such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons. Additionally, the investment cost of each vehicle is also analyzed. Results show that electric options, including hybrid, battery, and hydrogen fuel-cell electric vehicles represent the best options to reduce pollutants and greenhouse gases emissions concomitantly, but considerable barriers for their deployment are still in place. With little long-term planning on the state level, electrification of the transport system, in combination with increased renewable electricity generation, would require considerable financial support to achieve the desired emissions reductions without increasing energy insecurity.

Казахстан, являясь участником Парижского климатического соглашения, принял на себя добровольные обязательства по сокращению выбросов парниковых газов страны к 2030 г. В связи с этим особенно актуальным представляется поиск и разработка современных подходов к низкоуглеродному развитию страны. В статье рассматривается механизм перераспределения углеродной нагрузки на основе различия экономических и технологических возможностей участвующих субъектов, аналогичный тому, который был использован Европейский союзом для достижения сокращения эмиссии в период действия Киотского протокола. На примере крупнейших казахстанских предприятий энергетической, нефтегазовой и горно-металлургической отраслей были определены прогнозные значения их выбросов парниковых газов к 2030 г. за счет их умеренной технологической модернизации. Было проведено сравнение прогнозных выбросов по двум сценариям: с учетом углеродоемкости региональных экономик (так называемый «пузырь») и без дифференциации обязательств по регионам. Результаты расчетов показывают эффективность региональной дифференциации целевых выбросов для целей сокращения выбросов парниковых газов, которые ставит перед собой страна. Региональное перераспределение углеродной нагрузки в сочетании с офсетными схемами может быть основой климатической политики в Казахстане.

As the world is becoming aware of the impact of global warming reducing greenhouse gases emissions presents itself as a fundamental issue in order to avoid the environmental collapse and its negative consequences. One of the key points of this challenge it’s to make a responsable use of the energy. In European countries, buildings sector consumes around the 40% of the total energy use. Thus ensuring energy efficiency becomes a vital issue in order to reduce energy usage and its environmental impact. This master thesis reports on the energy audit made in Din Hälsocentral. The energy use of the health center is studied through a heat energy balance from September to May (the months when the local district heating network works) with the aim of suggesting cost-effective energy saving measures.The study combines information provided by Din Hälsocentral, data estimated based on the characteristics of the installations and literature review. The energy balance shows that Din Hälsocentral has a heat energy input 595 MWh. This heat is received by the health center through district heating, solar radiation and internal heat generation while it’s lost through transmission losses, mechanical ventilation losses, infiltration heat losses and tap water heating. To decrease the energy use five saving measures have been suggested: the substitution of the health center windows by more efficient ones, the reduction of the indoor temperature, the replacement of the heat exchangers from the mechanical ventilation system, the installation of an aerothermal heating system in order to replace the district heating supply and the improvement of the roof isolation. The implementantion of those different measures would report heat energy savings between the 4% and the 63%, having payback periods between 0 and 7 years. However, the viability of application of aerothermal heating system in the health center installations as well as its maintenance costs must be studied more deeply.

Policy initiatives towards reduction of CO2 emissions implemented so far are grounded on the so-called Production-Based paradigm: this approach allocates responsibility of emissions to countries that directly caused such emissions, without taking into account all the indirect contributions to CO2 emissions caused outside country’s borders, eventually leading to the so-called carbon leakage phenomenon. In this paper, the alternative Consumption-Based approach is proposed, and its effectiveness assessed: according to this approach, policy initiatives allocates responsibility for CO2 emissions proportionally to the CO2 emissions embedded in goods and services required by industries as inputs for production. Global environmental and economic consequences of carbon emissions reduction policies, applied at the European level based on both Production- and Consumption-Based paradigms, are comparatively assessed based on the World Trade Model with Bilateral Trades. Results of this study suggest that defining CO2 emissions policies based on a Consumption-Based paradigm seems to be the most effective way to reduce the global carbon emissions, avoiding the carbon leakage phenomenon which may occur in economies regulated by Production-Based policies. Indeed, an imposed reduction in CO2 emissions embedded in EU final demand through a Consumption-Based Accounting policy would result in a global CO2 emissions reduction up to almost 1.2 Gton. On the other hand, an imposed reduction in direct EU CO2 emissions according to a PBA approach would result in an overall increase in global carbon emissions up to almost 0.8 Gton.

Economic criteria have prevailed in studies on integration of renewable energies. Tons of dangerous emissions are emitted by a biomass fuel, causing negative impacts over atmosphere and health. Current research proposes Pinch Analysis of solar thermal energy and the joint use of biomass (sugarcane bagasse) to produce heat and power in a Caribbean sugar mill; measuring emissions like: carbon oxide CO, carbon dioxide CO2, dinitrogen monoxide N2O, nitrogen oxides NOx, sulfur oxides SOx, non-methane volatile organic compounds NMVOC, methane CH4, and particulate matters, to have a global and clear view of the impacts of biomass as a renewable fuel. Variables like kWh cost, the installation and device area of renewable energy, and greenhouse gas emissions, are analysed to assess the effect on the integration final design, the target of which is to control the use of biomass. It is possible to produce an economically competitive integration design of solar system LCOEthsolar = 0.0636 USD/kWh, LCOEele = 0.1392 USD/kWh), zero greenhouse gases emissions (ΔTminrew=7°C), and deletion of 378,711.53 t/year of CO2 and 9567.56 t/year of solid particles. There are many possibilities that can implemented; in one of them, bagasse burning is reduced by 30% and the solar collector network for required power production is reduced by 68%.

Addressing environmental issues has been a significant challenge. Malaysia is one of the fastest-growing countries in terms of economic, social, and land use development but high in CO2 emission rates. The introduction of a carbon tax is seen to reduce greenhouse gases emission (GHG), but the uncertain extent of implementation, based on economic theory, remains unknown. Hence, the current study’s objectives are to assess residents’ knowledge and attitude towards GHG. It is also to analyse the factors influencing residents’ Willingness to Pay (WTP). Three hundred and eleven (311) residents from Klang were selected using convenience sampling. The result shows that most of the respondents were willing to pay and had medium knowledge and a high level of attitude towards GHG. Poisson regression analysis results showed that gender, age, income, education, number of households, and marital status variables significantly influenced the maximum WTP. Overall, the residents’ WTP for a carbon tax was estimated at RM36.31 per year for open-ended (CVM): RM36.96 and double bound (CVM): RM35.65. A mechanism such as investment in green technology, eco-transportation, and green energy using the tax can be applied. This study is pivotal towards achieving SDG 13: Climate action.

Modernisation of municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) should be carried out, taking into account its impact on global warming, e.g., through carbon footprint (CF) analysis. An important industrial sector in Poland is the dairy industry. In dairy WWTPs, the aerobic sewage sludge stabilisation applied thus far is being replaced by the anaerobic process. This change is positive due to the possibility of energy production, but it is unclear how it affects greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. The aim of the research was to perform CF analysis for two scenarios of dairy WWTP operation. The analysis was based on the real operating data of the current system (current scenario) and project of its modernisation (alternative scenario). The current scenario consists of mechanical and dissolved air flotation (DAF) treatment, biological treatment in sequence batch reactors (SBRs), aerobic sewage sludge stabilisation and its final farmland usage. The alternative scenario assumes replacing aerobic stabilisation with anaerobic stabilisation and a combined heat and power (CHP) system. The CF calculations were based on empirical models, taking into account different emission input parameters, expressed in CO2 equivalents (CO2e). The total CF of the current scenario was 22 kg CO2e PE−1 year−1, while the alternative was 45 kg CO2e PE−1 year−1. The largest share in the current scenario belongs to emissions from WWTPs and energy use, while in the alternative, there is the addition of emissions from biogas use.

We propose a metaheuristic for the Time-Dependent Pollution-Routing Problem, which consists of routing a number of vehicles to serve a set of customers and determining their speed on each route segment with the objective of minimizing the cost of driver’s wage and greenhouse gases emissions. The vehicles face traffic congestion which, at peak periods, significantly restricts vehicle speeds and leads to increased emissions. Our algorithm is based on an adaptive large neighborhood search heuristic and uses new removal and insertion operators which significantly improve the quality of the solution. A previously developed departure time and speed optimization procedure is used as a subroutine to optimize departure times and vehicle speeds. Results from extensive computational experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm.

In recent years, a significant amount of interest has been directed towards using hydrogen as an alternative source of energy to fossil fuel. Even though hydrogen is emission free in its end use; the production of hydrogen itself requires energy and may cause process emissions including fugitive emissions from various sources, mainly the piping equipment and fittings. The emissions, even though not as large as stack emissions, they may still pose risks to the environment and health especially to the workers within the plant area. This paper presents the estimation of fugitive emissions from hydrogen production process via natural gas steam reforming. Firstly, the natural gas steam reforming process was simulated before the fugitive emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and greenhouse gases (GHGs), such as methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the process were estimated. Then, the consequent global warming potential (GWP) and the associated health risks due to the emissions were evaluated. A comparison of the GHG fugitive emissions with other sources of GHG emissions over the hydrogen production life cycle was also performed. Methane (CH4) recorded the highest rate of fugitive emissions contributing to the greatest GWP. On the other hand, CO2 represented the total stack emissions contributing to 100% of the total GWP. The concentrations of the gases emitted as fugitive emissions (CH4, CO2 and CO) in the process area are below the threshold exposure limit indicating that the plant environment is safe for workers daily exposures to the emitted gases.

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Dissertação de mestrado em Ciências e Tecnologias do Ambiente (área de especialização em Energia), Esta dissertação tem como objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia Custo-Benefício que permita avaliar se as medidas presentes na Resolução do Conselho de Ministros n. º20/2013, de 10 de abril, que aprova o Plano Nacional de Ação para a Eficiência Energética (PNAEE) 2016, a nível dos edifícios residenciais, levam a reduções significativas no consumo de energia e nas emissões de CO2 equivalente (CO2eq.). Também se determina os custos associados à aplicação destas medidas. Para isso, foram desenvolvidos um cenário de Referência e um cenário PNAEE com medidas similares, e graus de eficiência diferentes. A análise Custo-Benefício recorre ao método de cálculo de indicadores financeiros, em específico, do Valor Atual Líquido (VAL). Calculam-se também os consumos energéticos e as emissões de CO2eq. Por último, realiza-se uma análise de sensibilidade aos preços das emissões de CO2eq. Foi possível concluir que em termos financeiros o cenário de Referência comporta-se de melhor forma, pois apresenta um VAL maior que o cenário PNAEE. Contrariamente, em termos de consumo energético e de emissões de CO2 eq., o cenário PNAEE tem melhores resultados, pois a aplicação das suas medidas apresenta uma redução de quase de 45% do consumo energético e das emissões de CO2eq. Por último, em relação às análises de sensibilidade ao preço das emissões, conclui-se que no cenário PNAEE, há uma redução nos custos de emissão, pois a quantidade de emissões é menor que as do cenário de Referência. Tenta-se com este trabalho contribuir para o aumento do conhecimento nesta temática, deixando para análises futuras os impactos das diferentes tipologias de habitações, e, ainda, a variabilidade metereológica, que extravasam o propósito desta tese. Concluímos assim que este plano o PNAEE tem um potencial de descarbonização muito próximo dos 45%, valor que ainda não tinha sido explicitamente calculado e analisado, e que faz com que seja possível atingir as metas do setor residencial e serviço previstas no Roteiro De Baixo Carbono de 2050., This dissertation aims to develop a cost-benefit analysis that allows the evaluation of measures present in the Resolution of the Minister Council n. º20/2013, of April 10th, on residential buildings, that have significative reductions in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions and understand the costs associated with the application of these measures. To determine the costs associated with the application of these measures, it was developed a Reference and PNAEE scenario with similar measures and different efficiency degrees. The method used in the cost-benefit analysis to calculate the financial indicators was the Net Present Value. The energy consumption and CO2 equivalent (CO2eq.) emissions were also calculated. Finally, it was done a sensibility analysis to the price of CO2eq. emissions. In financial terms, when comparing the two scenarios, the Reference and the PNAEE, it was possible to conclude that the Reference scenario is better because it presents a bigger NPV than the PNAEE scenario. On the other hand, in terms of energetic consumption and CO2eq. emissions, the PNAEE scenario has better results, with a reduction of almost 50% of the energy consumption and CO2eq. emissions. Finally, the sensibility analysis to the emissions prices, concludes that in the PNAEE scenario, there is a reduction of the emissions costs, because the emissions of CO2eq. are lower than those emitted in the Reference scenario. With this report, we tried to improve the knowledge on this thematic, leaving for future analysis the impacts of different housing typologies and the meteorological variability, that goes beyond the goal of this dissertation. It has been concluded that the PNAEE has a potential of decarbonization close to 43%. The PNAEE doesn’t have a set value for decarbonization and making it possible to achieve our goal in the residential and services sector planned on Roadmap of Low Carbon of 2050.

Les àrees del secà mediterrànies es transformen en regadiu per estabilitzar o millorar el rendiment dels cultius. L’ocupació gradual del riego ha permès augmentar l’ús del nitrogen i la intensitat del laboreo. Per tant, l'objectiu principal d'aquest estudi va ser la d’evaluar els efectes dels diferents sistemes de conreu i les dosis de fertilitzants de N en les emissions de GEH (metà, CH4; diòxid de carboni, CO2, òxid nitrós, N2O) a l'atmosfera, així com, el segrest de C del sòl, l'estructura de la superfície del sòl i la productivitat del cultiu en una àrea recentment transformada a regadiu. Per aconseguir aquest objectiu, es va dur a terme un estudi en NE Espanya en un experiment de llarga durada (LTE) de conreu i dosis de fertilització N establert el 1996 sota la producció d'ordi (Hordeum vulgare L.) en secà, posteriorment, es transformar en monocultiu blat de moro (Zea mays L.) amb reg per aspersió en 2015. Aquest estudi es va realitzar durant tres campanyes consecutives de cultiu de blat de moro (és a dir, els anys 2015, 2016 i 2017). Es van comparar tres tipus de conreu (conreu convencional, CT, conreu reduït, RT, No conreu, NT) i tres dosis de fertilització mineral N (0, 200, 400 kg N ha-1) en un disseny de blocs a l'atzar amb tres repeticions. El 2015, es va crear un experiment adjacent (experiment a curt termini, STE) amb el mateix disseny que el LTE però amb una gestió anterior diferent basada en NT. En el LTE, les emissions de CO2, CH4 i N2O del sòl es van quantificar durant tres anys. A més, es va calcular el factor d'emissió de N2O (EF) i les emissions de N2O a escala de rendiment. També, es va calcular la taxa anual del segrest de SOC (ΔSOCrate) (0-40 cm de profunditat) per a cada tractament en tres períodes diferents (P1-, P2-, P3-) en condicions de secà (-R) i condicions de regadiu (-I) (P1-R, de 1996 a 2009; P2-R, de 2009 al 2015; P3-I, de 2015 a 2017). A més, en LTE i STE superfície del sòl (0-5 cm) es van mesurar macroagregats secs i estables en l’aigua i la seva concentració de C, així com altres fraccions del sòl (concentració total de SOC i concentració de C làbil). Així mateix, es va analitzar la resistència a la penetració en la superfície del sòl (PR) i la infiltració d'aigua durant la segona temporada de cultiu de blat de moro (és a dir, l'any 2016). Ingualment, en els dos camps experimentals, es va mesurar anualment la biomassa aèria, el rendiment de gra, els components de rendiment i l'eficiència d'ús d'aigua i nitrogen (WUE i NUE, respectivament). En els agroecosistemes Mediterranis recentment transformats a regadiu, una reducció de la dosi de fertilització N juntament amb una reducció en el conreu, és una estratègia òptima en termes de manteniment de la productivitat dels cultius. A més, la reducció del conreu millora l'estat estructural del sòl, per tal de proporcionar al sòl suficient resistència i assegurar un desenvolupament òptim dels cultius. Si bé la reducció del conreu genera més emissions de GEH del sòl a l'atmosfera, aquestes es compensen amb un major rendiment de blat de moro i segrest de SOC. Las áreas de secano Mediterráneas se transforman en regadio para estabilizar o aumentar el rendimiento de los cultivos. La ocupación gradual del riego lleva a un aumento en el uso de nitrógeno y la intensidad del laboreo. Por lo tanto, el objetivo principal de este estudio fue la evaluar los efectos de los diferentes sistemas de laboreo y las dosis de fertilizantes de N en las emisiones de GEI (metano, CH4; dióxido de carbono, CO2, óxido nitroso, N2O) a la atmósfera, así como, el secuestro de C del suelo, la estructura de la superficie del suelo y la productividad del cultivo en un área recientemente transformada a regadío. Para lograr ese objetivo, se llevó a cabo un estudio en NE España en un experimento de larga duración (LTE) de laboreo y dosis de fertilización N establecido en 1996 bajo la producción de cebada (Hordeum vulgare L.) en secano, posteriormente, se transformó en monocultivo maíz (Zea mays L.) con riego por aspersión en 2015. Este estudio se realizó durante tres campañas consecutivas de cultivo de maíz (es decir, los años 2015, 2016 y 2017). Se compararon tres tipos de laboreo (laboreo convencional, CT, laboreo reducido, RT, No laboreo, NT) y tres dosis de fertilización mineral N (0, 200, 400 kg N ha-1) en un diseño de bloques al azar con tres repeticiones. En 2015, se creó un experimento adyacente (experimento a corto plazo, STE) con el mismo diseño que el LTE pero con una gestión anterior diferente basada en NT. En el LTE, las emisiones de CO2, CH4 y N2O del suelo se cuantificaron durante tres años. Además, se calculó el factor de emisión de N2O (EF) y las emisiones de N2O a escala de rendimiento. También, se calculó la tasa anual de secuestro de SOC (∆SOCrate) (0-40 cm de profundidad) para cada tratamiento en tres periodos diferentes (P1-, P2-, P3-) en condiciones de secano (-R) y condiciones de regadio (-I) (P1-R, de 1996 a 2009; P2-R, de 2009 a 2015; P3-I, de 2015 a 2017). Además, en LTE y STE superficie del suelo (0-5 cm) se midieron macroagregados secos y estables en agua y su concentración de C, así como otras fracciones del suelo (concentración total de SOC y concentración de C lábil). Asimismo, se analizaron la resistencia a la penetración en la superficie del suelo (PR) y la infiltración de agua durante la segunda temporada de cultivo de maíz (es decir, el año 2016). Ingualmente, en ambos campos experimentales, se midió anualmente la biomasa aerea, el rendimiento de grano, los componentes de rendimiento y la eficiencia de uso de agua y nitrógeno (WUE y NUE, respectivamente). En los agroecosistemas Mediterráneos recientemente transformados a regadio, una reducción de la dosis de fertilización N junto con una reducción en el laboreo, es una estrategia óptima en términos de mantenimiento de la productividad de los cultivos. Además, la disminución del laboreo mejora el estado estructural del suelo, a fin de proporcionar al suelo suficiente resistencia y asegurar un desarrollo óptimo de los cultivos. Si bien la reducción del laboreo genera mayores emisiones de GEI del suelo a la atmósfera, estas se compensan con un mayor rendimiento de maíz y secuestro de SOC. Mediterranean rainfed areas are transformed into irrigation to stabilize or increase crop yields. The gradual occupation of irrigation leads to an increase in nitrogen use and intensity of tillage. Therefore, the main objective of this study was the identification of the effect of different tillage systems and N fertilizer rates on GHG emissions (methane, CH4; carbon dioxide, CO2; nitrous oxide, N2O) to the atmosphere, as well as, soil C sequestration, soil surface structure and crop productivity when converting rainfed lands to irrigated. In order to achieve that objective a study was carried out in NE Spain in a long-term (LTE) tillage and N rate field experiment established in 1996 under rainfed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) conditions which was converted to irrigation with maize (Zea mays L.) monoculture as cropping system in 2015. This study was conducted during three consecutive maize growing seasons (i.e. years 2015, 2016, and 2017). Three types of tillage (conventional tillage, CT; reduced tillage, RT; no-tillage, NT) and three mineral N fertilization rates (0, 200, 400 kg N ha-1) were compared in a randomized block design with three replications. In 2015, an adjacent experiment (short-term experiment, STE) with the same layout as the LTE but with different previous management based on NT was set up. In the LTE, soil CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions were quantified during three years. Also, N2O emission factor (EF) and yield-scaled N2O emissions were determined. In addition, annual SOC sequestration rate (∆SOCrate) (0-40 cm depth) was calculated for each treatment in three different periods (P1-, P2-, P3-) under rainfed (-R) conditions and irrigated (-I) conditions (P1-R, from 1996 to 2009; P2-R, 2009 to 2015; P3-I, from 2015 to 2017). Moreover, in LTE and STE soil surface (0-5 cm) dry and water-stable macroaggregates and their C concentration, as well as other soil fractions (total SOC concentration and labile C concentration) were measured. Also soil surface penetration resistance (PR), and water infiltration were analyzed during the second maize growing season (i.e. year 2016). In addition, in both experimental fields, above ground biomass, maize grain yield, yield components and water and nitrogen use efficiency (WUE and NUE, respectively) were measured annually. In Mediterranean agroecosystems recently transformed to irrigated land, a reduction in N fertilization rate together with a reduction in tillage are optimum strategies in terms of maintenance of crop productivity. In addition, reductions of tillage improve the structural state of the soil, in order to provide the soil enough resilience and ensure an optimum development of crops. Although the reduction of tillage generates higher GHG emissions from the soil to the atmosphere, this is compensated by a greater maize yield and SOC sequestration.

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a commonly used approach for assessing the environmental impact of products, processes, or services. This paper presents LCA of a selected Living Green Wall (LGW), a greening structure which is attached to building envelope and improve its sustainability. Impacts of the LGW useful life stages (manufacturing, construction, maintenance, and disposal) are quantified through LCA. In this study a felt system LGW example was selected, to build a case study. The information on the component's material, weight, supplier, distance travelled, and type of transportation (inventory data) was gathered from the manufacturer. The data gathering process was through informal interview and manufacturer's public information search. The study found that the manufacturing stage of LGW production is responsible for 80.67 % of the Greenhouse Gases emissions (GHG).

The objectives of this study were i) to measure the soil N2O fluxes in a cropping system currently adopted by farmers of the region (FP), and in an ecologically intensified cropping system (EI) over two consecutive maize growing seasons (2011–12 and 2012–13), and ii) to relate N2O fluxes to soil factors. Gas fluxes were measured using vented static chambers, from October through April in each season. Fluxes of N2O ranged from 3 to 88 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1 in 2011–12, and between 3 and 97 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1 in 2012–13. There was a significant (p < 0.05) interaction in N2O fluxes between management systems and sampling dates (p < 0.05) in both seasons. The highest N2O fluxes were observed often following a precipitation event and shortly after N fertilization. While management system impacted on maize grain yield, it had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on cumulative N2O emissions, which were, on average across two seasons, 558 g N2O-N ha−1 for the EI treatment and 578 g N2O-N ha−1 for the FP treatment. Cumulative N2O emissions tended to be 20% greater over 153 days in 2012–13 compared with over 156 days in 2011–12 mainly due to differences in total and timing precipitations. As there were no differences in cumulative N2O emissions between managements but grain yield was higher under EI, this treatment had lower yield-based N2O emissions (75 g N2O-N Mg−1 grain) compared with FP treatment (94 g N2O-N Mg−1 grain). The results showed that a moderate increase in N rate (10 kg N ha−1), combined with N split-application and UAN (urea-ammonium nitrate) as N source, as well as other crop management practices, can be a viable alternative to improve maize productivity without increasing the N2O environmental impact. EEA Balcarce Fil: Picone, Liliana. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina Fil: Bayer, Cimélio. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Faculdade de Agronomia. Departamento de Solos; Brasil Fil: Videla, Cecilia. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Fil:. Rizzalli, Roberto Héctor. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Fil: Casanave Ponti, Sheila M. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fil: Andrade, Fernando Héctor. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Fil: García, Fernando O. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina.

To investigate the effect of paddy-upland (PU) rotation system on greenhouse gas emissions, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were monitored for three years for a PU rotation field (four cultivations (wheat-soybean-rice-rice) over three years) and continuous paddy (CP) field on alluvial soil in western Japan. Soil carbon storage was also calculated using an improved Rothamsted Carbon (RothC) model. The net greenhouse gas balance was finally evaluated as the sum of CO2eq of the CH4, N2O and changes in soil carbon storage. The average CH4 emissions were significantly lower and the average N2O emissions were significantly higher in the PU field than those in the CP field (p &lt, 0.01). On CO2 equivalent basis, CH4 emissions were much higher than N2O emission. In total, the average CO2eq emissions of CH4 plus N2O in the PU field (1.81 Mg CO2 ha&minus, 1 year&minus, 1) were significantly lower than those in the CP field (7.42 Mg CO2 ha&minus, 1) (p &lt, 0.01). The RothC model revealed that the changes in soil carbon storage corresponded to CO2eq emissions of 0.57 and 0.09 Mg CO2 ha&minus, 1 in the both fields, respectively. Consequently, the net greenhouse gas balance in the PU and CP fields were estimated to be 2.38 and 7.51 Mg CO2 ha&minus, 1, respectively, suggesting a 68% reduction in the PU system. In conclusion, PU rotation system can be regarded as one type of the climate-smart soil management.

This paper deals with the assessment of cultivation of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and oat (Avena sativa) grown in Central Europe within the conventional and organic farming systems in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and economic profitability. Organic farming may be one of the tools for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural production. In the context of crop production, cereals rank among the most commonly grown crops and therefore bread wheat and oat were chosen. The Climate change impact category was assessed within the simplified LCA method and the production of greenhouse gas emissions expressed in CO2e per the production unit was calculated. Economic balance of the cultivation of monitored cereals was compiled based on the yields, farm gate prices and costs. On its basis, the cultivation of wheat within the organic farming system appears to be the most profitable. From an environmental point of view, the emission load of the organic farming system is reduced by 8.04 % within the wheat production and by 15.46 % within the oat cultivation. Therefore, the organic farming system in the Czech Republic appears to be more environmentally friendly and economically efficient within the cereals production.

Our current eating habits affect not only our health but also the environment and agricultural production. Previous studies have shown the relationship between our eating habits and each of these three topics independently. Here we analyzed the links between health, agricultural production and environmental data together, using global databases. We found the Western diet – dominated by processed foods, refined sugar, fats and flours – has negative implications for all three. Increased production and consumption of sugar and refined grains over the last 40 years correlates with negative human health outcomes globally: an alarming increase in diseases such as diabetes, overweight and obesity. In addition to these health effects, the Western diet relies on methods of agricultural production that negatively impact ecosystems, increase the use of fossil fuels and boost greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe). Ancestral communities around the world consume a greater variety of plant and animal species (including insects) than Western urban populations, with positive health and environmental outcomes. Processed food, on the other hand, comes at a high environmental cost: it generates high GHGe, accelerates land-use change to support agriculture and intensive livestock activities, and requires huge amounts of water and agrochemicals. Changing the Western diet could substantially reduce diabetes, obesity, and GHGe. Consuming insects and a wider variety of plant species could improve health outcomes and reduce some of the environmental impacts of agricultural production.

This study investigated the influence of large slaughterhouses on five variables, two related to environment impact (land use change rate and greenhouse gases emissions (GE)), and three related to cattle-ranching intensification (protein from crops, calories from crops and stocking rate). In Amazonia, the results show a reduction of the land use change rate and GE in zones both with and without the influence of large slaughterhouses. The hypothesis that slaughterhouses are leverage points to reduce deforestation in the biome was not confirmed. The slaughterhouses also seem to have no effect on cattle ranching intensification, as protein and calories production increased significantly in both zones, while the stocking rates did not change in the influence zones. In the Cerrado, cattle-ranching intensification is a reality, and is occurring independently of the presence of large slaughterhouses. In conclusion, the results show no evidence that large slaughterhouses have promoted either cattle-ranching intensification or improvements in the sustainability of the cattle-ranching activity in Amazonia and the Cerrado.

La prise en compte des changements climatiques dans les actions des collectivités a débuté il y a moins de dix ans. Dans un premier temps, la lutte contre l’effet de serre s’est mise en place dans le prolongement d’actions antérieures relatives aux économies d’énergie et de réduction des pollutions. Puis en 2010, la loi Grenelle 2 a imposé l’élaboration de Plans Climat Energie territoriaux, affirmant ainsi une logique réglementaire pour l’action publique.Les actions en matière d’adaptation sont encore percues comme peu valorisantes puisqu’il s’agit d’anticiper des effets incertains alors que les actions d’atténuation privilégient les solutions "sans regrets". Consideration of climate change in the policies of French local governments began less than ten years go. At first, the fight against greenhouse effect was implemented as an extension of previous actions related to energy savings and pollution reduction. Then in 2010, the Grenelle 2 law imposed the development of Climate and Energy Territorial Plans, affirming a logic of regulatory policies.Actions on adaptation are still perceived as poorly rewarding, since they aim at anticipating uncertain effects, while mitigation policies favor "no regrets" solutions.

The electricity sector represents the sector with the greatest impact in terms of producing climate change, mainly due to the greenhouse gas emissions generated through the burning of fossil fuels. It is not however the only negative aspect associated to the classic technologies of electricity production. This paper aims to assess the economic and environmental aspects associated to the technologies for the electricity production from conventional sources and as a conclusion of the research it will also propose certain specific measures designed to mitigate their impacts. Therefore, the analysis will focus on economic issues, such as limited resources of fuels and the significant fluctuation in fuel prices, low energy efficiency, environmental protection expenditures and health issues as a result of the pollution generated by the electricity production and environmental aspects related primarily to the burning of fossil fuels, but also to extraction, transport and storage, aspects concerning the management of waste generated by the energy sector or to the risks associated with the process of producing electricity. In the final part of the paper a few measures will be proposed to mitigate the impact on the environment and economic development of such technologies, as well as increasing energy efficiency, promoting renewable sources of energy, carbon dioxide capture and storage, limiting deforestation, afforestation or the prevention of accidents in the energy sector.

Building sector shares a considerable portion of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions worldwide, as building facilities are energy- and emission-intensive to construct and operate. The buildings’ embodied GHG emissions make up a considerable portion of buildings’ life cycle emissions. Previous research indicates that up to 30 per cent of buildings’ lifecycle emissions can be minimized through the careful selection of low-carbon materials. Although building environmental assessment (BEA) tools have been widely used in identifying and mitigating the lifecycle environmental impacts of building facilities, the existing BEA tools including the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) are proved to be unsatisfactory to fulfil the needs for auditing, benchmarking, and finally labeling the building materials’ embodied GHG emissions. This study began by examining the limitations of current BEA tools, in particular their means of evaluating the embodied GHG emissions of buildings. Then, an embodied GHG emissions assessment model was proposed to be integrated into an existing BEA scheme. The proposed BEA integrated embodied GHG emissions model comprised (i) product category, (ii) GHG auditing, and (iii) benchmarking. The proposed model will enable clients and design teams to minimize the carbon footprints of buildings and assist users and the general public in identifying real green building facilities.

The economic structure of a city evolves as the city develops, resulting in a change in energy consumption. This paper presents a historical review of Hong Kong’s economic development and energy consumption from 1970 to 2015. Based on the official data from the Hong Kong government, it was found that Hong Kong’s gross domestic product increased from HKD 208 billion in 1970 to HKD 2398 billion in 2015 in which the contribution from the manufacturing sector peaked in 1985. Energy consumption increased by 9.3 times from 140.2 PJ in 1970 (mostly oil products) to 1298.2 PJ (including oil products, natural gas, coal, and imported electricity) in 2015. The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to energy consumption were determined based on emission factors for different fuels. Results show that GHG emissions increased from 10.7 million tons (Mt) of CO2-equivalent in 1970 to 99.1 Mt of CO2-equivalent in 2015.

PubMed ID: 28384580 Tourism is a key industry in the Spanish economy. Spain was in the World top three ranking by international tourist arrivals and by income in 2015. The development of the tourism industry is essential to maintain the established economic system. However, if the environmental requirements were not taken into account, the country would face a negative effect on depletion of local environmental resources from which tourism depends. This case study evaluates, through a life cycle perspective, the average carbon footprint of an overnight stay in a Spanish coastland hotel by analyzing 14 two-to-five-stars hotels. Inventory and impact data are analyzed and presented both for resource use and greenhouse gases emissions, with the intention of helping in the environmental decision-making process. The main identified potential hotspots are electricity and fuels consumption (6 to 30 kWh/overnight stay and 24 to 127 MJ/overnight stay respectively), which are proportional to the number of stars and unoccupancy rate and they produce more than 75% of the impact. It is also revealed that voluntary implementation of environmental monitoring systems (like EMAS regulation) promotes collection of more detailed and accurate data, which helps in a more efficient use of resources. A literature review on LCA and tourism is also discussed. Spanish hotels inventory data presented here for the first time will be useful for tourism related managers (destination managers, policy makers and hotel managers among others) to calculate sustainability key indicators, which can lead to achieve real sustainable-tourism goals. Further data collection will be needed in future projects to gather representative data from more hotels, other accommodation facilities and also other products/services offered by tourist sector in Spain (like transport of tourists, food and beverage, culture-sports & recreation and others). © 2017 Elsevier B.V.

Economic uncertainties and environmental constraints regarding fossil fuels have encouraged initiatives for renewable energy sources and assessment of their life cycle impacts. Brazil ranks second worldwide in biodiesel production, despite the relatively recent organization of its national chain, marked by the creation of the National Program for Biodiesel Production and Use (PNPB). The Central-West region is responsible for the largest share of biodiesel production (44.4%) and the largest cattle slaughter (37.5%). In this scenario, beef tallow has great potential for expansion of biodiesel production, since it is a byproduct of the chain that, when not properly disposed, presents a considerable environmental burden. This work presents a method for assessing environmental performance that integrates life cycle assessment (LCA) with land use change (LUC) for analysis of the tallow biodiesel production chain. The results are given in terms of increment in annual greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions per hectare related to local tallow biodiesel. The system's boundary covers a representative major cattle farming area in Central-West Brazil. For the LCA segment of the method, five inventory allocations were considered: (i) without allocation, (ii) mass, (iii) market value, (iv) energy and (v) an ?average allocation?, calculated as the mean of mass, market value and energy. The last one is a novel approach proposed in this work, aggregating all the others, which separately result in under or over estimation of impacts. Using the ?average allocation?, the increment in annual GHG emission per hectare from tallow biodiesel production, is 43.2 kg CO2eq ha-1 y-1. This value is 17% less than the emission increment due to soybean biodiesel (50.2 kg CO2eq ha-1 y-1). LUC is responsible for 96% of the emission assessed, which demonstrates the importance of including LUC assessment in life cycle assessment of tallow biodiesel. According to the sensitivity analyses performed, changes from crop to pasture have superior environmental performance among the investigated options. Land use management is essential to preserve the remaining natural areas, making tallow biodiesel more sustainable Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-13T23:18:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Assessmentofgreenhousegases.pdf: 1486747 bytes, checksum: 8589b5c3fb875296cfaa43d6beed0bf6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-13