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This study investigates how possibility is expressed in Zamboanga and Cavite Chabacano and two of their respective adstrates, Hiligaynon and Tagalog. Following Winford’s (2000, 2018) call for creolists to use standard typological frameworks to describe creole modality, this study presents questionnaire data elicited for each language and classifies the modals according to categories proposed by van der Auwera & Plungian (1998), Palmer (2001), and Matthewson et al. (2005). The data demonstrate that all four languages have the same typological profile, with mixed Philippine and Spanish elements. Pwede ‘can’ (< Sp. puede) expresses deontic, dynamic, and epistemic possibility, as in Spanish, and in the creoles, it also marks nonvolitional circumstances, parallel to Philippine ma(ka)-. Epistemic possibility is marked primarily by adverbs in each language, however, with siguro ‘possibly/probably’ (< Sp. seguro ‘sure’) flexibly able to mark necessity. The data support recent proposals (Fernández 2006, 2012a;Sippola & Lesho 2020) that the Chabacano varieties are highly similar not because they descended from a single ancestor but because their adstrates are so closely related. In fact, the adstrate modal systems are nearly identical.

This paper presents a study of modal verbs with dynamic meaning for the expression of possibility in the tourism research article in the introduction and conclusion sections of the article. The main aim of this paper is then to analyse these dynamic modal verbs in a corpus of scientific journals in the discipline of tourism. It is understood in this study that dynamic modal verbs contribute to defining the speaker's point of view. In this sense, this analysis will determine which section has the highest frequency of dynamic modal forms. Furthermore, the functions that these modal verbs fulfil in the sections under study will be highlighted, according to the context in which these forms are found. Este trabajo presenta un estudio de los verbos modales con significado dinámico para la expresión de la posibilidad en el artículo de investigación sobre turismo en las secciones de introducción y conclusión del artículo. A continuación, el objetivo principal de este trabajo es analizar estos verbos modales dinámicos en un corpus de revistas científicas de la disciplina del turismo. En este estudio se entiende que los verbos modales dinámicos contribuyen a definir el punto de vista del hablante. En este sentido, este análisis determinará qué sección tiene la mayor frecuencia de formas modales dinámicas. Además, se destacarán las funciones que cumplen estos verbos modales en las secciones estudiadas, según el contexto en el que se encuentran estas formas. Aquest treball presenta un estudi dels verbs modals amb significat dinàmic per a l'expressió de la possibilitat en l'article sobre investigació sobre turisme a les seccions d'introducció i conclusió de l'article. Des del principi, l'objectiu principal d'aquest treball és analitzar aquestos verbs modals dinàmics dins d'un corpus de revistes científiques de la disciplina del turisme. En aquest estudi s'enten que els verbs modals dinàmics contribueixen a definir el punt de vista del parlant. D'aquesta manera, aquest anàlisi determinarà quina secció té la major freqüència de formes modals dinàmiques. A més a més, es destacaran les funcions que compleixen aquestos verbs modals a les seccions estudiades, segons el context en què es troben aquestes formes.

Magistrsko delo obravnava področje naklonskosti v angleščini in slovenščini. Izhodiščno točko predstavlja sistem angleških naklonskih glagolov. Naloga se osredotoča na nasprotje med “dejansko možnostjo”, ki jo izraža epistemski naklonski par may/might, ter “teoretično možnostjo”, ki jo izraža dinamični naklonski par can/could. Naloga raziskuje, s katerimi strukturami se ti dve vrsti možnosti prevajata v slovenščino, ter ali je to nasprotje izraženo tudi v slovenščini. V teoretičnem delu naloge predstavim sistem naklonskih glagolov v angleščini s posebnim poudarkom na naklonskih glagolih may, might, can in could. Zatem predstavim načine izražanja naklonskosti v slovenščini. Primeri, na katerih sloni analiza, izvirajo iz poljudnoznanstvenih prispevkov iz revije National Geographic, prevodi pa iz revije National Geographic Slovenija. The thesis examines the field of modality in English and Slovene. The starting point is the system of the modal auxiliaries in English, specifically the opposition of “factual possibility” which is expressed by the epistemic modal pair may/might and “theoretical possibility” which is expressed by the dynamic modal pair can/could. The thesis examines the ways in which these two types of possibility are translated into Slovene, and whether the same opposition can be observed in Slovene. The theoretical part introduces the system of the modal auxiliaries in English with special attention on the modal auxiliaries may, might, can and could. Ways of expressing modality in Slovene are discussed next. The analysis is based on the popular scientific texts from the magazine National Geographic and its Slovene counterpart National Geographic Slovenija.

PhD (Afrikaans en Nederlands), North-West University, Vanderbijlpark Campus, 2019 Modality is a challenging and complex field in linguistics and together with tempus and aspect is probably one of the most dynamic and important terrains in current research. Many difficulties confront the researcher in the field of modality as various disputes surround the definition and typological categorization of terms in a field without dominant theories or research methods. In the study of Afrikaans a gap exists regarding modality, specifically on modal auxiliary verbs. During the last forty years only Conradie (2016, 2018a, 2018b) contributed to research on modal auxiliary verbs in Afrikaans. No other contemporary research covers the work done in this thesis. Earlier research is dated and only De Villiers (1971), Ponelis (1979), Van Schoor (1983), and Conradie (1976, 1979, 1980, 1987, and 1992) could be interrogated for information on the meaning and syntactical functions of modal auxiliary verbs and the changes in these verbs during the past century. The lacunae in knowledge are caused by insufficient historical data and a lack of sound theoretical approaches as the existing research tends to rely on anecdotal evidence and instinctive responses. William Croft’s Radical Construction Grammar (2001) forms the point of departure for this investigation of modality. RCG asserts that both form (syntax) and function (semantics) are important and therefore the meaning of modal auxiliary verbs cannot be investigated without keeping syntax and context in mind. This thesis is the first attempt to approach modality in Afrikaans from a construction grammar perspective, but indeed is one of only few attempts to do so in the broader field of linguistics. The thesis also focusses on some of the disputes relating to modality and proposes a working model formed by a synthesis of current and traditional theories to supplement RCG when semantic maps and constructions are used to investigate and describe meaning. This working model is used to probe the central modal auxiliary verbs in Afrikaans. Methods gleaned from corpus linguistics (Biber et al., 1998) are also used and a historical corpus existing of four periods spanning 100 years with 20 year gaps is introduced. The use of modal auxiliary verbs is annotated and classified according to specific micro parameters. Every modal auxiliary verb is discussed in a separate chapter by making use of the new working model aided by statistical methods from corpus linguistics.The working model enabled the researcher to indicate the prototypical as well as peripheral meanings of each modal auxiliary verb. As Construction Grammar doesn’t focus exclusively on semantics but emphasises the context in which words are used, the possible uses of each modal is exposed and investigated. One of the salient findings is the constructionalising of moenie (mustn’t) to the status of a central modal auxiliary verb. This study departed with research on nine core modal auxiliary verbs, but ended with ten. Also, the frequency of kan has increased drastically during the past hundred years so that it has become by far the most frequently used modal auxiliary verb in Afrikaans. Kan (can) is shown to be a dynamic and competitive modal and in the epistemic and the deontic meaning domains the use of kan overlaps with mag (may) and has ushered out and taken over some of the meanings of mag. Findings involving moet (must) are also noteworthy as this modal has undergone a change in emphasis. During the second period (1940’s-1950’s), a period that overlaps with the rise of Afrikaner Nationalism and Apartheid, the use of moet (must) increased significantly but then frequency of use as well as the intensity and power of moet declined again. Currently the use of moet is less dominant while its tone levelled out as well. The thesis provides a comprehensive semantic data base of the synchronic state of ten central modal auxiliary verbs in Afrikaans, namely moet, moes, mag, kan, kon, wil, wou, sal, sou and the latest addition to this group, moenie. (Literally translated: must, should, may, can, could, will, would, shall, would and “must not”.) In addition the most important changes in the use of these verbs over a hundred years were pointed out. Afrikaans is compared to the two other closely related Germanic languages, English and Dutch, in order to contribute to the wider discussion of modality in Germanic languages. This comprehensive data base with its synchronic information, as well as observations regarding various diachronic changes fills an important gap in the knowledge regarding Afrikaans auxiliary verbs. Doctoral

International audience; À tous les niveaux – celui du langage et celui des diverses langues – il y a du jeu, il y a de la place pour des variations au cœur même de l’invariance. À travers des études de cas favorisant la comparaison inter-langues, chère aux linguistes de l’ERIAC, ce volume souhaite interroger l’opération de modalisation tout comme les différents modes d’expression des modalités, aussi bien sous l’angle des modalisations internes que sous celui des modalisations externes aux énoncés. Ainsi, les chapitres de ce volume, en français et en anglais, permettent de croiser les regards sur les concepts théoriques d’une part et sur les formes de l’autre. On traite des modalités linguistiques en anglais, en allemand, en espagnol, en français, en italien, en japonais, en portugais, et aussi en grec ancien de l’époque classique (Platon).

Magistrsko delo obravnava področje naklonskosti s stališča vprašanj sodobnih teorij naklonskosti, predstavljenih na podlagi raziskave jezikoslovca Jana Nuytsa: Analyses of the Modal Meanings (2014). Predstavi tri glavne tipe naklonskosti: dinamično, deontično in epistemično. Temu sledi podrobnejša obravnava slovenskih naklonskih glagolov moči in morati, pregled njunih pojavitev tako v sodobnih kot tudi v starejših jezikovnih priročnikih ter pregled rabe teh dveh glagolov s pomočjo slovenskega korpusa Gigafida. V drugem delu magistrskega dela sopostavljamo ruski roman Bulgakova Mojster in Margareta s prevodoma v slovenski in ukrajinski jezik (s pomočjo vzporednega korpusa ParaSol), kar služi za ponazoritev in primerjavo naklonskih izrazov, ki se v slovenščino prevajajo z glagoloma moči in morati. This master’s thesis discusses modality from the point of view of contemporary modality theories presented on the basis of the research conducted by the linguist Jan Nuyts: Analyses of the Modal Meanings (2014). The master’s thesis explains three main types of modality: dynamic, deontic and epistemic, followed by a detailed analysis of the Slovenian verbs moči (&#8219 be able to’) and morati (&#8219 have to’/&#8219 must’), an overview of the occurrence in contemporary and older language handbooks as well as an overview of the usage of both verbs. To analyse the occurrence and usage of both verbs, Slovenian corpus Gigafida was used. The second part of the Master’s thesis places the original Russian version of Bulgakov’s novel The Master and Margarita in juxtaposition with its Slovenian and Ukrainian translations (with the help of the parallel corpus ParaSol) with the purpose of illustrating and comparing modal expressions that are translated into Slovenian language by the verbs moči (&#8219 be able to’) and morati (&#8219 have to’/&#8219 must’).

This paper deals with the grammatical differences and overlaps between the uses of the Finnishkuuluaas a verb of auditory perceptibility (‘to be audible’) and as a verb of appearance, when employed in negative clauses (‘to be imperceptible (through unspecified sensory input)’). Both meanings entail perceptibility, existentiality and motion from the experienced towards the experiencer. However, they differ significantly in regard to the nature of the motion as well as the degree of animacy of the subject referent. As a verb of auditory perceptibility,kuuluaaccepts mainly inanimate subjects referring to a perceivable sound. As a verb of appearance,kuuluais mostly used with animate subjects. The semantic difference between the two constructions is accounted for in terms of objective and intersubjective meaning construal. The potential movement of a sound towards the experiencer concerns the relationship between the world and the subject of conceptualization, whereas the non-appearance of an animate being is viewed on the level of intersubjective cognitive coordination, with regard to interactional expectations. The results of this study shed light on the complex semantics of perceptibility. The analysis is based on 1,528 occurrences ofkuuluain dialectal and literary data.

This bachelor thesis deals with the contrastive analysis of modality and its expression in Czech and German. The theoretical part of the thesis introduces the problem of modality and the possibility of its expression in both languages; then modality is presented contrastively. The focus is mainly on modal verbs, modal particles and verb forms expressing modality. The practical part deals with the research itself, which is devoted to the contrastive comparison of modality in Czech and in German. For this purpose a corpus of parallel texts in Czech and German is created. Due to the character of the discussed phenomenon, Czech and German narrative texts are used, which offer sufficient amount of text stylistically diverse thanks to the essayistic elements; they also offer plenty of material for the analysed phenomenon.

This study focuses on the notions of deontic and dynamic modality in Spanish and how they are expressed through the modal verbs deber ‘must’ and tener que ‘have to’. The analysis is based on a corpus of political debates from the European Parliament, conducted 2010‒2011 by Spanish MEPs. In total, 578 occurrences of deber and 334 occurrences of tener que have been studied in detail, in order to understand their semantic and pragmatic behavior. Out of the 912 cases, 860 were classified as deontic necessity and 52 as dynamic necessity. When separating the deontic readings from the dynamic ones, the notions of volitivity and factuality proved to be crucial: whereas deontic cases are volitive and non-factual, dynamic cases can be described as non-volitive and, to a high extent, factual. In order to further examine the deontic uses, four classificatory variables were taken into account, namely, grammatical person, degree of agentivity, tense and source of the necessity. The distributions of deber and tener que were analyzed using Chi-square tests. Statistically significant differences were found for all four variables. The results show that deber is highly preferred in the third person, whereas tener que occurs equally often in the first and third person. Moreover, deber occurs more frequently in contexts which obscure the responsible agent, such as the impersonal se construction and inanimate subjects. As far as tense is concerned, the major difference between deber and tener que is found in the conditional tense, where tener que barely occurs, while deber is fairly frequent. A final difference between the two verbs is that the speaker usually is the source of the necessity when tener que is used, whereas deber is the first option when the speaker refers to another source or authority. In conclusion, it is argued, firstly, that there is a clear difference between deontic and dynamic modality in Spanish, and secondly, that deber and tener que display different semantic and pragmatic functions in deontic contexts, pointing towards an intersubjective use of deber and a subjective use of tener que.

Cet article se veut une réflexion sur les critères de catégorisation utilisés pour définir les sens modaux. Dans un premier temps, il s’agira de comparer la façon dont Palmer (1990) et Huddleston et Pullum et al (2002) ont défini la modalité dynamique à l’approche de Depraetere et Reed (2011) et Depraetere (2014). Ensuite, cette comparaison sera complétée par l’étude critique des traits définitoires de la nécessité déontique dans trois modèles différents (Huddleston and Pullum et al 2002, Van der Auwera and Plungian 1998, Coates 1983). Finalement, je vais m’attarder sur le cas de l'implication dynamique (« dynamic implication »), qui est une catégorie de sens moins répandue. Ici, la question sera de savoir si ce concept est présent dans d’autres taxonomies sous un autre nom et, si ce n'est pas le cas, de déterminer si son absence peut être expliquée par des classifications insuffisamment fines ou si elle réside dans la nature même de l’effet de sens saisi par ce concept. L’analyse critique et les comparaisons de différentes taxonomies permettent de mettre en évidence la nature des traits distinctifs pris en compte dans chacune de celles-ci et permettent d'arriver ainsi à une meilleure compréhension des stratégies définitoires qu’une classification de sens modaux devrait respecter. This paper offers a critical analysis of the features used to define categories of modal meaning (expressed by modal verbs). First, Palmer’s (1990) and Huddleston and Pullum et al’s (2002) definition of dynamic modality is compared with the taxonomic approach to that area of modal meaning in Depraetere and Reed (2011) and Depraetere (2014). The next part of the paper is focussed on the ways in which deontic necessity is defined in Huddleston and Pullum et al (2002), Van der Auwera and Plungian (1998), Coates (1983). Finally, the defining features of the category of dynamic implication are analysed. The discussion is meant to make explicit and assess the diverse strategies used to delineate categories of modal meaning. Some principles of methodological good practice are put forward.

В статье анализируются взаимоотношения семантической категории модальности и грамматических признаков времени и наклонения. Особое внимание уделяется тем структурам, в которых грамматические категории времени и наклонения глаголов используются в переносном значении. Исходя из сложностей, которые конструкции этого типа вызывают у не русскоговорящих, в работе также предлагается структурированный подход к объяснению и отработке данных структур в курсе РКИ., The article analyzes relations between the semantic category of modality and the grammatical features of verb tense and mood. A particular attention is paid to the structures in which the grammatical categories of verb tense and mood transmit a figurative meaning. Considering the difficulties that no Russian speakers can meet in using this type of constructions, the article offers also a structured approach to the explanation and the training of these structures in a course of Russian language as foreign language.

Fil: Marcovecchio, Ana María. Universidad Católica Argentina. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Departamento de Letras; Argentina. Resumen: Partiendo de la hipótesis de que existe un relativo isomorfismo entre los paradigmas flexivos y perifrásticos (Marcovecchio, 2014), me propongo comparar, en un estudio cualitativo de perspectiva cognitivo-funcional, el comportamiento sintáctico de los auxiliares poder / pouvoir, con respecto a sus posibilidades combinatorias, sus posibles paráfrasis (Cornillie, 2007 ; Le Querler, 2001 ; Tasmowski y Dendale, 1994) y la correspondencia con los significados modales expresados (modalidad orientada hacia el agente o hacia la oración toda). Este análisis contrastivo mostrará la incidencia de la ‘distancia conceptual’ (Bybee, 1985) en las semejanzas formales y semánticas de los auxiliares que conforman estas perífrasis de modalidad Résumé: Selon une perspective cognitive et fonctionnelle, et sur la base de l'hypothèse d'un isomorphisme relatif entre les paradigmes de flexionnels et périphrastiques (Marcovecchio, 2014), je compare le focntionnement syntaxique des auxiliaires poder et pouvoir en prenant en considération leur possibilités combinatoires, leur paraphrases possibles (Cornillie, 2007, Le Querler, 2001 ; Tasmowski and Dendale, 1994), et les corrélations signifiantes orientées soit vers l'agent, soit vers l'énoncé qu'elle expriment. Cette analyse contrastive montre l'incidence de la "distance conceptuelle" (Bybee, 1985) sur les ressemblances sémantiques et formelles des auxiliaires engagés dans la modalité périphrastique Abstract: Using a cognitive-functional perspective, and assuming a relative isomorphism between inflectional and periphrastic paradigms (Marcovecchio, 2014), I compare the syntactic behavior of the auxiliaries poder and pouvoir with respect to their combinatorial possibilities, their possible paraphrases (Cornillie, 2007, Le Querler, 2001 ; Tasmowski and Dendale, 1994), and the correspondences with the agent-oriented or sentence-oriented modal meanings they express. This contrastive analysis shows the incidence of 'conceptual distance' (Bybee, 1985) in the formal and semantic similarities of the auxiliaries involved in modality periphrasis