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Precarious employment, such as housecleaning, is one important structural contributor to health inequities. We used an employment quality (EQ) framework to characterize the impact of employment conditions on mental and self-reported ill-health among Latinx housecleaners in the New York City metropolitan area. Using a community-based participatory research approach, we collected cross-sectional survey data from 402 housecleaners between August 2019 and February 2020 to characterize housecleaners’ EQ and its association with depression, perceived stress, and self-reported health. We also measured work-related irritant eye, skin, and respiratory symptoms, which have been shown in previous research to be associated with housecleaners’ exposure to chemical components of cleaning products. Our housecleaner cohort was largely female and immigrant and most had worked at least five years. Survey items capturing the EQ dimensions of unbalanced interpersonal relations, low material resources, and violations of workers’ rights were associated with increased odds of depression, perceived stress, and self-reported ill-health. Work-related irritant eye, skin, and respiratory symptoms were also independently associated with mental and self-reported ill-health and some of the effects of EQ on health were potentially partially mediated through their association with work-related irritant symptoms. Findings can inform directions for community-based educational and policy initiatives to improve housecleaners’ employment quality.

Compared to recent generations, workers today generally experience poorer quality employment across both contractual (e.g., wages, hours) and relational (e.g., participation in decision-making, power dynamics) dimensions within the worker–employer relationship. Recent research shows that women are more likely to experience poor-quality employment and that these conditions are associated with adverse health effects, suggesting employment relations may contribute to gender inequities in health. We analyzed data from the General Social Survey (2002–2018) to explore whether the multidimensional construct of employment quality (EQ) mediates the relationship between gender and health among a representative, cross-sectional sample of U.S. wage earners. Using a counterfactually-based causal mediation framework, we found that EQ plays a meaningful role in a gender–health relationship, and that if the distribution of EQ among women was equal to that observed in men, the probability of reporting poor self-reported health and frequent mental distress among women would be lower by 1.5% (95% Confidence Interval: 0.5–2.8%) and 2.6% (95% CI: 0.6–4.6%), respectively. Our use of a multidimensional, typological measure of EQ allowed our analysis to better account for substantial heterogeneity in the configuration of contemporary employment arrangements. Additionally, this study is one of the first mediation analyses with a nominal mediator within the epidemiologic literature. Our results highlight EQ as a potential target for intervention to reduce gender inequities in health.

The perception of employment quality is growing, and its importance increasingly linked to job search and market. Its mutability conveys uncertainty, demanding job seekers to be unique to be employable, while also deciding which organizations are more interesting. As such this study aimed to analyse individual’s job search decision-making, using job search intensity and effort, affective rumination, proactive personality, protean career orientation, person-job and person-organization fit, organizational identification, and corporate reputation questionnaires. This was a qualitatively driven convergent parallel mixed methods study and considered at least one point of integration. There was a total of 80 participants of Portuguese expression (83.8% women), aged between 21 and 63 years (M = 26.23), recent bachelor and master graduates, or near their master’s graduation, and 13 participants for the semi-structured interviews. The results indicated that most instruments are somewhat related to each other, that at high moderation affective rumination has an impact in the relationship between job search intensity and job search effort. The perceptions of employment quality, person-job and person-organization fit, corporate reputation, and the level of organizational identification were found to be connected among themselves at different intersection levels. Furthermore, job seekers view these perceptions as job search parameters that filters interesting vacancies, influencing its decision-making. And a need to further research the role of proactive personality and protean career in job search and whether a relationship with the perception of employment quality exists. A perceção da qualidade de emprego aumenta e a sua importância é progressivamente ligada à procura de emprego e ao mercado. A sua mutabilidade transmite incerteza, exigindo dos candidatos originalidade para serem empregáveis, determinando quais as organizações mais interessantes. Como tal, este estudo visou analisar a tomada de decisão na procura de emprego, recorrendo a questionários sobre intensidade e esforço de procura de emprego, ruminação afetiva, personalidade proativa, orientação de carreira proteana, ajuste pessoaemprego e pessoa-organização, identificação organizacional e reputação corporativa. Tratouse de um estudo de métodos mistos paralelos convergentes qualitativamente impulsionados e considerou pelo menos um ponto de integração. Houve um total de 80 participantes de expressão portuguesa (83,8% mulheres), com idades entre os 21 e os 63 anos (M = 26,23), recém-licenciados e mestres, ou quase mestres, e 13 participantes das entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados indicaram que a maioria dos instrumentos estão ligeiramente relacionados entre si, que a elevada moderação afetiva tem um impacto na relação entre a intensidade e o esforço de procura de emprego. Que as perceções da qualidade de emprego, do ajuste pessoa-trabalho e pessoa-organização, da reputação corporativa e o nível de identificação organizacional estavam relacionadas em diferentes níveis de intersecção. Ademais, os candidatos veem estas perceções como parâmetros da procura de emprego que filtram as vagas interessantes, influenciando a tomada de decisão desta. E a necessidade de continuar a pesquisar o papel da personalidade pró-ativa e da carreira de proteana na procura de emprego e se está relacionada com a perceção da qualidade do emprego.

OBJECTIVE: This longitudinal study aimed to measure precarious employment in the US using a multidimensional indicator. METHODS: We used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1988–2016) and the Occupational Information Network database to create a longitudinal precarious employment score (PES) among 7568 employed individuals over 18 waves (N=101 290 observations). We identified 13 survey indicators to operationalize 7 dimensions of precarious employment, which we included in our PES (range: 0–7, with 7 indicating the most precarious): material rewards, working-time arrangements, stability, workers’ rights, collective organization, interpersonal relations, and training. Using generalized estimating equations, we estimated the mean PES and changes over time in the PES overall and by race/ethnicity, gender, education, income, and region. RESULTS: On average, the PES was 3.17 [standard deviation (SD) 1.19], and was higher among women (3.34, SD 1.20), people of color (Hispanics: 3.24, SD 1.23; non-Hispanic Blacks: 3.31, SD 1.23), those with less education (primary: 3.99, SD 1.07; high school: 3.43, SD 1.19), and with lower-incomes (3.84, SD 1.08), and those residing in the South (3.23, SD 1.17). From 1988 to 2016, the PES increased by 9% on average [0.29 points; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.26–0.31]. While precarious employment increased over time across all subgroups, the increase was largest among males (0.35 points; 95% CI 0.33–0.39), higher-income (0.39 points; 95% CI 0.36–0.42) and college-educated (0.37 points; 95% CI 0.33–0.41) individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term decreases in employment quality are widespread in the US. Women and those from racialized and less-educated populations remain disproportionately precariously employed; however, we observed the largest increases among men, college graduates and higher-income individuals.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore multidimensional operationalizations of precarious employment (PE) in Swedish register data using two approaches: (i) a typological approach and (ii) a dimensional, summative scale approach. It also examined the distribution of sociodemographic and occupational characteristics of precarious employees in Sweden. METHOD: Register data was retrieved on individuals and their employers in the Swedish workforce. Five items corresponding to three dimensions of PE were operationalized: contractual relationship insecurity, contractual temporariness, multiple jobs/sectors, income level, and lack of unionization. First, latent class analysis was applied and a typology of six employment types emerged. Second, a summative scale was constructed by scoring all PE-items. RESULTS: Three types of PE were found using the typological approach, which were characterized by direct employment, solo self-employment and multiple job holding, respectively. The summative scale score ranged between -10 and +2 (average: -1.8). Particularly poor scores were seen for solo self-employed, multiple job holders/multiple sectors, and low income. Female gender, young age, low education and foreign origin were prone to precariousness. PE was more frequent among certain economic sectors and occupations. CONCLUSIONS: Using an existing register of labor market data, two operationalizations of PE were constructed and rendered promising for exposure assessment. Hence, the operationalizations could be of interest for countries with similar data structure. Both approaches highlighted precarious combinations of employment conditions and pointed towards the existence of a wide continuum of precariousness on the labor market. Etiological studies and research assessing trends over time are needed to validate these findings.

Objectives An individual’s quality of employment over time has been highlighted as a potential determinant of mental health. With mental ill-health greatly contributing to work incapacities and disabilities in Belgium, the present study aims to explore whether mental health, as indicated by registered mental health-related disability, is structured along the lines of employment quality, whereby employment quality is assessed over time as part of individuals’ labour market trajectories. Methods Using administrative data from the Belgian Crossroads Bank for Social Security over 16 quarters between 2006 and 2009, transitions between waged jobs of varying quality (based on dimensions of income, working time, employment stability and multiple jobholding), self-employment, and unemployment are considered among individuals in the labour force aged 30–40 at baseline (n = 41,065 women and 45,667 men). With Multichannel Sequence Analysis and clustering, we constructed ideal types of employment trajectories. Fitting Cox regressions, we then evaluated individuals’ hazard of experiencing a disability from a mental disorder between 2010 and 2016. Results Our analysis highlights various gender-specific trajectories. Among both genders, individuals exposed to near-constant unemployment over the initial 4 years showed the highest hazard of subsequent mental health-related disability compared to a group characterised by stable full-time employment, single jobholding, and above-median income. Trajectories involving a higher probability of subsidised and non-standard employment and (potential) spells of unemployment and lower relative income were also strong predictors of cause-specific disabilities. Health selection and confounding might, however, be contributing factors. Conclusions Our study shows a gradient of mental disorders resulting in a disability along trajectory types. Our findings highlight the predictive power of labour market trajectories and their employment quality for subsequent mental disorder-related disability. Future research should examine the mechanisms, including selection effects in this association.

Machine and manufacturing migrant workers in the new era are side by side cooperation and interaction of the new labor force form. Based on the dynamic survey of China’s floating population in 2011 and the data collected by the International Federation of Robotics, the Bartik instrument variable method is used to analyze the impact of industrial robots on the employment quality of the floating population in manufacturing industry at the city level. As the city scale expands, industrial robots have an inverted U-shaped effect on the employment quality of manufacturing migrant workers. Industrial robots have a positive U-shaped influence on the number of hours that migrant workers in manufacturing work, with an inflexion point of 1.3721 units per 10,000 workers. The influence of industrial robots on migrant workers’ working conditions in the manufacturing sector was U-shaped, and 1.668 units per 10,000 workers marked the tipping point. Nevertheless, industrial robots have an inverse influence on the occupation stability of migrant workers in the manufacturing industry. Precisely, the installation density of industrial robots in the manufacturing industry has a detrimental impact on the occupational stability of migrant employees. Industrial robots are negatively associated with the working conditions of migrant workers employed in manufacturing. There were detrimental effects on the employment quality of manufacturing migrant workers in cities with higher and lower population densities. In the end, for every manufacturing farmer using an industrial robot, the likelihood of being miserable and almost happy went up by 2.64 percent and 5.59 percent, respectively, while the likelihood of being happy went down by 7.62 percent.

The aim of this study was to identify trends in precarious employment in the Swedish workforce from 1992 to 2017. This is a repeated cross-sectional study, analyzing the total working population aged 16–75 in Sweden at five-year intervals. We used version 2.0 of the Swedish Register-based Operationalization of Precarious Employment, covering the following dimensions: employment insecurity, income inadequacy, lack of rights and protection. The proportion in precarious employment increased from 9.7 to 12% between 1992 and 2017, a relative increase of 24%. The prevalence was higher among those of lower age, of low education, and immigrants. Differences between sexes converged, and there were slightly more precarious men than women in 2017. The relative increase was most pronounced among men, especially those with low educational attainment and of European origin. The increasing proportion of precarious employees is a clear challenge to the tripartite Nordic model, which requires sufficient trade-union bargaining power.

Employment quality is defined as the set and severity of precarious employment attributes. Due to the scarcity of psychological measurement tools for precarity in the Russian labour market, the scale Employment Precarity Index is proposed. Primary psychometric indicators of the scale were revealed, including its convergent and empirical validity. Prospects for future work were outlined. Качество занятости понимается как совокупность и выраженность признаков прекарной занятости. В связи с дефицитом инструментов психологического измерения прекарности на российском рынке труда предлагается шкала «Индекс прекарности». Выявлены первичные психометрические показатели данной шкалы, включая ее конвергентную и эмпирическую валидность. Намечены перспективы дальнейшей работы. Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке РНФ в рамках научно-исследовательского проекта № 22-28-00885.

Using the micro data of the China Labor Force Dynamics Survey (CLDS), this study constructed an employment quality index of migrant workers by using the factor analysis method, it used the binary logistic model and the intermediary effect model to explore the urban-settlement intention of 1451 migrant workers in 29 cities in China, and it empirically analyzed the impact and internal mechanism of vocational-skills training on migrant workers’ willingness to settle in urban areas. The results show that (1) there is a significant positive relationship between the vocational-skills training and the migrant workers’ settlement intention. A further analysis showed that the empirical results remain robust after correcting endogeneity bias by using the instrumental variable model; and (2) participating in vocational-skills training can improve the employment quality of migrant workers, which would result in the increase of migrant workers’ willingness to settle in urban areas, and employment quality plays the significant intermediary role in this path. (3) The heterogeneity test results show that participating in vocational-skills training has a larger effect on the willingness to settle in urban areas of older-generation, female, and married migrant workers. Therefore, this paper makes the following suggestions: the government should do a good job of top-level design of vocational-skills training for migrant workers, increase investment in human capital of migrant workers, and improve the employment quality of migrant workers.

Orientador: Jose Francisco Graziano da Silva Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia Resumo: A presente Tese analisou, por um lado, a evolução das principais características e da qualidade do emprego no mercado de trabalho assalariado agrícola e, por outro, das condições de vida das famílias dos empregados na agricultura brasileira no período 1992-2004, com base nos dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (Pnad). Para a análise, foram construídos dois índices sintéticos, calculados para os empregados permanentes e temporários, e respectivas famílias, residentes nas áreas rurais e urbanas das Grandes Regiões do Brasil. O Índice de Qualidade do Emprego (IQE), que também foi calculado para seis culturas, foi elaborado a partir de um conjunto de 14 indicadores, agregados em quatro dimensões: nível educacional dos empregados; grau de formalidade do emprego; rendimento obtido no trabalho principal; e auxílios recebidos pelos empregados. O Índice de Condições de Vida (ICV) foi elaborado a partir de 17 indicadores selecionados, de forma a mensurar quatro dimensões de grande relevância no cotidiano das famílias: as características do domicílio; o acesso aos serviços públicos; o acesso aos bens duráveis; e a renda média familiar. Os resultados evidenciaram um quadro de importantes melhorias que, obviamente, não foram homogêneas para todas as regiões, culturas selecionadas, categorias de trabalhadores e tipos de famílias analisadas. Na qualidade do emprego, apesar de aumentos no IQE de, praticamente, todas as categorias de empregados, a principal constatação foi a tendência de polarização no mercado de trabalho assalariado agrícola. Em 2004, as melhores condições de emprego ocorreram na região Centro-Oeste, enquanto as piores foram verificadas no Nordeste. Apesar dos importantes avanços na categoria dos empregados temporários, o IQE dos permanentes ainda era muito mais elevado. No tocante às culturas selecionadas, os dados mostraram melhores condições de emprego nas commodities internacionais vis-a-vis as tradicionais culturas domésticas. Os índices parciais de rendimento no trabalho principal e de grau de formalidade, que compõem o IQE, foram os que mais contribuíram para os avanços em todas as categorias de empregados. Na evolução das condições de vida das famílias dos empregados houve avanços em, praticamente, todos os tipos de famílias agrícolas e pluriativas, em todas as regiões. Um dado importante é que houve sensíveis reduções nas diferenças de ICV entre as famílias pluriativas e as agrícolas, especialmente nos índices parciais ligados às condições do domicílio e ao acesso aos serviços públicos. Os maiores ICVs foram registrados, no geral, para as famílias urbanas, pluriativas e de empregados permanentes. Em oposição, os ICVs mais baixos eram os das famílias rurais, agrícolas e de empregados temporários Abstract: This thesis analyzed not only the evolution of the main characteristics and the quality of the employment in salaried agricultural labor market but also the life conditions of the employees' families in Brazilian agriculture in the period 1992-2004, based on the National Household Sample Survey (Pnad) data. For the analysis, two synthetic indexes were built for the permanent and temporary employees and respective families, resident in rural and urban areas of the Great Regions of Brazil. The Employment Quality Index (EQI), also calculated for six crops, was built assembling 14 indicators that considered four dimensions: employees' educational level; employment degree of formality; main work income; and benefits received by the employees. The Life Conditions Index (LCI) was built assembling 17 selected indicators, in order the measure four relevant dimensions in the families? daily life: the households? characteristics; the access to public services; the access to durable goods; and the family average income. The results showed that important improvements took place in the period, obviously not homogeneous for all the Regions, all the selected crops, all the workers' categories and all the analyzed family types. Regarding to the employment quality, the main result was the polarization tendency in the salaried agricultural labor market, in spite of the EQIs? increases in almost all the employees? categories. In 2004, the best employment conditions happened at the Center-West Region, while the worst happened in the Northeast. In spite of the important progresses in the temporary employees' category, the EQI of the permanent ones was even much higher. Concerning the selected crops, the data showed better employment conditions in the international commodities vis-à-vis the traditional domestic ones. The partial indexes that mostly contributed to the progress of all the employees? categories were the main work income and the degree of formality. In the evolution of life conditions of the employees' families progresses took place in practically all the types of agricultural families and plural active families in all the Regions. It is important to evidence is that there were sensitive reductions in the differences of LCI between the plural active families and the agricultural ones, especially in the partial indexes regarded to the household conditions and to the access to the public services. The largest LCIs were registered for urban families, plural active families and families of permanent employees. In opposition, the lowest LCIs were the one of the rural families, agricultural families and families of temporary employees Doutorado Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente Doutor em Economia Aplicada

Americans' working lives have become more precarious over the past several decades. Worsening employment quality has been linked to poorer physical and mental health and may disproportionately impact marginalized working populations. We examined differences in the quality and character of worker-employer relationships among older workers in the United States (US) across intersecting gender-racial/ethnic-educational subgroups. Using longitudinal data on employment stability, material rewards, workers' rights, working-time arrangements, unionization, and interpersonal power relations from the Health and Retirement Study (1992-2016), we used principal components analysis to construct an employment quality (EQ) score. We estimated intersectional differences in EQ, overall and over time, using generalized estimating equations. Overall, EQ was greatest for white men with college degrees and poorest for Latinx women with < high school degrees. Over time, EQ tended to remain unchanged or slightly worsen across intersectional strata; the greatest EQ reduction was for Latinx women with college degrees, while the greatest improvement was for white women with high school degrees. There are enduring and growing inequities in EQ for older marginalized adults in the US, which may contribute to growing health inequities.

Employment quality (EQ) has gained increasing attention as a determinant of health, but the debate among occupational health researchers over the measurement of EQ poses a challenge to advancing the literature. This is especially problematic when the concept is used across social, cultural, and national borders, as EQ is shaped by power dynamics within sociopolitical and economic contexts that are specific to each society. Investigating EQ in context could help develop a clearer understanding as to why EQ is configured in certain ways, how best EQ could be measured, how EQ impacts health, and ultimately how EQ could be improved. In this paper, we propose that attention to social context—and in particular power—may help advance the research on EQ and health. We present an allegory, or a visual description, that articulates the power balance in the employer–worker relation as well as in the sociopolitical context in which the employer–worker relation takes place. We end by proposing specific approaches for occupational health researchers to incorporate a perspective of power in EQ research that may clarify the concept and measurement of EQ. A clearer recognition of EQ as a product of power in social context aligns with the research approach of addressing work as a social structural determinant of health.

Ample empirical evidence has found that access to childcare for preschool children increases mothers’ labor force participation and employment. In this paper, we investigate whether increased childcare for primary school children improves the quality of jobs mothers find by estimating the causal effect of a school schedule reform in Chile. Combining plausibly exogenous temporal and spatial variations in school schedules with a panel of individual mothers’ employment between 2002 and 2015, we estimated a fixed-effects model that controlled for unobserved heterogeneity. We found a positive effect of access to full-day schools on several measures of ’the quality of mothers’ jobs, which were correlated to working full-time. We also found small, positive effects on quality of fathers’ jobs. Our evidence suggests that the mechanism driving the effect was the effect of the reform’s implicit subsidy to the cost of childcare on the opportunity cost of mothers’ time. We also found that less educated mothers benefited most from the reform. Thus, childcare can increase household welfare by improving parents’ jobs and can play a role in reducing inequality.

В статье проблема оценки качества занятости населения исследуется под углом взаимовлияния объективных параметров рабочих мест, субъективных оценок своей ситуации в сфере труда персоналом предприятий и внешних факторов, связанных с изменением экономической конъюнктуры, определяющей альтернативные возможности занятости, открытые для работников. Интегральной категорией, характеризующей субъективную сторону качества занятости, является удовлетворенность работой. На материалах трех раундов обследования предприятий, принадлежащих крупной корпорации, показано, что на уровень удовлетворенности работников различными аспектами занимаемых ими рабочих мест и работой в целом влияют несколько типов факторов: индивидуальные характеристики работников, объективные условия их занятости и изменения экономической конъюнктуры рынка труда, в том числе острота угрозы безработицы и уровень заработных плат на аналогичных рабочих местах у других работодателей. Особое внимание уделяется влиянию экономического кризиса на различные аспекты удовлетворенности работой. Установлено, что состояние внешнего рынка труда играет важную роль в формировании у работников требований к работодателю в отношении условий труда и его оплаты, их восприятия справедливости на рабочем месте и, следовательно, существенно модифицирует субъективные оценки качества занятости. Воздействие внешнего фактора приводит к изменению притязаний работников вне зависимости от изменений объективных параметров их занятости. В условиях ухудшения конъюнктуры под воздействием кризисного спада в экономике субъективные оценки качества занятости могут улучшаться при одновременном ухудшении качества рабочих мест., The article examines the problem of assessing employment quality of working population from the angle of interdependence of objective job characteristics, subjective assessments of the employed of their situation in the world of work and external factors associated with changes in economic conditions, which determine alternative employment opportunities open to workers. An integral category that characterizes the subjective assessment of employment quality is job satisfaction. Based upon three rounds of a labor relations survey conducted at enterprises of a large corporation, it was shown that several types of factors affect the level of employee satisfaction with various aspects of their jobs and of overall job satisfaction: individual characteristics of workers and objective parameters of their jobs, chances to become unemployed and the level of wages in similar jobs at other employers. Particular attention is paid to the impact of the economic crisis on various aspects of job satisfaction. It has been established that the state of the external labor market plays an important role in the formation of workers’ demands on employer as regards wages and working conditions, their perception of fairness in the workplace and, therefore, significantly modifies subjective assessments of the quality of employment. The impact of external factors leads to a large extent determines aspirations and demands of workers, regardless of the objective parameters of their work situation. In the time of crisis when economic conditions worsen and labor market becomes slack, subjective assessments of employment quality may improve, while objective quality of jobs deteriorates., Бизнес. Образование. Право, Выпуск 4 (53) 2020

ObjectivesTo investigate the association between maternal employment precarity and infant low birth weight (LBW), and to assess if this association differs by race/ethnicity.MethodsData were collected from 2871 women enrolled in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Children and Young Adult Cohort. Employment precarity was evaluated using a summary variable that combined several employment attributes: availability of employer-sponsored insurance, income, long shifts, non-daytime shifts, availability of employer sponsored training or educational benefits and membership in a union or collective bargaining unit. Employment precarity scores (a sum of the number of negative employment attributes) were categorised into low (0–2), medium (3) and high (4-6). LBW was defined as weight less than 2500 g at birth. Modified Poisson models were fit to calculate risk ratios and 95% CIs and adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, nativity, prepregnancy body mass index, alcohol consumption, smoking during pregnancy and infant year of birth. We assessed effect modification by maternal race/ethnicity using a composite exposure-race variable.ResultsWomen with high employment precarity had higher risk of a LBW delivery compared with women with low employment precarity (RR: 1.48, 95% CI: 1.11 to 1.98). Compared to non-Hispanic/non-black women with low employment precarity, non-Hispanic black women (RR: 2.68; 95% CI: 1.72 to 4.15), Hispanic women (RR: 2.53; 95% CI: 1.54 to 4.16) and non-Hispanic/non-black women (RR: 1.46; 95% CI: 0.98 to 2.16) with high employment precarity had higher risk of LBW.ConclusionsWe observed higher risk of LBW in pregnancies of women with high employment precarity; this association was stronger among black and Hispanic mothers compared to non-Hispanic/non-black women. Findings of this study can be used to inform antenatal care and identify workplace policies to better support women who work during pregnancy.

The shifting nature of employment in recent decades has not been adequately examined from a public health perspective. To that end, traditional models of work and health research need to be expanded to include the relational and contractual aspects of employment that also affect health. We examine the association of three health outcomes with different types of employment in the contemporary U.S. labor market, as measured by a multidimensional construct of employment quality (EQ) derived from latent class analysis. We find that EQ is associated with self-rated health, mental health, and occupational injury. Further, we explore three proposed mediating mechanisms of the EQ-health relationship (material deprivation, employment-related stressors, and occupational risk factors), and find each to be supported by these data.

Resumen Este artículo analiza las condiciones laborales de tres regiones del sur austral de Chile -Los Lagos, Aysén y Magallanes- entre 1990 y 2011, usando indicadores sintéticos que incluyen cuatro dimensiones: ingresos, seguridad social, jornada y contrato laboral. Se encuentra que las condiciones son significativamente diferentes -Magallanes tiene la mejor posición relativa y Los Lagos la menor-, que los indicadores no mejoraron sustancialmente con respecto a 1990, solo en estas dos hubo mejoras significativas al final del periodo. Abstract The working conditions of three regions of the southern south of Chile are analyzed: Los Lagos, Aysén and Magallanes, constructing synthetic indicators by region in the long term, through 4 dimensions: income, social security, working day and contract. It is obtained that the conditions are significantly different between regions. Magallanes has the best relative position and Los Lagos least; In addition, the indicators have not improved substantially, compared to the initial period, only in the last two there is a significant improvement. Resumo Este artigo analisa as condições de trabalho de três regiões do sul do Chile -Los Lagos, Aysén e Magallanes- entre 1990 e 2011, utilizando indicadores sintéticos que incluem quatro dimensões: renda, seguridade social, jornada de trabalho e contrato. Verifica-se que as condições são significativamente diferentes -Magallanes tem a melhor posição relativa e Los Lagos, a menor- e que os indicadores não melhoraram substancialmente em relação a 1990, apenas nessas duas regiões houve melhorias significativas no final do período.

In the past four decades, high-income countries have seen a thorough socio-economic restructuring with important implications for the jobs of many workers, including health- and safety-related aspects. Much attention has been paid to psychosocial risks related to intrinsic features of contemporary work tasks, while the occupational health and safety consequences of ‘new’ conditions and relations of employment have remained neglected. This relative neglect is unjustified given the disrupting nature of many contemporary forms of employment. In this commentary, I introduce the concept of ‘employment quality’ as a novel approach towards measuring employment-related OHS risks. Employment quality involves a ‘typological approach’ towards employment arrangements, identifying five employment types in European labour markets, showing a distinct profile in terms of health-related employment characteristics. Moreover, these types align with segmented labour market theory, have a clear socio-economic profile, and show strong associations with workers’ self-reported health.

While it is well known that person–organization fit is an important antecedent of behavioral outcomes, little is known about needs–supplies fit in this relationship. In this way, we first want to extend our knowledge about defining and assessing work-related needs derived from employment quality indicators as the basis for needs–supplies fit. Second, following the Cognitive and Affective Personality System theory, we test the mediating role of organizational identification to better understand how needs–supplies fit is related to task performance and organizational citizenship behaviors. Data were collected in two companies: sample 1 (N=525) and sample 2 (N=525). Results show (a) that a specific needs–supplies fit perception (i.e., based on 12 work-related needs derived from employment quality indicators) is positively related to a global needs–supplies fit perception (i.e., based on an overall job perception), suggesting that needs–supplies fit may be a multidimensional concept and (b) the full mediating role of organizational identification in the relationship between needs–supplies fit and performance measures.

The goals of equitable and fair treatment in employment relationships have become a growing concern due to demographic changes and globalisation. Consequently, the quality of employment and relationships appeared to be an anachronism in competitive conditions where an organisation may need to minimise costs by reducing the headcounts. The study investigated the determinants of employment quality on employee behavioural outcomes. The study adopted a descriptive research design to establish trends related to the objectives of this study. The survey questionnaire was adopted to elicit information from the staff of the selected public (corporation) service. Out of 350 copies of the questionnaire distributed, only 230 copies were duly filled and completed. A variance-based model, specifically, SEM was adopted to establish goodness fit. Results indicate that work flexibility, learning and development, organisational culture, involvement in the determination of reward system, and work relationship significantly impact on employee behavioural outcomes. On the contrary, it was evident that the organisational policy has the least predictive value for promoting desirable outcomes. This could probably be as a result of many written rules and bureaucratic structure that exist in the public service. Differences in employees’ behavioural outcomes can be linked to age (λ2 = 5.741, df = 4, P < 0.05), educational background (λ2 = 7.723, df = 4, P < 0.05) and work experience (λ2 = 9.672, df = 4, P < 0.05) while gender was not statistically significant. By implications, organisational policies should be tailored towards ensuring the quality of employment and should be targeted to facilitate commitment and positive work behaviour., Employment quality, Culture, Rewards, Relationships, Employee behavioural outcome, Policy; Social sciences; Economics; Business; Psychology; Sociology.

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar las implicancias de la subcontratación sobre la calidad del empleo a partir del caso de dos empresas petroquímicas en la Argentina. Se ofrece un abordaje cualitativo, basado en el análisis documental y de entrevistas en profundidad. Se exploran tres dimensiones en las cuales se expresa la degradación del empleo: la (in)estabilidad del empleo; los niveles salariales; y un conjunto de condiciones de trabajo ?no pecuniarias? que comprenden diferentes derechos y/o beneficios laborales. Los resultados evidencian que, si bien persisten diferencias salariales y de estabilidad entre trabajadores directos y tercerizados, la estrategia sindical ha logrado reducir las heterogeneidades. A su vez, se destaca el modo en que diferencias referidas a otros beneficios como el comedor o el transporte son enfatizadas por los trabajadores tercerizados. The objective of this article is to analyze the implications of outsourcing on employment quality in two petrochemical companies in Argentina. The study is based on the analysis of documents and in­depth interviews. Three dimensions ­which reveal the levels of employment degradation­ are explored: job (in)stability, wage levels and a set of working conditions ­non pecuniary­ which comprise different labor rights and/or employment benefits. The results reveal that, in spite of the different wages and levels of stability among direct and outsourced workers, the unions’ strategy has managed to reduce heterogeneities. Likewise, the study stresses that way in which other perks differences, as eating at the workplace or transport to and from work, are highlighted by outsourced workers. Fil: Fernández Massi, Mariana. Universidad Nacional de Moreno. Departamento de Economía y Administracion; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación. Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales; Argentina

RESUMEN El artículo se propone estudiar la evolución del mercado laboral argentino en la posconvertibilidad, así como sus principales transformaciones. Para ello, se analizan diferentes variables (empleo, salario, calidad del vínculo laboral, evolución del sector informal urbano) a partir de considerar a la renta de la tierra y el rezago de productividad de la economía argentina como los determinantes estructurales del proceso de acumulación de capital argentino. Entre los resultados se observa una importante reversión de las tendencias que operaron desde mediados de la década de 1970, particularmente hacia la de 1990, de modo que el periodo se cerró con niveles sustancialmente mejores. No obstante, dicha recuperación se estancó hacia 2011 - 2012, lo cual, desde una perspectiva de largo plazo, muestra una población trabajadora atravesada por una diferenciación en sus condiciones de reproducción, mucho más profundas que las existentes en el pasado. CONTENIDO: Introducción; 1. Breves consideraciones en torno a la necesidad de fuentes de compensación de la economía nacional y su evolución general hasta comienzos del siglo xxi; 2. El mercado laboral en la larga década del 2000; 3. Consideraciones finales y perspectivas; Bibliografía. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: E24; E25; J31; N16; O17 ABSTRACT The article proposes to study the evolution of the Argentine labor market in the post-convertibility period, as well as its main transformations. To do this, different variables are analyzed (employment, salary, employment relationship quality, and urban informal sector evolution), based on considering land rent and the productivity lag of the Argentine economy as the structural determinants of the accumulation process of Argentine capital. The results show a significant reversal of the trends that operated since the mid -1970s, particularly toward the 1990s, so that the latter period ended with substantially better levels. However, this recovery was stagnated in 2011-2012. From a long-term perspective, this shows a working population affected by a differentiation in their reproductive conditions, much deeper than those in the past. JEL CLASSIFICATION: E24; E25; J31; N16; O17 RESUMO O artigo propõe estudar a evolução do mercado de trabalho argentino na pós-conversibilidade, bem como suas principais transformações. Para isso, analisam-se diferentes variáveis (emprego, salário, qualidade do vínculo empregatício, evolução do setor informal urbano), considerando a renda da terra e a defasagem de produtividade da economia argentina como determinantes estruturais do processo de acumulação de capital argentino. Os resultados mostram uma reversão significativa das tendências que operaram desde meados da década de 1970, particularmente até a década de 1990, de modo que o período fechou com níveis substancialmente melhores. No entanto, esta recuperação estagnou no período 2011-2012, que, a partir de uma perspetiva de longo prazo, mostra uma população trabalhadora atravessada por uma diferenciação nas suas condições de reprodução, muito mais profunda do que as que existiam no passado. CONTEÚDO: Introdução; 1. Breves considerações sobre a necessidade de fontes de compensação da economia nacional e sua evolução geral até o início do século XXI; 2. Mercado de trabalho durante a longa década de 2000; 3. Considerações finais e perspectivas; Bibliografia. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL: E24; E25; J31; N16; O17

In this article, data from the 2005 European Working Conditions Survey are used to examine the relationship between contemporary employment arrangements and the work-related well-being of European employees. By means of a Latent Class Cluster Analysis, several features of the employment conditions and relations characterizing jobs are combined in a typology of five employment arrangements: SER-like, instrumental, precarious unsustainable, precarious intensive and portfolio jobs. These job types show clear relationships with separate indicators of job satisfaction, perceived safety climate and the ability to stay in employment, as well as with an overall indicator for work-related well-being. The findings from this multifaceted approach towards employment quality raise questions about the long-term sustainability of highly flexible and de-standardized employment arrangements.Keywords: Employment quality, Employment conditions, Employment relations, Job satisfaction, Work-related well-being

An analysis of the phenomenon of combining work and study amongst university students is made using data obtained from surveys of graduates carried out four years after finishing their degrees. First, the article reviews the evolution of the phenomenon over the last ten years, taking into account the Catalan University Quality Assurance Agency (AQU) labour market insertion surveys for 2005, 2008, 2011 and 2014. Second, the 2008 and 2014 waves are compared to analyse the impact of the economic crisis. In this case, how combining work and study affects academic results and labour market insertion is studied, in addition to whether or not differences occur according to the family's educational background. A random stratified two-stage sampling is used to obtain the results; descriptive and ANOVA analyses with different factors are performed. The evolution shows how the numbers of students who combine work and study has increased, especially among those whose parents have little education. Furthermore, this means that lower marks are obtained and that there is a greater degree of inequality in labour market insertion, depending on the educational background of the family of origin. In general, the relationship between the different variables shows how combining work and study has negative effects on marks but positive effects on labour market insertion, especially if the work experience whilst at university is related to the studies.

This article presents an overview of the recent work on precarious employment and employment quality in relation to workers’ health and well-being. More specifically, the article mainly reviews the work performed in the E.U. 7th Framework project, SOPHIE. First, we present our overarching conceptual framework. Then, we provide a compiled overview of the evidence on the sociodemographic and European cross-country distribution of employment quality and employment precariousness. Subsequently, we provide the current evidence regarding the relations with health and broader worker well-being indicators. A final section summarizes current insights on the pathways relating precarious employment and health and well-being. The article concludes with a plea for further data collection and research into the longitudinal effects of employment precariousness among emerging groups of workers. Based on the evidence compiled in this article, policymakers should be convinced of the harmful health and well-being effects of employment precariousness and (further) labor market flexibilization.

As the fourth industrial revolution has been emerging, there are concerns of labor forces being replaced by technology, recent interest on the work-life balance, and the quality of employment has received attention. This study investigates the role of technology startups on employment and innovative performance. Using empirical data from workplace panel data provided by the Korea Labor Institute, this study reveals that technology startups impact the employment quality and innovative performance by the action of technological innovation. The results highlight the quality of employment as a driver for innovative performance in technology startups. The results of this study will provide practical implications for enhancing technology entrepreneurship.

This paper compares empirical findings on the motivation and welfare impacts of rural-urban migration from two comprehensive case studies conducted in Thailand and Vietnam. Panel data of around 4,000 rural households and tracking surveys of close to 1,000 migrants are used from the two countries. The studies find that outcomes depend to a large extent on the development status of the country. Rural households consider outmigration mostly as a livelihood support strategy. Given the scarcity of employment opportunities in the rural areas, migrants see themselves forced to look for jobs in the cities. Interestingly, most migrants perceive themselves to be better off in the cities. The rural households left behind benefit from migration as the remittances tend to have positive income growth effects. The research confirms the calls for improved social protection for migrants in urban areas and for quality schooling in the rural areas.

This paper compares empirical findings on the motivation and welfare impacts of ruralurban migration from two comprehensive case studies conducted in Thailand and Vietnam. The results are based on panel data of around 4,000 rural households and tracking surveys of close to 1,000 migrants. The studies find outcomes depending on the development status of the country. Rural outmigration is mostly considered as a livelihood support strategy of rural households. Given the scarcity of employment opportunities in the rural areas, migrants see themselves forced to look for jobs in the cities. Interestingly, most migrants perceive themselves to be better off in the cities. The rural households left behind benefit from migration as the remittances tend to have positive income growth effects. The research confirms the calls for improved social protection for migrants in urban areas and for quality schooling in the rural areas.

Summary This study investigates whether and to what extent further unemployment experience for youths who are already long term unemployed imposes a penalty on subsequent labour market outcomes. We propose a flexible method for analysing the effect on wages aside from transitions from unemployment and employment within a multivariate duration model which controls for selection on observables and unobservables. We find that prolonging unemployment drastically decreases the chances of finding employment but hardly affects the quality of subsequent employment. The analysis suggests that negative duration dependence in the job finding rate is induced by negative signalling and not by human capital depreciation.

Urban migration unlocks new employment opportunities for rural dwellers in a productive manner. This study assessed the quality of employment of migrant workers, and its effect on rural households&rsquo, welfare. To this end, we used primary data collected from the four major districts of Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, and Sialkot in Punjab, Pakistan. These data include 504 immigrant and non-immigrant families in rural areas, and 252 migrant workers in urban destinations. We use IV probit and two-step sequential estimation methods for the empirical analysis. The study provides new insights for migration in Pakistan. First, migrant workers are better off in their new urban settings in terms of improved incomes and living conditions, but their social protection status is still poor. Second, the results of the employment quality models show that migration is a successful strategy for rural households to improve the quality of their employment. In addition, the characteristics of migrants and native households affect the relative improvement in the quality of employment and migrants&rsquo, conditions. Third, the results of the propensity score matching technique suggest that migration has a positive impact on rural households&rsquo, income, and these impacts are more pronounced in large cities. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the government should invest in quality education in rural areas, and ensure that social security schemes are provided for migrant workers in urban areas.

Job quality represents a fundamental objective within the EU employment policy agenda, which allows assessing the labour market performance. The high work intensity, increase in temporary work, deterioration of working conditions and increasing competition on the labour market have caused the decline of employment quality in the EU over the last decades. The paper highlights the importance of considering the job quality as a dimension of the quality of employment services. In order to capture this new dimension, the paper proposes a set of job quality indicators, which are taken and adapted from the set of Laeken indicators. This new multidimensional approach allows measuring the job quality, which itself represents a fundamental dimension of the quality of employment services.

The changing nature of employment in recent decades, due to an increased emphasis on flexibility and competitiveness in European labour markets, compels the need to assess the consequences of contemporary employment situations for workers. This article aims to study the relation between the quality of employment and the health and well-being of European workers, using data from the 2010 European Working Conditions Survey. A typology of employment arrangements, mapping out employment quality in the European labour force, is constructed by means of a Latent Class Cluster Analysis. This innovative approach shows that it is possible to condense multiple factors characterising the employment situation into five job types: Standard Employment Relationship-like (SER-like), instrumental, precarious unsustainable, precarious intensive and portfolio jobs. Binary logistic regression analyses show that, controlling for other work quality characteristics, this employment quality typology is related to self-perceived job satisfaction, general health and mental health. Precarious intensive jobs are associated with the worst and SER-like jobs with the best health and well-being situation. The findings presented in this study indicate that, among European wage workers, flexible and de-standardised employment tends to be related to lower job satisfaction, general health and mental health. The quality of employment is thus identified as an important social determinant of health (inequalities) in Europe.

Based on field survey, an empirical analysis was made on the correlation between employment quality and skill training of land-expropriated farmers. The analysis indicated that there are differences in employment opportunity, employment sector, employment ability, wage income and employment stability between land-expropriated farmers. Besides, though skill training, it is feasible to effectively improve employment quality of land-expropriated farmers. The skill training exerts a significant effect on employment and urban adaptation of land-expropriated farmers. The mode of skill training promoting employment quality was proposed. Skill training can raise human resource level of land-expropriated farmers, and increase their labor and employment skills, to help them realize regular employment and smoothly become citizens. For fund sources for skill training, government and land expropriation unit should bring into play active role. And skill training should be undertaken under the guidance of government and support of land expropriation unit.

Aunque no existe una definición única para el concepto de la calidad del empleo, sí hay un acuerdo sobre las condiciones mínimas que deben cumplirse: existencia de un contrato laboral, remuneración adecuada, afiliación a la seguridad social y jornada laboral justa. Para el caso de las trece principales áreas metropolitanas de Colombia, con datos de los segundos trimestres del 2008 a 2012 y aplicando el análisis de correspondencias múltiples, como técnica que hace parte de una metodología alternativa para medir la calidad del empleo, se tiene que la mayoría de asalariados ganan hasta un SMLV, no tienen contrato laboral, su jornada de trabajo es inferior a la de Ley y están afiliados al servicio de salud. Although we do not have an exclusive definition about employment quality, we do agree that it must meet minimal conditions such as the existence of a contract, the access to social security, a fair wage, and a fair workday. For the main 13 metropolitan areas of Colombia, having available data for the second quarters from 2008 to 2012, and applying the multiple factor analysis, as a technique making part of an alternative methodology for measuring job quality, we found that many employees earn at least one minimum wage, they don't have a contract, their workday is not legal, and they are affiliated to health service. Apesar de que não existe uma definição exclusiva para o conceito de qualidade do emprego, há um consenso sobre as condições mínimas que devem cumprir-se: existência de um contrato, remuneração justa, filiação ao sistema previdenciário, e jornada de trabalho adequada. Para as treze principais áreas metropolitanas da Colômbia, tomando os dados do segundo trimestre 2008-2012, e aplicando a análise de correspondência múltipla, sendo uma forma alternativa para medir a qualidade do emprego, encontra-se que a maioria dos assalariados que ganham pelo menos um salário mínimo não tem contrato, seu dia de trabalho não é legal e estão filiados au serviço de saúde.

The impact of the economic crisis should act as an incentive to devise less vulnerable economic development models for Spanish cities. This study confirms that the impact of the creative economy, one of the most interesting initiatives in this context, remains very limited. Furthermore, microdata obtained from a sample of one million workers in Spain, published annually by the Social Security system, confirm that the sharp contrasts emerging in employment quality between sectors and regions, the processes of ‘precariousness of talent’ and labour dualization expressed through inequalities in the occupational structure are each becoming significant threats to viable economic development. For the creative economy to be an effective instrument for metropolitan regeneration, adapted to suit the specificities of particular urban development paths, an improved understanding of the inherent complexity of creative-economy employment relations is required, The authors would like to thank José Manuel Rojo (CSIC) and three anonymous referees for their constructive and useful comments. This research was financed by R&D&I Plan projects CSO2012-36170 and ECO2011-30323-C03-01, and by the National programme ‘Ramón y Cajal’ of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, in which Simón Sánchez-Moral takes part.

Background: Relations between intrinsic job characteristics - measured by means of the Demand/Control/Support model - and mental well-being have been studied previously. The same holds for the relation between characteristics of the psychosocial work environment and socio-economic inequalities in mental well-being. However, in order to capture the contemporary work situation in a more complete manner a single focus on intrinsic job characteristics may be insufficient as other structural aspects of work (the standard employment relationship) have changed. Moreover, empirical findings have repeatedly stressed the vulnerable position of women as they are disproportionately participating in jobs with non-standard contracts. In this paper the relation between mental well-being and a multidimensional instrument for measuring the quality of employment (QOE) is investigated, together with indicators of socio-economic position, gender and intrinsic job characteristics. The QOE includes [1] employment (in)stability, [2] (low) material rewards, [3] (de)standardised working time arrangements, [4] (limited) employability opportunities, [4] collective (dis)organisation and [6] (im)balanced interpersonal power relations. Objectives: Our main hypothesis is that additional to a low quality of work, a low quality of employment has an adverse mental well-being effect and there are gender inequalities in mental well-being, however influenced by the characteristics of the psychosocial work environment and employment arrangements. Method: Cross-sectional data for 21 EU-member states was obtained from the 2010 European Social Survey. A total of 15,051 persons in salaried employment aged 15 to 65 years old is analysed. Linear regressions adjusted for age, socio-economic position and country are fit for male and female employees separately. Covariates were skill discretion, autonomy, psychological demands, social support, lack of opportunities and an indicator set of the quality of employment. Results: Differences in male mental well-being are explained by employment arrangements. As to the effect of intrinsic job characteristics on the mental well-being, employees are found to experience a negative mental well-being effect form low skill discretion, low autonomy, high psychological demands and low co-workers support. There is an additional adverse well-being effect of the quality of employment, especially the indicator of a low material reward is important predictor. However one indicator of the QOE model has no significant effect on employee well-being (employment contract) and the different features of the QOE model are not equally important to men and women. Our findings suggest that the female well-being is more vulnarable to the degree of irregular and/or unsocial working time arrangements, while male employee well-being is more affected by a lack of representation. Furtermore, in female employees there is a strong association between doing low intrinsic quality work and having low quality employment relations. Conclusion: Employment quality characteristics have an adverse effect on the mental wellbeing, additional to the intrinsic job characteristics. Differences between male and female employees are observed which are suggested to be attributable to different gender roles, coping strategies and a greater vulnerability of women to be holding destandardised contracts. Future research should concentrate on the effect of family characteristics when analysing the effect of working times arrangements for female employees. From a policy perspective these results are suggesting that governments should guard the equal chance of high quality employment arrangements, independent of the kind of job a person does, especially for women. Since female workers with low quality employment arrangements more frequently act as a buffer that protects workers with high quality employment arrangements from the risk of unemployment.

This report provides an in-depth analysis of the quality of employment conditions and employment relations in the European employed workforce. Employment in the report is viewed as the contractual relationship between an employer and a worker, specifically how the rights and duties embedded into the relationship are translated into real rights. The analysis is mainly based on data from the fifth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), conducted in 2010. Where appropriate, comparisons with earlier waves of the EWCS are made. An executive summary is also available.

The rural segments are going through intense changes in their scenarios. Brazilian agriculture and cattle raising sectors, due to exports and production growth for the domestic market, contribute to job growth. However, due to technological changes and advancement of the urbanization, a change in the dynamics of labor in this sector has occurred, modifying their internal relations of production. In this context of changes, this paper analyzes the quality of employment in Brazilian agriculture in the years 1990-2010. Using data from the Relação Anual de Informações Sociais, from Ministry of Labor and Employment, the Formal Employment Quality Index was estimated in the agriculture sector in the period 1990-2010. Results demonstrate an advance in education, wage contraction and high standards of turnover, indicating replacement of labor in this segment.

The current global economic crisis profoundly affects various social determinants of health. Health has many social determinants, however work and employment are the origin of many important determinants of health. This project aims at examining the cross-national variation in the crisis-affected trends in mental well-being levels of workers. Mental well-being is an important precursor of more severe mental health problems and these are in turn major causes of disability. The project will also contribute to the explanation of cross-national variation in mental well-being levels through changes in work related health determinants. Therefore the quality of work (QOW) will be measured. The QOW consists of four components: (1) task content (Arbeidsinhoud), (2) working conditions (Arbeidsomstandigheden), (3) employment relations (Arbeidsverhoudingen) and (4) employment conditions (Arbeidsvoorwaarden). For instance, during the past decade the employment conditions have changed. An important evolution is the rise offorms of flexible employment, certainly precarious employment. Research on precarious employment conditions suggest adverse mental health effects. The European Social Survey (ESS) will be used to make this cross-national analysis of individual level social health determinants related to the current crisis. The data from Round 2 (2004/2005) and Round 5 (2010/2011) will provide comparable indicators of work, employment and mental well-being before and after the crisis.

This study investigates whether and to what extent further unemployment experience for youths who are already long-term unemployed imposes a penalty on subsequent labor market outcomes. We propose a flexible method for analyzing the effect on wages aside of transitions from unemployment and employment within a multivariate duration model that controls for selection on observables and unobservables. We find that prolonging unemployment drastically decreases the chances of finding employment, but hardly affects the quality of subsequent employment. The analysis suggests that negative duration dependence in the job finding rate is induced by negative signaling and not by human capital depreciation.

This study investigates whether and to what extent further unemployment experience for youths who are already long-term unemployed imposes a penalty on subsequent labor market outcomes. We propose a flexible method for analyzing the effect on wages aside of transitions from unemployment and employment within a multivariate duration model that controls for selection on observables and unobservables. We find that prolonging unemployment drastically decreases the chances of finding employment, but hardly affects the quality of subsequent employment. The analysis suggests that negative duration dependence in the job finding rate is induced by negative signaling and not by human capital depreciation.

This study investigates whether and to what extent further unemployment experience for youths who are already long-term unemployed imposes a penalty on subsequent labor market outcomes. We propose a flexible method for analyzing the effect on wages aside of transitions from unemployment and employment within a multivariate duration model that controls for selection on observables and unobservables. We find that prolonging unemployment drastically decreases the chances of finding employment, but hardly affects the quality of subsequent employment. The analysis suggests that negative duration dependence in the job finding rate is induced by negative signaling and not by human capital depreciation.

Es usual analizar las deficiencias de la calidad del empleo utilizando las variables de informalidad y de subempleo. Se entiende que la primera captura el problema desde la perspectiva de las empresas (la demanda), mientras la segunda lo capta desde la perspectiva de la oferta (los trabajadores). Este trabajo examina qué tan relacionadas están estas variables con la calidad del empleo en el mercado laboral urbano de Colombia. Para ello se analizan de manera conjunta los determinantes de la informalidad y el subempleo, utilizando un modelo econométrico que incorpora la correlación de los términos de error (modelo probit bivariado). Se encuentra una alta correlación entre estas variables; y estas, a su vez, se relacionan con bajos niveles de ingreso, bajos niveles educativos, condiciones laborales deficientes y sectores de bajo desarrollo tecnológico. Este es el primer trabajo sobre el mercado laboral colombiano en el cual se examinan analíticamente y de forma conjunta la informalidad y el subempleo. It is common to analyze deficiencies in employment quality by using the variables informal employment and underemployment. The former term is understood to capture the problem from the company perspective (demand) whereas the latter captures it from the worker perspective (supply). This paper examines how related those variables are to employment quality in the Colombian urban labor market. To do so, the determinants informal employment and underemployment are analyzed together using an econometric model that incorporates the correlation of the terms of error (bivariate probit model). A high correlation was found between the two variables and they, in turn, are related to low income levels, low educational levels, deficient work conditions, and low technological development sectors. This is the first paper on the Colombian labor market that analytically examines informal employment and underemployment together. Ë usual analisar as deficiências da qualidade de emprego utilizando as variáveis de informalidade e de sub-em-prego. Entende-se que a primeira captura do problema desde a perspectiva das empresas (a demanda), enquanto a segunda o capta desde a perspectiva da oferta (os trabalhadores). Este trabalho examina qué tanto estão relacionadas estas variáveis com a qualidade do emprego no mercado de trabalho urbano da Colômbia. Para isto, analisam-se de maneira conjunta os determinantes da informalidade e o sub-emprego utilizando um modelo econométrico que incorpora a correlação entre os termos de erro (modelo probit bi-variado). Encontra-se uma alta correlação entre estas variáveis; e em sua vez, estas relacionam-se com baixos níveis de ingresso, baixos níveis educativos, condições laborais deficientes e setores de baixo desenvolvimento tecnológico. Este é o primeiro trabalho sobre o mercado de trabalho colombiano, no qual examina-se analiticamente e de maneira conjunta a informalidade e o sub-emprego.

The main purpose of this paper is to present an analysis of formal employment generated in Brazil from 2003 to 2006. It develops a discussion about the labor market performance during the 90’s, when strong changes in Brazilian economy occurred. Then the generation of new jobs is analyzed in the 27 states as well as in 137 Brazilian sub-regions. It is proposed an index which ranks regions according to the quality of employment locally generated. Our results show that most registered employment occurs in the neighborhood of main state capitals, especially in the case of trade and services. Industry on the contrary is moving toward the interior of the country, confirming results already verified since the 90s. Industry movements however are directed to the more developed states, mainly in the south and southeast regions. It is also possible to verify a positive correlation between employment quantity and employment quality, which means that regions with larger labor markets usually generate employments of better quality.

Este trabajo se propone hacer un aporte al estudio de la situación laboral de los jóvenes en un aglomerado argentino en particular, el Gran La Plata, conformado por los partidos de La Plata –capital de la Provincia de Buenos aires–, Berisso y ensenada. Se trata de un aglomerado urbano que, en líneas generales, ha atravesado por procesos similares a los constatados a nivel nacional en el mercado de trabajo, así como en relación con la evolución de los indicadores de pobreza e indigencia. Distintos estudios han aportado a una caracterización completa del mercado de trabajo local desde principios de los años noventa, pero no se han realizado investigaciones específicas sobre la problemática laboral juvenil en el aglomerado. El período seleccionado para realizar este estudio comprende los años 2003 a 2006, momento en el cual se produjo un crecimiento constante de la economía nacional en el que se visualizaron mejoras generales en los niveles de empleo y bajas en los niveles de pobreza e indigencia. Al tiempo que cabe tener en cuenta que estas mejoras –si bien importantes– no representan una recuperación de los niveles previos a la década del noventa, es preciso destacar, como remarcan algunos autores, que los incrementos en el empleo y las disminuciones en las tasas de desocupación y subocupación no implican que se hayan revertido problemas estructurales como la segmentación y precarización laboral, con sus efectos sobre las condiciones de vida de los trabajadores. esto hace particularmente interesante el estudio de la situación de los jóvenes, dadas las especificidades como grupo que adquieren en el mercado de trabajo. Se utilizan los datos pertenecientes a la encuesta Permanente de Hogares del Indec disponibles de la versión continua (2003-2006), considerando el segundo semestre de cada año., This work proposes to do a contribution to the study of the labour situation of young people in an argentine agglomerate, Gran La Plata, shaped by the city of La Plata –the capital of the Province of Buenos aires–, Berisso and ensenada. It is an urban agglomerate that in general lines has crossed for similar processes to the ones that have ocurred in the nacional level on the labor market, as well as in relation to the evolution of the indicators of poverty and indigence. Different studies have reached to a complete characterization of the local labor market from the beginning of the nineties, but specific researches have not been realized on the labour juvenile problematics. The period selected to realize this study includes the year 2003 to 2006, moment in which there has taken place a constant growth of the national economy, in which general improvements were visualized in the levels of employment and falls in the levels of poverty and indigence. at the time that it is necessary to bear in mind that these improvements –as they are important– they do not represent a recovery of the previous levels of the decade of ninety, it is necessary to stand out, since some authors notice, that the increases in the employment and decreases in the rates of unemployment and suboccupation do not involve that structural problems have been reverted, as the segmentation and precarización labour, with their effects on the living conditions of the workers. This makes particularly interesting the study of the situation of the young people, given the specificities that as group they acquire on the labor market. There is in use the information belonging to the encuesta Permanente de Hogares from Indec, available of the constant version (2003-2006), considering the second semester of every year., Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

Introduction: There is the tendency in occupational health research of approximating the 'changed world of work' with a sole focus on the intrinsic characteristics of the work task, encompassing the job content and working conditions. This is insufficient to explain the mental health risks associated with contemporary paid work as not only the nature of work tasks have changed but also the terms and conditions of employment. The main aim of the present study is to investigate whether a set of indicators referring to quality of the employment arrangement is associated with the well-being of people in salaried employment. Associations between the quality of contemporary employment arrangements and mental well-being in salaried workers are investigated through a multidimensional set of indicators for employment quality (contract type; income; irregular and/or unsocial working hours; employment status; training; participation; and representation). The second and third aim are to investigate whether the relation between employment quality and mental well-being is different for employed men and women and across different welfare regimes. Methods: Cross-sectional data of salaried workers aged 15¿65 from 21 EU-member states (n =11,940) were obtained from the 2010 European Social Survey. Linear regression analyses were performed. Results: For both men and women, and irrespective of welfare regime, several sub-dimensions of low employment quality are significantly related with poor mental well-being. Most of the significant relations persist after controlling for intrinsic job characteristics. An insufficient household income and irregular and/or unsocial working hours are the strongest predictors of poor mental well-being. A differential vulnerability of employed men and women to the sub-dimensions of employment quality is found in Traditional family and Southern European welfare regimes. Conclusions: There are significant relations between indicators of low employment quality and poor mental well-being, also when intrinsic characteristics of the work task are controlled. Gender differences are least pronounced in Earner-carer countries. The research for this article has been supported by the Research council of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium (research grant 'OZR2094'), by the Research Foundation Flanders (grant number G.0440.09 N) and the SOPHIE-project which has received funding from the European Community's Seventh Framework Program Health (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement no.278173

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-15T18:28:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014 An outcome of economic growth is increased employment, but this should not be the only measure to assess a country's labour market, it is also important to verify whether the jobs created are considered good jobs. Thus, this study analyses the Brazilian labour market from 2000 to 2009, in terms of the quantity and quality of jobs generated in this period. To this end, a descriptive analysis was performed, in addition to an evaluation using econometrics and the data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique. The results of the research indicated that the Brazilian labour market is growing in terms of its quality. Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, Departamento de Engenharia de Produção, Universidade de São Paulo Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Ciências e Letras de Araraquara, Araraquara, Rodovia Araraquara-Jaú Km 1 Departamento de Engenharia de Produção Departamento de Economia

In this article employment quality in the EU27 is investigated by means of a typological approach, based on several features of the employment conditions and relations characterising jobs. The analyses are drawing on data from the 2005 European Working Conditions Survey. Results of Latent Class Cluster Analyses show that it is empirically and theoretically possible to reduce a multitude of factors determining the quality of employment into five different types of jobs regarding their employment quality: SER-like jobs, instrumental jobs, precarious unsustainable jobs, precarious intensive jobs and portfolio jobs. These five types of jobs are strongly related with important covariates such as the socio-demographic profile of workers, organisation level features and indicators of the intrinsic nature of work tasks. Moreover, they are clearly distributed differently between countries within the EU27. The findings from this innovative approach towards the quality of employment are discussed in terms of the implications for the measurement of contemporary employment arrangements in Europe.Keywords: Employment quality, Employment conditions, Employment relations, Quality of work, Job quality