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Scientific consensus agrees that over recent decades and generations, Earth has entered a new geological epoch, termed the Anthropocene. Whereas previous new epochs are postulated to have followed comet strikes and solar realignment, it is demonstrable that it is now human activity that most affects climate change, the release and transformation of chemicals, and general endangerment to life forms. At the same time, human societies throughout history can be seen to have adjusted to effects beyond their control. This is particularly clear in countries marked by frequent seismic activity, with Japan and Chile being prime examples. Particularly, changes in educational policy over the last hundred years appear to correlate to responses to major seismic catastrophes in these countries, with this article proposing to supplement understandings of educational policy evolution with consideration of the legacies of such cataclysms and the revised priorities they elicit.

The paper investigates the long-term seismic behaviour of an underground reinforced concrete (RC) metro tunnel in Santiago, Chile, considering the combined effects of chloride-induced corrosion and cumulative, low-amplitude seismic shaking on the structure's performance. The soil-tunnel response is evaluated with the aid of transient, nonlinear finite element analysis using a two-dimensional (2D) plane strain numerical model that adopts advanced nonlinear models for the simulation of soil and concrete plasticity and the dynamic stiffness behaviour. The effects of corrosion deterioration are demonstrated in terms of time-dependent loss of rebar area and cover concrete stiffness and strength. The study illustrates the influence of ageing and repeated seismic shaking on lining deformation, crack development, and the modal characteristics of the intact and degrading systems. The results indicate that multiple low-amplitude events drive the non-degrading RC tunnel beyond its elastic regime without significant structural response consequences. A noticeable impact of corrosion deterioration on the structure's seismic performance is revealed, increasing with the number and intensity of earthquake events. Two different tunnel embedment depths are comparatively assessed. The analyses demonstrate larger co-seismic section convergence in the case of the deeper tunnel, yet a less pronounced effect of ageing and successive seismic loading compared to the shallow section, which is evident in the RC lining cracks at the end of shaking., Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 15 (3), ISSN:1674-7755, ISSN:2589-0417

La Vega de Granada es una de las comarcas españolas que presenta una mayor peligrosidad sísmica, donde se han registrado importantes eventos con intensidad macrosísmica (Io)≥VIII. A final de 2020 comenzó una serie sísmica (aún activa, en marzo de 2021), que ha alcanzado una Io=V-VI. En el marco de los estudios de riesgo sísmico, es necesario conocer la vulnerabilidad de las edificaciones. Así, esta investigación persigue estimar unos valores relativos de vulnerabilidad de las edificaciones. Para ello, partiendo de información proveniente de Catastro y del Instituto Geográfico Nacional, así como de las fechas de normativas sismorresistentes, se ha llevado a cabo un análisis multicriterio. Para la integración de los datos, los cálculos, la representación y el análisis de los mismos se ha empleado un sistema de información geográfica gratuito. Los resultados muestran que, principalmente, la zona oeste de Santa Fe es la que podría verse más afectada.AbstractLa Vega de Granada is one of the Spanish regions with the highest seismic hazard, where important events with macroseismic intensity (Io)≥VIII have been recorded. At the end of 2020 a seismic series began (still active, in March 2021), which has reached an Io=V-VI. In the framework of seismic risk studies, it is necessary to know the vulnerability of buildings. Thus, this research aims to estimate relative vulnerability values of buildings. For this purpose, a multi-criteria analysis was carried out based on information from the Cadastre and the National Geographic Institute, as well as on the dates of seismic-resistant regulations. A free geographic information system was used for data integration, calculations, representation and analysis. The results show that the area west of Santa Fe is the most likely to be affected.

Background To clarify the association between psychosocial problems and frailty in the areas affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake, and to develop strategies for preventive long-term care in the community, we launched the Kesennuma Study in 2019. This report describes the study design and the participants' profiles at baseline. Methods The prospective study comprised 9,754 people (4,548 men, 5,206 women) randomly selected from community-dwelling independent adults aged 65 to 84 who were living in Kesennuma City, Miyagi. The baseline survey was conducted in October 2019. It included information on general health, socio-economic status, frailty, lifestyle, psychological factors (e.g. personality, depressive moods), and social factors (e.g. social isolation, social capital). A follow-up questionnaire survey is planned. Mortality, incident disability, and long-term care insurance certifications will also be collected. Results A total of 8,150 questionnaires were returned (83.6% response rate), and 7,845 were included in the analysis (80.4%, mean age [SD] 73.6 [5.5] years; 44.7% male). About 23.5% were considered frail. Regarding psychological and social functions, 42.7% had depressive moods, 29.1% were socially isolated, and only 37.0% participated in social activities at least once a month. However, 82.5% trusted their neighbours. Conclusions While local ties were strong, low social activity and poor mental health were revealed as issues in the affected area. Focusing on the association between psychological and social factors and frailty, we aim to delay the need for long-term care for as long as possible, through exercise, nutrition, social participation, and improvement of mental health.

In 2020, Croatia was hit by the COVID-19 pandemic and two earthquakes. As previous research showed that Internet use (IU) increased during the COVID- 19 pandemic, we carried out an online survey to determine the levels of problematic Internet use (PIU) and problematic specific Internet activities before and during the prolonged stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic as well as earthquakes. We also determined the correlation between the PIU and specific Internet activities and anxiety, depression, and stress symptoms. According to the responses of 1, 118 participants from all Croatian regions, PIU increased by 14.1 percent (odds ratio [OR] 6.2), problematic social media use by 12.6 percent (OR 4.8), and uncontrolled online shopping by 5.3 percent (OR 5.8) in comparison with presurvey period. The PIU increase was significantly higher in participants reporting only pandemic-related stress than in those reporting both pandemic- and earthquake-related stress. Problematic social media use increased in those reporting only pandemic-related stress and both pandemic- and earthquake-related stress. The strongest correlation between PIU and problematic social media use and anxiety, depression, intrusion, and avoidance symptoms was found among those reporting both pandemic- and earthquake- related stress. The correlation between psychiatric measures and PIU and problematic specific Internet activities varied depending on the source of experienced or perceived stress. Our findings show the relationship between the problematic stress-related Internet behaviors, different types of stressors, and their impact on the overall PIU and problematic specific Internet activities in situations of prolonged stress.

Roughness, defined as unevenness of material surfaces, plays an important role in determining how engineering components or natural objects interact with other bodies and their environment. The emergence of fractal roughness on natural and engineered surfaces across a range of length scales suggests the existence of common processes and mechanisms for nucleation and evolution of roughness. In this article, we review recent advances in understanding the origins of roughness and topography evolution on natural and engineered surfaces and their connection with subsurface deformation mechanisms. Directions for future research toward understanding the origins of roughness on solid surfaces are discussed.

After Port-au-Prince’s 2010 earthquake, Hospital Bernard Mevs (HBM) developed a collaboration with international medical volunteers to provide clinical care and medical resources; that evolved to include medical education as local Haitian staffing developed. There has been limited coordination among volunteers and local providers about ways in which volunteers can best serve the hospital, and literature that addresses how to coordinate volunteer efforts to support the educational needs of the local nursing staff is scant. Our objectives were to complete an educational needs assessment of the most common diagnoses encountered, requested topics for education, and preferred learning modalities as reported by Haitian pediatric nurses, and categorize the strengths of HBM and barriers to care to understand more fully the context within which nurses function, and how education and international volunteers may be related. In October 2019, 10 HBM pediatric nurses participated in small-group interviews. Questions were based on an interview guide and responses were coded and analyzed for recurring themes. The most common diagnoses were sepsis, hydrocephalus, and hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Topics for review included chest tubes, ventilator management, and ventriculoperitoneal shunts. Preferred learning modalities were didactics and hands-on workshops. Strengths of the hospital were team dynamics and education provided by HBM and international volunteers, whereas the most common barrier to care was lack of clinical supplies. This information is useful to guide future educational interventions, and this model may inform other programs with a volunteer presence in resource-limited settings to promote collaboration and self-directed learning.

Актуальность работы обусловлена необходимостью совершенствования методов мониторинга характеристик подземных вод и их изменений в сейсмоактивных районах Республики Алтай. Подземные воды являются индикатором сейсмических процессов и реагируют на изменения напряженно-деформированного состояния горных пород в зонах очагов предстоящих тектонических землетрясений. Целью: выявление краткосрочных изменений содержания гелия и обобщенных гидрогеохимических показателей в высоко динамичных объектах мониторинга подземных вод Республики Алтай для поиска предвестников сильных сейсмических событий. Методы. В основу работы положены результаты ежесуточного мониторинга подземных вод на территории Республики Алтай, который осуществлялся в январе-феврале 2021 г. на пунктах наблюдения за температурным режимами и качественным составом подземных вод - скважина и колонка - Горно-Алтайского отделения «Сибирского регионального центра Государственного мониторинга состояния недр». Результаты. Впервые на территории Горного Алтая было проведено изучение динамики обобщенных геохимических характеристик и содержания гелия в подземных водах и показаны их кратковременные (1-3 сутки) изменения в связи с землетрясениями. Для проведения данных исследований были взяты две точки мониторинга подземных вод, расположенные в г. Горно-Алтайске (колонка) и с. Старый Бельтир (скважина), удаленные друг от друга на расстояние более 200 км Данные точки мониторинга были выбраны в связи с тем, что там было зафиксировано существенное изменение геохимических характеристик подземных вод при подготовке и протекании сейсмических событий в регионе. В работе дана характеристика сейсмического режима Алтае-Саянского региона в период мониторинга. Для выявления динамики содержания гелия и обобщенных геохимических показателей подземных вод в период 14.01-23.02.2021 г. нами было проведено опробование. Результаты опробования показали, что точка мониторинга Старый Бельтир, расположенная в разломной зоне вблизи эпицентральной зоны Чуйского землетрясения (2003 г.), характеризуется высокой чувствительностью изменений как обобщенных характеристик подземных вод, так и высокой степенью реагирования содержаний гелия на землетрясения. В результате исследований было выявлено, что Монгольское землетрясение (2021 г.) не оказало влияния на геохимический состав подземных вод изучаемых пунктов мониторинга, расположенных на территории Горного Алтая. В то же время в представленных пунктах мониторинга подземных вод в большей степени отражаются ближайшие к ним сейсмические события. Выбранные пункты мониторинга в ряде случаев не перекрывают друг друга и реагируют в основном на ближайшие к ним землетрясения, в том числе и на слабые. Наиболее динамичная реакция на землетрясения отмечена у гелия, pH, Eh, температуры. The relevance of the work is caused by the need to improve the methods for monitoring the characteristics of groundwater and their changes in the seismically active regions of the Altai Republic. Groundwater is an indicator of seismic processes and they react to changes in the stress-strain state of rocks in the zones of foci of upcoming tectonic earthquakes. The aim of the work is to identify short-term changes in the helium content and generalized hydrogeochemical indicators in the previously identified highly dynamic groundwater monitoring facilities of the Altai Republic in relation to the search for precursors of strong seismic events. Research methods. The work is based on the results of daily monitoring of groundwater in the Altai Republic, which was carried out in January-March 2021 at two observation points for temperature conditions and the qualitative composition of groundwater - well and a column - of the Territorial Center «Altaigeomonitoring». Results. For the first time on the territory of Gorny Altai, a study was made of the dynamics of generalized geochemical characteristics and helium content in groundwater and their short-term (1-3 days) changes due to earthquakes were shown. For this study, we used two groundwater observation points located in Gorno-Altaisk (street water fountain) and in the village Stariy Beltir (borehole) distant from each other of more than 200 km. These monitoring points were chosen due to the fact that a significant change in the characteristics of groundwater was recorded there during the preparation and course of seismic events in the region. The work gives a characteristic of the seismic setting of the Altai-Sayan region during the monitoring period. To identify the dynamics of the helium content and generalized geochemical indicators of groundwater in the period of January 14-February 23, 2021, we carried out sampling. The sampling results showed that the monitoring point Stary Beltir, located in the fault zone near the epicentral zone of the Chuya earthquake (2003), is characterized by a high sensitivity to changes in both generalized groundwater characteristics and a high degree of helium content response to earthquakes. At the same time, the seismic events closest to them are reflected in the presented groundwater monitoring points. The chosen monitoring points in some cases do not overlap each other and react mainly to the nearest earthquakes, including weak ones. The most dynamic response to earthquakes was noted in helium, pH, Eh, and temperature.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common and disabling condition with high incidence after an earthquake. The objective of the present study was to identify risk factors associated with the occurrence and persistence of PTSD. Individuals (18-65 years old) who experienced the earthquake of September 19th, 2017, attended the National Institute of Psychiatry (INPRFM) between October and November 2017 (baseline n = 68). Participants were followed 4-6 (first follow-up, n = 40) and 7-9 (second follow-up n = 41) months after the earthquake. Delay returning to normal activities, a negative emotional valence to a previous earthquake, comorbidity with depression, history of childhood maltreatment, and low expression of Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) were associated with PTSD in the basal assessment. The earthquake-related variable associated with the persistence of PTSD at the second follow-up was that the earthquake had directly affected the participants, either because they were evicted, had damage to their homes, or suffered some injury. Comorbidity with dysthymia, history of childhood maltreatment, and higher severity of PTSD in the basal assessment were associated with persistent PTSD in the second follow-up. The lower expression of the FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) in participants with persistent PTSD in the second follow-up was better explained by childhood physical abuse than with PTSD severity. These findings suggest that acute exposure to earthquake-related stressful situations is relevant for the initial risk of PTSD, while potential long-term stressful conditions are associated with its persistence. Likewise, molecular markers associated with hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-axis dysregulation were differentially associated with PTSD diagnosis at the different assessment times.

Objective: The study’s aim is to identify the challenges in estimating personal damages in the early stages of a disaster. Methods: The study reviewed personal damage data in the reports on the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami published by Japanese public agencies from 2011 to 2020, including 159 situation reports by the Fire and Disaster Management Agency and 17 disaster-related indirect death reports by the Reconstruction Agency. The study compared the reported number of deaths, missing persons, and injuries with the latest statistics to evaluate how soon the disaster’s real damages were estimated. Results: The reported number of deaths significantly increased in the first 1.5 years, whereas the number of missing persons spiked in the first 30 days. It required approximately 1 year until the numbers approximated the current reference rate. The total casualties included 3739 indirect deaths. Conclusion: The results indicated an overestimation of missing persons, a possible underestimation of injuries, and the excess deaths due to indirect causes that complicated the estimation. The limitations of the current data collection approaches are the delay in reporting from the field and incomplete and unreliable information. A novel system is proposed, which directly collects data from all affected individuals anonymously.

Objective Social capital, or the resources that an individual can draw on through his or her social networks and the value ascribed to these resources by the individual, has been hypothesized to be an important factor in the development of mental health problems following a natural disaster. Nevertheless, little research has been conducted in this area. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential buffering effect of the 2 types of social capital-bonding and bridging social capital-on the association between severity of trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a large sample of earthquake survivors in Iran. Method Participants were 600 adults who survived the Azarbaijan earthquake in Iran. Participants were selected using a multistage sampling method. PTSD symptoms were reported in 37% of the participants, 95% CI [34%, 41%]. Results Consistent with prior research, significant differences were found between areas that were highly affected and areas that were less affected by the disaster. Although both bonding and bridging social capitals were negatively related to PTSD symptoms, this buffering effect against PTSD symptoms was about 2 times as large for bridging capital than for bonding social capital. Conclusion While bridging and bonding social capital are both significant protective factors for mental health outcomes following natural disasters, bridging social capital may be more important. Future directions for this area of research are discussed, as are policy implications for disaster preparedness and postdisaster interventions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective Studies have indicated that trauma exposure is a common factor in posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs) and posttraumatic growth (PTG), but it is unclear whether PTSSs and PTG share a common underlying mechanism related to trauma exposure. To explore this issue, this study examined the mediating role of feelings of safety, hope, and coping strategies between trauma exposure and both PTSSs and PTG to elucidate differences in their underlying mechanisms. Method One year following the Jiuzhaigou earthquake in Sichuan province, China, 620 adolescents were selected to answer self-report questionnaires, and a structural equation model was used to test the hypotheses. Results Trauma exposure was positively associated with PTSSs by two 1-step indirect paths of feelings of safety and emotion-focused coping strategies, and by two 2-step indirect paths of feelings of safety to both hope and emotion-focused coping strategies. Trauma exposure was positively associated with PTG by a 1-step indirect path of problem-focused coping strategies but negatively associated with PTG by two 2-step indirect paths of feelings of safety to both hope and problem-focused coping strategies, and by one 3-step indirect path of feelings of safety to hope to problem-focused coping strategies. Conclusions Trauma exposure is common to PTSSs and PTG but affects these differently via feelings of safety, feelings of hope, and coping strategies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

International audience; The existence of an observable precursory phase of slip on the fault before large earthquakes has been debated for decades. Although observations preceding several large earthquakes have been proposed as possible indicators of precursory slip, these observations do not directly precede earthquakes, are not seen before most events, and are also commonly observed without being followed by earthquakes. We conducted a global search for short-term precursory slip in GPS data. We summed the displacements measured by 3026 high-rate GPS time series—projected onto the directions expected from precursory slip at the hypocenter—during 48 hours before 90 (moment magnitude ≥7) earthquakes. Our approach reveals a ≈2-hour-long exponential acceleration of slip before the ruptures, suggesting that large earthquakes start with a precursory phase of slip, which improvements in measurement precision and density could more effectively detect and possibly monitor.

In order to study the mechanical properties of inverted cone bottom oil storage tanks under earthquakes when the foundation is uneven, finite element modeling calculation for a 20,000 m3 storage tank is carried out based on ANSYS Workbench. Wind load, hydraulic pressure load, and seismic load are all equalized as distributed loads with varying spatial positions. Considering various combinations of different heterogeneous foundations and seismic loads, and by adjusting the preset foundation bed coefficient, the final foundation bed coefficient and the maximum foundation settlement value when the equivalent stress of the tank floor reaches yield strength under different conditions are calculated. The results show that under the condition of heterogeneous foundation stiffness considering seismic action, when the coefficient of local foundation bed is higher than that of natural silty clay, the requirement for safe use of the inverted cone bottom storage tank can be met. Among the seven simulated heterogeneous foundation forms, the form with high foundation stiffness on the windward side has a great influence on the safety of storage tanks.

Understanding the seismo–ionospheric coupling mechanism requires a quiet geomagnetic condition, as this represents an ideal situation to detect abnormal variations in the geomagnetic field. In reality, continuous interactions between solar wind and Earth’s magnetosphere create many fluctuations in the geomagnetic field that are more related to sun–magnetosphere interactions than to seismotectonic causes. A triaxial magnetometer was installed at the Muntele Rosu Observatory near the Vrancea seismic zone in 1996 to measure the local magnetic field. Since 2002, the data have become more consistent, allowing for the representation of long time series. Since then, variations have been observed on the eastern component (By) of the magnetic field, which sometimes overlaps with significant earthquakes. Previous studies have shown that high decreases in amplitude recorded on the By component of the magnetic field measured at Muntele Rosu have been accompanied by higher seismicity, while small decreases have been accompanied by lower seismic energy release. This research analyzes the geomagnetic data collected between September 2002 and May 2008 from two geomagnetic observatories, one located in the proximity of the Vrancea seismic zone and another one situated 120 km away. For each geomagnetic anomaly identified, the daily seismic energy released was plotted logarithmically, along with seismicity and Kp indices. Additionally, the daily seismic energy released was also plotted logarithmically for all earthquakes with Mw ≥3. To identify variations in the By component, datasets recorded at Muntele Rosu (MLR) were compared with those recorded at Surlari National Geomagnetic Observatory (SUA), to discriminate between global magnetic variations associated with solar activity and possible seismo–electromagnetic variations. The standard deviation (SDBy) was calculated for each anomaly recorded on the By component of the magnetic field and compared with the cumulative seismic energy release. To determine if this type of variation was present in other components of the magnetic field, the following ratios were calculated for all data recorded at Muntele Rosu: Bz/Bx, Bz/By, and Bz/BH. The size of the anomalies resulting from the standard deviation measured on the By component (SDBy) partially validates the relationship between the size of the anomalies and the seismic energy release during the anomaly. The relationship between the released seismic energy and the anomaly magnitude is vaguely respected, but these variations seem to follow two patterns. One pattern is described by smooth decreases, and the other pattern involves decreases where the By component varies significantly over short periods, generating decreases/increases in steps. It was noticed that seismic activity is greater for the second pattern. Additionally, using standard deviation measured on the magnetic field represents a great tool to discriminate external magnetic field variations from local, possibly seismo–magnetic variations.

A long-standing challenge in protein biophysics is to understand protein quake in myoglobin—the structural dynamics responsible for redistributing the excess heme energy after photolysis. Despite extensive efforts, the molecular mechanism of this process remains elusive. Using the energy flow theory, we uncovered a fundamental new phenomenon: the heme energy is redistributed by energy waves with a ubiquitous fundamental frequency and two overtones. Energy waves emanate from the heme into the myoglobin backbone via a conduit of five consecutive dihedrals of the proximal histidine, then travel quickly along the backbone to reach sidechains across the protein. This mechanism is far more effective than the diffusion-based mechanism from previous studies because waves are systematic while diffusion is random. To propagate energy waves, coordinates must cooperate, resulting in collective modes that are singular vectors of the generalized work functional. These modes show task partitioning: a handful of high-energy modes generate large-scale breathing motion, which loosens up the protein matrix to enable hundreds of low-energy vibrational modes for energy transduction.

This study aimed to explore the prevalence and distribution of mental disorders in the elderly population 5 years after the Lushan earthquake in Ya'an, China.A multi-stage, group-matching random sampling method was adopted with 2579 elderly participants (≥ 60 years old) who were interviewed from January to May 2019. Preliminary screening was conducted using the scale by trained psychiatric nurses, followed by a diagnostic interview during the second stage using Chinese Version of the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder by trained psychiatrists.A total of 2561 participants were included in this study with complete data. The weighted lifetime prevalence of all mental disorders in the elderly was 16.2% (95% CI 15.3-17.1), and the weighted 12-month prevalence was 15.2% (95% CI 13.4-17.0). Depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, substance-related and addictive disorders were the most common mental disorders. The 12-month prevalence of all mental disorders were significantly higher in the elderly living alone, with chronic somatic disease, and being poor (P 0.05). The 12-month prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was significantly higher in the elderly in extremely severely earthquake-affected areas (P 0.001).The results of this study show that mental health status of the elderly in Ya'an area differ by socio-economic development, geographical location, and natural disasters. The social and economic development characteristics, the impact of major natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes), and population characteristics should be combined to formulate strategies and interventions to promote the mental health of the elderly.

The ground-based monitoring of the lower ionosphere by studying the perturbations of the subionospheric propagation of very-low-frequency/low-frequency (VLF/LF) signals is important in the research of a wide variety of geophysical and Sun/space extreme phenomena. Such perturbations are identified as anomalies in the signal received from the VLF/LF transmitters operating worldwide for military purposes, time code broadcasting, etc. Especially for the study of local ionosphere-influencing phenomena, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, typhoons, etc., the monitoring of several subionospheric propagation paths is necessary. However, it is very difficult to find in the market (or reproduce) hardware (HW) for wide-band VLF/LF receivers that could receive many different transmitters, while the involved software (SW) is mainly proprietary. Aiming to provide a low-cost and easy-to-build alternative for the scientists involved in this research field, we suggest a VLF/LF receiver setup based on amateur radio open-source HW and SW. Its key components are the so-called “mini-whip” active antenna and the freeware “SpectrumLab” and “GPS2Time”. The full HW schematics and all settings of the employed SW configuration for the proposed VLF/LF receiver setup are provided in the article. To check the reliability of the proposed receiver setup, two almost identical VLF/LF radio receivers were installed in the prefecture of Attica in Greece, in June and September of 2021, respectively. Examples of ionospheric perturbations due to different phenomena (solar flares, earthquakes, and a magnetic storm) are provided to show the ability of the proposed receiver setup to provide reliable data for ionosphere-related research.

This study sought to learn how women participated in the recovery process after the Kashmir earthquake of October 2005 in Union Council Langarpura, Azad Kashmir state of Pakistan. Focus-group discussions, semi-structured interviews, and participant observations were conducted with a total of 48 participants. The results revealed that women played various important roles in the reproductive, productive, and community spheres, encompassing, inter alia, normal household responsibilities of cooking, cleaning, and caring for cattle, and non-traditional tasks such as rebuilding the home. In addition, they participated in income-generating activities such as carrying construction materials and water for daily wages, dairy farming, and working in fields and in the education and health sectors. Community endeavours, meanwhile, consisted of search and rescue, caring for the injured, collective cooking and food sharing, and supervising the reconstruction of public structures, including schools, roads, and water supply facilities, and establishing a sewing centre to provide vocational training to local women.هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على كيفية مشاركة النساء في عملية التعافي بعد زلزال كشمير في أكتوبر 2005 في مجلس اتحاد لانغاربورا بولاية آزاد كشمير الباكستانية. جرت مناقشات مجموعة التركيز (عددها 2)، والمقابلات شبه المنظمة (عددها 34)، وملاحظات المشاركين بإجمالي بلغ 48 مشاركاً. كشفت النتائج أن النساء في لانغاربورا اضطلعن بمختلف الأدوار المهمة في مجالات الصحة الإنجابية، والإنتاجية، والمجتمعية. تضمنت أدوار النساء واجباتهن المنزلية الاعتيادية المتمثلة في الطهي، والتنظيف، ورعاية الماشية. كما تضمنت مسؤوليات غير تقليدية مثل إعادة بناء منازلهن. كما اضطلعت النساء في لانغاربورا بأدوار إنتاجية تتمثل في المشاركة في الأنشطة المدرة للدخل مثل حمل مواد البناء، والمياه مقابل أجر يومي، والعمل في الحقول، ومزارع الألبان، والعمل في قطاعي التعليم والصحة. من ناحية أخرى، تألفت الأدوار المجتمعية من أنشطة بحث وإنقاذ، ورعاية للمصابين، وطهي جماعي، وتقاسم للطعام، وأدوار غير تقليدية للإشراف على إعادة بناء المباني العامة، بما في ذلك المدارس، والطرق، ومرافق إمدادات المياه، وإنشاء مراكز الخياطة، لتوفير تدريب مهني للمرأة المحلية. عبارات محورية: الزلزال، النوع الجنساني، باكستان ، التعافي، النساء.本研究旨在了解在2005年10月克什米尔地震之后，在巴基斯坦控制的阿扎德克什米尔的琅迦普拉地区（Langarpura）的联合议会，妇女是如何参与恢复进程的。该研究开展了焦点组讨论（n=2）、半结构访谈（n=34）和参与者观察，总计48名参与者参加了研究。结果显示，琅迦普拉地区的妇女在繁衍后代、生产和社区领域扮演了各种重要的角色。妇女在其中扮演的角色，包括做饭、清洁和照顾牛群的常规家庭责任，此外，还包括非传统的责任，比如重建家园。琅迦普拉地区的妇女还扮演了生产领域的角色，包括参加创收活动，如搬运建筑材料和水，以赚取日薪，在田间工作，乳品业劳作，以及从事教育和卫生领域的工作。另一方面，妇女的社区角色包括搜索和救援活动，照顾伤员，集体做饭与共享食物，此外，还包括非传统角色，监督公共设施重建，包括学校、道路和供水设施，以及创办缝纫中心，为当地妇女提供职业培训。 关键词：地震、性别、巴基斯坦、恢复、妇女.

Bachkground: The risk factors of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms (PTSS) and depressive symptoms have been well-established, but whether the network structure of their symptoms changes over time remains unclear. This study aims to examine the six-year changes of network structure of PTSS and depressive symptoms among Wenchuan earthquake adult survivors in China.Methods: In this pooled cross-sectional study, respondents were sampled from the same population at each of the five waves (N = 1343, 1205, 1177, 1376, and 1339). The network structure of them was investigated using network analyses.Results: The study shows network connections stable across waves were the positive connections between hyperarousal and intrusions, hyperarousal and somatic symptoms, and two dimensions of positive effects. Stable negative connections were those between depressed affects and positive effects, avoidance and depressed affects, avoidance with interpersonal symptoms and avoidance with somatic symptoms. Across waves, fearful emotion consistently was the strongest bridge symptom connecting with PTSS symptoms. However, for PTSS the strongest bridge symptom varied across time as it was avoidance in wave 1 but were hyperarousal in other four waves.Limitations: This study was based on a pooled cross-sectional survey, which inhibits conclusions regarding causal influences between symptoms at the individual patient level.Conclusions: The network structure of PTSS and depressive symptoms was partly stable, yet also varied across survey waves. Core symptom clusters for PTSS and depressive symptoms were avoidance and depressed affect, respectively. The central role of these clusters in PTSS and depressive symptoms has important implications to future psychiatric programs.

Reliable estimation of earthquake source parameters is fundamental to improve our understanding of earthquake source physics and for ground-motion modeling in seismic hazard assessment. Nowadays, methods traditionally used for investigating the source parameters of earthquakes with Mw≥3, such as spectral fitting or spectral ratio approaches, are also extensively applied to smaller magnitude events because of the increase in the number of stations and the more common borehole installations. However, when working with recordings of such minor and microearthquakes, significant limitations of the usable frequency range spanned by the spectra arise. At the lower end, signal-to-noise ratio constraints limit the usage of low frequencies, whereas at the upper end, the sampling rates of typical seismological networks as well as high-frequency attenuation can be limiting factors. In addition, earthquake source parameters determined from ground-motion spectra are known to exhibit potentially serious trade-offs, in particular the corner frequency and high-frequency attenuation. In this study, we go beyond the typical discussion of these trade-offs using simplistic spectral models by investigating the impact of the background wave propagation model on the source parameter trade-offs as well as its effect on the feasibility of obtaining useful source parameters by means of spectral fitting for minor and microevents. The analysis takes advantage of ad hoc simulated synthetic seismograms with well-defined underlying background propagation models and considers increasing complications in these models (intrinsic and scattering attenuation). The results show that with given realistic background models and usable frequency bands, the source parameter estimation for minor and microevents can be significantly biased, and not surprisingly, this bias is mainly affecting the estimation of the corner frequency. We highlight the inherent limitations of joint spectral fitting approaches for the determination of source parameters from minor and microearthquakes, which should always be viewed with great caution when physically interpreted.

Human life and property are often seriously threatened and lost due to natural disasters such as earthquakes. As a spatial information system, the geographic information system (GIS) can collect, store, and manage the local or whole related physical data of the surface space to be measured with the support of software and hardware. The physical data is collected through GIS for performance testing. The data are collected from the aftershock event records of the Wenchuan earthquake. Among them, 14,000 Wenchuan earthquake events are used as the original data set, and 8,800 aftershock events are used as the test data set. Seismic data involves the detection of multiple physical quantities, which makes the seismic data gradually increase, many data have no obvious linear relationship, and traditional detection methods are difficult to meet the detection requirements. The artificial intelligence method led by a convolutional neural network (CNN) can perform pattern matching on complex nonlinear variables, and models with general characteristics can be generated from different seismic waveforms for the prediction of seismic waveforms. The results show that GIS can effectively intercept and collect seismic physical signals. The training and detection accuracy of CNN combined with GIS physical data is higher than 90%. Compared with traditional training methods, CNN is obviously superior in detection accuracy and recall rate. At the same time, a large number of microseismic events that are easily missed by manual selection can also be found.

Portland has become a hot spot for geological discussions over the last few years. The event that has everyone talking, and preparing for, is the Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake.Cascadia is categorized as a catastrophic natural, seismic event, where the Juan De Fuca plate and the North American plate subduct off the Northwest coast, causing a violent response in the zone between the two plates. Geological history has shown us that every 200- 300 years, a major seismic event occurs in this area of the Pacific; in current disaster discussions in the emergency management industry, where this author has resided for the last 6 years, it is not a matter of if, but a matter of when. The Cascadia event will cause a massive earthquake, affecting millions of lives and costing just as much if not more.Currently, there is no model that exists to equate for all of the following: damages to pipes, restoration, and disruption, and maximum thresholds for utility usage. The models and plans discussed in this paper will cast a needed spotlight for establishing a new model combining these elements and more.It is vital that efforts be made to calculate, beyond a base percentage rate of recovery, what Oregon and the region will lose and what it will take regain a “back to business” level of operations, economically, structurally, and environmentally. Many calls were placed with nonprofit energy stewards to determine these statistics, but no current information was available, or easy to attain, further emphasizing a need for real-time utility data.

Ten years after the Great East Japan Earthquake, thousands of residents of Fukushima Prefecture were still living as evacuees. Among them, unignorable numbers of people were living outside of the prefecture. A survey was conducted with evacuees to Ibaraki, the neighboring prefecture of Fukushima, to investigate their medium- to long-term mental care needs. A questionnaire was sent to 1,470 households that had been living in Fukushima on March 11, 2011, and who were evacuated to Ibaraki by October 2016. Binary logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and suicidal ideation. Of the participants, 16.5% had a high risk for major depressive disorder, 39.0% exhibited a high risk for PTSD, and 19.7% indicated suicidal ideation. "Own injuries and illnesses" and "Worries about the hometown" were risk factors for major depressive disorder, PTSD, and suicidal ideation. "Not receiving compensation for damages" was a risk factor common to major depressive disorder and suicidal ideation. There is a high possibility that many people who have evacuated to other prefectures might still be suffering from psychological symptoms after the disaster. Worries about their hometowns were highly related to their mental disorders.

This article briefly reviews the evolution and evidence-base of Control-Focused Behavioral Treatment (CFBT), largely self-helpbased treatment that involves no cognitive interventions, focuses solely on reducing avoidance behaviors through self-exposure to anxiety-evoking trauma cues, and, unlike other interventions, aims to enhance sense of control over traumatic stressors, rather than anxiety reduction. As such, it is radicallydifferent from other interventions in both theory and practice. Our studies have shown improvement rates of 80%-85% with a single treatment session in earthquake survivors. When administered in an average of 6 sessions in war and torture survivors, it achieved 82% reduction in posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSD), leaving 97% of the cases nearly asymptomatic or with only mild PTSD symptoms. Meta-analytical comparisons suggest that such improvement rates are substantially higher than those achieved byother evidence-based treatments.

The Tōhoku Theater Project was completed 2 years after the natural and nuclear disasters in Tōhoku, Japan, on March 11, 2011. It employed the dramatic arts to support the healing process, promote resilience, and increase dialogue and understanding about mental health among individuals who were directly affected by the disasters. The four performances fostered important discussions regarding the psychological impact of the Tōhoku disasters. Participants (N=143) found the theater performance effective at facilitating discussion, increasing empathy, and enhancing mental health knowledge, coping, and resilience. The performances provided critical information about access to services; many participants reported that they had not known where to seek help for mental health prior to their involvement with the Tōhoku Theater Project. Lessons learned may inform community-based strategies that promote mental health and healing in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and other public health disasters.

Despite previous research has illustrated there is high-coexistence between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic growth (PTG) in the aftermath of traumatic events, few studies have conceptualized the coexistence mechanism of the two psychological phenomena. Using the network analysis, this study aimed to identify the key bridge symptoms and compare sex differences between PTSD symptoms and PTG elements in survivors 10 years after the Wenchuan earthquake in China. A total of 744 survivors 10 years after the Wenchuan earthquake in China completed self-reported questionnaires on demographics, PTSD symptoms (4-item of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist), and PTG (10-item of Posttraumatic Growth Inventory). Network analysis was used to identify the network structure of PTSD symptoms and elements of PTG, along with bridge symptoms. Additionally, sex differences in the network structure were compared by the Network Comparison Test. Results revealed that the network of PTSD symptoms and elements of PTG was robust to stability and accuracy tests. The key bridge symptoms in the network were "Stronger religious faith", "Changed priorities", and "Easily startled". There were significant differences in network global strength across sex, and network structure across the severity of property loss other than house damage. Future interventions targeting the three key bridge symptoms are expected to relieve the severity of PTSD and promote growth following exposure to traumatic events.

This study aims to examine the mechanical, environmental, and economic properties of recycled aggregate concretes produced using emerged recycled concrete aggregates from the buildings that were demolished in a controlled way after the 24 January 2020, Elazig-Sivrice earthquake. For this purpose, 24 series of recycled aggregate concretes were produced, water-to-cement ratios of 0.30-0.35-0.40-0.45-0.50, and cement dosages were chosen as 320-370-420 kg/m

International audience; Slow slip events (SSEs) originate from a slow slippage on faults that lasts from a few days to years. A systematic and complete mapping of SSEs is key to characterizing the slip spectrum and understanding its link with coeval seismological signals. Yet, SSE catalogues are sparse and usually remain limited to the largest events, because the deformation transients are often concealed in the noise of the geodetic data. Here we present the first multi-station deep learning SSE detector applied blindly to multiple raw geodetic time series. Its power lies in an ultra-realistic synthetic training set, and in the combination of convolutional and attentionbased neural networks. Applied to real data in Cascadia over the period 2007-2022, it detects 78 SSEs, that compare well to existing independent benchmarks: 87.5% of previously catalogued SSEs are retrieved, each detection falling within a peak of tremor activity. Our method also provides useful proxies on the SSE duration and may help illuminate relationships between tremor chatter and the nucleation of the slow rupture. We find an average day-long time lag between the slow deformation and the tremor chatter both at a global-and local-temporal scale, suggesting that slow slip may drive the rupture of nearby small asperities.

Seismic tomography model for the article:Perez-Forero D., I. Koulakov, C. Vargas, T. Gerya, N. Al Arifi (2023) Lithospheric delamination as the driving mechanism of intermediate-depth seismicity in the Bucaramanga nest, Colombia. The tomography model presented in the paper are obtained using the LOTOS code by Koulakov (2009). The packed file contains the full version of the code with initial data and parameters used for calculating P and S velocity models beneath Bucaramanga, Colombia. The packed file contains README.PDF with the detailed instructions on how to run the code and obtain the same results as presented in the paper. This version of the code is adopted for the Windows OS and contains the entire program listing and the full project structure for Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 and Intel Visual Fortran. More details on the LOTOS code can be found at www.ivan-art.com/science/LOTOS

Marine passive acoustic monitoring can be used to study biological, geophysical, and anthropogenic phenomena in the ocean. The wide range of characteristics from geophysical, biological, and anthropogenic sounds sources makes the simultaneous automatic detection and classification of these sounds a significant challenge. Here, we propose a single Hidden Markov Model-based system with a Deep Neural Network (HMM-DNN) for the detection and classification of low-frequency biological (baleen whales), geophysical (earthquakes), and anthropogenic (air guns) sounds. Acoustic data were obtained from the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization station off Juan Fernandez, Chile (station HA03) and annotated by an analyst (498 h of audio data containing 30,873 events from 19 different classes), and then divided into training (60%), testing (20%), and tuning (20%) subsets. Each audio frame was represented as an observation vector obtained through a filterbank-based spectral feature extraction procedure. The HMM-DNN training procedure was carried out discriminatively by setting HMM states as targets. A model with Gaussian Mixtures Models and HMM (HMM-GMM) was trained to obtain an initial set of HMM target states. Feature transformation based on Linear Discriminant Analysis and Maximum Likelihood Linear Transform was also incorporated. The HMM-DNN system displayed good capacity for correctly detecting and classifying events, with high event-level accuracy (84.46%), high weighted average sensitivity (84.46%), and high weighted average precision (89.54%). Event-level accuracy increased with higher event signal-to-noise ratios. Event-level metrics per class also showed that our HMM-DNN system generalized well for most classes but performances were best for classes that either had a high number of training exemplars (e.g., generally above 50) and/or were for classes of signals that had low variability in spectral features, duration, and energy levels. Fin whale and Antarctic blue whale song and air guns performed particularly well.

Изучены тектонические нарушения и сейсмическая активность на территории Приморского края вдоль трассы нефтепровода Восточная Сибирь – Тихий океан. Отмечены участки молодых разрывных дислокаций в виде системы или одиночных рвов. Приведены сведения об основных тектонических нарушениях и землетрясениях в Ханкайской и Партизанской подзонах, причины их возникновения, произошедшие за последние 100 лет. Поэтому основным назначением данной работы является оценка современной сейсмической и тектонической активности в крае, в частности на участках трассы нефтепровода ВСТО. В заключении даны рекомендации по детальному изучению геодинамики и изменению физических свойств горных пород на участках тектонических нарушений., Tectonic faults and seismic activity in Primorsky Krai along the route of the East Siberia – Pacific Ocean oil pipeline have been studied. Areas of young disjuncture dislocations in the form of a system or single trenches are marked. Information is given on the main tectonic faults and earthquakes in the Hankai and Partizansky subzones and the reasons for their occurrence over the last 100 years. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to evaluate present-day seismic and tectonic activity in the region, in particular at sections of the ESPO pipeline route. It concludes with recommendations for a detailed study of geodynamics and changes in the physical properties of rocks in areas of tectonic disturbances., Международный научно-исследовательский журнал, Выпуск 4 (130) 2023

Understanding the micro-mechanisms underlying the localized–ductile transition (LDT) as well as the brittle–plastic transition (BPT) has become crucial for our wider understanding of crustal processes and seismicity. Given how difficult in situ observations of these transitions are to perform, laboratory experiments might be our only way to investigate the processes active under these conditions (high T and high P). Here, we present Triaxial AppaRatus for GEoThermal energy, a new gas-based triaxial apparatus located at EPFL in Switzerland that was specifically designed to operate under conditions where both the LDT and BPT can occur in geomaterials. We show that the machine is capable of deforming rock samples at confining pressures of up to 400 MPa, temperatures of up to 800 °C, and pore pressures (liquid or gas) of up to 300 MPa while keeping the temperature gradient along samples of 40 mm in length and 20 mm in diameter minimal (less than 30 at 700 °C). Most importantly, the maximum load is 1000 kN (stresses as high as 2.2 GPa on 24 mm samples and 3 GPa on 20 mm samples), allowing for the deformation of very competent rock samples. Moreover, during deformation, the pair of syringe pore pressure pumps allow for continuous permeability or dilatancy recording. We benchmarked our machine against existing data in the literature and show that it accurately and precisely records stress, strain, permeability, pressure, and temperature.

For the first time precise measurements of the groundwater level variations in the territory of the Mikhnevo geophysical observatory in an aseismic region (Moscow region, Russia) have been carried out since February 2008 at a sampling rate of 1 Hz. The groundwater level variations under quasi-stationary filtration are considered indicators of the dynamic deformation of a fluid-saturated reservoir represented by carbonate-terrigenous sediments. Both permanent (long-term) factors—atmospheric pressure, lunar-solar tides, and periodic (short-term) ones—seismic impacts from distant earthquakes, are used as probing signals for analyzing the filtration parameters of aquifers of different ages. Hydrogeological responses to the passage of seismic waves from earthquakes with magnitudes of 6.1–9.1 with epicentral distances of 1456–16,553 km was recorded in 2010–2023. Dependences of dynamic variations of the pore pressure in the upper weakly confined and lower confined aquifers on the ground velocity are approximated by different regression functions. Spectral analysis of hydrogeological responses made it possible to identify coseismic and postseismic effects from distant earthquakes. The postseismic effects in the form of an episodic increase in the pore pressure may be caused by a skin effect—clogging of microcracks nearby the wellbore by colloidal particles under intensive seismic impact.

We performed a joined multitemporal and multiscale analysis of ground vertical movements around the main seismogenic source of Ischia island (Southern Italy) that, during historical and recent time, generated the most catastrophic earthquakes on the island, in its northern sector (Casamicciola fault). In particular, we considered InSAR (2015–2019) and ground-levelling data (1987–2010), attempting to better define the source that caused the recent 2017 earthquake and interpret its occurrence in the framework of a long-term behavior of the fault responsible for the major historical earthquakes in Casamicciola. Our results unambiguously constrain the location and the kinematics of the 2017 rupture and further confirm the presence of a relatively large sliding area west of the 2017 surface break. Overall, the studied seismogenic fault reveals a complex dynamic, moving differentially and aseismically in the pre- and post-seismic event, in response to the long-term subsidence of the central sector of the island, dominated by Mt. Epomeo. The fault segment that slipped coseismically also is evidence of post-seismic viscous relaxation. The long-term differential vertical movement on the apparently creeping eastern sector of the Casamicciola fault provides an estimate of the slip rate occurring on the fault (0.82 mm/y−1). The analysis of the time of occurrence and the magnitude of the known historical earthquakes reveals that this rate is consistent with the recurrence of the earthquakes that occurred during at least the past three centuries and suggests that the time to the next seismic event at Casamicciola might be a few decades. More generally, our findings provide evidence of the link between subsidence and earthquakes in volcanic areas indicating, in this case, a high hazard for the island of Ischia. Results might be also useful for characterizing capable faulting in similar volcano-tectonic settings worldwide.

Movement joints are needed in bridges to accommodate longitudinal expansion and contraction. Enough joint width needs to be available to accommodate not only longitudinal expansion but also expected movements of joints during earthquakes. This may result in excessive joint openings. Devices that can dissipate energy have been suggested to reduce joint displacements. Shape memory alloy (SMA) is one of these energy dissipation devices, which is well known for its ability to return to its natural shape after being deformed. Several cases of bridges and different conditions of seismic events are modeled and tested using developed software programs in MATLAB to show the efficiency of using SMA inside bridge joint openings. These models include the case of two adjacent frames with SMA inside them (2–frames), the case of multi–frames with constant hysteretic SMAs between every two of them (N–frames), the case of multi–frames with constant hysteretic SMAs taking the delay of seismic forces between frames into consideration (delay), and the case of variable masses of bridge frames. Also, parametric studies are performed to show the impacts of all parameters of bridge frames and SMA retrofit devices on seismically joint openings. The results show that the superelastic SMA device plays a huge role in controlling bridge opening and enables limiting the joint width of all models during earthquakes with different values reaching 60% in some cases depending on bridge frame properties, ground motion characteristics, and the hysteretic properties of SMA devices.

Coseismic fault sealing and fluid pressurization during earthquakes Lu Yao, Shengli Ma, Giulio Di Toro 1. Experimental Data Space-delimited files with calibrated measurements of: Time (s) Equivalent slip rate (m/s) Displacement (m) Friction coefficient Axial displacement (mm) Bulk pore pressure (MPa) Temperature (°C) The original sampling rate was 2 kHz for all the experiments. In the data processing, the data prior to and after the high-speed sliding (2 m/s) were resampled with much longer time interval to reduce the size of the data file, while the data of the high-speed sliding were kept with the original sampling rate. 2. Numerical modeling of sealing-enhanced thermal pressurization withComsol Multiphysics We present two examples of numerical models built with Comsol Multiphysics (ver. 5.4) for thermal pressurization modeling with consideration of the existence of sealing zone(s), which is/are generated by intense wear and local melting processes. The solutions have been cleared to reduce the size of the files but could be reproduced by running the models in Comsol Multiphysics. The two examples are for the geometrical models containing one and three ring-shaped sealing zones, respectively, with the key parameters as listed below: Permeability (m^2), bulk shear zone, 1e-15; sealing zone, 1e-18 Porosity, bulk shear zone, 0.3; sealing zone, 0.1

A board game designed by psychologists and geologists to improve seismic-risk perception is presented. In a within-subjects repeated-measure study, 64 Italian high-school students rated their perception of seismic risk in relation to the hazard, vulnerability and exposure of the area in which they lived, before and after the game. A repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), which considered perception of seismic risk as the dependent variable and time as the independent variable, revealed that the board game affected the dependent variable, particularly the perception of hazard and vulnerability. The results confirm the effectiveness of the game in changing participants’ seismic risk perception, properly because the game was built with consideration of the variables that make up seismic risk. The board game proved to be an effective and fun educational tool to be used in future earthquake risk prevention programs.

Dans leurs performances principalement réalisées en France, Karen Veloso (Chili, 1979) et Scheherazade Zambrano Orozco (Mexique, 1985) prétendent incarner la mémoire de leur pays à travers la présence magistrale et engagée de leurs corps dans l’espace de jeu, du rôle ambigu et spéculaire qui est attribué à leurs publics et de la dimension délibérément liminaire et autobiographique de leurs créations. Les quatre performances analysées dans cet article – Ramona au grill, Superposition (Karen Veloso, 2011 et 2019) ainsi que Plis et Vertiges et Chutes (Scheherazade Zambrano Orozco, 2013 et 2014) – cherchent d’abord à dérouter le regard que le spectateur a coutume de porter sur sa propre réalité (son rapport à l’Université), sur ses pratiques quotidiennes (sa relation aux écrans) ainsi que sa vision de l’Amérique latine concernant notamment la disparition forcée, les crimes liés au narcotrafic et le rapport à la terre. Par ailleurs, grâce à différents procédés dramaturgiques, esthétiques et performatifs, les deux artistes réussissent à faire appréhender au plus près l’expérience corporelle de leur latino-américanité ou, pourrait-on dire, permettent au public de « corps-prendre » la réalité du sous-continent latino-américain. In their performances mainly performed in France, Karen Veloso (Chile, 1979) and Scheherazade Zambrano Orozco (Mexico, 1985), claim to embody their country's memory through the masterful and engaged presence of their bodies in the performance space, the ambiguous and specular role assigned to their audiences and the deliberately liminal and autobiographical dimension of their creations. The four performances analyzed in this article - Ramona au grill, Superposition (Karen Veloso, 2011 and 2019) as well as Plis et Vertiges and Chutes (Scheherazade Zambrano Orozco, 2013 and 2014) - first seek to confuse the viewer's usual gaze on their own reality (their relationship to the University), their daily practices (their relationship to the screens) as well as their vision of Latin America regarding, among other things, forced disappearance, narcotrafficking crimes and the relationship to the land. Moreover, thanks to different dramaturgical, aesthetic, and performative processes, the two artists succeed in bringing the bodily experience of their Latin Americanity closer to the audience or, one could say, allow the audience to "corps-prendre" ("body-take") the reality of the Latin American subcontinent. En sus performances, realizadas principalmente en Francia, Karen Veloso (Chile, 1979) y Scheherazade Zambrano Orozco (México, 1985), pretenden encarnar la memoria de su país a través de la presencia magistral y comprometida de sus cuerpos en el espacio escénico, el papel ambiguo y especular atribuido a su público y la dimensión deliberadamente liminar y autobiográfica de sus creaciones. Las cuatro performances analizadas en este artículo -Ramona au grill, Superposition (Karen Veloso, 2011 y 2019) así como Plis et Vertiges y Chutes (Scheherazade Zambrano Orozco, 2013 y 2014) - buscan, en primer lugar, confundir la mirada habitual del espectador sobre su propia realidad (su relación con la Universidad), sobre sus prácticas cotidianas (su relación con las pantallas) así como sobre su visión de América Latina, particularmente en lo que respecta a la desaparición forzada, los delitos relacionados con el narcotráfico y la relación con la tierra. Además, gracias a diversos procesos dramatúrgicos, estéticos y performativos, las dos artistas consiguen acercar la experiencia corporal de su latinoamericanidad al público o, se podría decir, permitir que el público pueda "cuerpo-prender" la realidad del subcontinente latinoamericano.

Carrying out monitoring surveys in seismic regions is good practice both for the assessment of land deformation and the evaluation of building structures standing on it. In this work, topographic levelling and DInSAR techniques have been used for displacement measurement. These geomatic techniques are rarely applied in the same context and attempts are made to combine the results obtained for having a complete analysis of the site. The proposed work analyses, compares and discusses topographic levelling and advanced multi-temporal DInSAR techniques used to detect and measure ground deformation when the occurrence of seismic events might have played a role in the displacement. The area of interest had already been under observation through ground-based monitoring surveys, by means of metal bolts attached to façades of buildings detected by topographic level, from 1998 to 2021. The DInSAR analysis was carried out exploiting Sentinel-1A/B data acquired during the period 2014–2021. The goal of the DInSAR processing stage of the procedure is to derive the deformation map of the area of interest from SAR data. A zero date has been set for both survey methods in order to define similar time series for comparison analysis. The results showed that ground displacements measured by levelling and DInSAR have similar trends. On the geomorphological aspect, the same distribution map of terrain subsidence is found in both techniques.

Survivors of natural disasters are at a high risk of cardiovascular disease. Behavioral risk factors, including modifiable diet, need to be identified. Thus far, the association between dairy intake and new-onset hypertension among these survivors is unknown. Therefore, we investigated this relationship. We conducted a longitudinal cohort study of 4475 survivors of the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 who participated in a 7-year follow-up survey. New-onset hypertension was assessed using annual health checkup data. Information on the frequency of dairy intake was obtained using a self-report questionnaire. The hazard ratio for developing hypertension according to the frequency of dairy intake was calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. The total number of person-years observed was 20,042, with a median follow-up of 5.4 years. During the observation period, 1554 individuals developed hypertension. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios of new-onset hypertension were significantly lower in those who consumed dairy products once per day (0.82, 95% confidence interval 0.71-0.94) and twice or more times per day (0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.71-0.99) than in nonconsumers; the inverse linear trend was marginally significant (P = 0.083). This association was not affected by lipid metabolism and was consistent across subgroups by sex, age, behavioral factors, cardiometabolic factors, and housing type due to the disaster. A higher frequency of dairy intake was associated with a lower risk of new-onset hypertension in community-dwelling survivors of earthquakes and tsunamis. Dietary guidance involving dairy intake could reduce the risk of developing hypertension among these survivors.

An earthquake in 2018 resulted in irreparable damage to the Port of Spain General Hospital, Trinidad and Tobago, and severely affected orthopaedic services. This study investigates the rate and reasons for cancellation on the day of surgery of orthopaedic cases during the post-earthquake period. We prospectively collected data on all cases scheduled to undergo surgery during the study period. Information was gathered on patient demographics, the number and reasons for cancellation. Data were analysed using Analyse-it for Microsoft Excel 5.40 (Analyse-it Software Ltd). Our results show that 43 patients were cancelled, resulting in a 44.3% cancellation rate. Patients who had their surgery cancelled were older, with a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists class compared with patients whose surgery was not cancelled. Hospital-related factors were found to be responsible for the majority of cancellations. Placed in context, our findings suggest that limited operating time due to the earthquake-induced hospital damage was the principal reason for the high rate of surgery cancellations.

Objective:To date, there is limited evidence for health care providers regarding the determinants of early assessment of poor outcomes of adult in-patients due to earthquakes. This study aimed to explore factors related to early assessment of adult earthquake trauma patients (AETPs).Methods:The data on 29,933 AETPs in the West China Earthquake Patients Database (WCEPD) were analyzed retrospectively. Then, 37 simple variables that could be obtained rapidly upon arrival at the hospital were collected. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analyses were performed. A nomogram was then constructed.Results:Nine independent mortality-related factors that contributed to AETP in-patient mortality were identified. The variables included age (OR:1.035; 95%CI, 1.027-1.044), respiratory rate ([RR]; OR:1.091; 95%CI, 1.050-1.133), pulse rate ([PR]; OR:1.028; 95%CI, 1.020-1.036), diastolic blood pressure ([DBP]; OR:0.96; 95%CI, 0.950-0.970), Glasgow Coma Scale ([GCS]; OR:0.666; 95%CI, 0.643-0.691), crush injury (OR:3.707; 95%CI, 2.166-6.115), coronary heart disease ([CHD]; OR:4.025; 95%CI, 1.869-7.859), malignant tumor (OR:4.915; 95%CI, 2.850-8.098), and chronic kidney disease ([CKD]; OR:5.735; 95%CI, 3.209-10.019).Conclusions:The nine mortality-related factors for ATEPs, including age, RR, PR, DBP, GCS, crush injury, CHD, malignant tumor, and CKD, could be quickly obtained on hospital arrival and should be the focal point of future earthquake response strategies for AETPs. Based on these factors, a nomogram was constructed to screen for AETPs with a higher risk of in-patient mortality.

Previous studies documented colonies of the cheilostome bryozoan Biflustra irregulata rafting across the Pacific Ocean on debris from the 2011 Great East Japan megathrust earthquake and resulting tsunami. They arrived in the eastern Pacific on floating non-biodegradable tsunami debris from 2014 to 2016. Based on a newly discovered occurrence of this species off the west coast of Mexico, we report that this species has successfully expanded its range from the Indo-Pacific to the northeast Pacific following this dispersal event. Colonies were found encrusting barnacles on spiny lobsters from the southeastern Gulf of California.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Taiwan set up disaster medical assistance teams (DMATs) after the Chi-Chi earthquake, but these teams lack unified standards. METHODS This study was divided into two phases. Phase I was a Delphi study conducted in 2019 with 26 experts who were invited to establish Taiwan's DMAT standards by modifying the World Health Organization Emergency Medical Team (WHO EMT) type I fixed standards. Phase II was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2020. A questionnaire was used to evaluate the disaster preparedness of DMATs by standards set in phase I. RESULTS In phase I, Taiwan's DMAT standards were established after three rounds of Delphi consensus, with a response rate of 88.5%. The major departures from the WHO EMT standards were the exclusion of obstetric care, mental health, rehabilitation, and laboratory and blood transfusion standards and the addition of an ultrasound standard. During phase II, a total of 32 teams were invited, and the response rate was 96.9%. The overall standard achievement rate was 56.9%, and the three lowest achievement rates corresponded to sanitation (22.6%), medical malpractice insurance (25.8%), and pharmacy and drug supply (25.8%). The national DMATs, official DMATs, DMATs funded by government, and DMATs with ≥10 years of experience had significantly higher achievement rates for partial or overall standards. CONCLUSION Using localized standards to evaluate the disaster preparedness of each team, DMATs were found to have many shortcomings mainly due to the lack of unified government announcement standards, legal protection, and adequate financial support.

Integrated mapping is essential in geological studies to assess risks of earthquake hazards. Cartographic techniques have become a commonplace approach to visualizing data in the continuous geologic and geophysical fields. However, traditional GIS mapping is a manual process with a time-consuming workflow that can lead to mistakes and misinterpretation of data. This study applied two mapping approaches to address this problem: Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) used for automated cartographic workflow employing scripts and QGIS used for traditional geologic mapping. The study area includes Ethiopia, notable for its complex geologic setting. The study aimed to analyse the relationships between the geophysical, geological, topographic and seismic setting of the country by presenting six new thematic maps:1 topography based on the GEBCO/SRTM15+ high-resolution grid;2 geological units with consistent lithology and age from the USGS database;3 geological provinces with major Amhara Plateau and Somali Province using USGS data;4 geoid based on the Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM-2008) grid;5 free-air gravity anomaly model using satellite-based remote sensing data;6 seismicity showing earthquakes and volcanos from 05/03/1990 to 27/11/2020.The comparison of the topography, seismicity, geophysics and surface geology of the Afar Depression and the Great Rift Valley was based partly on extant literature on the geologic setting of Ethiopia which primarily focuses upon discussing tectonic processes that took place in the East African Rift System in the past. The current study contributes to the previous research and increases cartographic data on the geology and geophysics of Ethiopia. The outcomes can be implemented in similar regional projects in Ethiopia for geophysical and geological monitoring.

Optimal tuned mass damper inerter (TMDI) systems in controlling displacement demands on structures affected by pulse-like near fault ground motions is presented. Simplified mathematical models of three buildings and many recorded near-fault ground motions, all containing a dominant velocity pulse, are used to make this investigation valid for a wide range of structural vibration periods and ground motion frequency content. For each of these ground motions, optimal parameters of TMDIs are estimated by minimizing structural displacement demand. Time history analysis is used for structural response simulation and Genetic Algorithm is used for minimizing the structural displacement demands. The performance or lack of it of the TMDIs are investigated and explained in relation to important properties of ground motions such as the frequency and oscillatory nature of the dominant pulse contained in the ground motion. The results indicate that properly optimized TMDIs can effectively control structural response under certain circumstances. When the structure resonates with the ground motion pulse, the less impulsive the ground motion, the more effective is the control scheme. An interesting finding is that TMDIs can be very effective in controlling response of structures which are not resonating with the pulse but nevertheless experience high demands due to other frequency components of near-fault ground motions. It is found that TMDI solutions obtained by minimizing the H2 norm of the elastic transfer function are not optimal when the fundamental period of vibration of the structure is lower than the period of the dominant pulse carried by the ground motion. Such solutions also result in unnecessarily high damping in the TMDI dashpot, without any benefit in controlling structural response.