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Background: The Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating pattern has been recommended as a healthy dietary plan by several international guidelines. However, data on the association between the DASH diet and breast cancer (BC) is limited. This study investigated the association between the DASH dietary pattern and risk of BC.Methods: This is a hospital-based case-control study conducted between 2014 and 2016 in the Cancer Institute of Iran. Patients with histopathologically confirmed BC were recruited. Controls were healthy subjects who were frequency matched to cases by residential place and age (±10years). A validated 168-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) was applied to assess the dietary intake of participants. Physical activity was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). The DASH dietary pattern scores were calculated using the method introduced by Fung. Unconditional logistic regression, in which potential confounders were taken into account, was applied to determine the association between adherence to the DASH dietary pattern and odds of BC. Results: The study participants comprised 477 patients with BC and 507 healthy controls. In the total population, patients with BC were slightly older (45.9 vs. 43.9 y, P=0.02), had slightly higher BMI (21.9 vs. 20.2, P=0.01) and were less physically active (20 vs. 27 MET h/wk. Ptrend =0.004). Even after controlling for more cofounders, greatest adherence to DASH diet was associated with a 34% reduction in risk of BC (OR 0.66; 95% CI 0.46, 0.94; Ptrend=0.03). In premenopausal women, adherence to the DASH dietary pattern was insignificantly associated with a 32% reduction in BC risk. This risk reduction was 38% in postmenopausal women, which was also not found to be significant Conclusion: Adherence to the DASH dietary pattern could be associated with an approximately 30% reduction in risk of BC. However, further studies, in particular studies with prospective design, are required to confirm this claim.

Background Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases. However, recent and systematically obtained national-level data to guide policy responses are often lacking, especially in countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. This article describes physical inactivity patterns among adults in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkey and Uzbekistan. Methods Data were collected using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire drawing nationally representative samples of adults in each country. The national prevalence of physical inactivity was calculated as well as the proportional contribution to total physical activity (PA) during work, transport and leisure-time. An adjusted logistic regression model was applied to analyze the association of age, gender, education, household status and income with physical inactivity. Results National prevalence of physical inactivity ranged from 10.1% to 43.6%. The highest proportion of PA was registered during work or in the household in most countries, whereas the lowest was during leisure-time in all countries. Physical inactivity was more likely with older age in eight countries, with female gender in three countries, and with living alone in three countries. There was no clear pattern of association with education and income. Conclusion Prevalence of physical inactivity is heterogeneous across the region. PA during leisure-time contributes minimally to total PA in all countries. Policies and programs that increase opportunities for active travel and leisure-time PA, especially for older adults, women and people living alone will be an essential part of strategies to increase overall population PA.

PurposeThis study aims to determine the prevalence of overall and work, transport and leisure domain physical activity (PA) and their associated factors among Malaysian university undergraduates.Design/methodology/approachThis is an online cross-sectional study, which gathered data on sociodemographic parameters, PA and body image. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was used to collect data on PA while Multidimensional Body-Self Relation Questionnaire-Appearance Scale (MBSRQ-AS) for body image constructs. Three faculties were chosen through stratified random sampling where all its undergraduates were invited. A total of 898 students responded, of which 718 were accepted for analysis.FindingsPrevalence of overall work, transport and leisure domain PA among the students was 82.2%, 47.8%, 36.1% and 51.4% respectively. Overall PA was associated with male students (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 1.840, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.182–2.865); work PA was associated with the Malay race (AOR: 1.728, 95% CI: 1.240–2.409) and having part-time jobs (AOR: 3.098, 95% CI: 1.680–5.714); transport PA was associated with medical faculty (AOR: 1.677, 95% CI: 1.214–2.317) and leisure PA was associated with male students (AOR: 3.836, 95% CI: 2.746–5.360) and high overweight preoccupation (AOR: 1.486, 95% CI: 1.089–2.028).Research limitations/implicationsSelf-reported variables may be subjected to overestimation and bias.Practical implicationsDistributions of PA and its associated factors may be used as guidance for health promotions catering to university students.Social implicationsFactors affecting PA among the youth are correlated with social life events.Originality/valueFocus on domain-specific PA in association with body image measures may add values to existing PA studies, which is lacking in Malaysia.

Background Shop attendants are urban dwellers who may spend significant periods in sedentary lifestyles exposing them to non-communicable diseases. This study assessed the physical activity levels and sociodemographic factors associated with meeting the WHO recommended physical activity levels among shop attendants in Mbarara municipality, Uganda. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study among 301 shop attendants. We used the global physical activity questionnaire to assess participants’ physical activity levels. Modified Poisson regression was used to assess the sociodemographic factors associated with meeting recommended physical activity levels. Results Of the 301 participants, 234 (77.7%) met the WHO physical activity recommendations, especially through work-related physical activity of moderate intensity 194 (64.5%). The median weekly duration of all moderate-intensity physical activity was 180 min (IQR=90 to 360). The median daily sedentary time was 300 min (IQR=300 to 360). Being male (adjusted prevalence ratio=1.33, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.51) was significantly associated with meeting recommended physical activity levels. Conclusion The physical activity levels among shop attendants were high and were mostly achieved through work-related activities of moderate intensity, with males being more likely to meet recommended physical activity levels. Findings suggest a need for gender-sensitive initiatives to increase physical activity levels, especially among female shop attendants.

BACKGROUND: Degenerative processes in the elderly can cause various kinds of disorders, including cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension. The heart muscle loses contractile efficiency and strength, decreases relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, loss of connective tissue elasticity resulting in decreased ability to stretch, and decreases the ability of blood vessels to stand up. Physical activity can have an impact on changes in the strength of the smooth muscle in the heart so that the pulse in the heart can be strong and regular. AIM: The purpose of this study was to determine the description of the elderly physical activity level with hypertension in Posbindu Sumber Sehat Kangkung Village, Demak Regency. METHODS: This type of research is descriptive using a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted in Posbindu Sumber Sehat Kangkung Village, Demak Regency, with a proportional stratified random sampling technique. The number of samples in this study was 63 elderly with hypertension respondents. The data collection tool uses the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Analysis of the data used frequency distribution. RESULTS: The results showed that the elderly physical activity with hypertension was included in the category of moderate physical activity (60.3%); blood pressure in elderly with hypertension was mostly included in the category of mild hypertension (54.0%). CONCLUSION: Based on these results, it is expected that elderly with hypertension will always increase physical activity, especially the frequency and duration that is carried out according to ability.

It is well documented that physical inactivity is related to weight gain and a whole host of chronic diseases. This study investigated trends of low physical activity among Iranian adolescents in urban and rural areas between 2006–2011. A total of 12,178 adolescents, aged between 15 and 19 years, participated in National Surveys of Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases. Data on physical activity was obtained using the global physical activity questionnaire. A complex sample survey and multinomial logistic regression were used to model physical activity levels. The percentage of adolescents who had low levels of physical activity increased from 2006 to 2011 in both urban and rural areas. Low and moderate levels of physical activity were lower in rural girls as compared with urban girls, with a prevalence ratio of 0.59 (95% CI 0.47–0.74) and 0.59 (95% CI 0.47–0.74), respectively. The corresponding values for boys residing in rural areas compared with boys in urban areas were 0.56 (95% CI 0.43–0.75) and 0.60 (95% CI 0.48–0.74), respectively. The adolescents' lifestyles showed an increasing trend for physical inactivity in both genders; however, in rural areas, only girls had a rising affinity for a sedentary lifestyle throughout the 2006–2011 years.

ObjectiveTo compare the country-level absolute and relative contributions of physical activity at work and in the household, for travel, and during leisure-time to total moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA).MethodsWe used data collected between 2002 and 2019 from 327 789 participants across 104 countries and territories (n=24 low, n=34 lower-middle, n=30 upper-middle, n=16 high-income) from all six World Health Organization (WHO) regions. We calculated mean min/week of work/household, travel and leisure MVPA and compared their relative contributions to total MVPA using Global Physical Activity Questionnaire data. We compared patterns by country, sex and age group (25–44 and 45–64 years).ResultsMean MVPA in work/household, travel and leisure domains across the 104 countries was 950 (IQR 618–1198), 327 (190–405) and 104 (51–131) min/week, respectively. Corresponding relative contributions to total MVPA were 52% (IQR 44%–63%), 36% (25%–45%) and 12% (4%–15%), respectively. Work/household was the highest contributor in 80 countries; travel in 23; leisure in just one. In both absolute and relative terms, low-income countries tended to show higher work/household (1233 min/week, 57%) and lower leisure MVPA levels (72 min/week, 4%). Travel MVPA duration was higher in low-income countries but there was no obvious pattern in the relative contributions. Women tended to have relatively less work/household and more travel MVPA; age groups were generally similar.ConclusionIn the largest domain-specific physical activity study to date, we found considerable country-level variation in how MVPA is accumulated. Such information is essential to inform national and global policy and future investments to provide opportunities to be active, accounting for country context.

La presente investigación pretende identificar si la realización de práctica deportiva y de actividad física tiene influencia en el rendimiento académico de adolescentes en su etapa escolar. Se ha tomado a través de un enfoque cuantitativo con carácter inferencial, una muestra de 91 alumnos estudiantes de ESO (n=91). Los instrumentos utilizados han sido el cuestionario mundial de actividad física GPAQ (OMS, 2004), valoración subjetiva de la práctica deportiva y una serie de cuestiones sobre el rendimiento académico, centradas en la nota media del último trimestre y número de asignaturas suspendidas. Los resultados muestran que los alumnos que exponen mayores niveles de actividad física tienen un mejor rendimiento académico que los que no realizan dicha práctica. A su vez, estos resultados son más positivos cuantas más horas de práctica deportiva se realizan, y los alumnos que realizan cualquier tipo de práctica deportiva tienen una valoración más positiva que los alumnos inactivos. This research aims to identify whether the performance of sport and physical activity influences the academic achievement of adolescents in their school years. To do this, it has been taken through a quantitative approach to inferential character, a sample of 91 students of ESO students (n = 91). On the one hand, sport and physical activity was measured through global physical activity questionnaire GPAQ (OMS, 2004), on the other hand, have implemented a number of questions on academic performance, focusing on the overall rating the last quarter and the number of failed subjects in addition to their subjective assessment of sports. The results show that students exhibiting higher levels of physical activity have better academic performance than those not involved in the practice, both in its upper half note as the lower number of failed subjects. In turn, these results are more positive when many hours of sport are made, and students who perform also any kind of sports have a more positive assessment than physically inactive students.

Background: In this era of modernization, sedentary behavior (SB) has developed in society. Banker work for ± 8 hours every day. Objective: This research was conducted to determine the relationship of sedentary behavior with blood pressure of bankers in Bandung. Methods: This research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional method, which was conducted in Febuary – April 2020. The sampling technique in this study was purposive sampling of 70 employees. The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) is used as a SB measurement tool that has been tested for validity and reliability (r = 0,45 – 0.63). Result: The results of univariate analysis showed that 75.5% of employees behaved in SB. The results of the Wilcoxon test analysis of systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed a significant difference (sig = 0.000). Bivariate analysis with chi – square test (α

Women in Soweto in their prime reproductive years (18–25 years) report being exposed to an obesogenic environment that makes it difficult to lead a healthy lifestyle. This study aimed to determine individual and community level predictors of these behaviours, as well as whether these behaviours were related to obesity status. Women (n = 1698) were recruited from their households as part of a survey study. Physical activity and sitting time was assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Participants were asked how frequently they used street vendors in a normal month, and dietary practices in the home and food insecurity were assessed using a questionnaire. Height and weight were measured. Individual and community level predictors were included in a series of linear regressions with either activity behaviours, or dietary practices as the outcomes. BMI was then treated as the outcome in a multinomial logistics regression. The majority of participants were normal weight, yet 44% were overweight or obese. Most participants were meeting the physical activity guidelines, yet less than half participated in leisure time physical activity. Most participants were meeting the sitting time guidelines, yet TV time was high. Age was positively associated with being overweight (s = 0.145, p

Background Monitoring population-level physical activity is crucial for examining adherence to global guidelines and addressing obesity. This study validated self-reported moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) against an accurate device-based method in Namibia. Methods Adolescent girls (n = 52, mean age 16.2 years [SD 1.6]) and adult women (n = 51, mean age 31.3 years [SD 4.7]) completed the PACE+/GPAQ self-report questionnaires and were asked to wear an Actigraph accelerometer for 7 days. Validity of self-reported MVPA was assessed using rank-order correlations between self-report and accelerometry, and classification ability of the questionnaires with Mann–Whitney tests, kappa’s, sensitivity and specificity. Results In the adolescents, Spearman’s rank coefficients between self-reported MVPA (days/week) and accelerometry measured MVPA were positive but not significant (r = 0.240; P = 0.104). In the adults, self-reported MVPA (minutes/day) was moderately and significantly correlated with accelerometer-measured MVPA (r = 0.396; P = 0.008). In both groups, there was fair agreement between accelerometry and questionnaire-defined tertiles of MVPA (adolescents κ = 0.267; P = 0.010; adults κ = 0.284; P = 0.008), and measured MVPA was significantly higher in the individuals self-reporting higher MVPA than those reporting lower MVPA. Conclusions The PACE+ and GPAQ questionnaires have a degree of validity in adolescent girls and adult females in Namibia, though more suitable for population than individual level measurement.

To examine intensity- and domain-specific physical activity (PA) levels between Korean cancer survivors compared with non-cancer individuals. We used data from the 2014–2016 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) to compare PA levels between 639 cancer survivors and 15,352 non-cancer individuals. Using the 1:5 propensity score matching analysis by sex, age, body mass index (BMI), and education level, 3195 non-cancer individuals were selected. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was used to assess PA levels. Cancer survivors were more likely to participate in a leisure-time PA (64.5 ± 157.9 vs. 51.8 ± 145.3 min/week, p

Background Physical activity constitutes an important factor for the assessment of quality of life of people with heart failure. The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire has never been used for the evaluation of physical activity of people with heart failure. Aims The purpose of this study was to translate the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire into Greek and examine its reliability in 120 patients with heart failure. Methods The reliability of the tool was examined in a sub-population of the sample (30 patients with heart failure), 15 days after the first completion of the questionnaire. Findings Total score of physical activity was low (458.99 METs-minutes/week), whereas sedentary behaviour was very high (741.43 minutes/week). There was no decline between the first and second measurements, and the two measurements were statistically significantly correlated. Conclusions The findings provide evidence that the Greek version of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire is a reliable tool for assessing the physical activity of Greek patients with heart failure.

Background: To assess the validity of the single question to determine sedentary behavior (SB) by using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) in older adults. Methods: The sample included 163 participants (96 women) aged 65–92 years. Self-reported SB was obtained from the GPAQ. Objectively measured SB was assessed using the Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Activity. Participants wore the Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Activity continuously during 2 consecutive days while following their daily routine. The relative validity was assessed using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient (ρ), and the agreement was examined using mean bias and 95% limit of agreement with the Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Activity as reference. Results: The results showed small correlations (ρ = .291, P ρ = .217 to ρ = .491 depending on the potential moderator. Similarly, the GPAQ underestimates the SB for approximately 2 hours per day in older adults (limit of agreement = −7.3 to 3.4 h/d). Conclusion: The GPAQ may not be the most suitable questionnaire for measuring SB in this population and should be used with caution because those studies that use this questionnaire in older adults may have an inaccurate measurement of SB levels.

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la validez concurrente y la confiabilidad test-retest del Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) y el International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ, versión corta) en una comunidad universitaria. Metodología: Un total de 76 personas de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín (Colombia), con edades entre 18 y 44 años, portaron un acelerómetro (ActiGraph GT3X+) durante siete días y posteriormente diligenciaron los dos cuestionarios; estos se repitieron una semana después. La validez y la confiabilidad para evaluar el gasto energético (GE) y el tiempo sedentario (TS) se determinó con el coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI); la concordancia para clasificar el nivel de actividad física (NAF) se evaluó con el índice de Kappa ponderado (IKp). Resultados: Para medir el GE, el IPAQ mostró una validez “moderada” (CCI=0,434, IC95%=0,231-0,600; p

Background Combining the strengths of physical activity (PA) diaries and questionnaires may be needed to improve the unsatisfying measurement quality of existing PA questionnaires. This study investigated the construct validity of a short PA questionnaire (Physical Activity Questionnaire for 24 h [PAQ24]) with a recall period of one day. Methods In this cross-sectional study, participants completed the PAQ24 on seven consecutive days while wearing an accelerometer (GENEActiv). Thereafter, the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was completed. Spearman correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman analysis were used to assess construct validity. Results Overall, 50 active adults (11 women, mean age = 25.1 ± 2.5) participated. Relative agreements between Total PA of PAQ24 and accelerometer were 0.37 ≤ ρ ≤ 0.72 for each day with satisfying agreement on five out of seven days. Weekly relative agreement for Total PA was moderate (ρ = 0.44). Relative agreements between PAQ24 and GPAQ were ρ = 0.43 for Total PA. Daily and weekly absolute agreements were poor indicated by wide limits of agreement. Conclusions In contrast to weekly Total PA, the majority of daily results of the PAQ24 showed satisfying construct validity. A short recall period may improve the measurement quality of PA questionnaires, but measurement errors and the costs of multiple administrations must be considered in future studies.

The current study is to examine the differences in physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), and mental health (i.e., stress, depression, and suicidal behaviors) between early menopausal women and age-matched general middle-aged women. Among 1348 participants in South Korea, 674 participants who experienced menopause before the age of 45 were defined as the early menopausal group, and 674 women who experienced menopause from 45 years to 55 years were classified as the general group by matching age based on early menopausal women. PA, SB, and mental health were evaluated by using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). An independent t-test was used to compare the associations of PA, SB, and mental health between the two groups. To demonstrate the predictors of early menopause, variables in the study were analyzed by multinomial logistic regression. The main findings were that moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and light PA (LPA) had significant differences between the two groups, but SB had no significant differences. In mental health, only perceived stress had significant differences in this study. The moderate level of stress in the early menopausal group was twice as high as that of the general group, and the severe level of stress was even 2.6 times higher than the general group. PA plays an essential role in mitigating the causes of mortality and the risk of various chronic diseases and improving quality of life, thus, the main findings of this study could be important to provide insights on the corresponding impact between early menopausal women and PA to encourage their healthy lifestyle. Further longitudinal studies are needed to examine the mechanisms underlying the effects of PA, SB, and mental health on early menopausal women.

espanolEl proposito de este estudio ha sido comprobar el efecto del confinamiento COVID-19 durante 17 semanas sobre el grado actividad fisica y la composicion corporal de las personas residentes con discapacidad intelectual. Se ha utilizado un diseno intragrupo de medidas repetidas pre y post confinamiento. Han participado 42 personas adultas con diferentes grados de discapacidad intelectual. Para evaluar el grado de actividad fisica se ha utilizado el Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) y para el analisis de composicion corporal la bioimpedancia electrica (InBody-230). Los resultados indican que durante el confinamiento ha existido una reduccion media del 89 % en todos los valores de actividad fisica y un incremento del 28 % de los habitos sedentarios (p EnglishThe purpose of this study was to determinate the effect of COVID-19 lockdown measures after 17 weeks on the physical activity level and body composition of residents with intellectual disabilities. An intra-group repeated measures design was used before and after lockdown. The study involved 42 adults with different degrees of intellectual disability. The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was used to evaluate the degree of physical activity and the electrical bioimpedance (InBody-230) for the analysis of body composition. The results obtained reveal that during lockdown there was an average reduction of 89 % in all physical activity values and a 28 % increase in sedentary habits (p

Indonesia has an increasing number of obese people every year. Risk factors and complications caused by obesity can increase morbidity and mortality in the community. One of factors causing the increasing number of o bese people is caused by the decreasing level of physical activities done by I ndonesian people. This study aims to determine the effect of physical activity levels on the risk of obesity. The study used an observational analytic case control design. Subjects were chosen through a purposive sampling method. The p opulation was young adults in Surabaya. The sample of the study included 97 obese adults and 97 non-obese adults. The study was conducted in March - July 2018 in South Surabaya through distributing questionnaires to two groups. The questionnaire given used the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). The results showed that physical activity performed by adult age group of obesity was mostly classified as low activity (59,8%), while non-obese adult age group was mostly included in medium activity (56,6%). This shows a significant difference in physical activity between obese and non-obese groups (p=0,047). It can be concluded that decreased levels of physical activity may increase the risk of obesity in adult.

Introducción: la actividad física es una estrategia emanada desde la OMS, para el control del riesgo cardiovascular relacionado con el sedentarismo especialmente en condiciones que pueden ser vulnerables como es el caso de la discapacidad, especialmente física. Objetivo: determinar el nivel de actividad física de un grupo de personas en condición de discapacidad en Barranquilla, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo-observacional de corte transversal se trabajó con población diana (60 individuos) que acudían a un escenario deportivo de Barranquilla. Se utilizó el Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Se hizo análisis de estadísticas descriptivas con el software Epi Info 7.2.2.6. Resultados: la edad promedio fue 36 años; 85 % eran hombres y 15 %, mujeres; procedentes de estratos 1, 2 y 3, con mayor participantes del estrato 2 (48 %). Con respecto al nivel de actividad física, la mayoría de los individuos se ubicó en nivel vigoroso (38 %), seguido de nivel bajo (35 %) y nivel moderado (27 %). El 65 % de los individuos en situación de discapacidad tenía un nivel de actividad física óptimo que favorece su condición de salud. Conclusiones: la población objeto de estudio se caracterizó por ser de bajos recursos económicos pero además con barreras para la adopción de estilos de vida saludable, a pesar de ello presentan un alto nivel de actividad física, lo que indica que el estrato social y la discapacidad no son impedimentos para la práctica de la actividad física.

The increasingly appreciated role of physical activity in societies concerned about their health requires proper assessment. The main tools for measuring the level of physical activity comprise some relevant questionnaires, among which the best known in the foreign literature is Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). However, this questionnaire is not yet available in the Polish language version. The following article presents one such attempt that has taken into account the Polish conditions and lifestyle following the guidelines of the GPAQ Guide, which meets the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). The source text was translated into Polish and then a reverse translation was made involving four steps.

Introduction: Insufficient physical activity is the fourth leading cause of death globally. Increased physical activity improves the physical and psychological well-being and decreases the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and cancer. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted among 267 adults from a rural area of Kancheepuram District in Tamil Nadu, South India. Cluster sampling method was used. Clusters were selected randomly. Within each clusters, the simple random sampling method was used to select the individual participants. Data were collected using the World Health Organization's standard Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Results: Overall prevalence of insufficient physical activity among adults in a rural area of South India was 22.5% (17.88–27.85) (n = 60), and the prevalence of sufficient physical activity was 77.5 (72.2–82.08) (n = 207). Among overall physical activity, major contribution was from work (75%) followed by transport time activity (18%) and the least by leisure-time physical activity, which was only 7%. With increase in age, level of adequate physical activity was decreasing (adjusted odds ratio (0.95 [0.92–0.98], P < 0.001). Insufficient physical activity was not associated with any other studied factors (gender, employment, education, occupation, and marital status). Conclusion: In a rural area of South India, the physical activity was contributed majorly by work domain and least by other domains. Leisure-time physical activity in rural community was poor and to be encouraged in future by community interventions.

Active travel may be an easily achievable form of physical activity for older people especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), but there are currently no studies on how this form of physical activity is associated with a preclinical state of dementia known as mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between active travel and MCI among adults aged ≥50 years from six LMICs. Cross-sectional, community-based data from the World Health Organization’s Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health were analyzed. The definition of MCI was based on the National Institute on Ageing-Alzheimer’s Association criteria. Active travel (minutes/week) was assessed with questions of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) and presented in tertiles. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between active travel and MCI. Data on 32715 people aged ≥ 50 years (mean age 62.4 years, 52.1% females) were analyzed. Compared to the highest tertile of active travel, the lowest tertile was associated with 1.33 (95%CI = 1.14–1.54) times higher odds for MCI overall. This association was particularly pronounced among those aged ≥65 years (OR = 1.70, 95%CI = 1.32–2.19) but active travel was not associated with MCI among those aged 50–64 years. In conclusion, low levels of active travel were associated with a significantly higher odds of MCI in adults aged ≥65 years in LMICs. Promoting active travel among people of this age group in LMICs via tailored interventions and/or country-wide infrastructure investment to provide a safe environment for active travel may lead to a reduction in MCI and subsequent dementia.

Lifestyle modification is the mainstay of treatment in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). Published Indian data on the diet and lifestyle of Indian NAFLD patients is scarce. This study explored variation in lifestyle-related behavior among obese patients with NAFLD. Ultrasonography (USG) diagnosed obese NAFLD patients (n = 140) were assessed for dietary intake [1-day 24 hours recall, food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ)] and physical activity (PA) [Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ)]. Diet quality score (0–30) and physical activity (PA) levels were used to study variation in lifestyle and assess the effect of lifestyle on the severity of NAFLD. Compared to the recommendation, calorie consumption was 25.2% higher in nearly half (53.6%) of the subjects and mean macronutrient intake was imbalanced (60.3% carbohydrates, 12.4% protein, 25.5% fats). Variation was seen in terms of diet quality—good (3%), moderate (54.3%), or poor (43.5%) and intensity of PA—high (15%), moderate (47.9%), or low (37.1%). No patient had a combination of high PA and good diet quality within all grades of NAFLD. Our study suggests wide variation in lifestyles of obese patients with NAFLD and need for a more flexible and individualized modification of their diet and PA.

Emotional intelligence (EI) has been studied in relation to health and physical activity (PA) or in a sport-specific approach. EI is related to sports performance, however, combat sports seem to show characteristics of their own that involve better control of emotions than other sports. This study aimed to analyse whether there are differences in EI dimensions between those who do not achieve World Health Organization (WHO) PA recommendations, those who meet WHO PA recommendations, those who meet WHO PA recommendations practising sports, and judokas of different levels. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted. The sample comprised 2938 undergraduate students from Madrid and 487 active Spanish judokas. PA was measured by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). EI was assessed by the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS-24). Three different one-way ANOVA and ANCOVA (controlling for gender and age) were conducted to compare the effect of type of group studied on the EI dimensions. Significant differences in EI dimensions were found between those who do not meet PA recommendations, those who meet PA recommendations, those who meet PA recommendations practising sports, and judo athletes of different levels. However, when controlling for gender and age, these differences remained specifically in emotional attention and in emotional repair. Judo athletes and high-performance judo athletes showed better EI than the rest of the studied groups.

Background : Disability prevalence in the elderly in Indonesia as much as 1.6% experienced total dependence, 1% experienced heavy dependence, 74.3% were able to carry out independent activities, 22% could only do light activities, and 11% were able to carry out moderate activities. Results obtained in Central Java province 1.8% experienced total dependence, 1% experienced severe dependence. Objective: Analyze the relationship between the need for sleep and physical activity in the elderly at the Bhakti Surakarta Dharma Nursing Home. Method : This type of research is quantitative, with an observational analytic method with a cross sectional design, sampling using the purpose sample method with a sample of 44 respondents with a research instrument using a GPAQ (Global physical activity questionnaire) from physical activity. This data analysis uses Fisher Test. Results: Statistical test results on respondents showed ρvalue (0.018)

Little is known about physical activity (PA) levels and correlates in adults from rural settings in South Africa, where a rapid increase in the number of older people and marked disparities in wealth are evident, particularly between those living in rural and urban areas. This paper describes levels of self-reported PA in rural South African men and women and examines factors associated with meeting PA guidelines. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) data from the Health and Aging in Africa: Longitudinal studies of INDEPTH communities (HAALSI) survey of 5059 adults aged over 40 years were assessed. Logistic regression analyses were used to assess socio-demographic, functional and cognitive capacity, and chronic disease measures associated with PA. In addition, 75.4% (n = 3421) of the participants with valid GPAQ data (n = 4538 of 5059) met the PA guidelines. Factors associated with not the meeting PA guidelines were being male, over the age of 80 years, being in a higher wealth category, obesity, and poorer functional capacity. These findings highlight worthwhile targets for future interventions to maintain or improve PA levels in this population and suggest that intervening earlier within this age range (from 40 years) may be crucial to prevent the &lsquo, spiral of decline&rsquo, that characterizes the frailty syndrome.

Background Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) is an important contributor to total physical activity and the focus of many interventions promoting activity in high-income populations. Little is known about LTPA in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and with expected declines in physical activity due to rapid urbanisation and lifestyle changes we aimed to assess the sociodemographic differences in the prevalence of LTPA in the adult populations of this region to identify potential barriers for equitable participation. Methods A two-step individual participant data meta-analysis was conducted using data collected in SSA through 10 population health surveys that included the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. For each sociodemographic characteristic, the pooled adjusted prevalence and risk ratios (RRs) for participation in LTPA were calculated using the random effects method. Between-study heterogeneity was explored through meta-regression analyses and tests for interaction. Results Across the 10 populations (N = 26,022), 18.9% (95%CI: 14.3, 24.1; I2 = 99.0%) of adults (≥ 18 years) participated in LTPA. Men were more likely to participate in LTPA compared with women (RR for women: 0.43; 95%CI: 0.32, 0.60; P I2 = 97.5%), while age was inversely associated with participation. Higher levels of education were associated with increased LTPA participation (RR: 1.30; 95%CI: 1.09, 1.55; P = 0.004; I2 = 98.1%), with those living in rural areas or self-employed less likely to participate in LTPA. These associations remained after adjusting for time spent physically active at work or through active travel. Conclusions In these populations, participation in LTPA was low, and strongly associated with sex, age, education, self-employment and urban residence. Identifying the potential barriers that reduce participation in these groups is necessary to enable equitable access to the health and social benefits associated with LTPA.

Background: To describe overall physical activity prevalence measured by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire as well as inequalities in leisure-time physical activity among Brazilian adults (15 y and older). Methods: Data from the Brazilian Survey on Medicine Access, Utilization, and Rational Use of Medicines were analyzed. The study was carried out between September 2013 and February 2014. Physical activity was measured through Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and classi fi ed according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization. Additional analysis determined the contribution of each physical activity domain to the total amount of physical activity. Inequalities in terms of sex, age, and socioeconomic position were explored. Results: About one-third of the participants (37.1%; 95% con fi dence interval, 35.5 – 38.8) were physically inactive. Work-based activities were responsible for 75.7% of the overall physical activity. The prevalence of participants achieving physical activity guidelines considering only leisure-time activities was 17.8% (95% con fi dence interval, 16.7 – 19.2). Females and older participants were less active than their counterparts for both overall and leisure-time physical activity; socioeconomic status was positively associated to leisure-time physical activity. Conclusions: Major overall physical activity is attributed to work-related physical activity. Leisure-time physical activity, a key domain for public health, presents important gender and socioeconomic inequalities.

Objective: This study examined the change in physical activity status and patterns and their associations with urban and rural residence and employment status in Mongolia. Methods: We analyzed data from 7,738 adults aged from 20 to 64 years (n = 2,877 and 4,861 for 2005 and 2013, respectively) from the Mongolian STEPS Survey on the Prevalence of Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factors (NCD-STEPS survey). Physical activity in three domains, including work (occupational and household work); transport (walk or cycling); and leisure (sport or fitness) was measured by Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Physical activity levels were classified into three groups: low, moderate, and high according to the GPAQ analysis framework. The associations between physical activity time, residential area, and employment status were examined using a multivariate negative binomial regression model. Results: The percentage of respondents with low-level physical activity increased from 10.9% in 2005 to 27.2% in 2013. The median minutes of physical activity time per week were 1,020 in 2005 and 600 in 2013. Physical activity time at work, transport and overall decreased in 2013. Work-related physical activity was the most dominant component of physical activity time (55.6% in 2005 and 54.6% in 2013), the transport domain was the second-highest contributor of physical activity time in 2005 (24.0%) and was replaced by the leisure domain (26.8%) in 2013. Rural residents practiced more physical activity at work, transport, and leisure than urban residents did in 2005 (prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20–1.47; PR: 1.21, 95%CI: 1.14–1.29; and PR: 1.21, 95%CI: 1.13–1.30, respectively), but there was no significant difference by residential area in 2013. Mongolian adults with higher educational attainment, employee status, and non-employment status were less likely to engage in physical activity compared to those among adults with lower educational attainment and self-employed status.

This cross-sectional study investigated regional differences in outdoor playtime and screen time among preschool-age children in Japan, and their associations with environmental factors, in order to identify the modifiable determinants of the differences between urban and rural areas. Data were obtained from the “Eat, be active, and sleep well” study. Children from three (n = 872) and five (n = 744) kindergartens in urban and rural regions of Japan, respectively, who completed a questionnaire survey, were sampled. Finally, data from 1128 participants (age: 3–5 years) were analyzed. To assess the environmental factors, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used for neighborhood environments, the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire was used for physical home environments, and a three-item questionnaire was used for sociocultural environments. Outdoor activity was significantly associated with items related to the mother’s sedentary time and the number of siblings/friends in both urban and rural regions. Screen time was associated with the mother’s screen time, television in the room, and esthetic qualities, which were consistent between urban and rural regions, while screen time was associated with night-time crime rates and traffic in the urban region. Our study further bolsters evidence suggesting that outdoor playtime and screen time are strongly associated with various environmental factors among Japanese preschool-age children.

Wearable fitness trackers (WFTs), like Fitbits, are intended to support physical activity (PA) engagement. It is unclear, however, how WFTs impact both PA and motivation for PA as described by the Self-Determination Theory (SDT). This study examined PA and PA motivation in former and current WFT users using a mixed-methods design, consisting of a survey and semi-structured interviews. The survey included items from the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) to assess PA and Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire version 3 (BREQ-3) to assess motivation. A sample of 288 participants (173 current vs. 115 former users) completed the survey and 17 participants (10 current vs. 7 former users) participated in interviews. Quantitative results indicated that current and former users did not differ in measures of PA. Current users scored higher on introjected regulation and identified regulation for PA. Qualitative results indicated that current users used their device to collect data, rather than for motivation. Former users doubted the device accuracy, and reported feeling guilty when they did not meet WFT goals. We also provide hypothesized models of factors that contribute to persistent WFT use and factors that contribute to abandonment as they pertain to PA motivation and engagement.

Background A reliable and valid measurement of physical activity (PA) is vital for PA surveillance activities in community settings and for evaluating PA intervention programs targeted at older adults. This study assessed the reliability and validity of a Sinhalese version of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire-version 2 (GPAQv2) adapted for community-dwelling older adults (aged 60+) in Sri Lanka. Methods Cross-cultural adaptation and an assessment of content validity of the GPAQv2 were done. Indirect criterion validity (n = 210) and test-retest reliability (n = 40) of the tool were assessed. Content validity index, Spearman rank correlation coefficients and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated, and Bland–Altman plots were drawn. Results The content validity index of the questionnaire was 0.82, an acceptable value. The 3600 turn test (r = –0.258, p= 0.03), and timed up-and-go test (r = –0.197, p= 0.02) were negatively correlated, whereas total balance (r= 0.241, P= 0.00), single leg stance (r= 0.206, p= 0.01), and instrumental activities of daily living score (IADL) (r= 0.244, p= 0.00) were positively correlated with the GPAQv2 scores of PA, confirming the indirect criterion validity of the Sinhalese version of the GPAQv2. The tool demonstrated favorable test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.713). The mean difference between the test and retest total PA scores was –302.6 MET/week, a slight overestimation of PA in the retest. Conclusions The Sinhalese version of the GPAQv2 demonstrates acceptable reliability and validity. It is suitable for use in PA measures among community-dwelling older adults in Sri Lanka.

This study aimed to systematically review previous studies on the reliability and concurrent validity of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). A systematic literature search was conducted (n = 26) using the online EBSCOHost databases, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar up to September 2019. A previously developed coding sheet was used to collect the data. The Modified Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies was employed to assess risk of bias and study quality. It was found that GPAQ was primarily revalidated in adult populations in Asian and European countries. The sample size ranged from 43 to 2657 with a wide age range (i.e., 15–79 years old). Di erent populations yielded inconsistent results concerning the reliability and validity of the GPAQ. Short term (i.e., one- to two-week interval) and long-term (i.e., two- to three-month apart) test–retest reliability was good to very good. The concurrent validity using accelerometers, pedometers, and physical activity (PA) log was poor to fair. The GPAQ data and accelerometer/pedometer/PA log data were not compared using the same measurements in some validation studies. Studies with more rigorous research designs are needed before any conclusions concerning the concurrent validity of GPAQ can be reached.

Background Insufficient physical activity (IPA) is one of the leading causes of premature mortality through the increased burden of non-communicable diseases. From 1990 to 2017, the percentage of low physical activity attributable disability-adjusted life years (DALY) increased globally by 1.5 times and 2-fold in Iran, causing more than 1.2 million deaths worldwide and 18,000 deaths in Iran in 2017. Reports suggest that Iran, a developing middle-income country, suffers from a high level of IPA. Socioeconomic and cultural alterations along with the country’s developments expose the population to IPA risk. We aimed to describe IPA prevalence in Iran’s adult population, categorized by demographics, geographical region, and activity domains to assess the present pattern of physical inactivity and its domains in the country. Methods In 2016, in order to represent Iran’s adult population, adult participants (n: 30541) from 30 provinces were selected using systematic proportional to size cluster sampling. Physical activity (PA) was assessed via the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire, calculating the Metabolic Equivalent of Task (MET) value in minutes per week for work, recreation, and transport domains. Insufficient physical activity (IPA) was defined according to WHO’s recommendation (less than 600 METs per week). Adjusted odds ratios of IPA associates for sociodemographic, lifestyle related variables, and metabolic risk factors were reported. Results A high prevalence of IPA was seen in the total population (54.7%, 95%CI: 54.0–55.3) with a considerable difference between the two genders (males: 45.3% (95%CI: 44.3–46.3); females: 61.9% (95%CI: 61.0–62.7)). Work-related activity was the domain with the greatest percentage of total PA, whereas, both genders lacked recreational activities. In our findings, being female, a housekeeper, younger and living in urban areas were significantly associated with higher levels of IPA. Moreover, insufficient fruit and vegetable consumption, lack of alcohol consumption, having a personal vehicle, and finally, having a medical history of diabetes were significantly associated with the presence of IPA in our population. Among the study population, 33.6% (95%CI: 33.0–34.2) had at least 4 h of sedentary behavior in a typical day. Conclusions Widespread IPA among the Iranian adult population is of major concern. In our findings, we observed a considerable gap in the prevalence and pattern of IPA between the two genders. Additionally, IPA was associated with living in urban areas, unhealthy lifestyle habits and a history of other metabolic risk factors. Thus, a prompt initiative for population-specific actions should be taken.

Background: Physical inactivity (PA) is one of the leading modifiable risk factors for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) worldwide. This study aimed to determine PA levels and related sociodemographic factors as risk factors for NCDs among Iranian adults. Methods: In this cross sectional study, data were collected from the sixth nationwide STEPS survey in 31 provinces of Iran. A total of 6100 individuals aged 18-64 years were selected by a multistage cluster sampling method, and their PA levels were assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Data were analyzed using descriptive methods and analytical tests, including chi-square, ANOVA, and independent t tests in SPSS version 21 software. Results: The prevalence of vigorous, moderate, and low levels of PA was 36.3% (95%CI:35.1-37.5), 29.2% (95%CI:28-30.3), and 34.5% (95%CI:33.3-35.7) in participants, respectively. The mean ± SD of total MET-min/week was 1842.3±2619.3. Total mean ± SD duration of PA was 98.2 ± 115 min/week (125.8±142.6 and 77.2±84.5 min/week in men and women, respectively). Transport-related PA and severe PA at work had large and small contributions to overall PA, respectively. Urbanization, sex, age, family size, and occupation status were identified as factors associated with PA levels (p

The goal of this study was to develop a Korean version of the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (K-GPAQ) and to examine its reliability and validity. The English version of the GPAQ was translated to the Korean language (K-GPAQ) via forward–backward translation. Reliability of the K-GPAQ was evaluated using a one-week interval test–retest method with 115 individuals. Criterion-related validity of the K-GPAQ was examined with 199 participants using accelerometers. Cohen’s kappa and Spearman’s correlation coefficients were used to measure test–retest reliability and validity, respectively. A Bland–Altman analysis was used to assess agreement between physical activity (PA) levels measured via K-GPAQ and the accelerometer. Coefficients for the reliability of the K-GPAQ showed moderate agreement for recreational PA and slight agreement for work-related PA (Cohen’s kappa: 0.60–0.67 for recreational PA and 0.30–0.38 for work-related PA and Spearman’s rho: 0.27–0.47 for work-related PA and 0.53–0.70 for recreational PA). Criterion validity of the total amount of PA, as measured by the K-GPAQ and the accelerometer, showed a weak but significant correlation ( r = 0.34, p < 0.01). The K-GPAQ is a reliable and valid questionnaire to measure PA although K-GPAQ overestimated PA levels.

Background: there are numerous approaches to assess nutritional status, which are putatively applied to nutritionally classify diseased people, but less information is available to study the role of environmental factors on nutritional well-being. A qualitative (nutritypes) and quantitative (nutrimeter) nutritional categorization based on dietary, lifestyle and disease criteria can be a useful nutritional approach to personalize health interventions and identify at risk individuals. Methods: cross-sectional study conducted on 102 patients (60 women), evaluating quality of life using the Short-Form 36 questionnaire (SF-36) and lifestyle factors with a general questionnaire, the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) and the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). A nutrimeter based on physical activity, fat mass, diet and diseases (hypertension, prediabetes, obesity and dyslipidemia) data was defined with an equation to quantitatively score the nutritive well-being of the participants, and classify them into two (proto)nutritypes. Results: participants were categorized into two groups (lower/higher global health) according to quality of life. Significant or marginal statistical differences in physical activity, fat mass, diet and disease were found (all p0.1). Two (proto)nutritypes were identified based on participant's age, sex, fat mass, physical activity, diet and diseases. Participants classified as high nutritional well-being nutritype showed higher values for physical, mental and global health dimensions. Age, fat mass, physical activity and diet, when categorized by the median, confirm that the designed nutritional well-being nutrimeter identified two (proto)nutritypes. Conclusions: the association between phenotypical (fat mass/diseases) and lifestyle factors (diet/physical activity) with quality of life allowed categorizing individuals with a nutritional quantitative score or nutrimeter according to their nutritional well-being and discriminate two qualitative (proto)nutritypes.Introducción: el estado nutricional puede clasificar metabólicamente a las personas enfermas, pero falta información sobre el papel de distintos factores ambientales relacionados con el bienestar nutricional. Una categorización nutricional cualitativa (nutritipo) y cuantitativa (nutrimetro) basada en la dieta, el estilo de vida y la enfermedad es una herramienta nutricional útil para personalizar las intervenciones de salud e identificar a aquellos individuos en riesgo. Métodos: estudio transversal en 102 pacientes, en el que se evalúa la calidad de vida mediante el cuestionario Short-Form 36 (SF-36) y los factores del estilo de vida con un cuestionario general, el Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) y el Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Se diseñó una herramienta de evaluación (nutrimetro) de actividad física, masa grasa, dieta y enfermedades a través de una ecuación para calificar cuantitativamente el bienestar nutricional y clasificar a los participantes en (proto)nutritipos. Resultados: los participantes se clasificaron según la calidad de vida en dos grupos (menor/mayor salud global) y se encontraron diferencias estadísticas (p0,1) en la masa grasa, la actividad física, la dieta y las enfermedades. Se identificaron dos (proto)nutritipos en función de la edad, el sexo, la masa grasa, la actividad física, la dieta y las enfermedades. Los participantes clasificados en el nutritipo de alto bienestar nutricional mostraron valores significativamente más altos para las dimensiones físicas, mentales y de salud global. La edad, la masa grasa, la actividad física y la dieta confirman que el nutrimetro diseñado puede discriminar dos (proto)nutritipos. Conclusiones: factores fenotípicos (masa grasa/enfermedades) y del estilo de vida (dieta/actividad física) se han relacionado con la calidad de vida, permitiendo clasificar a individuos con una puntuación nutricional cuantitativa o nutrimetro según su bienestar nutricional y discriminar dos (proto)nutritipos.

Background Data on adolescents’ physical activity and determinants are scarce in Nepal. In this study, we aim to assess the level of physical activity, its correlates and the sedentary behavior of high school students in an urban district of Nepal. Methods This is a cross-sectional study. Participants were selected using two-stage cluster sampling technique. We used Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) to collect information regarding physical activity and sedentary behavior. We also collected information about socio-demographic, academic, environmental and lifestyle-related factors. Data from 945 high school students from 23 randomly selected schools were analyzed. Logistic regression was used to identify correlates of low physical activity separately for male and female students. Results Based on GPAQ classification, one out of five respondents reported low physical activity. The prevalence of low physical activity was 8% for males and 31% for females. About 31% of the adolescents and 14% of young adults did not meet the WHO recommendations of physical activity. Forty-seven percent of the total physical activity was borne by recreational activities. Correlates of low physical activity included school type and mode of transport among females, family support and drinking among males, and playground/park around home among both. Conclusions The prevalence estimate of low physical activity among adolescents is high, with higher odds among females. Several different factors are associated with physical activity among males and females, therefore, interventions to promote physical activity in school may need to weigh these factors prior to/during implementation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-7230-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background: Work may contribute significantly to daily physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB). Physical inactivity and SB at work might be two major risk factors for premature morbidity. Therefore, the aim of this research was to describe self-reported past PA and SB at work and during leisure time within the PROOF cohort subjects, and to determine consequences of PA and SB on late health of these now retired workers.Material and Methods: The PROOF cohort study was used to prospectively allow assessment of the predictive value of PA and SB at work and during leisure time among a healthy retired French population, with regard to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. PA (MET-h/week) and SB (h/d) were assessed using the Population Physical Activity Questionnaire (POPAQ) and the modified Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Odds ratios (ORs with 95% CIs) for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events were associated with each level of PA at work: light (

Background: The 30 s chair stand test (CST) has been used as a measure of lower body fitness in older adults from 60 to 90 years, both healthy and unhealthy. This study aimed at testing the technique in an Indian population from 20 to 59 years and comparing scores in groups of high and low physical activity. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the 30 s CST as a measure of lower body strength in an Indian population by demonstrating differences across varying physical activity levels. Materials and Methods: A prospective case study was done from June 2017 to December 2018 in the department of physical medicine and rehabilitation in 100 subjects between the ages of 20 and 59 years. For the 30 s CST, individuals are required to stand up from a standard chair to a fully extended standing position as many times as possible with their arms folded across their chest. The number of completed repetitions achieved in 30 s was recorded. Subjects were divided into high and low physical activity groups based on Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and intraclass variations were analyzed. Results: There were a total of 100 subjects out of which 65% (n = 65) were in the younger age group of 20–39 years and 35% (n = 35) were of the older age group of 40–59 years. Further, among 100 subjects, there were 52 males and 48 females. The percentage of people who were physically active was higher in males (80.77%) as compared to females (75%). Out of a total of 100 subjects, 78% were found to be physically active and 22% were not. The scores for physically active group were found to be a mean of 21 whereas for the physically inactive group were found to be 23. Conclusion: On comparing the scores of physically active versus the physically inactive group, scores were lower for physically active participants (mean 21) as compared to physically inactive (mean 23). This is in contradiction to our initial hypothesis that physically active participants would perform better than those who were inactive.

SARS-CoV2 is a lethal virus that primarily affects the respiratory system causing severe pneumonia leading to ARDS. This case series describes the cases of two middle-aged men suffering from severe coronavirus disease-19 ARDS presenting to hospital with similar clinical signs who were given similar treatments. Pre infection activity levels of both patients were assessed using Global Physical Activity Questionnaire and length of hospital stay was observed for both patients. Patient with sedentary lifestyle prior to infection had a longer length of hospital stay of 25 days whereas the second patient who had an active lifestyle had a shorter length of hospital stay of 11 days. Based on our observations, we conclude that pre infection physical activity levels positively influences the severity of disease and helps to reduce length of hospital stay. With lockdown being declared in many parts of the world on account of the second wave of infection, it is important to encourage people to adopt a healthy lifestyle while adhering to the norms of lockdown.

Musculoskeletal disorders are work-related diseases and conditions that are not safe and uncomfortable, almost all employees have experienced the disorders, ranging from pain in the neck, shoulders, and lower back. This study was conducted to determine the relationship of individual factors and work factors to complaints of musculoskeletal disorders in employees at the Ministry of Health’s Republic of Indonesia Civil Service Bureau in 2020. This study used a cross-sectional study design with the Purposive Sampling technique, with a sample of 103 employees. The research instruments used in the study were the questionnaire regarding individual characteristics, Rapid Office Strain Assessment (ROSA), Nordic Body Map (NBP), and Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) questionnaire. The result of this study indicates that the variables related to complaints of musculoskeletal disorders are age (p-value=0,001), work period (p-value=0,001), and work posture (p-value=0,001), while gender, BMI, physical activity, duration of the word are not related to complaints of musculoskeletal disorders. Employees must do physical activity 3 times a week, need to reorganize the design of the workplace so it can reduce the presence of awkward posture, and pay more attention to the position of the body at work.

Regular physical activity (PA) decreases mortality risk in survivors of breast and colorectal cancer. Such impacts of exercise have prompted initiatives designed both to promote and adequately monitor PA in cancer survivors. This study examines the validity of 2 widely used self-report methods for PA determination, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire short version (IPAQ-SF) and Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Both instruments were compared with the triaxial accelerometry (Actigraph) method as an objective reference standard. Study participants were 204 cancer survivors (both sexes, aged 18-79 years). Compared with accelerometry, both questionnaires significantly overestimated PA levels (across all intensities) and underestimated physical inactivity levels. No differences were detected between the 2 questionnaires except for a shorter inactivity time estimated by GPAQ (p=0.001). The Bland and Altman method confirmed that both questionnaires overestimated all PA levels. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis classified IPAQ and GPAQ as fair and poor predictors, respectively, of the proportions of survivors fulfilling international PA recommendations (≥150 min·week-1 of moderate-vigorous PA). IPAQ-SF showed a higher sensitivity but lower specificity than GPAQ. Our data do not support the use of IPAQ-SF or GPAQ to determine PA or inactivity levels in cancer survivors. Ministerio de Sanidad y Política Social. Fondos para las estrategias 2010 2.084 JCR (2016) Q2, 26/81 Sport Sciences 1.364 SJR (2016) Q1, 29/280 Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, 27/127 Sports Science No data IDR 2016 UEM

Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron determinar los niveles, los beneficios y las barreras de la actividad física (AF) en una de la sedes de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia. Participaron de manera voluntaria 92 estudiantes, 72 docentes y 45 empleados; utilizando un muestreo aleatorio simple para cada grupo. Se empleó el Cuestionario Global de Actividad Física (GPAQ) para identificar los niveles de actividad física (NAF) y el cuestionario para medir la percepción de los beneficios y las barreras de AF The Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS). Las encuestas fueron recolectadas durante el segundo semestre del año 2012. Se manejó el programa estadístico SPSS versión 21 para el análisis de los datos, utilizando técnicas de distribución de frecuencias y la prueba de X2 para comparar las proporciones, de acuerdo al vínculo con la universidad y al sexo. Se identificó que el 51.1% de los estudiantes, el 48.6% de los docentes y el 46.7% de los empleados presentan NAF altos. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las percepciones de beneficios de AF; la menor percepción de barreras fue observada en los estudiantes y la mayor en los docentes. Los resultados del presente estudio podrían servir como insumos para la creación de estrategias que posibiliten mejorar los programas de AF ofrecidos dentro del campus universitario y permitan incrementar los NAF de la población, al mismo tiempo aumentar la adherencia a dichos programas.Abstract. The objectives of this research were to determine the levels, benefits and barriers to physical activity in one of the campuses of the University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia. 92 students, 72 teachers and 45 employees voluntarily participated in this study using simple random sampling for each group. The Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) was used to identify levels of physical activity (PA) and the Exercise Benefits/Barriers Scale (EBBS) questionnaire to measure the perceived benefits and barriers of PA. The surveys were collected during the second half of 2012. We used SPSS version 21 for analysis of the data, using techniques of frequency distribution and the X2 test to compare proportions based on the participants’ relationship with the university and gender. It was found that 51.1 % of students, 48.6 % of teachers and 46.7 % of employees have high levels of PA. No statistically significant differences between the perceptions of benefits of PA were found; the lowest perceived barriers were observed in students and the highest in teachers. The results of this study could serve as input for the creation of strategies to build better PA programs offered within the university campus and allow to increase PA levels of the population, while increasing adherence to such programs.

Objetivo: observar la asociación entre el medio de transporte, la actividad física y el programa de estudios en estudiantes de salud de la Universidad del Magdalena. Materiales y métodos: 302 estudiantes de salud fueron seleccionados aleatoriamentey se les aplicó el Cuestionario Mundial sobre Actividad Física. Se realizó análisis estadístico de asociación por X2. Resultados: se observa asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el medio transporte y el sexo (X2 = 7,2; p = 0,027), del total de 193(63,9 %) estudiantes que caminan o montan en bicicleta, el 52,3 % son mujeres y el 47,6 % son hombres. Se encuentra asociación estadísticamente significativa entre las variables medio de transporte y programa de estudios (X2 = 14,4; p = 0,024): deltotal de 193 estudiantes que caminan o montan en bicicleta por programa de estudios el 34,7 % son estudiantes de medicina y el 30 % son estudiantes de odontología. Igualmente se encuentra asociación entre el sexo y la inactividad física (X2 = 8,9; p = 0,002), 247 (81,8 %) estudiantes realizan menos de 150 minutos de actividad física por semana. Conclusiones: en relación con el medio de transporte, tanto hombres como mujeres en su mayoría caminan o montan en bicicleta, siendo los estudiantes de medicina y odontología los que más tienden a transportarse de esta manera. En relación con la actividad física, cerca del 82 % de los estudiantes realizan menos de150 minutos de actividad física por semana.