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Pričakovana (in zahtevana) hvaležnost obdarjenca, ki je utemeljena z neodplačnostjo darilne pogodbe, se najbolj izrazito kaže v obliki preklica darila zaradi hude nehvaležnosti. Darovalec lahko prekliče darilno pogodbo zaradi hude nehvaležnosti, če se po njeni sklenitvi obdarjenec proti njemu ali njegovemu bližnjemu obnaša tako, da bi bilo po temeljnih moralnih načelih nepravično, da bi obdarjenec prejeto obdržal. Upoštevaje težavnost opredelitve darila ter primerjalnopravno neenotnost ureditve daril in neodplačnih pravnih poslov, ne preseneča, da se pri uporabi instituta preklica darila zaradi nehvaležnosti pojavljajo praktične težave. Te izhajajo iz neopredeljenega teoretičnega izhodišča, najizraziteje pa se kažejo pri remunatoričnih darilih, darilih danih iz drugih posebnih nagibov, ter v okoliščinah, v katerih je obdarjenec svojo moralno obveznost hvaležnosti že izpolnil. Sociološki in antropološki zaključek je, da je družbeni pojav dajanja, prejemanja in vračanja daril odvisen od konteksta (okoliščin) primera, predvsem pa vseh kompleksnosti razmerja med konkretnim darovalcem in konkretnim obdarjencem. Zdi se, da pravni sistemi neuspešno poskušajo uporabiti splošne pogodbenopravne (tržne) režime na darilih, ki so nedvomno, zunajtržna in s tem v bistvenem nepogodbena kategorija. Posebna pravila, ki naj bi odražala posebnost daril kot neodplačnih pravnih poslov, so pravzaprav zgolj izraz nezaupljivosti prava do daril. Bistveno odprto vprašanje je, ali je ta nezaupljivost utemeljena ali pa je zgolj posledica zastarelih zgodovinskih teoretičnih izhodišč. The expected (and required) gratitude of a donee justified by the gratuitous nature of the donation contract is most clearly shown in the form of revocation of a gift due to severe ingratitude. The donor may revoke a gift contract due to severe ingratitude if, after its conclusion, the donee behaves towards them or their close relations in such a way that it would be unfair according to basic moral principles for the donee to keep the gift. Given the difficulty of defining the gift and the inconsistency of the regulation of gifts and gratuitous legal transactions in comparative law, it is not surprising that practical difficulties exist with gift revocations due to ingratitude. These are a consequence of an undefined theoretical basis and are most pronounced in remunatory gifts, gifts given out of other special inclinations, and in circumstances where the donee has already fulfilled their moral obligation of gratitude. The sociological and anthropological conclusion is that the social phenomenon of giving, receiving, and returning gifts depends on the context (circumstances) of the case, and above all on all the complexities of the relationship between a specific donor and a specific donee. Legal systems seem to be unsuccessfully trying to apply general contract law (market) regimes to gifts, which are undoubtedly non-commercial and thus, in essence, a non-contractual category. The special rules, which are supposed to reflect the specificity of gifts as gratuitous legal transactions, could be seen as merely an expression of the distrust of gifts by the law. The essentially unanswered question is whether this distrust is justified or is merely the result of outdated historical theoretical foundations.

Este artículo estudia el Libro de Horas de Felipe el Hermoso del Real Colegio-Seminario del Corpus Christi de Valencia, con la intención de señalar sus posibles comitentes y destinatarios. Apuntando a los escudos de armas que contiene, podemos considerar que este manuscrito flamenco estuvo entre las posesiones de Juan Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, III duque de Medina Sidonia, llegando a manos del conde-duque de Olivares por herencia familiar. Posteriormente tratamos de estimar si el libro entró en su posesión por adquisición o regalo, proponiendo a Felipe el Hermoso como comitente y a Luis XII de Francia como su primer destinatario. This article studies the Book of Hours of Philip the Fair from the Royal College-Seminary of Corpus Christi in Valencia, with the aim of pointing out its possible clients and recipients. In view of the coats of arms that it contains, it can be considered that this Flemish manuscript was among the possessions of Juan Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, III Duke of Medina Sidonia, reaching the properties of the Count-Duke of Olivares by family inheritance. Subsequently, the question of whether the book entered the duke?s possession by acquisition or by donation is addressed, proposing Philip the Fair as its patron and Louis XII of France as its first intended owner. Este trabajo se enmarca en el Proyecto de investigación I+D del Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad HAR2016-77254-P.

Social media marketing communication is among the current strategies used to provide visibility to cultural heritage, sales promotions being especially relevant. Nevertheless, despite the fact that social media has now built significant momentum, there is still a dearth of research on the relationship between social marketing activities and brand equity. In this context, this study seeks to determine how the use of promotional discounts and free gifts on social media contributes to building heritage brand equity. To pursue this research aim, a quasi-experimental study was designed and carried out among online users, based on two promotional stimuli (discount vs. free gift). The findings suggest that gifts perform better in terms of increasing brand equity, except where the user presents a high level of sales promotion-proneness, in which case promotional discounts are more effective., Campus of International Excellence BioTic Granada 20F12/43, Spanish National Research Programme (R+D+i Research Project) ECO201788458-R

The purpose of this article is to review recent literature on the subjective well-being of gifted and talented students and to consider its practical implications. Fifteen articles were reviewed, published between 2005 and 2022, and selected according to a systematic protocol from two widely used online databases. The analysis showed that it could not be clearly stated whether giftedness is a risk or a protective factor for gifted and talented children’s and adolescents’ subjective well-being. Simultaneously, the research results published in most of the analyzed articles did not indicate statistically significant differences between the sense of subjective well-being and psychological well-being of gifted and talented students compared to average-ability students. Studies on the well-being of gifted children and young people employ a number of scales relating to different areas of human psychophysical functioning, i.e.: mood, stress, sense of self-efficacy, interests, sense of loneliness, sense of humor, atmosphere in school, which allows a holistic view of the analyzed phenomenon. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przegląd badań naukowych dotyczących problematyki dobrostanu (well-being) uzdolnionych dzieci i młodzieży. Przyjęto procedurę przeglądu systematycznego w oparciu o protokół Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (Page et al. 2021). Analizie poddano 15 artykułów opublikowanych w latach 2005–2022 w recenzowanych czasopismach naukowych. Analizy pokazały, że nie można jednoznacznie stwierdzić, czy uzdolnienia są czynnikiem ryzyka, czy też czynnikiem chroniącym dla subiektywnego poczucia dobrostanu dzieci i młodzieży uzdolnionej. Jednocześnie wyniki badań publikowane w większości analizowanych tekstów nie wskazały istotnych statystycznie różnic między poczuciem dobrostanu subiektywnego, jak i psychicznego uczniów uzdolnionych w porównaniu do uczniów o przeciętnych zdolnościach. W badaniach subiektywnego poczucia dobrostanu uzdolnionych dzieci i młodzieży wykorzystuje się szereg skal odnoszących się do różnych obszarów psychofizycznego funkcjonowania człowieka, np. nastroju, stresu, poczucia własnej skuteczności, zainteresowań, poczucia samotności, poczucia humoru, klimatu szkolnego, co pozwala na holistyczne spojrzenie na analizowane zjawisko.

The gift has been studied in a variety of social relations, but not in its daily and wide ranged presence in television. Considering television not only as a reproducer but also as a producer of society, we try a general sociologic approach to the gift in television. Just as in the other social relations, it manifests in several ways, from the great charity media events to the daily talk shows. Although inscribed in the commercial sphere of the television business, these programmes keep the main character of the gift, reinforcing the authority of television and its ties with audiences., O dom tem sido estudado nas mais variadas áreas das relações sociais, mas não na sua concretização televisiva, constante e variada. Partindo da perspetiva da televisão, não só como reprodutora, mas também como produtora de sociedade, tentamos uma abordagem sociológica geral do dom na televisão. Tal como nas restantes relações sociais, ele manifesta-se de diferentes formas, desde os grandes tele-eventos caritativos até aos talk shows quotidianos. Apesar de inseridas na esfera mercantil do negócio televisivo, estas emissões mantêm o caráter primordial do dom, reforçando a autoridade da televisão e os laços com a sua audiência.

In the Afro-Brazilianist tradition, the description of initiation into candomblé is a crucial plank in the argument for the authenticity of the African religious tradition in Brazil. Critics of this literature have questioned the discourse of authenticity, but few have sought to go beyond that critique. This article sets out to examine the way Afro-Brazilian religions incorporate history in their rituals. In order to grasp the historicity of these rituals, one needs to understand how Afro-Brazilian religions are the product of a dialectical relationship between initiation and gift, the reproduction of tradition and the ability of mediums to incorporate new spirits., Na tradição afro-brasilianista, a descrição da iniciação no candomblé é central para o argumento da autenticidade da tradição religiosa africana no Brasil. Os críticos desta literatura questionaram o discurso da autenticidade. Porém, poucos tentaram ir mais longe nessa crítica. Neste artigo, o nosso interesse é ver como as religiões afro-brasileiras incorporam a história através das suas práticas rituais. Para entender a historicidade destas práticas rituais é preciso entender de que forma as religiões afro--brasileiras resultam de uma relação dialéctica entre a iniciação e o dom, a reprodução da tradição e a capacidade dos médiuns de incorporarem novos espíritos.

Pour Claude Vigée, traduire c’est à la fois « un défi » et « un bonheur », une jouissance, surtout si le traducteur est poète lui-même et donc capable de rendre le sens avec le son, le rythme avec la pulsation, de maintenir avec le dévoilement l’énigme : le traducteur se voit mis au défi de franchir les obstacles de l’indicible, de l’incompatible, de l’intraduisible, de combler les distances, de jeter des ponts, de franchir les frontières, de se livrer à l’hospitalité langagière, artistique et spirituelle. For Claude Vigée, translating is both a challenge and a delight. It’s a special pleasure when the translator is himself a poet and therefore capable of expressing meaning through the heartbeat of sound and rhythm; a process of unveiling the verse, while preserving its central conceit. The translator is challenged to clearly render words that are unutterable, incompatible, perhaps even untranslatable at first sight. It’s a process of bridge building, of border crossing; an act of linguistic, artistic, and spiritual hospitality.

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is among the most farmed finfish worldwide, distributed across different environmental conditions. Its wide distribution has mainly been facilitated by several breeding programmes and widespread dissemination of genetically improved strains. In the first Nile tilapia study exploiting a whole-genome pooled sequencing (Poolseq) approach, we identified the genetic structure and signatures of selection in diverse, farmed Nile tilapia populations, with a particular focus on the GIFT strain, developed in the 1980s and currently managed by WorldFish (GIFTw). We also investigated important farmed strains from The Philippines and Africa. Using both SNP array data and Poolseq SNPs, we characterized the population structure of these samples. We observed the greatest separation between the Asian and African populations and greater admixture in the Asian populations than in the African ones. We also established that the SNP array data was able to successfully resolve relationships between these diverse Nile tilapia populations. The Poolseq data identified genomic regions with high levels of differentiation (FST) between GIFTw and the other populations. Gene ontology terms associated with mesoderm development were significantly enriched in the genes located in these regions. A region on chromosome Oni06 was genetically differentiated in pairwise comparisons between GIFTw and all other populations. This region contains genes associated with muscle-related traits and overlaps with a previously-published QTL for fillet yield, suggesting that these traits may have been direct targets for selection on GIFT. A nearby region was also identified using XP-EHH to detect genomic differentiation using the SNP array data. Genomic regions with high or extended homozygosity within each population were also identified. This study provides putative genomic landmarks associated with the recent domestication process in several Nile tilapia populations, which could help to inform their genetic management and improvement.

A conjuntura turbulenta da sociedade global contribui para aprofundar a revisão dos fundamentos normativos das ciências sociais e da sociologia, favorecendo mudanças de perspectivas analíticas. Isto é bem evidente nos estudos sobre a dádiva sistematizados por intérpretes de Marcel Mauss reunidos na Revue du MAUSS [Movimento Anti-Utilitarista nas Ciências Sociais]. Estes autores atualizam a contribuição teórico-metodológica do dom – inicialmente formulada com três movimentos, dar-receber-retribuir –, com a introdução de um quarto movimento. Assim, temos um outro sistema de trocas que é mais extensivo, demandar-dar-receber-retribuir, cujo principal formulador é Alain Caillé. Esta inovação facilita entender as trocas voluntárias entre indivíduos situados em hierarquias morais e econômicas distintas e que não podiam ser explicadas nos limites do sistema triádico anterior. Este novo sistema acompanha o desenvolvimento dos estudos sobre sociologia relacional. The turbulent conjuncture of global society contributes to deepening the revision of the normative foundations of the social sciences and sociology, favoring changes in analytical perspectives. This is very evident in the studies on the gift as systematized by interpreters of Marcel Mauss gathered in the Revue du MAUSS (Anti-Utilitarian Movement in the Social Sciences). These authors update the theoretical-methodological contribution of the gift – initially formulated with three movements, give-receive-retribute – with the introduction of a fourth movement. Thus, we have a broader system of exchanges, ask-give-receive-retribute, whose main formulator is Alain Caillé. This innovation makes it easier to understand voluntary exchanges between individuals situated in distinct moral and economic hierarchies that could not be explained within the limits of the previous triadic system. This new system accompanies the development of studies on relational sociology. La conjoncture turbulente de la société mondiale contribue à approfondir la révision des fondements normatifs des sciences sociales et de la sociologie, en favorisant des changements de perspectives analytiques. Ceci est évident dans les études sur le don systématisées par les interprètes de Marcel Mauss réunis dans la Revue du MAUSS [Mouvement anti-utilitariste dans les sciences sociales]. Ces auteurs actualisent l’apport théorico-méthodologique du don – initialement formulé en trois mouvements, donner-recevoir-rétribuer – avec l’introduction d’un quatrième mouvement. Nous avons donc un autre système d’échanges plus extensif, demander-donner-recevoir-rétribuer, dont le principal formulateur est Alain Caillé. Cette innovation permet de mieux comprendre les échanges volontaires entre des individus situés dans des hiérarchies morales et économiques distinctes, qui ne pouvaient être expliqués dans les limites du système triadique précédent. Ce nouveau système accompagne le développement des études sur la sociologie relationnelle.

The article aims to reveal the specificity of the legal as such in its difference from political or economic from a phenomenological point of view, that is, to determine what the experience of law is and what is its place in our experience as a whole. The key assumption is that while the political and the economic are based on the logic of the equivalent, which implies the establishment of a balance based on the balance of forces or interchangeable goods, the experience of law is fundamentally anti-utilitarian and subordinated rather to the logic of excess, or gift. This idea unfolds in three stages. The first part of article detects the place of gift in human experience. The next one is about the place of law in fundamental experience and the relationship between the experience of law and the experience of gift. In the final part, the question of the transformation of human experience and the corresponding perspectives of law is raised. The author argues that law is rooted in the structure of our fundamental experience or way of being in the world. The latter consists in the openness to the infinite otherness of the Other and, in this sense, is subject to the logic of the gift. At the same time this openness is never guaranteed, which gives rise to the experience of law. Aimed at maintaining the logic of excess or gift, law turns out to be not just one of the aspects of experience, but a condition of experience as such. However, today, in the conditions of the spread of the market and its inherent logic of equivalence to all spheres of life, the experience of law, subject to the opposite idea, and with it the experience as such, appears to be under threat., Цель статьи состоит в том, чтобы раскрыть специфику собственно правового в его отличии от политического или экономического с феноменологической точки зрения, то есть определить, что представляет собой опыт права и каково его место в нашем опыте в целом. Ключевое предположение состоит в том, что, в то время как политическое и экономическое основываются на логике эквивалента, предполагающей установление баланса на основе соотно- шения сил или взаимозаменяемых благ, опыт права является фундаментально антиутилитарным и подчинен скорее логике избытка, или дара. Эта идея раскрывается в три этапа. Первая часть статьи определяет место дара в человеческом опыте как таковом. Второй раздел посвящен прояснению места права в нашем фундаментальном опыте и связи между опытом права и опытом дара. В заключительной части поднимается вопрос о трансформации человеческого опыта в современном мире и соответствующих перспективах права. Автор утверждает, что право укоренено в структуре нашего фундаментального опыта или способа существования в мире. Последний состоит в открытости к бесконечной инаковости Другого и в этом смысле подчиняется логике дара. В то же время, эта открытость никогда не гарантируется, что и порождает опыт права. Нацеленное на поддержание логики избытка, или дара, право оказывается не просто одним из аспектов опыта, а условием опыта как такового. Вместе с тем сегодня, в условиях распространения рынка и присущей ему логики эквивалентности на все сферы жизни, опыт права, подчиненный противоположной идее, а с ним и опыт как таковой, оказывается под угрозой., Стаття має на меті розкрити специфіку правового як такого в його відмінності від політичного чи економічного з феноменологічної точки зору, тобто визначити, що являє собою досвід права і яке його місце в нашому досвіді в цілому. Ключове припущення полягає в тому, що в той час як політичне та економічне ґрунтуються на логіці еквівалента, яка передбачає встановлення балансу виходячи із співвідношення сил або взаємозамінних благ, досвід права є принципово антиутилітарним і підпорядкований радше логіці надлишку, або дару. Ця ідея розгортається в три етапи. Перша частина статті визначає місце дару в людському досвіді як такому. Другий розділ присвячено проясненню місця права в нашому фундаментальному досвіді та зв’язку між досвідом права та досвідом дару. У заключній частині порушується питання про трансформацію людського досвіду в сучасному світі та відповідні перспективи права. Авторка стверджує, що право вкорінене в структурі нашого фундаментального досвіду, або способу буття у світі. Останній полягає у відкритості до безкінечної інакшості Іншого і в цьому сенсі підпорядковується логіці дару. Водночас ця відкритість ніколи не гарантується, що й породжує досвід права. Націлене на підтримку логіки надлишку, або дару, право виявляється не просто одним із аспектів досвіду, а умовою досвіду як такого. Разом з тим сьогодні, в умовах поширення ринку та властивої йому логіки еквівалентності на всі сфери життя, досвід права, підпорядкований протилежній ідеї, а з ним і досвід як такий, опиняється під загрозою.

Dans son Vocabulaire codicologique paru en 1985, Denis Muzerelle définit la bibliothèque médiévale comme étant le « local où sont conservés les livres » et, par extension, « [l’]ensemble des livres conservés en un même lieu ou appartenant à une même personne physique ou morale ». La bibliothèque est d’abord et avant tout custos librorum. Elle est essentiellement, au sens ontologique du terme, indifférente à la provenance des ouvrages dont elle se veut l’écrin. Dans le cas qui nous occupe, à s...

The group assignment that serves as the term paper in this course is a realistic public relations campaign aimed at promoting an underdog candidate, Southern Utah quarterback Tyson Justice, for the Heisman Trophy. In reality, of course, there is no Tyson Justice. However, he is based on a former SUU quarterback who allowed his likeness and image to be used for the campaign. Using images and game film supplied by the sports marketing arm of the SUU Athletics Department, the instructor brought Tyson to life by creating realistic media resources, such as newspaper and magazine articles, video highlights, radio interviews, and press releases. In addition, a contrived media-guide profile provides personal information, annual and career statistics, career highlights, honors and awards, etc. Although the campaign team is aware that Tyson is a fictitious person, every effort has been made to humanize him by as a standout athlete, a superior football player, an excellent student-athlete, and the epitome of a kind, considerate, moral person.

Gift and methodological animism How tackle the environmental challenges we are facing if not by (re)forging an alliance with nature ? This paper advocates “methodological animism” and shows that such an alliance implies to “make community” with natural entities as much as with humans, and to do so, to view them as quasi-subjects, or rather as gift givers. As if nature was in actuality giving us something and thus was inviting us to establish a relationship of recognition and gratitude with it., Don et animisme méthodologique Comment faire face aux défis environnementaux sinon en (re)nouant alliance avec la nature ? Plaidoyer pour un « animisme méthodologique » , ce texte montre qu’une telle alliance suppose de « faire société » avec les entités naturelles tout autant qu’avec les humains et, pour cela, de les considérer comme des quasi-sujets. Plus encore, comme des sujets de don : comme si la nature nous donnait effectivement quelque chose et nous invitait ainsi à entrer avec elle dans une relation de reconnaissance et de gratitude., Don y animismo metodológico ¿ Cómo podemos hacer frente a los retos medioambientales si no es (re)fundando una alianza con la naturaleza ? Este texto defiende un “animismo metodológico” y muestra que tal alianza presupone que “formamos sociedad” con las entidades naturales tanto como con los humanos, y para ello debemos considerarlas como cuasi-sujetos. Más que eso, como sujetos de don : como si la naturaleza nos diera algo y nos invitara a entrar en una relación de reconocimiento y gratitud con ella., Caillé Alain,Chanial Philippe. Don et animisme méthodologique. In: Communications, 110, 2022. Vivantes interactions. pp. 87-98.

Au-delà des différences apparentes entre les économies des sociétés pré- et protohistoriques, antiques, médiévales, modernes et contemporaines, des permanences s’affirment de plus en plus à travers le temps. Elles tiennent au besoin chez les humains d’une reconnaissance sociale dont les principaux moyens d’accès sont la richesse et le pouvoir. Les sociétés protohistoriques européennes faisaient usage de « monnaies archaïques ». La plupart des objets utilisés comme tels ont été découverts dans le contexte des dépôts non funéraires. Ces dépôts commencent ainsi à nous offrir des informations fort éclairantes sur l’économie des sociétés protohistoriques. Des avancées décisives ont confirmé que ces dépôts étaient des offrandes votives, et qu’ils avaient tendance à être effectués en alternance avec les dépôts funéraires ostentatoires. Les moments durant lesquels, dans certaines régions, les dépôts non funéraires ont été nombreux signalent probablement des périodes de graves difficultés. Quelques résultats en cours d’étude suggèrent des significations sociales, c’est-à-dire économiques, politiques et idéologiques, très enchevêtrées. L’étude de ce corpus indique d’ores et déjà l’existence d’un même objectif ultime pour les dépôts funéraires ostentatoires et les dépôts non funéraires. Se profilent aussi l’identification des types de régimes politiques, des plus communautaires aux plus autocratiques, et la mise en perspective de « l’énigme du don ». Beyond the apparent differences between the economies of pre- and protohistoric, ancient, medieval, modern and contemporary societies, some permanent features have become increasingly apparent over time, stemming from the human need for social recognition, the main means of access to which are wealth and power. European protohistoric societies used "archaic currency" ‒ often discovered in the context of non-funerary deposits ‒ which are now providing us with enlightening information on the economy of protohistoric societies. Significant breakthroughs have confirmed that these deposits were votive offerings and that they tended to alternate with ostentatious funerary deposits. Times when, in some areas, non-funerary deposits were numerous probably signal periods of severe hardship. Some of the results under study suggest that these deposits had highly intertwined social (i.e. economic, political and ideological) meanings. The study of this corpus indicates the existence of the same ultimate objective for both ostentatious funerary and non-funerary deposits. The types of political regimes, from the most communitarian to the most autocratic, are also identified and the "enigma of the gift" is put into perspective. Más allá de las aparentes diferencias entre las economías de las sociedades prehistóricas, protohistóricas, antiguas, medievales, modernas y contemporáneas, ciertas permanencias se van afianzando cada vez más a través del tiempo. Éstas dimanan de la necesidad de reconocimiento social de los seres humanos, siendo la riqueza y el poder los principales medios para alcanzarlo. Las sociedades protohistóricas europeas utilizaban « monedas arcaicas » y la mayor parte de los objetos usados como tales han sido descubiertos en el contexto de depósitos no funerarios. Estos depósitos han empezado a brindar informaciones bastante esclarecedoras respecto a la economía de las sociedades protohistóricas. Así, avances decisivos han permitido confirmar que dichos depósitos eran ofrendas votivas y que solían fabricarse en alternancia con los depósitos funerarios suntuosos. En ciertas regiones, los momentos durante los cuales los depósitos no funerarios fueron abundantes indican probablemente que se trató de períodos de grandes dificultades. Algunos resultados en curso de análisis sugieren, además, que poseían significaciones sociales, es decir económicas, políticas e ideológicas que están, no obstante, muy enmarañadas. El estudio de este acervo ya ha permitido determinar la existencia de un mismo objetivo final para los depósitos funerarios suntuosos y los depósitos no funerarios. También se perfilan la identificación de los tipos de regímenes políticos –desde los más comunitarios hasta los más autocráticos– y la puesta en perspectiva del « enigma del don ».

International audience; Among the various attempts to re-humanize economics, the 'humanomics' proposed by Vernon Smith and Bart Wilson stands out. We contribute to the "humanomics project" by mapping its territory - core, periphery and frontiers - with an eye, also, on future explorations. First, we critically study the core: Smith and Wilson's interpretation and experimental application of Adam Smith's ideas on beneficence and injustice. Using the distinction between reciprocal cooperation and reciprocal kindness, we provide a different interpretation of Smith which helps to better understand the difference between exchange and trust, based on mutual advantage, and (reciprocal) beneficence proper. Secondly, we turn to the periphery, going beyond the 'dichotomous representation of the human personality' - personal-social/impersonal-economic - and showing other possible worlds: nuances of humans equally worthy of study, such as the personal-economic and the impersonal-social. Thirdly, we argue that the humanomics project should keep its frontiers as open as possible to human diversities and frailties.

The title of this bachelor thesis is "Ways of Identifying Linguistically Talented Pupils by Primary School Teachers". It deals with the methods of identification of linguistically talented pupils by primary school teachers. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part is theoretical and describes talent and its definitions, characteristics of a talented individual and criteria of talent, types and kinds of talented individuals and their classification. It also describes displays talented pupils and their identification in a school environment, sampling of talented individuals and their education. Attention is equally dedicated to linguistic talent and talent for foreign languages itself. Practical part targets the linguistically talented pupils at primary schools and their teachers. The thesis deals especially with the talent for foreign languages. The research is concerned with the main question: How do the teachers at primary schools identify linguistically talented pupils? Furthermore, there are two sub-questions to be answered. First research sub-question relates to the characteristics of talented pupils through the eyes of their educators. The second one refers to the most used educational methods. Qualitative research in a form of half-structured interviews and follow-up analysis was...

The thesis deals with the motives of philanthropists who made a bequest in their will with charitable purposes. The objective of the work is to describe the issue of donation in the form of such a bequest in a will and the approach of society to this kind of donation. The theoretical part introduces the characteristics of individual donation, philanthropy and donation by will. The practical part is processed in the form of qualitative research with the aim of finding out and understanding the reasons and motives that led philanthropists to make such a decision. Reasons and motives were explored based on semi-structured interviews with narrative elements with four respondents. The identified reasons and motives for donation in the form of a bequest relate to arguments related to donation, credibility, information, purpose and responsibility.

This article explores issues related to ethnographic research, such as “otherness” as a form of relation, the researcher’s position, and the difference between anthropological and native knowledge, leading to the production of ethnographic data that can undermine previously established models. In order to approach these issues, I will refer to the notion of “recalcitrant subjects”, coined by I. Stengers, and based on the idea that we should turn our attention to objects of analysis that are capable of raising new questions, forcing the researchers to reorganise their instruments and theoretical perspectives. Using the interaction regimes formulated by E. Landowski, I will analyse from a semiotic perspective my own field research, conducted within the mountain ascetic group Tsukasakō in Katsuragi, central Japan. The article shows how, far from being based on forms of communality and undifferentiated reciprocity, ethnography and sociality always involve heterogeneous actors and can only emerge from interactions that are inherently recalcitrant.

Altres ajuts: acords transformatius de la UAB The phenomenon of child language brokering (CLB), that is, translation and interpreting tasks children take on to facilitate communication for their parents and other adults, is often invisible or neglected. The present article seeks to study CLB in the province of Barcelona (Spain) through the theoretical lens of Marcel Mauss's anthropological concept of the 'gift'. The authors employ interviews with child language brokers, young mediators and parents to show that children's language competences circulate as a gendered gift that produces and reproduces social ties of different kinds-family, extended family, community, the public-and with different levels of reciprocity.

This article discusses the problem of gift from the perspective of philosophical personalism. Since there are different doctrines of gift, it first provides an overview of anthropological, sociological, philosophical, ethical, and religious approaches to the nature of gift. Then, it delineates the essential notes of the gift and its structure, and relates the gift to duties of justice. Finally, it shows that the gift constitutes an anthropological transcendental that helps us to better understand man and his supernatural dimension.

L'article es proposa justificar perquè un dels majors reptes al qual s'enfronta en l'actualitat l'aprenentatge servei és prendre consciència que no estem únicament davant una millora metodològica, sinó que es tracta d'un veritable canvi de paradigma o revolució educativa. Es mostrarà que l'aprenentatge servei contribueix al pas de l'individualisme possessiu al paradigma de l'acció comú, una visió cooperativa del món i de l'educació. Aquesta afirmació es completa amb quatre tesis derivades: és necessari un canvi en la idea de l'educació, han de modificar-se les finalitats educatives, s'imposa una metodologia diferent d'ensenyament i d'aprenentatge, i s'hauran d'incorporar novetats rellevants en l'organització del sistema educatiu. Per últim, es mostra que els canvis de paradigma com el que es descriurà, encara que són possibles, no hi ha res que asseguri el seu èxit si no es compta amb l'acció conscient i continuada dels seus promotors. Cosa que es reclama per l'aprenentatge servei., The article aims to justify why one of the most significant challenges currently facing Service-Learning is to become aware that not only is it a methodological improvement but that it is a true paradigm shift or educational revolution. It will be noted that Service-Learning contributes to the shift from possessive individualism to the paradigm of joint action, a collective vision of the world and education. Four derived theses supplement this statement: the concept of education needs to change, educational goals should be modified, a different teaching and learning methodology is required, and relevant innovations must be included in the educational system's organisation. Finally, it is pointed out that although paradigm shifts are possible, nothing ensures success without their promoters' conscious and continuous action. A claim made for Service-Learning., El artículo se propone justificar por qué uno de los mayores retos a que se enfrenta en la actualidad el aprendizaje-servicio es tomar consciencia que no estamos únicamente ante una mejora metodológica, sino que se trata de un verdadero cambio de paradigma o revolución educativa. Se mostrará que el aprendizaje servicio contribuye al paso del individualismo posesivo al paradigma de la acción común, una visión cooperativa del mundo y de la educación. Esta afirmación se completa con cuatro tesis derivadas: es necesario un cambio en la idea de educación, deben modificarse las finalidades educativas, se impone una distinta metodología de enseñanza y de aprendizaje, y se deberán incorporar novedades relevantes en la organización del sistema educativo. Por último, se muestra que los cambios de paradigma como el que se describirá, aunque son posibles, nada asegura su éxito si no cuentan con la acción consciente y continuada de sus promotores. Algo que se reclama para el aprendizaje-servicio.

Si l’échange de cadeaux dans les sociétés primitives et historiques fait l’objet désormais d’une longue historiographie où les diverses disciplines se sont entrecroisées, anthropologie, sociologie, philosophie, histoire, etc., notre propos ne sera pas ici d’y revenir, mais de considérer les cadeaux entre souverains comme faisant partie des échanges politiques et culturels ordinaires entre les cours du Moyen Âge, qu’il convient de situer dans leur contexte précis au delà du simple échange de r...

The paper discusses Shakespeare’s preoccupation with the Christian notions of divine love, forgiveness and justice in The Tragedy of King Lear. In my reading I employ Jean-Luc Marion’s phenomenological reflection on the givenness of love and Hans-Urs von Balthasar’s theology of Paschal mystery. I take issue with the Marxist and existentialist interpretations of Shakespeare’s tragedy which prevailed in the second half of the 20th century. My aim is not a simple recuperation of the “redemptionism” of the play, but an in-depth consideration of Christian allusions in the play which may tie love and forgiveness to justice and throw light on the ending of King Lear.

It has become increasingly accepted that, for Kierkegaard, theology and spirituality are practices that cannot be separated from one another. It has also been long acknowledged that Kierkegaard was a man of prayer, one who penned vivid prayers in both his journals and many of his published writings. Yet, little investigation has been done into how Kierkegaard’s theology shapes his understanding of prayer, nor how his understanding of prayer relates to his theology. This dissertation aims to address this lacuna by drawing together what Kierkegaard does say about prayer in a few of his published writings on James 1 and Matthew 6—writings which identify some of the chief theological underpinnings to prayer in Kierkegaard’s thinking. Beginning with his three James 1:17-22 upbuilding discourses published within ‘Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses’, Chapter 1 offers an analysis of Kierkegaard’s understanding of God the Father. Through James 1:17-22 Kierkegaard establishes a paterology that describes the Father as an unchanging Giver who always gives good and perfect gifts, the greatest of which is himself. Chapters 2 and 3 then look at two of Kierkegaard’s Matthew 6:24-34 discourses, which carry the bulk of Kierkegaard’s published comments on prayer. Chapter 2 looks at 1848’s ‘The Cares of the Pagans’, where Kierkegaard articulates that a Christian’s praying is the very thing that makes her a Christian. Chapter 3 then analyzes what Kierkegaard means by “to pray aright is to become silent” within 1849’s ‘The Lily in the Field and the Bird of the Air’. There prayer is something that begins in silence in order to listen to God, and is how an individual seeks first the kingdom of heaven. The last chapter, Chapter 4, brings the threads of the previous chapters together and provides the beginning of an account of Kierkegaard’s theology of prayer. To pray is to struggle with the heavenly Father’s unchanging love, yet on the basis of the Father’s gift of Jesus Christ and gift of the Spirit as one’s helper. For Kierkegaard, God is the giver and the receiver, and the reason and the motive, for all prayer.

The aim of the work is a comprehensive analysis of the anthropology of gift exchange as a cultural phenomenon: in the context of historical forms of gift exchange and the nature and practice of gift exchange in modern society. Research methods are based on general scientific (analysis, synthesis, abstraction, generalization) and typical of cultural anthropology (in particular, «unobtrusive methods» of cultural anthropological research, the use of which is justified in modern foreign anthropological research). The methodological basis was the work of M. Moss, B. Malinowski, F. Boas, M. Salinz). The scientific novelty of the work lies in the contribution to the study of the process of gift exchange in terms of anthropology within Ukrainian science., Розглянуто дарообмін як феномен культури: у контексті історичних форм обміну дарами та щодо сутності й практики дарообміну в сучасному суспільстві. Дослідження базується на загальнонаукових (аналіз, синтез, абстрагування, узагальнення) і типових для культурної антропології методах (порівняльного й структурно-функціонального аналізу, географічного детермінізму, еволюційно-історичному, психологічному, індуктивному), використання яких обґрунтоване в сучасних закордонних антропологічних розвідках. Методологічну основу роботи становлять праці М. Мосса, Б. Маліновського, Ф. Боаса, М. Салінза та ін. Наукова новизна розвідки полягає в систематизації феномена дарообміну з погляду антропології в межах української науки.

This article investigates whether the canon of Christian Holy Scripture is properly understood as a gift and, if so, what theological implications this might entail. Following the introduction, the article has three main sections. The first section proposes an expanded grammar by which to describe the production and reception of the canon in and by the church, under the superintending sovereignty of the divine will and action. The second section offers a guide to recent inquiry into “the gift” in the fields of philosophy and theology, particularly those theories that might prove useful for applying the concept of “gift” to Scripture. The third section unfolds a normative account of the Christian canon as a gift of the triune God to his people and through his people, thus making sense of the long-standing liturgical practice of responding to the reading of the sacred page in the public assembly with a cry of thanks to God.

Resumen La investigación presentada es un punto de partida, y ya no solo metodológico. El estudio quiere señalar que la fenomenología francesa que toma como camino, es decir, la fenomenología de la donación de Jean-Luc Marion, se sitúa más allá/más acá de la metafísica. Es sabido que Marion en sus obras distingue al menos tres modelos metafísicos: el de la substancia y la esencia, el de la causalidad, y el egológico trascendental. Los tres modelos son criticados por el fenomenólogo francés por la insuficiencia para alcanzar lo originario y su inteligibilidad. Lo originario es para Marion la donación. Por ello, siguiendo las huellas de la donación marioniana, el método propuesto, presentado en seis pasos, una suerte de círculo hermenéutico, radicaliza la reducción. Pero no solo lo hace en una variación imaginativa y de posibilidad, sino que se confronta con la descripción de una donación efectiva y no solo posible que se da en las vivencias místicas de Chiara Lubich. Siguiendo la propuesta del fenomenólogo francés, aplica los seis pasos del método propuesto a las contra-categorías kantianas, en que el "yo" es reducido en el evento de esta donación apareciendo como adonado, convocado y, finalmente, testigo, no solo en el nivel de la acción y la praxis, sino más originariamente en el nivel de la afectación o pasión; dicho evento se da en la experiencia mística de Chiara Lubich denominada "cuarta noche". Abstract The research presented here is a starting point, and not only a methodological one. The study points out that the French phenomenology taken as a path, that is, Jean Luc Marion's phenomenology of donation, is situated beyond/beyond metaphysics. It is well known that Marion distinguishes at least three metaphysical models in his works: that of substance and essence, that of causality, and the transcendental egological. The three models are criticized by the French phenomenologist for their insufficiency in reaching the original and its intelligibility. For Marion, the original is the donation. Therefore, following in the footsteps of Marion's donation, the proposed method -a sort of hermeneutic circle presented in six steps- radicalizes the reduction. Yet, not only does it do it in an imaginative variation and possibility. Rather, it is confronted with the description of an effective and not only possible donation that occurs in the mystical experiences of Chiara Lubich. Following the proposal of the French phenomenologist, it applies the six steps of the proposed method to the Kantian counter-categories, where the "I" is reduced in the event of this donation, appearing as gifted, summoned and finally a witness, not only at the level of action and praxis, but more originally at the level of affectation or passion. This event occurs in Chiara Lubich's mystical experience called «fourth night».

Svećeništvo je poseban način života, teško shvatljiv, a u svojoj biti uvijek ostaje nepronicljiv, neiscrpan u potpunosti. Razmatrajući o njemu, nalazimo se u čudnom položaju, pred velikim otajstvom jer to o čemu razmatramo nije djelo ljudskog uma ili volje, već djelo Isusa Krista, Boga koji je postao čovjekom. Njegov način života treba biti vidljiv u onima koji mu se u potpunosti predaju u pozivu svećeništva. Kada pokušavamo uvidjeti bitne odrednice svećeničkog identiteta, potrebno je zagledati se u jedinog Svećenika. Danas je problem što više pokušavamo svećenika prilagoditi našim željama pa mu neke stvari oduzimamo ili pridodajemo ovisno o iskustvu susreta s drugim svećenicima, koji ujedno ostaju grješni ljudi. Ovaj rad je nastao u želji da se temeljne odrednice svećeničkog identiteta, koje su danas ugrožene, pogledaju u izvornoj vrijednosti i smislu koji nam dolaze od Utemeljitelja svećeništva. Priesthood is a special way of life, difficult to understand, and in its essence always remains abstruse, not fully exhausted. When considering him, we find ourselves in a strange position, in front of a great mystery because what we are considering is not the work of the human mind or will, but the work of Jesus Christ, God who became man. His way of life should be visible in those who give themselves completely to him in the vocation of the priesthood. When we try to see the essential determinants of priestly identity, it is necessary to look at the only Priest. Today, the problem is that we try to adapt the priest to our wishes, so we take away or add some things to him depending on the experience of meeting other priests, who at the same time remain sinful people. This work was created in a desire to look at the fundamental determinants of priestly identity, which are threatened today, in the original value and meaning that come to us from the Founder of the priesthood.

A 7-week rearing trial was designed to investigate the effects of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract (ELE) on growth performance, body composition, antioxidant capacity, immune response, and disease susceptibility of diet-fed GIFT. The results showed that dietary ELE did not affect growth performance or whole-body composition (p > 0.05). Compared with the control group, plasma ALB contents increased in the 0.06% dietary ELE group (p < 0.05), and plasma ALT and AST activities decreased in the 0.08% dietary ELE group (p < 0.05). In terms of antioxidants, compared with GIFT fed the control diet, 0.06% dietary ELE upregulated the mRNA expression levels of Nrf2 pathway-related antioxidant genes, including CAT and SOD (p < 0.05), and 0.06% and 0.08% dietary ELE upregulated the mRNA levels of Hsp70 (p < 0.05). In terms of immunity, 0.06% dietary ELE suppressed intestinal TLR2, MyD88, and NF-κB mRNA levels (p < 0.05). Moreover, the mRNA levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β and IL-10 were upregulated by supplementation with 0.04% and 0.06% dietary ELE (p < 0.05). In terms of apoptosis, 0.06% and 0.08% ELE significantly downregulated the expression levels of FADD mRNA (p < 0.05). Finally, the challenge experiment with S. agalactiae showed that 0.06% dietary ELE could inhibit bacterial infection, and significantly improve the survival rate of GIFT (p < 0.05). This study demonstrated that the supplementation of 0.04–0.06% ELE in diet could promote intestinal antioxidant capacity, enhance the immune response and ultimately improve the disease resistance of GIFT against Streptococcus agalactiae.

This paper examines changes and trends in tributary gifts (pangmul 方物) sent by Chosŏn regular envoys to the Ming Emperor during the 15th and 17th centuries. First, pangmul items sent by the Chosŏn to the Ming were partially inherited from the Koryŏ era. Second, it examines how King Sejong’s 1429 request that the Chosŏn court pay its tribute by means other than gold and silver led the court to offer specialty goods as tribute instead of precious metals. It then moves on to explore how economic scarcity resulting from the Imjin Wars of 1592 led Chosŏn pangmul to be composed mostly of folding fans and stationery items such as paper (kyŏngmyŏnji, paekmyŏnji, and oil paper), inkstones (hwayŏn), ink (chinmuk and yumaemuk) and writing brushes (hwangmopil)–the dynasty’s common, major export goods. After the war, the Chosŏn dynasty regained stability and returned to its pre-war pangmul practices. However, the pangmul were not completely fixed and showed tentative patterns, going back and forth between the practices of the 15th century and the new circumstances of the 17th century. In short, this paper explores how pangmul practices were not completely fixed, and how contingencies such as the war and the changing landscape of manufacturing in 16th-century Korea influenced the composition of Chosŏn pangmul.

Resumen: El presente artículo es un estudio de caso en torno a los intercambios y relaciones que se dieron por medio de imágenes en la comunidad arhuaca de Kutunzama en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. La circulación de fotografías, que muestran la historia actual y pasada del pueblo arhuaco, permitió un intercambio entre: los mamos, la comunidad y yo -en calidad de etnógrafo-. El objetivo de este texto consiste en mostrar de qué modo la circulación de estas fotografías puede entenderse como don en un proceso de redistribución desde las capacidades evocativas, materiales y sensuales que tienen las imágenes. El presente artículo se trata de una aproximación etnográfica, desarrollada entre 2017 y 2019. A partir de un proceso de elicitación de fotografías y películas, entrevistas y observación participante, se logró un acercamiento a las formas de organización y parentesco de la comunidad. Asimismo, este proceso de circulación permitió activar narrativas de la historia reciente del poblado, relacionadas con el poblamiento y el contexto de disputa territorial que se vive en la zona. La fotografía etnográfica permitió acercarse a nociones de tiempo y espacio, así como ampliar la noción arhuaca de makruma. Antes que concebir esta noción como regalo, se entiende como un proceso de redistribución en el que el objeto dado posee las características de la persona que lo entrega y el retorno de dicho objeto (en este caso las imágenes) se vuelve una forma de saldar una deuda espiritual. El texto muestra la imagen como medio de interacción, medio de encuentro, lugar de circulación y experiencia sensorial. Se aborda la imagen como elemento multisensorial y la fotografía, no solo desde su carácter representacional, sino como objeto que traza relaciones sociales a partir de la noción indígena de makruma. Abstract: This article is a case study of the exchanges and relationships that arose from the circulation of images in the Arhuaco community of Kutunzama in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. The circulation of photographs, which show the present and past history of the Arhuaco people, led to an exchange between the mamos, the community and myself -as ethnographer-. The purpose of this text is to show how the circulation of these photographs can be understood as a gift in a process of redistribution based on the evocative, material and sensual capacities of the images. This article consists of an ethnographic approach, developed between 2017 and 2019, on the basis which the community's forms of organization and kinship are understood via the elicitation of photographs and films, interviews and participant observation. This circulation also made it possible to activate narratives of the recent history of the village, related to the settlement and the context of territorial disputes in the area. Ethnographic photography allowed us to approach notions of time and space, and to broaden the Arhuaco notion of makruma. Rather than conceiving of this notion as a gift, it is understood as a process of redistribution in which the given object possesses the characteristics of the person who gives it and the return of the object (in this case the images) becomes a way of settling a spiritual debt. The text shows the image as a means of interaction, a means of encounter, a place of circulation and sensory experience. It approaches the image as a multisensory object and the photograph not only as a representational object, but also as one that traces social relations based on the indigenous notion of makruma. Resumo: Este artigo é um estudo de caso sobre os intercâmbios e as relações ocorridas por meio de imagens na comunidade arhuaca de Kutunzama na Serra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colômbia. A circulação de fotografias que mostram a história atual e a passada do povo arhuaco permitiu um intercâmbio entre mim - em qualidade de etnógrafo -, os mamos e a comunidade. O objetivo deste texto consiste em mostrar de que maneira a circulação dessas fotografias pode ser entendida como dom em um processo de redistribuição a partir das capacidades evocativas, materiais e sensuais que as imagens têm. Além disso, este artigo se trata de uma aproximação etnográfica desenvolvida entre 2017 e 2019. A partir de um processo de elicitação de fotografias e filmes, entrevistas e observação participante, foi possível uma aproximação das formas de organização e parentesco da comunidade. Ainda, esse processo de circulação permitiu ativar narrativas da história recente do povoado, relacionadas com o povoamento e o contexto de disputa territorial vivida na região. A fotografia etnográfica possibilitou se aproximar de noções de tempo e espaço, bem como ampliar a noção arhuaca de makruma. Antes de conceber essa noção como “presente”, entende-se como um processo de redistribuição em que o objeto dado apresenta características da pessoa que o entrega e o retorno desse objeto (nesse caso, as imagens) se torna uma forma de quitar a dívida espiritual. No texto, é mostrado a imagem como meio de interação, meio de encontro, lugar de circulação e experiência sensorial. É abordada a imagem como objeto multissensorial, e a fotografia, não somente sob seu caráter representacional, mas também como forma de estabelecer relações sociais a partir da noção indígena de makruma.

Les discussions autour de l’Essai sur le don de Marcel Mauss ont largement continué d’alimenter la réflexion sur les échanges économiques en anthropologie au cours des dernières décennies. Des concepts clés de son oeuvre (« don », « contre-don », « réciprocité ») sont aujourd’hui critiqués, étant davantage perçus comme des barrières pour penser l’échange que comme des outils heuristiques. À partir de l’étude des cérémonies d’échange (Pacifique Sud), cet article examine la portée de l’expression « systèmes de prestations totales » pour désigner ces événements. La discussion s’appuie en particulier sur l’analyse de la place que la danse et la musique y occupent, une dimension parfois négligée de ces types de prestation., The discussions about Marcel Mauss’s The Gift have largely continued to feed into the anthropological reflection on economic exchanges over the past decades. Key concepts of his work (“gift”, “counter-gift”, “reciprocity”) are nowadays criticized as barriers to thinking about exchange rather than heuristic tools. Based on the study of Tongan ceremonies of exchange (South Pacific), this article examines the scope of the term “total prestation systems” to refer to these events. The discussion is based in particular on an analysis of the place of dance and music in these ceremonies, a dimension that is sometimes neglected in these types of prestation., Las discusiones en torno al Ensayo sobre el don de Marcel Mauss han seguido alimentando la reflexión sobre los intercambios económicos en antropología durante las últimas decenas. Los conceptos clave de su obra («don», «contra don», «reciprocidad») actualmente son criticados por haberse constituido en barreras más que en herramientas heurísticas para pensar el intercambio. A partir del estudio de ciertas ceremonias de intercambio (Pacifico del sur), este artículo examina el alcance de la expresión «sistema de prestaciones totales», para designar dichos eventos. La discusión se basa particularmente en el análisis del lugar que ocupan la danza y la música, dimensiones a veces desatendidas de dicho tipo de prestaciones.

Depuis le milieu des années 1990, des Lao de France (exilés à la suite des événements de 1975) mettent en œuvre des projets qu’ils qualifient d’« humanitaires » dans leur pays d’origine. Le plus souvent organisés en associations, ils y construisent, entre autres, des bâtiments scolaires, et y distribuent vêtements, matériel médical et ordinateurs. Ces projets peuvent être envisagés comme une forme de transfert. En s’appuyant sur la littérature sur le don, cet article propose alors d’analyser les caractéristiques de ces transferts et ce qu’elles disent des relations entre Lao de France et Lao du Laos au sein des projets humanitaires mis en œuvre dans les villages laotiens. Since the mid-1990s, some French Lao (exiled following the events of 1975), have been implementing projects that they describe as “humanitarian” in their country of origin. Most often organized in associations, they build schools and distribute clothing, medical equipment and computers, among other things. These projects can be seen as a form of transfer. Drawing on the literature on the gift, this article then proposes to analyze the characteristics of these transfers and what they say about the relationship between Lao from France and Lao from Laos within humanitarian projects implemented in Laotian villages.

La postface propose un regard transversal et critique sur le numéro. Elle souligne tout d’abord la force heuristique des questionnements abordés, auxquels les réponses apportées éclairent d’un jour nouveau nombre d’ethnographies. Elle indique ensuite l’intérêt de confronter au terrain une grille d’analyse commune inspirée des travaux d’Alain Testart, pour voir dans quelle mesure ces cadres conceptuels et méthodologiques permettent d’éclairer les observations et de dégager des analyses nouvelles sur les réalités sociales étudiées. Elle relève aussi une idée qui se retrouve dans plusieurs articles, selon laquelle un même fait concret peut être interprété différemment par les protagonistes et donner lieu à d’éventuels malentendus. Elle montre comment cette dimension complexifie davantage la problématique de la nature des transferts et apporte une vision plus subtile sur la réalité des choses. Enfin à titre comparatif, elle met en perspective les études de cas sud-est asiatiques de ce numéro avec des observations et des analyses issues de sociétés pastorales africaines. The postface casts a transversal view on the various papers published in this issue. It first underscores how their common scientific project raises questions which bring new developments in anthropological descriptions and analyzes. It highlights furthermore how Alain Testart’s theoretical contribution on the concepts of gift and outside market exchanges can be put in practice by enlightening and bringing new analyzes on local social facts and observations. As observed in several articles, it shows that the same fact may lead to different if not opposite interpretations by local actors, thus possibly giving rise to misunderstandings between them. This possibility makes it all the more difficult to analyze the very nature of economical transfers, and suggests a more subtle outlook on what actually takes place. A comparison is made at last between these south-east asian case studies and descriptions and analyzes pertaining to African pastoral societies.

Based on the documentary “Two Brothers”, the article presents a reflection on the Cosmas and Damian’s Caruru held by the Valverde family at the Soteropolitano, a Bahian food restaurant located in São Paulo. By approaching the ritual aspects of this festival, as well as the memories and speeches of those in charge of its realization, I seek to highlight the Caruru’s capacity to affirm the Bahian identity in a context of migration. Tendo como base o documentário “Dois Irmãos”, o artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre o Caruru de Cosme e Damião realizado pela família Valverde no Soteropolitano, restaurante de comida baiana localizado em São Paulo. Ao abordar os aspectos rituais dessa festa, assim como as memórias e os discursos dos responsáveis por sua realização, procuro evidenciar sua capacidade de afirmação da identidade baiana em um contexto de migração.

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most important food fishes in global aquaculture. The optimal rearing temperature for Nile tilapia is 27–30 °C; however, in some Asian breeding areas, such as south China, water temperatures in summer frequently exceed 35 °C for several days. Potential effects of long-term exposure to high temperatures on the survival and metabolism of tilapia are unclear. In this study, genetically improved farmed tilapia, age six weeks, were exposed to water temperatures of 28, 32, and 36 °C for 15 weeks. Mean survival rates and tolerance to hypoxia were significantly reduced, and respiratory rates were increased in fish reared at 36 °C, compared to the 28 and 32 °C treatments (p < 0.05). Partial temperature compensation for routine metabolic rates was observed after 15 weeks at 36 °C. Gill morphology changes in the 36 °C treatment included curling of the lamellae and hyperplasia of the filament end, which became more pronounced after acute hypoxia (0.2 mg/L O2). Transcriptomics demonstrated that expression of numerous genes related to aerobic metabolism was altered in the 36 °C treatment, including down-regulation of nine genes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In summary, high temperature affected tilapia gill morphology, reduced hypoxia tolerance, and inhibited aerobic metabolism, thus ultimately threatening tilapia viability and survival.

Las tecnologías de fertilización in vitro involucran una articulación tensa y contradictoria de sentidos hegemónicos establecidos en sistemas de creencias y normas respecto de la reproducción, la herencia genética, el parentesco, las identidades, las sexualidades, la naturaleza, lo sagrado, los cuerpos y el control y producción de la vida. A partir de experiencias etnográficas provenientes de entrevistas en profundidad realizadas entre los años 2007 y 2010 y entre 2017 y 2021 a trabajadoras en agencias de gestación por sustitución en Estados Unidos, profesionales vinculadas con los procedimientos en clínicas de fertilidad en Argentina y usuarios/as que acudieron a estas prácticas, este trabajo analiza las diferentes dimensiones y componentes que intervienen en los procedimientos de fertilización asistida: cuando las prácticas movilizan actores “aliados” al proyecto de paternidad y maternidad, las relaciones de poder y subalternidad resultan invisibilizadas en las transacciones. De forma simultánea, estas resultan imprescindibles para la producción material de las “parentalidades híbridas” en las que contextos particulares brindan interpretaciones y sensibilidades “situadas” en la trayectoria histórico-política argentina. Biomedicine has built its object of study and intervention from a long and continuous process of desacralization, fragmentation, and progressive dissolution of the body as a monolithic entity in material and symbolic terms. Technological interventions provided possibilities for bodies, identities, and lives to be constructed, recombined, and designed by mobilizing molecular entities, which can be perceived as biofragments, with intervention practices. Consequently, in vitro fertilization technologies imply a tense and contradictory articulation of hegemonic meanings based on belief systems and norms about reproduction, genetic inheritance, kinship, identities, sexualities, nature, sanctity, bodies, and control and production of life. From ethnographic experiences in the area of assisted fertilization, this article analyzes the different dimensions and components that intervene in these procedures: when practices mobilize actors “allied” to the paternity and maternity project, the power and subalternity relations are made invisible in transactions. At the same time, these are essential for the material production of “hybrid parenthoods” in which particular contexts provide interpretations and sensibilities “situated” in the Argentine historical-political trajectory.

O presente projeto incide sobre a empresa Odisseias, que atua no sector do Turismo desde 2005, mais concretamente no mercado das experiências, sendo atualmente líder do mercado português. A relevância deste trabalho incide na importância da criação de uma Estratégia para Odisseias, com base em conhecimento científico. O modelo de negócio da empresa assenta na comercialização de experiências em formato presente (Gift), nos canais online e offline e na venda de experiências para usufruto próprio (Own-use). As experiências englobam serviços de Alojamento (hotéis e semelhantes), Restauração, Lazer e Aventura e também Spa e Bem-estar. A pertinência do projeto visa compreender de que forma a empresa poderá acompanhar as novas tendências do mercado atual e quais as estratégias que poderá seguir para garantir um crescimento sustentado. Para tal, o alinhamento do trabalho seguirá o caminho das questões “onde estamos”, “para onde queremos ir” e “como vamos lá chegar”. No final são apresentadas recomendações estratégicas com base nas análises interna e externa, consolidada numa análise SWOT, que visam dar continuidade ao sucesso da organização. As análises feitas englobam, entre outros, a análise da concorrência, análise PEST, 5 forças de Porter e Modelo VRIO. Para a construção das recomendações finais, será essencial identificar os objetivos estratégicos e os fatores críticos de sucesso, assim como delinear ações concretas para o alcance do sucesso. The present project focuses on the company Odisseias, which operates in the Tourism sector since 2005, more specifically in the Experiences Market, being currently leader on the Portuguese market. The relevance of this work lies in the importance of creating a Strategy for Odisseias, based on scientific knowledge. The company business model is based on selling experiences in gift format, through online and offline channels, and also the sale of experiences for own use. The experiences include Accommodation (hotels and similar), Restaurant, Leisure and Adventure as well as Spa and Wellness services. The relevance of the project aims to understand how the company can follow the new market trends and what strategies it can follow to ensure sustained growth. For this purpose, the work will follow the flow of questions "where we are", "where we are going" and "how we get there". At the end, strategic recommendations are presented based on internal and external analyses, consolidated in a SWOT analysis, which are intended to continue the organization's success. The analyses made include, among others, competitor analysis, PEST analysis, Porter's 5 forces, and the VRIO model application. For the final recommendations construction, it will be essential to identify the strategic objectives and the critical success factors, as well as to outline concrete actions to achieve success.

When analyzing a block cipher, the first step is to search for some valid distinguishers, for example, the differential trails in the differential cryptanalysis and the linear trails in the linear cryptanalysis. A distinguisher is advantageous if it can be utilized to attack more rounds and the amount of the involved key bits during the key-recovery process is small, as this leads to a long attack with a low complexity. In this article, we propose a two-step strategy to search for such advantageous distinguishers. This strategy is inspired by the intuition that if a differential is advantageous only when some properties are satisfied, then we can predefine some constraints describing these properties and search for the differentials in the small set.As applications, our strategy is used to analyze GIFT-128, which was proposed in CHES 2017. Based on some 20-round differentials, we give the first 27-round differential attack on GIFT-128, which covers one more round than the best previous result. Also, based on two 17-round linear trails, we give the first linear hull attack on GIFT-128, which covers 22 rounds. In addition, we also give some results on two GIFT-128 based AEADs GIFT-COFB and SUNDAE-GIFT.

Received 6 February 2023. Accepted 25 March 2023. Published online 10 April 2023. Unlike earlier pandemics, where a “politics of blame” was directed against those who spread infection, the COVID pandemic in the United States has created occasions for the deployment of a “politics of commendation” for performing acts of sacrifice. Frontline healthcare workers have been celebrated for sacrificing themselves in service to their patients, even as critics have charged their being hapless victims of “social murder” at the hands of irresponsible medical administrators. Governmental officials, notably in Texas, have also recommended the elderly to refuse COVID care, die and thus sacrifice themselves selflessly for the benefit of the younger generation. Lately, COVID vaccine-refusal has been seen as an act of noble political sacrifice—typically to further individual liberty against the coercive power of the Federal government’s promotion or mandating of vaccination. Anti-vaxxers embracing the role of such political sacrifices, however, generally fail to realize this aspiration, insofar they are often just culpable of their own demise by neglecting public health advisories. Furthermore, the partisan politicization of their deaths militates against the normal recognition of their being sacrifices. Party political calculations have frequently demanded denial of the COVID origins of the anti-vaxxer deaths, and also effectively eliminated any normal attendant rites of reciprocation, memorialization or sacralization of the victims, typical of sacrifices, proper.

Lightweight block cipher PRESENT is an algorithm with SPN structure. Due to its excellent hardware performance and simple round function design, it can be well applied to Internet of things terminals with limited computing resources. As an improved cipher of PRESENT, GIFT is similar in structure to PRESENT and has been widely concerned by academia and industry. This article studies the P permutation law of PRESENT and GIFT, and presents a general differential fault attack(DFA) method with their differential characteristics. For PRESENT, this article chooses to inject a nibble fault before the 30th and 31st rounds of S-box operation. A total of 32 nibble fault ciphertexts are needed to recover the original key. The computational complexity and data complexity are 210.94 and 28, respectively. For GIFT, this article chooses to inject a nibble fault before the 25th, 26th, 27th and 28th rounds of S-box operation. A total of 64 nibble fault ciphertexts are needed to recover the original key. The computational complexity and data complexity are 211.91 and 29, respectively. Compared with other public cryptoanalysis results of PRESENT and GIFT, this general attack method has great advantages. In this article, the DFA of GIFT is experimentally verified and the effectiveness is proved. These experiments have been done on a personal computer and run in a very reasonable time(around 500ms).

The bit-sliding paper of Jean et al. (CHES 2017) showed that the smallest-size circuit for SPN based block ciphers such as AES, SKINNY and PRESENT can be achieved via bit-serial implementations. Their technique decreases the bit size of the datapath and naturally leads to a significant loss in latency (as well as the maximum throughput). Their designs complete a single round of the encryption in 168 (resp. 68) clock cycles for 128 (resp. 64) bit blocks. A follow-up work by Banik et al. (FSE 2020) introduced the swap-and-rotate technique that both eliminates this loss in latency and achieves even smaller footprints.In this paper, we extend these results on bit-serial implementations all the way to four authenticated encryption schemes from NIST LWC. Our first focus is to decrease latency and improve throughput with the use of the swap-and-rotate technique. Our block cipher implementations have the most efficient round operations in the sense that a round function of an n-bit block cipher is computed in exactly n clock cycles. This leads to implementations that are similar in size to the state of the art, but have much lower latency (savings up to 20 percent). We then extend our technique to 4- and 8-bit implementations. Although these results are promising, block ciphers themselves are not end-user primitives, as they need to be used in conjunction with a mode of operation. Hence, in the second part of the paper, we use our serial block ciphers to bootstrap four active NIST authenticated encryption candidates: SUNDAE-GIFT, Romulus, SAEAES and SKINNY-AEAD. In the wake of this effort, we provide the smallest block-cipher-based authenticated encryption circuits known in the literature so far.

Is there a circular relationship between trust and ethics? Is it possible to alter their relationship, changing the perception that social actors have of them? How has trust changed in the transition from modernity to post-modernity and how does it change in times of crisis? Starting from the epistemological assumption that progress in the social sciences is determined by the change in the theoretical horizon produced by “a reformulation of metaphysical assumptions”[1] and combining this path with the relational perspective, according to which “not the facts, but the relationship between the facts is what requires analysis”[2], we will examine definitions, meanings, functions and relationships between trust and ethics. Following the theoretical logical method, we will understand that trust and ethical behaviour are particular forms of gift[3] that co-own each other. As such, they are ambivalent in nature and their circle can also produce dysfunctional outcomes that depend on the ability of social systems to modify collective perceptions through forms of communication, in the awareness that distrust constitutes an ineliminable and, paradoxically, preparatory element for the restoration of the trust circle. The relational circle between gift, trust, collective ethics and personal morality does not end with distrust, but changes in a contingent way, determining perverse effects: correct behaviour could produce, unintentionally, a disaster; incorrect actions could generate unforeseen positive effects.The perverse effects cannot be defined as exceptional - as is believed in the theory of rational choice - but recurrent because daily practices are marked by an intuitive, emotional and moralistic trust circle that prevails over logical reasoning, as ascertained by both relational theory and behavioural economics. Functionalist paradigms cannot engineer and optimise the performance of trust. [1] See J. Alexander's strong programme in S. Segre, Le teorie sociologiche contemporanee, Carocci, Rome, 2019, p. 12. It is not enough to observe reality, it is necessary to interpret it, taking into account theories and traditions whose foundations have a metaphysical character. [2] F. Ferrarotti, La sociologia come analisi critica della società, in R. Cipriani (a cura di), Nuovo Manuale di Sociologia, Maggioli, Sant’Arcangelo di Romagna, 2018 p. 24. [3] The classical meaning in M. Mauss, Essai sur le don. Forme et raison de l'échange dans les sociétés archaïques, 1ª ed. 1925, revisited by G. Satta, L’ambiguità del dono. Note su dono, violenza e potere nell’Essai di Mauss, in V. Rasini, Aggressività. Un’indagine polifonica, Mimesis, Milano 2011.

L’essenza della musica oltre che nel suono è insita nella materialità degli oggetti che quel suono graficamente rappresentano, concretamente producono, idealmente descrivono: libri, strumenti, dipinti. La storia e la didattica della musica, dunque, devono annoverare anche questi oggetti fra i propri percorsi di ricerca e di insegnamento, tanto più se questi sono rivolti ad illustrare il senso ed il ruolo della musica in una determinata epoca o presso uno specifico ambiente. Col supporto metodologico di studi di matrice antropologica sul concetto di dono, sul significato sociale del collezionismo, e sulle funzioni simboliche degli oggetti posseduti, richiesti o donati, questo studio sonda l’efficacia ermeneutica di questa prospettiva indagando lo specifico collezionismo musicale del duca di Urbino Guidubaldo II Della Rovere mettendo in luce quanto gli interessi del duca per gli oggetti musicali abbiano contribuito a definire la di lui identità ed il suo ruolo nelle relazioni con signori di altri Stati del suo tempo., Musica Docta, Vol. 10 (2020)