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Residential design should not only meet the growing demand for habitation but also reduce the negative impact on the natural environment. Therefore, the sustainability of residential buildings has become increasingly important in residential design evaluation. Taking the core database of the Web of Science platform as its source of information, this paper uses bibliometrics to visually analyze the current research status of residential design evaluation and its development trends, as well as hotspots of research from the perspectives of the annual distribution of publications, research fields and institutions, keywords, and highly cited articles. The results demonstrate the following: the number of publications on residential design evaluation has shown an overall upward trend and has grown rapidly over the past five years. Furthermore, due to the emergence of social issues, such as the aging population, social polarization, and rising urban poverty levels, scholars in the field have attached importance to the comprehensive evaluation of residential senior-friendliness, fairness, health, and quality, thereby expanding the connotation of residential sustainability from the technological dimension toward the social dimension. This paper can help researchers to identify future research directions in this field.

Euro 7 and California HD-OBD present a shift of approach in emissions control. Legislative bodies concentrate on individual vehicle conformity to standards during its lifetime on top of type approval processes in test environment. The main change is NOx trackers in software and sensors in the exhaust pipes of all vehicles. As a consequence of constant supervision not only single point faults are taken into account in the analysis, but also cumulative parameter drift of components due to aging. To achieve normative requirements and prevent emission standards violation during exploitation, methodologies known from automotive functional safety domain and SOTIF are used to evaluate and modify a propulsion system design. An illustrative example of analysis is presented in the paper.

This paper describes an overview of a panel that will be held as an interactive event in CSCL2002. Multicultural issues in design, evaluations and dissemination of CSCL systems are discussed. Four outstanding panelists will share their rich experiences, and propose how multicultural issues should be considered and examined in the context of system design and development and practice in school education, what problems should be dealt with, and how information technologies can contribute to promoting multicultural learning. Discussions are not limited to the panelists: active participation from the audience will be welcomed.

In this paper, we deal with the issue of implicit monitoring of perceptual responses to product design through electroencephalography (EEG) and eye tracking. Four evaluation factors, namely, preference, luxury, complexity, and harmony are considered to investigate how people perceive the car design. In particular, the quantified perceptual responses are predicted based on EEG and gaze data. Average root-mean-square errors of 0.210 and 1.215 are obtained from subject-dependent and subject-independent regressions on a 7-point score scale, respectively, which demonstrates that perception of car design can be predicted via implicit monitoring.

The authors describe the implementation and impact of a graduate-level transition personnel preparation program for transition specialists. This program was based on the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) standards for transition specialists. Over 200 special educators were prepared in a 2-year part-time graduate program where interdisciplinary, practice-based preparation was provided. Participants completed five courses and one practicum designed to prepare them to meet the standards for transition specialists. Competency ratings significantly improved after program completion. Focus group responses suggested that the program design had features that had major impact on the areas of policy, collaboration, and leadership. Collaboration and interdisciplinary activities emphasizing the roles of transition professionals were described throughout the article, showing how transition specialists, career/technical educators, and rehabilitation counselors are mutually supportive of youth with disabilities achieving postschool goals. The authors recommended further research on how this kind of preparation might be disseminated and replicated.

Automatic Transmissions in vehicles are becoming the norm today and with the need to reduce fuel consumption, electric vehicles are increasing in number too. As the vehicles get smarter, transmissions have also felt the need to adapt so as to cope with the demands of the 21st century. Apart from providing the user with different driving modes, vehicles with an Automatic Transmission and electric vehicles have a device called a Park Lock. Park Lock Mechanisms are devices that are fitted to vehicles with an automatic transmission or electric vehicles which can secure the vehicle mechanically in addition to the parking brakes to prevent an unintended movement of the vehicle when the vehicle is brought to a stop. This system can face various kinds of loads coming from the transmission or from the wheel side. So, it is necessary to design a system which can withstand against it. Today, when a park lock mechanism is designed, it is designed in a way that it not only fits one vehicle variant but many variants (these variants can include either front wheel drive, rear wheel drive, vehicles with varying final gear to park lock gear ratios etc). Therefore, one Park Lock Mechanism needs to satisfy various conditions and requirements. Carrying out calculations with different notations for each variant becomes a cumbersome procedure, therefore it is prudent to have one common platform which can do the calculation in the early phases of design. In this paper, a closed form calculationsbased Excel VBA tool can able to estimate the loads coming on to the Park lock mechanism by doing some background calculation is presented followed by the simulation performed using Multi Body Dynamics software (‘ADAMS’). Results from MBD tool and a 1D tool are corelated to the test data to gain some confidence on the tool which created in Excel VBA. Keywords: Park Lock Mechanism, ADAMS, 1D Tool, Excel VBA, Drop in Speed, Torque Build up.

The impacts of sex, age of onset, phenotype, and comorbidity on clinical features were explored in a large clinical sample with pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (p-OCD) (n = 457), along with concomitant specific features in the framework of different symptom dimensions/phenotypes, by a retrospective cross-sectional evaluation design. The most prevalent phenotype was obsession/checking (almost half), and the clinical features belonging to different phenotypes varied among sexes, age of onset, severity, and comorbidities. The contamination and aggressive obsessions, along with the compulsions such as cleaning and repeating routine activities, were the most prevalent symptoms, which were prevalently accompanied by generalized anxiety disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and depression. Females with OCD were likely prone to exhibit comorbid internalizing disorders, whereas males were prone to externalizing. This recent study on a large Turkish clinical sample of p-OCD followed up within 5 years, highlighting separate evidence on subtyping of p-OCD in phenotype and comorbidity frame.

Dynamic vision refers to a person’s visual perception of the environment when the person is in motion. Pedestrians naturally have dynamic visual experiences, the aesthetic qualities of which may modify their walking and seeing behaviors. Despite the subject’s significant design relevance, dynamic visual research has shown limited theoretical and methodological progress since the 1960s. Inspired by recent development in 3D visibility research, this paper proposes a Real-Time Dynamic Visual Evaluation (RtDVE) protocol that simulates and evaluates pedestrians’ dynamic visual experiences in designed environments. The protocol utilizes Downtown Explorer, a 3D game developed to allow research participants to simulate free-roaming walks by controlling a pedestrian avatar. The game synchronously collects graphic and numerical data about the avatar’s first-person sequential views. The RtDVE protocol prescribes computational procedures to convert collected data into diagrammatic charts illustrating view-to-view transitions within the avatar’s Field of View. The protocol also introduces Dynamic Visual Variance Index, a composite quantitative index synthesizing multiple numerical data to facilitate comparisons of dynamic visual experiences across various simulated walks. Through a two-stage empirical study, the paper reveals the RtDVE protocol’s conception and demonstrates its effectiveness. The study applied the RtDVE protocol to investigate simulated dynamic visual experiences about different architectural massing schemes. The descriptive analysis outcomes facilitated the exploratory evaluation of these design schemes’ implications on pedestrians’ dynamic vision. Given its strengths in operability and research quality, the RtDVE protocol can promote evidence-based, user-centered design practices incorporating dynamic visual evaluation. Future RtDVE studies may adopt evolved real-time 3D simulation technologies and more sophisticated research designs to examine the complex ecological interplay between the objective and subjective factors in dynamic vision.

Health information technology (HIT) is a widely recognized strategy to encourage cancer patients and caregivers to participate in healthcare delivery in a sustainable and cost-effective way. In the context of autologous hematopoietic cell transplant (HSCT), HIT-enabled tools have the potential to effectively engage, educate, support, and optimize outcomes of patients and caregivers in the outpatient setting. This study sought to leverage human-centered design to develop a high-fidelity prototype of a HIT-enabled psychoeducational tool for HSCT caregivers. Phase 1 focuses on breadth and depth of information gathering through a systematic review and semi-structured interviews to determine optimal tool use. Phase 2 engages in human-centered design synthesis and visualization methods to identify key opportunities for the HIT design. Phase 3 employs human-centered design evaluation, engaging caregivers to respond to low-fidelity concepts and scenarios to help co-design an optimal tool for HSCT. This study outlines a hybrid method of healthcare delivery research and human-centered design to develop technology-enabled support for HSCT caregivers. Herein, we present a design methodology for developing a prototype of HIT-enabled psychoeducational tool which can be leveraged to develop future eHealth innovations to optimize HSCT.

Tourism in Malang district is currently dominated by tourist attractions in the city of Batu and the Bromo area. The low number of tourists is due to the lack of development of tourism facilities in Malang Regency, including in Bedengan, Selorejo Village, Malang Regency. The Ministry of Agriculture assisted in improving the economy, but the tourism sector is still not growing. Support is needed to improve the tourist facilities in Selorejo Village. Efforts are being made, namely the development of a QR code tourism educational game with a visual theme. The methods used to develop the game included condition analysis (to obtain data from direct observations), basic concepts and planning (researchers planned what materials were needed), content design and implementation, and design evaluation. The visuals used in this game are digital painting visualizations. This tool has six digital illustration visualizations used as a background for the sketches prepared at the primary building implementation stage. It is hoped that this QR code tourism educational game could increase the number of visitors to Bedengan, Selorejo Village, Malang Regency. Keywords: QR code, game education, tourism

Architects and designers communicate their ideas within a range of representational methods. No single instance of these methods, either in the form of orthographic projections or perspectival representation, can address all questions regarding the design, but as a whole, they demonstrate a comprehensive range of information about the building or object they intend to represent. This explicates an inevitable degree of deficiency in representation, regardless of its type. In addition, perspective-based optical illusions manipulate our spatial perception by deliberately misrepresenting the reality. In this regard, they are not new concepts to architectural representation. As a consequence, Optically Illusive Architecture (OIA) is proposed, not as a solution to fill the gap between the representing and represented spaces, but as a design paradigm whose concept derives from and accounts for this gap. By OIA we aim to cast light to an undeniable role of viewpoints in designing architectural spaces. The idea is to establish a methodology in a way that the deficiency of current representational techniques—manifested as specific thread of optical illusions—flourishes into thoughtful results embodied as actual architectural spaces. Within our design paradigm, we define a framework to be able to effectively analyze its precedents, generate new space, and evaluate their efficiencies. Moreover, the framework raises a hierarchical set of questions to differentiate OIA from a visual gimmick. Furthermore, we study two OIA-driven environments, by conducting empirical studies using Virtual Reality (VR). These studies bear essential information, in terms of design performance, and the public’s ability to engage and interact with an OIA space, prior to the actual fabrication of the structures.

Background: Tooth loss can affect various factors in oral health. Some of these factors are functional, harmonization and aesthetics of oral health. Over time, the aesthetic factor has become an important concern in the manufacture of dentures. Apart from rehabilitating the function and harmonization of oral health, the field of dentistry must also pay attention to the aesthetics of dentures. Purpose: This article aims to discuss the use of acetyl thermoplastic ingredients in making Snap-On Smile. Review: Smile design evaluation of certain elements, namely facial analysis, analysis of relationship between the jaw and face, relationship between teeth and midline of the face, analysis of relationship between teeth and lips, relationship between teeth and gingiva and analysis of shape and color of teeth. All are related to one another. In an ideal smile, the maxillary teeth will show up in the area between the upper and lower lips. Conclusion: Aesthetic and functional improvement in tooth loss can be performed using the Snap-On Smile. Snap-On Smile is a restoration that can be used for aesthetic rehabilitation without requiring preparation or alteration of the tooth structure and cement attachment in its manufacture. The Snap-On Smile prosthesis is more comfortable and can be removed by the patient.

We reviewed published clinical reports that evaluated treatment effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) with children, adolescents, and adults who had autism spectrum disorder (ASD), catatonia, and self-injury. Published reports were identified from an internet search and summarized according to seven review criteria: (a) participant description, (b) clinical presentation, (c) previous treatments, (d) course of ECT, (e) treatment outcome, (f) side effects, and (g) evaluation methodology. ECT was associated with clinical improvement in all participants. Most notable benefits included decreased self-injury, acquisition or recovery of functional life skills, elimination of catatonic symptoms, and return to baseline functioning. Maintenance ECT was typically required to sustain improved clinical status in the months and years following acute ECT. There appears to be sufficient evidence that supports therapeutic benefits from ECT in persons with ASD, catatonia, and self-injury. However, measurement methods and evaluation design vary greatly among reports, there may be a publication bias towards cases with positive findings, and more rigorous clinical research is necessary particularly concerning optimization of maintenance ECT to maximize benefit and monitor for any adverse response.

D4S (design for sustainability) is derived from the concept of “sustainable development”. The situation of energy and material resources directly dependent on human beings is deteriorating in the face of the major global problems threatening human development, such as population increase, desertification of the land, climate warming, forest reduction, extinction of species, and energy scarcity. Design plays a very important role in social development. On the one hand, design changes people’s lives. On the other hand, ecological damage, waste of resources, and environmental pollution also arise as a result of design activities. In this context, the concept of sustainable design comes into being. Based on D4S theory, this paper discusses the characteristics of bamboo and its application as a sustainable environmental material in furniture design. The status quo and problems of sustainable furniture design are analyzed using the sustainable design method, and the characteristics and processing technology of bamboo are preliminarily discussed, which provide a useful reference for sustainable design research related to bamboo furniture products. Secondly, the sustainable design strategy of bamboo furniture is put forward, sustainable design methods and principles of bamboo furniture are summarized, and sustainable design is explored through the practice of bamboo furniture design. Finally, an inventory of bamboo furniture design stage is compiled, which is scored according to design, plan implementation, and waste disposal to judge whether bamboo furniture meets the goal of sustainable development.

This study aimed to detail and analyse the design, evaluation and outcomes of leisure education programs. Each program was designed for a particular population with specific set of components, principles and goals. Some techniques were identified as useful to assist deliverers in effectively providing these services (e.g. contents, deliverers, delivery methods, settings and duration), which are essential aspects to consider when preparing and planning leisure education. In general, these programs may have a positive influence on diverse audiences, highlighting the potential of leisure-related activities engagement. Additionally, an evaluation of the used instruments was performed given that selecting an adequate instrument may determine the quality of reporting and whether a program may effectively broaden leisure-related experiences. We hope to contribute to the processes of developing such programs.

Purpose To develop consensus terminology in the setting of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), and to develop and validate a set of diagnostic criteria not requiring indocyanine green angiograph (ICGA) for differentiating PCV from typical neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) based on a combination of OCT and color fundus photograph findings. Design Evaluation of diagnostic test Participants Panel of retina specialists. Methods As part of the Asia-Pacific Ocular Imaging Society (APOIS), an international group of experts surveyed and discussed the published literature regarding the current nomenclature and lesion components for PCV and proposed an updated consensus nomenclature, which reflects our latest understanding based on imaging and histology reports. The workgroup evaluated a set of diagnostic features based on OCT and color fundus photographs for PCV that may distinguish it from typical nAMD and assessed the performance of individual and combinations of these non-ICGA features, aiming to propose a new set of diagnostic criteria which does not require the use of ICGA. The final recommendation was validated in 80 eyes from 2 additional cohorts. Main Outcome Measures A consensus nomenclature system for PCV lesion components and non-ICGA-based criteria to differentiate PCV from typical nAMD. Results The workgroup recommended the terms ‘polypoidal lesion’ and ‘branching neovascular network’ for the two key lesion components in PCV. For the diagnosis of PCV, the combination of 3 OCT-based ‘major criteria’ (sub-RPE ring-like lesion, enface OCT complex RPE elevation, and sharp-peaked PED) achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.90. Validation of this new scheme in a separate subset 110 eyes achieved an accuracy of 82%. Conclusions We propose updated terminology for PCV lesion components which better reflect the nature of these lesions which was based on international consensus. A set of practical diagnostic criteria that are easily applied to SD-OCT can be used for diagnosing PCV with high accuracy in clinical settings in which ICGA is not routinely performed.

The surge in competition among companies to acquire a more significant portion of the market as well as respecting customer preferences in high quality and diverse products result in a reduction of product life cycles. Accordingly, companies are under enormous pressure to introduce new high quality and diverse products on time. Assessing new product designs at the primary phases of new product development (NPD) is a necessary and complex activity that can considerably reduce the time and cost of introducing new products to the market. The current methods of evaluating new product conceptual designs, including employing decision-making methods based on subjective opinions of experts, utilizing simulation packages, and following trial-and-error approaches in prototyping, may be inefficient, very time-consuming, and costly. To overcome this issue, this paper develops a quantitative data-driven Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approach founded on the combination of an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), to assess the new conceptual designs. So that the ANN method is utilized to predict the performance characteristics of new designs based on the related existed data of similar products, and TOPSIS is employed to score and rank different proposed alternatives designs. Finally, a case study of evaluating new product conceptual designs in an automotive research and development company is considered to demonstrate the performance and applicability of the proposed approach.

To become effective learners, students need to develop good evaluative judgment skills. Unfortunately, numerous studies find that self-evaluation estimates provided by undergraduates often differ significantly from the marks awarded by the tutor. This suggests that students either have a rather poor grasp of the assessment criteria, or they find it difficult to apply standards to their own work because of their emotional investment. They may demonstrate a better understanding of standards when asked to judge the work of their peers. We use data from a cohort of 2nd year undergraduates to compare the ability of students to accurately self- and peer-evaluate an assessed essay. We find that peer evaluation is more accurate, on average, than self-evaluation but shows greater dispersion, and there is limited evidence that misconceptions about standards are consistent across self- and peer-evaluation.

The study was undertaken to know the effectiveness of season long training programme imparted to Village Agriculture Assistants (VAAs) in Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh by DoA (Department of Agriculture) during kharif 2020. One-group pre and post evaluation design was employed for conducting a formative evaluation. The knowledge tests were administered to 113 VAAs, before and after the training programme. The results showed that there was a significant knowledge gain in subjects like crop production, plant protection and general agriculture in terms of qualification wise, division wise and subject wise. The pre-training mean knowledge score of the trainees was 37.95, which increased to 53.77 after the training. There was an increase of 15.82 in the mean knowledge score, which is significant at the level p < 0.01. In the correlation analysis education, experience, social participation, rural back ground and land holding were found to have significant relationship with knowledge levels of the VAAs. Majority of the respondents expressed in their feedback that they were ‘satisfied ‘regarding its usefulness in enhancing knowledge, appropriateness of the content & its relevancy, stimulation of inquisitiveness, arousal of curiosity & interest.

Abstract: Strategies for optimizing evaluator education involve ongoing discussions within the field of evaluation. There remains unrealized potential for authentic assessments to support and measure learning that demonstrates the integration of evaluation theory with practice. In this practice note, we advance collaborative evaluation designs as a useful authentic assessment for generating the type of applied learning evidence required within an evaluation-focused graduate course. First, we provide a brief review of educational literature, highlighting the value of authentic assessments and a description of the contexts where we effectively applied the collaborative evaluation design. Next, we offer details of the four instructional processes involved in the authentic assessment: planning, development, feedback, and measurement. Finally, we advance lessons learned from our instructional experiences and the learner benefits of the collaborative evaluation design as an authentic assessment.

Universities increasingly promote community engagement that involves students. However, very little has been done to evaluate student-community engagement (SCE) for their impact on “the community.” This research innovatively juxtaposes literature on the evaluation of planning and public policy with three different instances of SCE to explore the scope and nature of such impact evaluation within the context of planning education. Results suggest considerable potential of a naturalistic, ongoing, and integrated evaluation approach for and with communities in planning-related SCEs and, by extension, as a practical theory for evaluation design in community planning itself.

A key anticipated benefit from transiting to a Linked Swing‐Contract Market Design is a more level playing field for resource participation in centrally managed wholesale power market operations. This chapter conjectures that IDSOs, operating as linkage entities at the transmission and distribution (T–D) interfaces of integrated transmission and distribution (ITD) systems, could use swing contracts to offer ancillary services into wholesale power markets. It explains the basic features of the ITD TES Platform V2.0, a computational platform that has specifically been developed to permit the performance evaluation of IDSO‐managed bid‐based TES designs at design readiness levels (DRLs). The chapter briefly describes several illustrative test cases conducted by means of the ITD TES Platform V2.0 to evaluate the performance of the IDSO‐managed bid‐based TES design for households. Hereafter, these test cases are referred to as the ITD Household Test Cases.

The Farmers Market (FM) Food Navigator program was designed over 3 years and follows a social ecological framework to increase vulnerable populations’ access to local foods and build confidence to shop in a FM supporting local food systems while promoting fruit and vegetable consumption. Food Navigators followed a program Playbook, though unlike many similar programs, the program did not offer incentives to subsidize FM purchases. To inform program design and understand outcomes, data were collected from Food Navigators, shoppers, FM managers, and FM vendors. Food Navigators supported five to seven FMs each season (May through October), spending 590 days in FMs over three seasons. Due to their interaction with Food Navigators, shoppers in Season 3 ( n = 689) indicated that they would: shop more at the FM (80%); eat more vegetables (52%); and purchase more vegetables (50%). Of shoppers who interacted with Food Navigators more than once ( n = 55), 26% reported a higher frequency of vegetable consumption on their last survey compared with their first. In Season 3, at least half of FM managers ( n = 4, 50%) and vendors ( n = 68, 57%) agreed that food navigators helped increase overall market fruit and vegetables sales. Findings indicated the program did influence multiple levels of a social ecological framework as intended. FM nutrition programs can have success at increasing market sales and improving health-related behaviors without offering incentives. As a result, programs could operate with smaller budgets and be more likely to have increased shopper fruit and vegetable consumption sustainably beyond the direct subsidy of purchases.

Most parenting interventions report high dropout rates for parents who exhibit clinically high levels of stress and/or are parents of adolescents with severe emotional and/or behavioral difficulties. The objective of this preliminary study was to evaluate the feasibility and real-world effectiveness of the Open Door Approach to Parenting Teenagers (APT), a six-session individually delivered face-to-face intervention for typically hard to engage parents of 11 to 21-year-olds. A one-group, pre-post evaluation design was adopted due to the naturalistic clinic-based setting of the study. Participants were 279 parents reporting clinical levels of stress relating to parenting an adolescent. Parents receiving the APT intervention demonstrated lower dropout rates than other parenting programs and reported high scores across several items relating to service satisfaction. The APT intervention was associated with significant reductions in parental stress and improvements in parent-adolescent relationships immediately post-intervention. Findings suggest that parents found the APT intervention acceptable and beneficial, and further suggest that the intervention is feasible and effective in retaining hard to engage parents. Moreover, preliminary findings suggest that the APT intervention is a promising intervention that may support parents who fail to engage in group programs. However, further research is required to establish the efficacy of the intervention.

Lessons learned from implementing evaluations for Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance and the Global Fund for AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria can help inform the design and implementation of ongoing or future evaluations of complex interventions. We share 5 lessons distilled from over 7 years of experience implementing evaluations in 7 countries., Key Findings We present 5 key lessons distilled from 7 years of experience implementing evaluations in 7 countries, which include the importance of: Including an inception phase to engage stakeholders and inform a relevant, useful evaluation designAligning on the degree to which the evaluation is embedded in the program implementationMonitoring programmatic, organizational, or contextual changes and adapting the evaluation accordinglyHiring evaluators with mixed-methods expertise and using tools and approaches that facilitate mixing methodsContextualizing recommendations and clearly communicating their underlying strength of evidence Key Implications Global health initiatives, particularly those funding or implementing complex interventions, should consider embedding evaluations to understand how and why the programs are working to adapt as necessary and maximize impact.Evaluators of complex interventions should continue to share lessons learned related to balancing stakeholder priorities, aligning on “breadth” versus “depth” of the evaluation scope and ensuring use of the evaluation findings., Introduction: As global health programs have become increasingly complex, corresponding evaluations must be designed to assess the full complexity of these programs. Gavi and the Global Fund have commissioned 2 such evaluations to assess the full spectrum of their investments using a prospective mixed-methods approach. We aim to describe lessons learned from implementing these evaluations. Methods: This article presents a synthesis of lessons learned based on the Gavi and Global Fund prospective mixed-methods evaluations, with each evaluation considered a case study. The lessons are based on the evaluation team’s experience from over 7 years (2013–2020) implementing these evaluations. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Framework for Evaluation in Public Health was used to ground the identification of lessons learned. Results: We identified 5 lessons learned that build on existing evaluation best practices and include a mix of practical and conceptual considerations. The lessons cover the importance of (1) including an inception phase to engage stakeholders and inform a relevant, useful evaluation design; (2) aligning on the degree to which the evaluation is embedded in the program implementation; (3) monitoring programmatic, organizational, or contextual changes and adapting the evaluation accordingly; (4) hiring evaluators with mixed-methods expertise and using tools and approaches that facilitate mixing methods; and (5) contextualizing recommendations and clearly communicating their underlying strength of evidence. Conclusion: Global health initiatives, particularly those leveraging complex interventions, should consider embedding evaluations to understand how and why the programs are working. These initiatives can learn from the lessons presented here to inform the design and implementation of such evaluations.

Early detection and treatment can prevent irreversible blindness from diabetic retinopathy (DR), which is the leading cause of visual impairment among working-aged adults worldwide. Some 80% of affected persons live in low- and middle-income countries, yet lack of resources has largely prevented DR screening implementation in these world regions. Smartphone-based fundus imaging (SBFI) allows for low-cost mobile fundus examination using an adapter on a smartphone; however, key aspects such as image quality, diagnostic accuracy, and comparability of different approaches have not been systematically assessed to date.Evaluation of diagnostic technology.A total of 381 eyes of 193 patients with diabetes were recruited at outreach eye clinics in South India.We compared 4 technically different approaches of SBFI (3 approaches based on direct and 1 approach based on indirect ophthalmoscopy) in terms of image quality and diagnostic accuracy for DR screening.Image quality (sharpness/focus, reflex artifacts, contrast, and illumination), field-of-view, examination time, and diagnostic accuracy for DR screening were analyzed against conventional fundus photography and clinical examination.Smartphone-based fundus imaging based on indirect ophthalmoscopy yielded the best image quality (P0.01), the largest field-of-view, and the longest examination time (111 vs. 68-86 seconds, P0.0001). Agreement with the reference standard (Cohen's kappa 0.868) and sensitivity/specificity to detect DR were highest for the indirect SBFI approach (0.79/0.99 for any DR and 1.0/1.0 for severe DR, 0.79/1.0 for diabetic maculopathy).Smartphone-based fundus imaging can meet DR screening requirements in an outreach setting; however, not all devices are suitable in terms of image quality and diagnostic accuracy. Smartphone-based fundus imaging might aid in alleviating the burden of DR screening in low- and middle-income countries, and these results will allow for a better selection of SBFI devices in field trials for DR screening.

This study reports on the actual energy and economic performances of a water source heat pump recently installed and operated at a Glasgow Subway station in the UK using subsurface water ingress to provide heating and domestic hot water. This follows from a previous publication that detailed the empirical measurements and design of a heating system designed on the basis of a 15-month monitoring period of the water flow and temperature. The perennial water flow at a relatively high temperature enabled the system to operate more efficiently than a typical heat pump system with boreholes or trenches. The performance of the water source heat pump has been monitored for a 4-month period, and the coefficient of performance as well as the energy saving is reported in the present study. The findings of this study not only indicate the energy, carbon dioxide and financial benefits of the heating system, but also highlight key issues during the operation in such a demanding underground environment. Further renewable heat potentials for the rest of the subway network and opportunities to commercialise the excess heat energy output are explored.

When designing high performance sports equipment for Paralympic athletes, there are many unknowns for the design engineer to consider. The design challenge is an optimisation task per individual athlete. However, modelling this optimisation is difficult due to the many variables. This article presents the design of an experiment for identifying and evaluating various seating positions in Paralympic rowing by using a rowing ergometer with a modified seat. Results indicate that changing seating position has a substantial impact on per-athlete rowing performance.

The paper investigates the relationship between the forms through which products are represented and the outcomes of evaluations made by observers. In particular, the study focuses on perceived affordances of creative designs, meant as the capability of capturing original elements and corresponding functions, for products presented through static images or videos. Also thanks to the use of Eye Tracking, the experimental results show how dynamic effects that involve salient aspects of products, as well as creative features, are critical to observers’ capability of capturing design intentions.

The use of product-service systems business models is increasing in today's economy. Because the products that provide the service to the customers incur cost during their lifetime, the method of lifecycle costing finds wide-spread use. However, this paper shows the current methods have some inaccuracies when determining lifecycle costs. The methods do not consider the required number of products necessary to provide the offered service to the customers. This paper describes a new framework for lifecycle costing that includes these cost components.

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) require a high level of interaction between the driver and the system, depending on driving context at a particular moment. Context-aware ADAS evaluation based on vehicle data is the most prominent way to assess the complexity of ADAS interactions. In this study, we conducted interviews with the ADAS development team at Volvo Cars to understand the role of vehicle data in the ADAS development and evaluation. The interviews’ analysis reveals strategies for improvement of current practices for vehicle data-driven ADAS evaluation.

As the complexity of the systems increases, so does the complexity of designing a suitable engineering IT architecture. Challenges reach from the definition of required and consistent functionalities and interfaces to the evaluation, which combination of IT tools fulfils the required functionality, usability and interoperability in the best way. Thus, we provide a procedure, methodology and modelling support for the definition of functional and logical engineering IT architectures and their holistic evaluation. The approach is part of an overall procedure and demonstrated in an example.

Eco-Design Strategies lead to both enhanced environmental sustainability and product differentiation, which, however, takes place only if observers recognize and value these advantages. To study this aspect, a sample of 40 product pictures has been administered to 12 subjects with experience in eco-design. They were asked to evaluate whether one or more Eco-Design Strategies (in Vezzoli and Manzini's version) were implemented in each depicted product. The outcome of the evaluation was an overall fair agreement. Useful information for eco-design is inferred from nuances of the results.

The development of the industrial world that is increasingly making the production process in an industry or factory requires increasingly developing technology and materials and tools that are easy to obtain so that the production process can run smoothly. One component needed in the industrial world is a material in the form of a pipe. Some industries still do the pipe cutting process using oxy acetylene welding which still uses hand and saw saws. This is certainly not effective because the pipes have different size and thickness. To cut the pipe using oxy acetylene welding will produce less neat pieces because the process is still manual by hand and must rotate the pipe, so we need a tool to facilitate the cutting process. Pipe cutting machine using plasma cutting is a machine made to facilitate the pipe cutting process. The process of cutting pipes is cutting tools that move around to produce pieces of pipe. With this machine, it can help speed up students in the process of cutting pipes without having to rotate the pipe to be cut. The purpose of the skeletal design of the pipe cutting machine using plasma cutting is to count the elements of the machine, determine the frame of the machine, determine the design concept of the machine and make the design of the draw frame. In making this machine the author uses the design method approach of VDI 222, drawing software using Solidworks 2017 and working drawings using ISO standards. The results of the concept design evaluation decision are, the framework uses 40 x 40 x 3mm hollow iron with an estimated production time used is 15.32 hours or equal to 2 working days if it is done in 1 day for 8 hours. Then the bill of material in making the frame on this machine spent 53 parts. The best cutting results are obtained from cutting 8 mm thick pipes with a speed of 10 rpm. So from the planning, the framework on the pipe cutting machine using plasma cutting, can function properly. so we need a tool to facilitate the cutting process.

The heat treatment process using the fuel system is very numerous and the heating time is quite long. The use of induction heaters, heat treatment can be done with a shorter time and less energy. The purpose of this research are; (1) Make a plan design, (2) Measure the part of machine element, (3) Measure the estimation of time and design budget, (4) Test the result of induction heater machine. The method in this study uses experimental. The result of concept design evaluation, i.e., the use of trapezoid screw on the lifter system was 0,2 kilowatt of motor power, 12 mm of shaft diameter, and ball bearing 6201 with the age of 0,31 years which determined from the calculation of machine element on the induction heater system. The total of time for making this machine was 3.182,06 minutes and it spent Rp 5.360.700,-. The result of test shows that the hardness rate of raw material mild steel that given heat of hardening temperature of 850 0 C, that endured for 45 minutes increasing being 84,3 HRB. However, after being tempered temperature of 400 0 C having a decrease being 69 HRB.

One of the fundamental strategies in attempts to develop athletic sports in Surabaya was to conduct special training through athletic extracurricular activities in schools, hence it was the starting point for the discovery of potential athletes. The purpose of this study was to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and Threat from athletic extracurricular management which included Planning, Organizing, Implementing and Supervising which was conducted by Dr. Soetomo and Jalan Jawa Junior High School in Surabaya. The approach used in this study was a qualitative approach and the type of evaluative research (Evaluation Research) used descriptive methods. The evaluation design used in this study was the SWOT Analysis. The results and conclusions of this study indicated that the athletic extracurricular management at Dr Soetomo Junior High School; The Planning was already a good program, The Organizing used the organizational structure and cooperation which already existed so the working mechanism was clear of its functions and parts, The Actuating contained the schedule of activities, the attendance of students and the coaches are well-monitored by the extracurricular coordinator, The Controlling implemented a routine evaluation that carried out at the end of the school year, but for the achievements have not been as the expectation. On the other hand, Jalan Jawa Junior High School implemented the management as; The Planning of this school did not have a good program, The Organizing included the involved cooperation of leaders, teachers and parents of students was very good, The Actuating related to the exercise did not run well, The Oversight represented almost every championship in Surabaya, Jalan Jawa Junior High School got good marks. The researchers have conducted more in-depth analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and Threat of athletic extracurricular management which included Planning, Organizing, Implementing and Supervising which was conducted by Dr Soetomo and Jalan Jawa Junior High School in Surabaya, furthermore resulting some recommendations for Dr. Soetomo and Jalan Jawa Junior High School.

Fathers are under-represented in pediatric palliative care research despite frequently playing a key role in the lives of their children. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that affected paternal study invitation and participation. A secondary mixed-methods evaluation design guided examination of interview and focus group data as well as field notes from a qualitative study that examined the experiences and support needs of fathers of children with a life-limiting illness. Facilitators of paternal participation in the study consisted of: fathers' desire to gain from study participation either for themselves or others, perception of the study's importance, sense of appreciation for the study's focus on fathers and an established relationship with recruiting health care providers. Barriers to study participation included: recruiting health care providers' appraisal of fathers' lack of well-being, bereaved fathers' self-reported poor coping and the inability to locate and contact fathers, particularly after a child's death. Strategies for improving the engagement of fathers into research entailed: educating recruitment personnel, designing "father-focused" studies, communicating the value of the research to recruitment personnel and potential participants, and ensuring that child health records are accurate and include fathers' contact information.

Pay attention to the home living environment of low-and middle-income groups, study the user-centered design evaluation method to guide the design of home chairs suitable for low-and middle-income groups. Introducing Analytic Hierarchy Process（AHP）into home chairs’ design evaluation, it establishes a different layer and different elements structure model based on sensory experience, behavioral experience, emotional experience and economic experience from the point of user experience. Scoring each element, it calculates and determines the weight value of every element, and forms an evaluation method of home chairs for low-and middle-income Groups. Using the method to evaluate the design schemes of 3 home chairs, it obtains the optimal scheme. Then, surveying the market sales data to verify the accuracy of the result. The evaluation method consists of four major elements: sensory experience(B1), 27%; behavior experience(B2), 41%; emotional experience(B3), 10%; economic experience(B4), 22%. The method can effectively solve the complex comparison of multiple elements in design evaluation and provide a comprehensive method combining qualitative and quantitative methods for product design, and provides reference for products design and evaluation of the same type