Search

The current study employs the Soil-Water-Atmosphere-Plant (SWAP) model to simulate soil moisture and evaluate the influence of extreme meteorological conditions on soil in six locations in Lithuania. Soil moisture is an important component of the environment, and when measurements are unavailable, the most reliable method of evaluation is modelling. The results of the study revealed that the model output data closely matched the results of the soil moisture measurements, so the model may be useful for evaluating climate change impact and predicting the effects of extreme conditions on soils. The results also showed that satellite-based soil moisture products cannot replace in situ measurements, which is why modelling is the better alternative. Between 1951 and 2020, soil moisture decreased each month at the beginning of the vegetation season except for July. These changes corresponded partly to changes and redistribution of precipitation during the warm season. Current climate predictions do not reveal clear trends in average soil moisture level, though it is expected that both extremely wet and dry conditions will become more prevalent. The present study demonstrates that modelled soil moisture can be used to identify extremely dry and wet soil conditions, though these may not always correspond to droughts and long rainy periods. Evaluating extreme conditions using soil moisture measurements may provide additional information on the impact of the weather on soils and crops.

30 book of abstracts; International audience

The presentation entitled "Monitoring Crop Water Productivity in theMitidja Plain, Algeria usingFAO WaPOR Dataand QGIS" exemplifies the ways in which QGIS can be leveraged to analyze WaPOR data through the use of two plugins, thereby facilitating access to valuable information. The data are subsequently utilized to gain deeper insights into the complex relationship between crop productivity and the quantity and quality of groundwater employed for irrigation in the Mitidja Plain, situated in the northern region of Algeria. This innovative approach represents an initial step towards ensuring the sustainability of resources and improving water crop productivity in the area.

Intensified cultivation of rice has accelerated weathering of most tropical acid soils leading to significant loss of base cations. In most developing countries, rice yield is low and this results in its production being costly because productivity versus labor is low. The objectives of this study were to (i) enhance soil chemical properties, nutrient uptake, and grain yield of rice grown on a mineral tropical acid soil using agro-wastes; (ii) determine the agro-waste (chicken manure, cow dung, forest litter, and Leucaena) that has the potential to significantly increase rice yield; and (iii) determine the residual effects of the organic soil amendments produced from the agro-wastes on soil and rice productivity. The treatments used in this three-cycle field study were (i) soil without amendments (S0); (ii) prevailing recommended rates for fertilizers (NPK-Mg); (iii) biochar–forest litter compost (OSA1); (iv) biochar–chicken litter compost (OSA2); (v) biochar–cow dung compost (OSA3); (vi) biochar–Leucaena compost (OSA4); and (vii) biochar–Leucaena–chicken litter compost (OSA5). Standard procedures were used to determine the plants’ rice growth, grain yield, plant nutrient concentrations and uptake, and selected soil chemical properties. The use of organic soil amendments (OSA1 to OSA5) significantly improved the soil chemical properties, rice plant growth, nutrient uptake, and grain yield compared with the prevailing method of cultivating rice (NPK-Mg). The application of organic soil amendments reduced the use of inorganic N, P, K, MgO, and trace elements fertilizers up to 25%, 100%, 64%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. The organic soil amendments with Leucaena significantly increased rice grain yield of OSA5 at 11.17, 13.11, and 10.06 t ha−1 in the first, second, and third cropping cycles, respectively. The residual effect of the organic soil amendments also improved rice plant growth, nutrient uptake, and rice grain yield although these were slightly reduced as compared to those of the two previous cropping cycles, the afore-stated treatments were superior to the prevailing method of cultivating rice (NPK-Mg). Transforming agro-wastes into organic soil amendments can improve tropical mineral acid soils and rice productivity.

Most scenarios of climate change in Poland predict an increase in air temperature in the coming years. However, no significant increase in precipitation is forecast. Therefore, an increase in the water needs of plants should be expected, which requires the development of irrigation systems. To precisely determine the schedule of crop irrigation, it is necessary to investigate the water needs of plants and to estimate the prospects of changes in the future. This research aimed to estimate the water needs of Jerusalem artichoke in the period 2021–2050 in the Kuyavia region located in central Poland, where the need for supplementary irrigation is the highest. Based on the calculations, it was found that, in the growing season (21 May–30 September), an increase in the water needs of Jerusalem artichoke, of 26 mm, i.e., 9%, should be expected. The highest increase of 10 mm (i.e., by 16%) is expected in August. The results of our studies are utilitarian in character and can be used for the preparation of a strategy for the development of irrigation systems for Jerusalem artichoke cultivation in central Poland.

Climate variability places significant pressure on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture. Information on crop-related climate and water indicators under climate change becomes essential. The Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) provides reliable information about climate change based on climate models, Earth Observations, and in situ data to support adaptation policies. Within this C3S context, the Global Agriculture Sectoral Information System (SIS) has developed a new product based on global crop productivity indicators to document the effects of climate variability on crop yield variability. This study focuses on the evaluation of climate-enhanced, earth observation (EO) based crop productivity indicators i.e., Total Weight Storage Organs (TWSO, equivalent to yield), Total Above Ground Production (TAGP). These variables provide insights into the Spatio-temporal variability of yield, productivity, and development of four major staple crops (rice, maize, soybean, and wheat) for their main production regions at the global scale for the period 2000–2018. In this study, the evaluation was carried out spatially and temporally for the United States of America, India, and China for the period 2000–2018, using reported yield statistics aggregated to the lowest available administrative level of each region. For almost all the crops in the three countries, the skilled error can be reduced by more than 25% for both the indicators TAGP and TWSO compared to the trend of reported yield, suggesting considerable performance in assessing interannual yield variability. Results indicated both indicators individually performed well in many important producing areas of the USA, India, and China. However, if we compare both the indicator's performance in terms of production totals in the USA, India, and China, TAGP contributes ∼27–50% of total crop production in the USA and India, and ∼47–75% in China. While, TWSO contributes ∼24–41% in the USA and India, and 5–65% in China.

International audience; To meet the increasing global demand for food, feed, fibre and other plant- derivedproducts, a steep increase in crop productivity is a scientifically and technicallychallenging imperative. The CropBooster- P project, a response to the H2020call ‘Future proofing our plants’, is developing a roadmap for plant research toimprove crops critical for the future of European agriculture by increasing cropyield, nutritional quality, value for non- food applications and sustainability.However, if we want to efficiently improve crop production in Europe and pri-oritize methods for crop trait improvement in the coming years, we need to takeinto account future socio- economic, technological and global developments, in-cluding numerous policy and socio- economic challenges and constraints. Basedon a wide range of possible global trends and key uncertainties, we developedfour extreme future learning scenarios that depict complementary future devel-opments. Here, we elaborate on how the scenarios could inform and direct fu-ture plant research, and we aim to highlight the crop improvement approachesthat could be the most promising or appropriate within each of these four futureworld scenarios. Moreover, we discuss some key plant technology options thatwould need to be developed further to meet the needs of multiple future learningscenarios, such as improving methods for breeding and genetic engineering. Inaddition, other diverse platforms of food production may offer unrealized poten-tial, such as underutilized terrestrial and aquatic species as alternative sources ofnutrition and biomass production. We demonstrate that although several meth-ods or traits could facilitate a more efficient crop production system in some ofthe scenarios, others may offer great potential in all four of the future learningscenarios. Altogether, this indicates that depending on which future we are head-ing toward, distinct plant research fields should be given priority if we are to meetour food, feed and non- food biomass production needs in the coming decades.

This article presents an analysis of climate risks structure and effects on the Russian Federation's economic development. Despite the existed theoretical background, it is not clear about the leading risk factor, human adaptation to it, and the subsequent effect on the economy. This happens since some climate risks can be controlled; therefore, their impact on the regional economy is minimal. Thus, we are interested in the scope of certain climate risks affecting the Russian Federations economic situation. We have selected the North Caucasian Federal District because it is strongly susceptible to the most severe climate risks as droughts and floods. Considering the complexity of the climate risk formation process, we use mixed-methods. It allows identifying the quantitative component and analyzing the object in the framework of the existing theoretical background. During our research, we determined the cause of climate risk formation in the Russian Federation. With the collected empirical data for 2010-2013 regarding the level of drought, precipitation, and crop productivity, we have compared the region's economic situation with climate risks. It was determined that despite the clear manifestation of climate risks in the North Caucasian Federal District, the economic damage to the region is minimal due to the high level of the region's resistance to the existing threats and their localization. Nevertheless, guided by the theoretical and methodological basis of the topic under study and revised data on the migration loss of the region, we can assume that the North Caucasian FDs climate risks are expressed in the concept of climate migration, and this process has an increasing dynamic.

Climate change must be the most serious environmental crisis of the present human generation. While corresponding climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices are emerging, the extent to which CSA is profitable to farmers is unclear. In this paper, we focus on agrophotovoltaics (APV), one of the CSA policies intensively pursued by the Korean government, to analyze the profitability of APV and its implications for rural sustainability. First, we consider the total profit of farms before and after APV installation by a region through generalized least squares (GLS) to verify that APV has overall profitability through the region. Additionally, we estimate farms’ productivity by region with a generalized method of moments (GMM) to compare with the results of the profitability. We predict that APV installation will be more profitable than not installing, and the regions with lower productivity will show higher profitability than other regions. The results are in line with the prediction. The profitability of APV is verified in all regions, and the order of profitability by region and productivity by region are opposite to each other. It suggests that regions with lower productivity may have a higher preference for installing APV, implying the installation of APV provides a new incentive to continue farming even in regions with low agricultural productivity. These results have an important policy implication on rural sustainability since the implementation of CSA could generate a sound and sustainable farming environment by addressing the challenges of climate change.

The white yam tubers constitute one of the main food sustenance of producers in the Colombian Caribbean region, however, crop productivity is low due to the scarce use of sustainable management practices that contribute to the improvement of the crop. In this sense, a study was carried out at the Turipana de Agrosavia Research Center, campus the Carmen de Bolivar headquarters with the objective of evaluate the yield response of white yam cv. Purple stem at different planting densities and trellis height. Six treatments were evaluated in a randomized complete block experimental design with arrangement in split-plot design, the main plot corresponded to two densities (14.285 plants ha-1 and 20.000 plants ha-1) and the subplots at three heights of trellises (1,6 m; 2,0 m and 2,4 m). The planting density was the only factor that significantly influenced the yield, the use of 20.000 plants ha-1 allowed an increase of 28.68% in the yield compared to the lower density. The use of supports with heights of 2,4 m in combination with one of the two planting densities induced the production of tubers not suitable for commercialization. The findings of this research suggest that increasing plant density could be a safe measure to increase the yields and economic efficiency of white yam crop. Future evaluations are required regarding the height of supports and number of plants to tie for each support.

Soil serves as a combination of minerals, organic matter, air, water and the countless micro-organisms that together support life on earth. Continued degradation of soils has adversely affected crop productivity in the country. The soil health has been impaired due to emergence of multi nutrient deficiencies and falling carbon levels. Government of India planned to issue Soil Health Cards to all the farmers under the scheme Soil Health card Scheme and launched this scheme in 2015. Soil Health Card Scheme has helped India achieve surplus capacity in food grain production. The study was based on both primary and secondary data. The study was conducted in few selected villages of Krishna district of Andhra Pradesh in which it was found that Soil Health Card scheme is being implemented and the farmers were aware of SHCS and are being motivated to utilize the information given in soil health cards. Andhra Pradesh has issued most number of soil health cards to its farmers. It is concluded that majority of respondents have medium level of knowledge and utilization of SHC. Nearly 50% of respondents were utilizing the information given by SHC and stated that there is increase in production. View Article DOI: 10.47856/ijaast.2021.v08i10.013

A two years field experiment was carried out in sandy loam soil during rainy (Kharif) seasons in 2019-2020 at CRC farm of sardar vallabhbhai patel university of agricultural & technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh to evaluate the various Planting techniques and integrated nutrient management on yield and soil health of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under rice- wheat copping system. The treatments comprised of two Planting techniques i.e., E1-Conventional puddled transplanted rice (CT- TPR), E2- Wide bed Transplanted rice (W Bed-TPR) and Nine Nutrient management practices {N1- Control, N2- 100% RDF + ZnSO4 25 kg ha-1, N3- 125% RDN + ZnSO4 25 kg ha-1, N4- STCR based NPK application + ZnSO4 25 kg ha-1, N5- N2+ FYM (5 t ha-1), N6- N2+ FYM (5 t ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1)+ Azotobactor 20 kg ha-1, N7- 75% RDN + FYM (5 t ha-1) + ZnSO4 25 kg ha-1, N8-75% RDN + FYM (5 t ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1) + Azotobactor 20 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4 25 kg ha-1, N9- Organics Practices @ FYM (30 t ha-1)+PSB (5 kg ha-1) + Azotobactor 20 kg ha-1 + ZnSO4 25 kg ha-1} are laid down in Factorial Randomized block design and replicated thrice. The results indicated that among the different Planting techniques (PTs), conventional puddled transplanted rice (E1, CT-TPR) was recorded significantly higher grain yield (40.4 & 41.3 q ha-1), straw yield (62.7 & 63.8 q ha-1), NPK content and uptake and also improved soil health status ie., available NPK, organic carbon and other physical properties i.e, Bulk density, EC, pH in soil than wide bed transplanted rice (E2, W Bed-TPR) during both years of kharif 2019 & 2020 respectively. Among the nutrient management practices, the N6 (100% RDF + ZnSO4 25 kg ha-1 + FYM (5 t ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1)+ Azotobactor 20 kg ha-1 ) treatment produced significantly higher grain yield (49.0 & 50.2 q ha-1), straw yield (81.2 & 82.8 q ha-1), NPK content and uptake, and available NPK organic carbon in soil than the other treatments, which were comparable to the N3 (125% RDN + ZnSO4 25 kg ha-1) treatment and the lowest in the control treatment N1, respectively. Thus, the results suggest that inclusion of inorganic fertilizer along with organic manure (FYM) enhanced the rice yield Therefore, application of conventional puddled transplanted rice (E2, CT-TPR) along with N6 (100% RDF + ZnSO4 25 kg ha-1 + FYM (5 t ha-1) + PSB (5 kg ha-1)+ Azotobactor 20 kg ha-1 ) found beneficial to increase productivity and soil health of rice crop.

This study evaluated the effect of remittances on crop productivity and household welfare in Southeastern, Nigeria. Anambra and Imo states were purposively selected for their high rate in youth migration; and 714 households were used for the study. Data was analyzed using Endogenous treatment effect model. Wealth Index Score was used as a proxy for household welfare. The results of the study showed that employment status, sex of migrant, and age of migrant, sending remittance for buying of agricultural implements as well as paying for school were the major factors that influenced sending of remittances by the youths to the originating households in the study area. Also, the average treatment effect (ATE) of remittances on household welfare was insignificant, implying that there was no significant difference between remittance and non-remittance households. However, the ATE of remittances on crop productivity was significant in the pooled states but not significant in the states. Youths should be encouraged to move into agriculture by removing the bottlenecks associated to agricultural production.

Padi merupakan bahan makanan pokok hampir seluruh dunia. Varietas padi beragam, salah satunya padi varietas BATAN (Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional), yang dihasilkan dari penyinaran menggunakan teknologi nuklir. Daerah yang membudidayakan padi BATAN yaitu Kecamatan Karangdowo, Kabupaten Klaten. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji faktor internal dan faktor eksternal pembentuk motivasi petani dalam menggunakan padi varietas baru hasil riset Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional (BATAN), menganalisis tingkat motivasi petani dalam menggunakan padi varietas baru hasil riset Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional (BATAN), menganalisis hubungan antara faktor internal eksternal dengan motivasi petani dalam menggunakan padi varietas baru hasil riset Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional (BATAN). Metode dasar penelitian yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan teknik survei. Pemilihan lokasi penelitian dilakukan secara purposive di Kecamatan Karandowo, Kabupaten Klaten. Pengambilan sampel menunakan teknik propotional random sampling dan responden di ambil sebanyak 82 petani. Analisis data menggunakan uji korelasi rank sperman (rs) yang dioperasikan pada SPSS Statistics 17.0. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : (1) Faktor internal dan faktor eksternal pembentuk motivasi yaitu umur, pendidikan non formal, pengalaman usahatani, luas lahan, besar tanggungan keluarga. Faktor eksternal pembentuk motivasi yaitu peran kelompok tani, ketersediaan sarana dan prasarana, intensitas penyuluh dan peluang pasar (2) Motivasi akan keberadaan dalam menggunakan padi varietas Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional (BATAN) berada pada kategori tinggi (3) Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan yaitu faktor umur, pengalaman usahatani, ketersediaan sarana dan prasarana dan intensitas penyuluh berhubungan dengan motivasi petani. Faktor pendidikan non formal, luas lahan, besar tanggungan keluarga, peran kelompok tani dan peluang pasar tidak berhubungan signifikan dengan motivasi petani.

A alface é a principal folhosa consumida no Brasil. A deficiência hídrica é um dos principais redutores de produtividade das culturas, atingindo diversas áreas no planeta. Embora o cultivo de alface seja quase que totalmente realizado em áreas irrigadas, se por algum motivo faltar água para as plantas, diversos danos podem ser observados na cultura. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar cultivares de alface e verificar o desempenho agronômico e os efeitos da deficiência hídrica moderada nas características morfológicas da cultura. O experimento foi realizado em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial, sendo testada quatro cultivares (Jade, Vanda, Loreane e Valentina) e as condições com e sem deficiência hídrica. As cultivares Loreane e Valentina apresentaram resultados superiores de comprimento de parte aérea e massa seca de parte aérea, enquanto a cultivar Jade apresentou maior número de folhas e portanto podem tolerar deficiência hídrica moderada nas fases iniciais da cultura.

Introduction: Agriculture is fundamental for society, being important in the production of food to meet the demand of the population that has been growing, using various methods to improve the productivity of agricultural crops. To ensure that the crop has its production, adequate crop management must be carried out, and the control of pests, diseases and weeds, for this, one of the methods used today, is chemical control. Aims: The objective of this work is to carry out a brief review of the literature on chemical control problems in agriculture, a social perspective, describing its importance in the agricultural sector. Literature Review: Chemical control brought many benefits and allowed agriculture to gain a boost in its production, due to the benefits provided by its use in the control of pests, diseases and weeds, but it caused some problems with its use, in the social, environmental and in the agricultural sector. These problems had many consequences, and over time, by adopting sustainable rural development, seeking sustainable production, the objective was to reduce the use of agrochemicals, by using alternative means of pest, disease and weed control. The means of control mainly used are biological and cultural control, associated with the awareness of the population, which together favors the reduction of the need for chemical control in crops, reducing costs, maintaining the sustainability of the agricultural sector, ensuring that plant can produce, and enabling a more sustainable production. Final Considerations: Using alternative means of control, social awareness, and following sustainable development, agriculture is becoming more suitable in all aspects, whether social, environmental and economic, helping the development of society as a whole, providing agriculture with less use of chemical control, and a more sustainable model.

espanolEl objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el efecto de una mezcla de alginato y ulvano sobre la productividad de uva de mesa cultivada bajo riego deficitario. En un predio agricola, se eligieron al azar 24 plantas de Vitis vinifera var Thompon Seedless. A la mitad de las plantas con riego normal y con riego deficitario se les adiciono mensualmente a sus suelos 500 g/m3 de la mezcla durante toda la temporada 2019-2020. Los resultados muestran que el riego deficitario mas la adicion de hidrogel algal aumentaron la produccion y el peso de los racimos de uva en un 18,5% y un 6,4%, respectivamente, en comparacion a las plantas solo con riego deficitario. La adicion de hidrogel algal mejoro la fertilidad de los suelos y estimulo el crecimiento de bacterias y hongos, principalmente, en los suelos sin restriccion hidrica. Se concluye que el uso de hidrogel algal en el cultivo de vides bajo riego deficitario mejora la productividad del cultivo. EnglishThe main objective of this research study was to assess the effect of an alginate and ulvan mixture on the productivity of table grapes grown under deficit irrigation conditions. Twenty-four Vitis vinifera var Thompon Seedless plants were randomly selected in a farm field. A mixture of algae polymers (500 g/m3) were added monthly (2019-2020 season) to the soils of half of the plants with normal irrigation and with deficit irrigation. The results show that deficit irrigation along with the addition of algal hydrogel increased grape bunch production and weight by 18.5% and 6.4%, respectively, when compared to plants with deficit irrigation only. The addition of algal hydrogel improved soil fertility and stimulated bacterial and fungal growth mainly in soils without water restriction. It is concluded that algal hydrogel improves vine crop productivity under deficit irrigation conditions.

Plants cannot move, so they must endure abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity and extreme temperatures. These stressors greatly limit the distribution of plants, alter their growth and development, and reduce crop productivity. Recent progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses of plants to abiotic stresses emphasizes their multilevel nature; multiple processes are involved, including sensing, signalling, transcription, transcript processing, translation and post-translational protein modifications. This improved knowledge can be used to boost crop productivity and agricultural sustainability through genetic, chemical and microbial approaches.

The field experiments was conducted is an ongoing All India Co-ordinate Research Project on “Long term Fertilizer Experiment” during 2018-2019 with soybean-wheat cropping sequence at the Research Farm Department of Soil Science, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.), India. The objective of the study was the Impact of long term application of inorganic fertilizers and organic manure on soil fertility and crop productivity under soybean-wheat cropping system in a Vertisol. The experiment consists of ten treatments i.e. T1 50% NPK, T2 100% NPK, T3 150% NPK, T4 100% NPK + Hand Weeding, T5 100% NPK + Zn, T6 100% NP, T7 100% N, T8 100% NPK+ Farm Yard Manure, T9 100% NPK–S and T10 unfertilized plot (control) with four replications in a randomized block design. The findings of the present study indicated that the soil pH and EC were remaining unaltered even after continuous application of variable amounts of fertilizers either alone or in combination. A significant positive change in soil organic carbon, available N P K and S content was observed with continuous additions of balanced fertilizers and manures over the imbalanced or unfertilized treatments. The findings showed that the application of recommended dose of N, P and K (20:80:20 kg ha-1 for soybean and 120:80:40 kg ha-1 for wheat) with organic manure (FYM) @ 5 t ha-1 resulted in 185.8% and 325.9% increase over control in soybean and wheat yields, respectively. Thus, the continuous use of balanced fertilization, either alone or in combination with organic manure is necessary for sustaining soil fertility and productivity of crops.

Maize straw- and rice husk-derived biochars were produced in a simple metal kiln without automated control. Their characteristics and effects on crop productivity were investigated in three fields in Nepal. The maximum temperature inside the kiln reached ~ 450 °C; the charring reaction was maintained for 90 min and 10 h for maize straw- and rice husk-derived biochars, respectively, until 30 °C was reached. The physicochemical properties of the biochars were similar to those of biochars manufactured previously in electric furnaces with automated control. Compared with control soil, incorporation of maize straw- and/or rice husk-derived biochars into soil significantly (p

A field trial on soil test based (STB) fertilizer doses was conducted during the year of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 in Jashore region (AEZ-11) to find out the most suitable fertilizer doses for four crop based cropping pattern considering the agronomic feasibility and economic return of the system. The experiment consisted of eight different treatments viz. T1: 100% NPKSZnB (STB), T2: T1 + 25% N, T3: T1 + 25% NP, T4: T1 + 25% NK, T5:T1 + 25% PK, T6:T1 + 25% NPK, T7: 75% of T1, T8: Native fertility. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications was followed. Data revealed that seed yield of mustard was remarkably influenced by fertilizer treatments while grain yield of other components of the cropping system was not affected significantly by the treatments except control or native fertility. It was observed that 25% more NPK over 100% STB dose provided the highest yield of all the component crops. The highest rice equivalent yield (3.34 t ha-1) was recorded from T6 and the lowest (1.88 t ha-1) from T8 treatment. Maximum gross return (Tk. 420000/ha) and marginal benefit cost ratio (4.08) were also obtained from T6 treatment. So, 25% NPK+ 100% STB dose of fertilizer could be followed for productive and remunerative rice based cropping system Mustard-Boro-T. Aus-T.Aman in AEZ-11. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2021, 24(1): 109-117

Increased use of fertilizers under intensive agriculture has the possibility of environmental contamination. The use of microbial inoculants may be effective in sustaining crop productivity, soil h...

DROUGHT is a worldwide problem which controls the crop productivity. Six Egyptian bread wheat varieties were crossed in a 6x6 half diallel in 2018/19 season. Parents and their fifteen F1 crosses were evaluated under normal irrigation (N), mid water stress (MS) and severe water stress (SS) during 2019/20 in three field experiments. Results showed that the analysis of variance were significant for all the studied traits. The highest mean values were recorded under all irrigation treatments as well as the combined analysis with the crosses P1x P2, P1 x P3, P1 x P5, P2 x P3, P3 x P5 and P5 x P6 for grain yield per plant. Mean squares for both general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability estimates were highly significant for all studied traits. GCA/SCA ratio was greater than unity for most traits. The parental P1 exhibited positive and significant GCA effects for number of kernels per spike, grain yield per spike and grain yield per plant. The highest desirable SCA effects were obtained with the crosses P3 x P5 and P4 x P5 for grain yield per plant under stresses conditions. Positive significant heterosis were detected by the crosses P1 x P3, P2 x P3, P3 x P5, P4 x P5 and P5 x P6 for number of spikes per plant, number of kernels per spike, grain yield per spike, 1000-grain weight and grain yield per plant at N, MS, SS conditions and the combined data.

Moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.) is a fast-growing tree that can reach a height of 3 m when left to grow naturally. Cutting-back management can enhance lateral branching, water use efficiency, regrowth, and leaf biomass production. Although M. oleifera can thrive in diverse ecological environments, including areas with high temperatures and drought where most crops cannot survive, the prevailing agro-ecological conditions can influence the tree’s response to cut-back and nutritional composition. An observation trial on the re-sprouting of M. oleifera after cutting back was conducted in three agro-ecological zones, including arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid regions. The soil analysis from the three agro-ecological zones showed variations, with the soil collected from the arid area recording the highest clay content (24.4%), nitrogen (8.14%), and phosphorus (168.2 mg/kg). The nutritional composition of the M. oleifera leaves in response to the cutting back was assessed. The trees planted in the arid region responded well to the cutting back by producing considerable new vegetative growth in the spring (13.4 sprouts averaging 21.50 cm in length) compared to semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions. The region’s climatic conditions favoured M. oleifera re-sprouting, and the stems did not die after cutting back. During the winter, the stems die back, sprout from the root collar area during more favourable weather conditions, and take longer to reach the harvestable stage. The leaves of M. oleifera harvested from the arid and dry sub-humid regions exhibited increased total fat, magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc content when compared to the semi-arid agro-ecological zone. In contrast, the calcium content of the leaves was higher in the semi-arid region than in the other agro-ecological zones. The influence of cutting back M. oleifera trees on biomass production and quality in varying agro-ecological zones requires further investigation to ensure that smallholder farmers use appropriate crop management practices in those regions for long-term, economically viable tree production.

In order to study the contribution of long-term tillage and rice straw management practices on wheat yield and soil properties in a rice–wheat system, a field study was conducted with seven main plot treatments as straw management practices, i.e., puddled transplanted rice + zero till drill sown wheat without paddy and wheat straw (R1), puddled transplanted rice + conventional tillage sown wheat without paddy and wheat straw (R2), puddled transplanted paddy without wheat straw + zero till wheat sown with Happy Seeder with paddy straw as mulch (R3), puddled transplanted rice without wheat straw+ conventional tillage sown wheat after paddy straw incorporation with disc harrow (R4), puddled transplanted rice without wheat straw + zero till sown wheat after paddy straw incorporation with rotavator (R5), puddled transplanted rice with wheat straw + zero till sown wheat with Happy Seeder with paddy straw as mulch (R6), puddled transplanted rice + zero till drill sown wheat after partial burning of wheat and paddy straw (R7) and three subplot treatments, i.e., nitrogen (N) levels (100, 125 and 150 kg ha−1), in a rice–wheat system-cropping system during 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 in a split plot experiment. Among different treatments, the straw management practices significantly influenced yield and yield attributes as well as the nutrient availability in soil. The application of 100 kg N ha−1 resulted in a significantly higher partial factor productivity (PFPN) of N over other levels of N application. The reduction in wheat yields obtained with conventional sowing of wheat without straw/straw burning/removal cannot be compensated even with an additional 50 kg N ha−1 to that obtained with straw retention or incorporation. In addition to saving N, crop residue recycling also helped to improve soil properties, grain quality, profitability, and air quality considerably.

Physiological, agricultural and toxicological impact of an excess of Zn in the soil is an important issue, as Zn is a heavy metal and impairs many processes of plants and animals. The novelty of this work is that it is a comprehensive approach to facilitate visualization not only of the condition of cabbage plants under Zn stress, but also prediction of the toxicity associated with consumption of such cabbages. We treated plants of two cabbage cultivars, differing in their earliness, with 50 and 200 mg Zn kg−1 soil (Zn50 and Zn200, respectively) above the natural Zn levels of 118.13 mg kg−1 soil (Zn0). Leaf cell membrane integrity, condition of the photosynthetic apparatus (reflected by relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) and Fv/Fm parameter of chlorophyll a fluorescence), head biomass, and Zn bioaccumulation in the heads were analyzed. Toxicological risk was also assessed by Daily Intake of Metal (DIM) and Health Risk Index (HRI) indicators. The data revealed that plants of the late cultivar were more sensitive to soil Zn than those of the early one. Detrimental effects of Zn (especially at the higher dose, Zn200) were manifested in the seedlings just after three weeks of treatment, and then reflected in the yield. We assume that, due to their fast and prolonged response to Zn, the seedlings of the late cultivar can be used as biomarkers of Zn toxicity. Although Zn plants did not indicate toxicological risk, based on DIM and HRI, Zn concentration in the soil should be taken into account prior to cabbage planting, because plants which do not reveal symptoms of injury can accumulate Zn above the permissible level.

The simultaneous measurement of soil water content and water table levels is of great agronomic and hydrological interest. Not only does soil moisture represent the water available for plant growth but also water table levels can affect crop productivity. Furthermore, monitoring soil saturation and water table levels is essential for an early warning of extreme rainfall situations. However, the measurement of these parameters employing commercial instruments has certain disadvantages, with a high cost of purchase and maintenance. In addition, the handling of commercial devices makes it difficult to adapt them to the specific requirements of farmers or decision-makers. Open-source IoT hardware platforms are emerging as an attractive alternative to developing flexible and low-cost devices. This paper describes the design of a datalogger device based on open-source hardware platforms to register water table levels and soil moisture data for agronomic applications. The paper begins by describing energy-saving and wireless transmission techniques. Then, it summarizes the linear calibration of the phreatimeter sensor obtained with laboratory and field data. Finally, it shows how non-linear machine-learning techniques improve predictions over classical tools for the moisture sensor (SKU: SEN0193). This work is supported by Universidad Nacional del Litoral, research grants CAID 50520190100249LI and CAAT 03012020, and the National Spanish funding PID2019-107910RB-I00, by regional project 2017SGR-990, and with the support of Secretaria d’Universitats i Recerca de la Generalitat de Catalunya i del Fons Social Europeu.

Soyabean is grown widely with rhizobial inoculants on commercial farms in Zimbabwe, but its inoculation response in smallholder cropping environments is poorly characterized. Symbiotic interactions of six rhizobial strains (MAR 1305,1306,1326,1494, 1497 and 1515) from the Grasslands Rhizobium Collection were evaluated under contrasting soils and rainfall zones (natural region) in Zimbabwe. The rhizobial strains were evaluated on one specific and three promiscuous soyabean varieties (SC Saga and TGX (1740-2F/ 1987-628/ 1987-11E). The study was conducted over two rainfall seasons namely 2011-2012 and 2012-2013. Field experiments were set up as a randomized complete block design with two factors (soyabean variety and rhizobial strain), a negative control without inoculation and a positive control inoculated with commercial inoculant strain MAR 1491. All treatments were replicated three times. Nodulation was significantly (P< .0001) influenced by rhizobial strain inoculation with nodulation ranging from 28 to37 nodules per plant. Over the two seasons, soyabean inoculated with MAR 1305, 1306, 1494 and 1515 consistently gave higher grain yield higher (average of 600kg/ha) compared to that inoculated with commercial inoculant strain MAR 1491 (average of 400kg/ha). Nodulation of both promiscuous and specific varieties decreased with annual rainfall amounts in the order: Natural Region (NR)II> NRIII> NRIV. Rhizobial strains MAR 1305, 1306 and 1494 were superior in NR II and NRIII while rhizobial strain MAR 1515 was superior in NR IV. Our results show that identification of superior strains best suited to smallholder cropping environments and inoculation response are crucial for increasing soyabean productivity in these environments.

We review mechanisms for pre-emptive acclimation in plants and propose a conceptual model linking developmental and evolutionary ecology with the acquisition of information through sensing of cues and signals. The idea is that plants acquire much of the information in the environment not from individual cues and signals but instead from their joint multivariate properties such as correlations. If molecular signalling has evolved to extract such information, the joint multivariate properties of the environment must be encoded in the genome, epigenome, and phenome. We contend that multivariate complexity explains why extrapolating from experiments done in artificial contexts into natural or agricultural systems almost never works for characters under complex environmental regulation: biased relationships among the state variables in both time and space create a mismatch between the evolutionary history reflected in the genotype and the artificial growing conditions in which the phenotype is expressed. Our model can generate testable hypotheses bridging levels of organization. We describe the model and its theoretical bases, and discuss its implications. We illustrate the hypotheses that can be derived from the model in two cases of pre-emptive acclimation based on correlations in the environment: the shade avoidance response and acclimation to drought.

Inter cropping which is also known as mixed cropping has ability of increasing usage of nutrient and water efficiently, enhancing crop productivity, and plasticity to abiotic and biotic stress resulted by change in climate. In this agroecological farming method, two or more crops are cultivated together on the same farm area. Cereal with legume is a common combination. Crop selection is not profitable unless characteristics useful in intercrops, such as intercropping in legume and cereal cultivars, are considered. Inter cropping can result in enhanced soil fertility and structure, improved weed suppression, the conservation of soil moisture, and comparatively better control of diseases and pests, resulting greater yield and increased profitability. The biggest benefit of intercropping systems is the fact that they combine above-ground and below-ground benefits: these benefits include both short and tall plant components, which helps them to harness sunlight for photosynthesis, as well as deep and shallow rooted plant components, which assists them in using water and nutrients for crop production. Intercropping is popular in areas of the world including China, Mali, Indonesia, India, Ethiopia, and Niger due to its high growing popularity in agriculture. General & Specific Combining Ability principles in hybrid breeding have been applied for crop combinations and cultivars, and their impacts are recognized as General/ Specific Mixing Ability. The other considerable advantages of intercropping include greater land use efficiency, competitive ability towards weed, favorable exudates from the component legumes, and greater yield stability which cannot be achieved in monocropping. Plant breeding enables intercropping systems to better use their genetic diversity by conducting plant breeding research and harnessing this variability to cross-crop adaptability. High labor inputs in harvesting, higher cost of maintenance and reduction of the main crop are some disadvantages of intercropping.

espanolLa mezcla de residuos originados por los sistemas de produccion animal, que pueden incluir estiercol, aguas de lavado, agua de lluvia, restos de alimento balanceado y desechos de cama, han sido utilizados para mejorar la productividad de las cosechas y comunmente se les denomina purines. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la aplicacion de fertilizantes organicos e inorganicos sobre la produccion y composicion quimica del pasto estrella africana en una finca lechera especializada. El estudio se llevo a cabo de mayo a diciembre del 2018 en la Estacion Experimental Alfredo Volio Mata de la Universidad de Costa Rica. Se utilizo un area de 500 m2 en un aparto de pasto estrella africana. El area total se dividio en tres bloques y cada bloque fue subdividido en cuatro parcelas que correspondieron a los diferentes tratamientos de fertilizacion nitrogenada a una dosis constante de 250 kg/ha/ano distribuido en seis aplicaciones. Cada parcela fue de 5 x 5 m y los tratamientos utilizados fueron: 1) testigo (0 kg de nitrogeno), 2) compost, 3) purines y 4) urea. El rendimiento total de materia verde fue similar en el tratamiento control y compost (3,8 y 3,9 ton/ha/corte), superados por los purines y la urea (5,7 y 7,5 ton/ha/corte, respectivamente). No hubo diferencias significativas (p>0.05) en la concentracion de materia seca (19,7 a 21,6%), mientras que el rendimiento de materia seca fue significativamente mayor (p EnglishThe mix of residues originating from animal production systems, which can include manure, cleaning water, rainwater, and waste feed, have been used to improve crop productivity, and are commonly referred to as slurry. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the application of inorganic and organic fertilizers on the production and chemical composition of African star grass in a specialized dairy farm. The study was carried out from May to December 2018 at the Alfredo Volio Mata Experiment Station of the University of Costa Rica. An area of 500 m2 was used in an African star grass paddock. The total area was divided into three blocks and each block was subdivided into four plots that corresponded to the different nitrogen fertilization treatments at a constant dose of 250 kg/ha/year distributed in six applications. Each plot was 5 x 5 m and the treatments were: 1) control (0 kg of nitrogen), 2) compost, 3) slurry and 4) urea. Total yield of green forage was similar for the control and compost treatment (3,8 and 3,9 ton/ha/cut) surpassed by the slurry and urea treatment (5,7 and 7,5 ton/ha/cut, respectively). There were no significant differences (p>0.05) for dry matter concentration (19,7 to 21,6%), while dry matter yield was significantly higher (p

Ensuring agricultural sustainability with escalating population is a real challenge before humanity. At present, heightened demand of state’s rich farmland for non-agricultural activities is posing a pressing need for assessing the prospects of agricultural sustainability. Being a part of central Brahmaputra floodplain in Assam, Sipajhar revenue circle of Darrang district has experienced extraordinary population pressure on land resources over time, which leads to vulnerability of agro-ecological conditions. As per census report, the circle has witnessed 108% increase of population over 40 years. The circle with diverse agriculture and its allied activities has borne the brunt of population pressure in some caste-community concentration areas. The present study assesses the prospects of agricultural sustainability across the gram panchayats of the circle on the basis of six sustainability indicators, namely castes and communities; agriculture and allied practices; spatial pattern of crop productivity; agricultural input–output relation; agro-ecological conditions; and sustainable methods of agriculture selected from social, economic and ecological dimensions of sustainable development. After synthesising these indicators, prospects of agricultural sustainability have been assigned to three groupings of gram panchayats in the circle. This investigation is also intended to provide a rationale for future orientation of agricultural planning in laggard districts like Darrang of Assam.

The weekly rainfall data for 36 years (1981-2016) recorded at Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani were analyzed for mean seasonal, weekly rainfall and also weekly rainfall probabilities. The mean seasonal rainfall was 796 mm, received in 38 rainy days. The seasonal rainfall indicated that there is 53% chance of receiving less than 700 mm with variable intensities and 36% chance of getting more than normal rainfall and 11% chance of seasonal rainfall, in between 700 mm to 800 mm. The mean weekly rainfall during crop season was 45.8 mm with a CV of 116%. Highest mean weekly rainfall was recorded 71.8 mm with SD (95.3) and CV (132.7%) in 30th MW. Sowing of Kharif crops should be undertaken during 24th MW to 27th MW. Significant and positive correlation between yield and rainfall was observed for Soybean, Pigeonpea, Black gram, Green gram and rice. The predictability of productivity of crops using seasonal rainfall is 10-20% variation in productivity for all the crops at the Centre. The El Nino episode was negatively influencing Southwest monsoon and annual rainfall as well as rainfall during the months of July and September. El Nino episodes exhibit more negative influence on productivity of all the crops except rice crop. Among the different categories of El Nino, weak events exerted more negative impact on productivity of short duration crops (i.e., sorghum, soybean and Black gram) as compared to moderate and strong El Nino events.

Drought is the leading environmental threat affecting crop productivity, and plants have evolved a series of mechanisms to adapt to drought stress. The FT-interacting proteins (FTIPs) and phosphatidylethanolamine-binding proteins (PEBPs) play key roles in developmental processes, whereas their roles in the regulation of stress response are still largely unknown. Here, we report that OsFTIP1 negatively regulates drought response in rice. We showed that OsFTIP1 interacts with rice MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1 (OsMFT1), a PEBP that promotes rice tolerance to drought treatment. Further studies discovered that OsMFT1 interacts with two key drought-related transcription factors, OsbZIP66 and OsMYB26, regulating their binding capacity on drought-related genes and thereby enhancing drought tolerance in rice. Interestingly, we found that OsFTIP1 impedes the nucleocytoplasmic translocation of OsMFT1, implying that dynamic modulation of drought-responsive genes by the OsMFT1-OsMYB26 and OsMFT1-OsbZIP66 complexes is integral to OsFTIP1-modulated nuclear accumulation of OsMFT1. Our findings also suggest that OsMFT1 might act as a hitherto unknown nucleocytoplasmic trafficking signal that regulates drought tolerance in rice in response to environmental signals.

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is an important nutritional constraint for crop productivity in alkaline-calcareous saline-sodic soils. Generally, farmers apply different P fertilizers to overcome P defi...

In this study, an innovative approach was carried out using the geographic information systems (GIS)-based multi-criteria evaluation model to assign the use priority in agricultural lands needing to be improved for management and sustainability of biochar application in the soil. The model included (1) site suitability assessments, (2) standardization of assessment factors, and (3) equal-weighted overlay. By this model, the first map of primary biochar application areas for Turkey was prepared. As a result, the suitability scores were divided into five classes in the range of 0.20-0.90, and thus, the areas were found mostly in the moderate suitability (between 0.49 and 0.64). Consequently, it was determined that the biochar application was very highly suitable in the Aegean and Marmara regions. While the western and central parts of the Mediterranean region had high suitability, Central Anatolia and Southeastern Anatolia regions had very low suitability. The study results also indicated that the requirement for biochar addition was very low in the arable agricultural areas such as Harran in the Southeastern Anatolia region, cukurova in the Mediterranean region, and Konya and Amasya in the Central Anatolia region. However, there is a need for showing particular attention to the agricultural areas of the Aegean Region, Ergene in the Marmara Region, and Igdir in the Eastern Anatolian region due to higher biochar need for intensive agriculture.

Aims: The study is done with the objective of assessing the impact of groundwater irrigation development on cropping intensity and crop productivity in Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu, India. Study Design: Purposive random sampling Place and Duration of Study: Krishnagiri district, Tamil Nadu, India during 2019-20. Methodology: The data on irrigation sources and area under various irrigation sources in Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu and India is subjected to growth analysis using trend studies and CAGR (Compound Annual Growth rate) to study the ground water irrigation development. Whereas, regression analysis was done with the primary data collected from 120 farming households in Krishnagiri on agricultural land use and irrigation to study the impact of groundwater irrigation on cropping intensity and crop productivity. Results: As the net tube wells and other well irrigated area to net sown area (GWA) increases, there has been a corresponding increase in cropping intensity and crop productivity. The rise in percent of net tank and canal irrigated area to net sown area and percent of fertilizer applied area to net sown area have also increased cropping intensity and crop productivity whereas the increase in percent of net rainfed area to net sown area have decreased the cropping intensity and crop productivity. Conclusion: The ground water utilization through tube well construction have increased the cropping intensity and crop productivity.

Pollination is vital to conserve the planet’s vast wealth of biodiversity.The pollinator is a living organism transporting pollen grains from the male part to the flower’s fertilizing stigma.Fruit and seed set mainly in cross-pollinated crops dependon honeybees since their bodily parts have been engineered to capture the most pollen grains possible andhavea rapid reproductive rate. Insects are responsible for about 80% of all pollination activity, with bees accounting for over 80% of all insect pollination.Every day, a given bee colony may pollinate about 300 million flowers.Honey bees are considered the finest pollinators among all that contribute to pollination and generate honey and other hive products that add to farm income. The benefits of growing crops yield much more than the income generated by selling honey and other products.Many studies also demonstrate that pesticide application became a significant issue in most crops and antagonistically influence the honey bee population. Hence, great care must be taken to safeguard insect pollinators, particularly honey bees, against pesticide poisoning.The importance of pollinator species richness in their natural environment and function in crop improvement must be recognized. This review provides a broad overview of pollination difficulties that farmers face and an explanation of the importance of pollination in boosting food and nutritional security by improving the productivity of horticultural crops.

The aim of the research is to study the effect of multipurpose compost on the agrochemical indicators of sod-podzolic soil and the productivity of field crop rotation in reclaimed agricultural landscapes of the humid zone. Methodology and methods of research. The studies were carried out at an experimental area in the Tver region in 2013–2019 on a drained soddy-podzolic gley soil. Multipurpose compost was applied for sowing spring wheat at a dose of 12 t/ha, which is N300P180K120. Subsequently, the aftereffect of compost on soil properties and crop productivity in the crop rotation was studied: spring wheat – spring rapeseed (for green manure) – winter rye - oats with over-sowing of grasses – a mixture of 1–3 years of use. Grain crop rotation was deployed in time. Results. It was found that the level of mobile phosphorus increased by 7.4–23 %, exchangeable potassium – by 6.8–26.5 %. In areas with a low content of nutrients, the accumulation of mobile phosphorus (in the eluvial-transit variant of the northern slope) and exchangeable potassium (in the transit northern slope) increased by 23.6 and 26.5 %, respectively. On variants of the experiment with a high content of nutrients, their content decreased slightly over seven years. The amount of easily hydrolyzable nitrogen during the rotation of the crop rotation decreased by 13.4–57.2 %. The content of organic matter increased by 6.7–11.9 % (rel.). Soil acidity (pHKCl) during the rotation of the crop rotation increased by 0.03–0.23 units. The greatest acidification of the soil solution was noted in the transit-accumulative variant of the northern slope (by 0.23 units). It was found that the use of multipurpose compost contributed to an increase in crop yield on average per rotation by 1.6–13.2 c/ha of feed units. The maximum yield increase (44%) was obtained in the eluvial-transit and transit variants of the southern slope. Scientific novelty. The dependence of agrochemical indicators of sod-podzolic soil and crop productivity on the use of multipurpose compost in individual agromicrolandscapes has been established.

An ongoing long-term experiment started since 1967, were selected during rabi season of 2014–2015 at Research Farm of Department of Soil Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. The exp...

The understanding of source-sink dynamics during reproductive stages is essential to increase crop productivity and to describe yield component determination in eco-physiological models. Previous s...

A introducao de tecnologias disruptivas na agricultura para facilitar o manejo e aumentar a produtividade das culturas recebe o nome de “Agricultura de Precisao”. Este trabalho procurou desenvolver um prototipo que utilize a plataforma Open-Source Arduino interligado a um sensor de umidade de solo, utilizando o auxilio da Logica Paraconsistente Anotada Evidencial E (Logica E ), para tomada de decisao sobre o sistema de irrigacao. A metodologia usada foi a Design Science Research , que permitiu contribuir com novos conhecimentos para construcao e materializacao do projeto. Como resultado geraram-se artefatos que corroboraram para criacao de um prototipo que atendeu os objetivos desses trabalhos e foi possivel apresentar uma alternativa com um sistema de baixo custo, de facil aprendizagem, acessivel para pequenos produtores, com baixo consumo de energia e que ajuda no uso consciente da agua. A proposta deste trabalho foi de pesquisar e compreender os conceitos de Sistema de Irrigacao, Plataforma Arduino e o uso de sensores para o monitoramento de uma Horta Caseira utilizando a Logica E como apoio na tomada de decisao no sistema de irrigacao. Palavras chaves: Arduino. Sistema de Irrigacao. Logica Eτ. Horta Inteligente. Agricultura de Precisao. ABSTRACT The introduction of disruptive technologies in agriculture to facilitate the management and increase crop productivity is called "Precision Agriculture". This work sought to develop a prototype that uses the Open-Source Arduino platform interconnected to a soil moisture sensor, using the aid of the Paraconsistent Annotated Evidential Logic E (Logic E ), for decision-making on the irrigation system. The methodology used was Design Science Research, which allowed contributing with new knowledge for the construction and materialization of the project. As a result, artifacts were generated that corroborated the creation of a prototype that met the objectives of this work and it was possible to present an alternative with a low-cost system, easy to learn, accessible to small producers, with low energy consumption, and that helps in the conscious use of water. The proposal of this work was to research and understand the concepts of Irrigation System, Arduino Platform and the use of sensors for monitoring a Home Vegetable Garden using Logic E as a support for decision-making in the irrigation system. Keywords: Arduino. Irrigation System. Logic E . Smart Garden. Precision Agriculture.

The assessment of water needs is one of the key elements in the development of the water budget Which is a very important issue in the field of irrigation. Assessing the water needs is the first essential step to develop future development plans and planning the strategic planning of irrigation projects. This paper presents a study on the irrigation water needs and the impact of climate change on the quantities of water used for irrigation. This study was conducted on three crops in Marsa Matrouh, which are banana, sweet pepper and potato. The method used to do so is “Cropwat” based on some input information such as climate, rain, crop, soil and crop pattern for the study area. The Penman-Monteith method was used to estimate ETo was calculated with the following basic data temperature, humidity, sunshine and wind speed. In this study, crop coefficients (Kc) were applied to different growth stages of crops (banana, sweet pepper, and potato) to control and estimate actual evaporation ETc through the through a water balance of the irrigation water requirements (IR). The results showed the annual (ETo) was estimated at 1109.6 mm. The lowest daily value of ETo of 1.37 mm, was observed in December month, while the highest value 4.51 mm was observed in June. One of the factors that affect the increase in evapotranspiration (ETo) and thus the irrigation needs is temperature, as it has a great direct impact on plants. An important factor in the occurrence of soil moisture is precipitation, as this process plays a major role in increasing crop productivity. Through The crop evapotranspiration ETc and the crop irrigation requirements calculations, irrigation projects can then be scheduled in different seasons for water use efficiency based on these results. The net irrigation demand, the gross irrigation demand and irrigation interval for the various crops grown have been computed. In this paper, the author briefed using CR+OPWAT 8.0 to assess the water needs and provide general guidance to produce three kinds of crops banana crop, sweet pepper crop, and potato crop, all in Ma-trouh Governorate located in the north coast in Egypt. يعتبر تقييم الاحتياجات المائية أحد العناصر الأساسية في تطوير الميزانية المائية وهي قضية مهمة للغاية في مجال الري ، وتعد الخطوة الأساسية الأولى لتطوير خطط التنمية المستقبلية والتخطيط الاستراتيجي لمشاريع الري. يقدم هذا البحث دراسة عن احتياجات مياه الري وتأثير تغير المناخ على کميات المياه المستخدمة للري. أجريت هذه الدراسة على ثلاثة محاصيل بمحافظة مرسى مطروح وهي الموز والفلفل الحلو والبطاطس. الطريقة المستخدمة للقيام بذلک هي "Cropwat" بناء على بعض المعلومات مثل المناخ والمطر والمحاصيل والتربة ونمط المحاصيل لمنطقة الدراسة. تم استخدام طريقة Penman-Monteith لتقدير وحساب ETo باستخدام البيانات الأساسية درجة حرارة ، والرطوبة ، وضوء الشمس وسرعة الرياح ، تم تطبيق معاملات المحاصيل (Kc) على مراحل النمو المختلفة للمحاصيل (الموز والفلفل الحلو والبطاطس) لحساب التبخر الفعلي ETc من خلال التوازن المائي لمتطلبات مياه الري. أظهرت النتائج أن (ETo) السنوي قدر بـ 1109,6 ملم. لوحظ أدنى قيمة يومية لـ ETo عند 1,37 ملم ، في شهر ديسمبر ، بينما لوحظ أعلى قيمة 4,51 ملم في يونيو. من العوامل التي تؤثر على زيادة التبخر النتح (ETo) وبالتالي احتياجات الري هي درجة الحرارة ، وايضا تعتبر الأمطار من العوامل المهمة في حدوث عملية رطوبة التربة ، حيث تلعب هذه العملية دورا رئيسيا في زيادة إنتاجية المحاصيل. بناء على النتائج من خلال ETc وحسابات متطلبات ري المحاصيل ، يمکن بعد ذلک جدولة الري وتحديد الفترات بين الريات. في هذا البحث تم استخدام CROPWAT 8.0 لتقييم الاحتياجات المائية ومدي تأثير التغيرات المناخية عليها وتقديم إرشادات عامة لإنتاج ثلاثة أنواع من محاصيل الموز ، الفلفل الحلو ، البطاطس ، وکلها في محافظة مطروح منطقة الدراسة الواقعة في الساحل الشمالي في مصر.

Climate change, increasing populations, competing demands on land for production of biofuels and declining soil quality are challenging global food security. Finding sustainable solutions requires bold new approaches and integration of knowledge from diverse fields, such as materials science and informatics. The convergence of precision agriculture, in which farmers respond in real time to changes in crop growth with nanotechnology and artificial intelligence, offers exciting opportunities for sustainable food production. Coupling existing models for nutrient cycling and crop productivity with nanoinformatics approaches to optimize targeting, uptake, delivery, nutrient capture and long-term impacts on soil microbial communities will enable design of nanoscale agrochemicals that combine optimal safety and functionality profiles.