Search

Wat zou het antwoord van het Nederlandse overeenkomstenrecht op plotselinge schaarste moeten zijn? In deze bijdrage staat de verhouding tussen schaarste, contractuele gebondenheid en publieke belangen centraal. Een markt, als verdelingsmechanisme van schaarse middelen en arbeid onder eindverantwoordelijkheid van de overheid, kan zelf als publiek belang worden beschouwd. Juist vanwege het denken in markten, kan het Nederlandse overeenkomstenrecht uitstekend worden uitgelegd in rechtseconomische termen. Vanuit rechtseconomisch perspectief is contractuele gebondenheid cruciaal voor een goed functionerende markt, ook bij plotselinge schaarste. Door een rechtseconomische analyse van het leerstuk van de onvoorziene omstandigheden, wordt de afgelopen coronarechtspraak geplaatst in het kader van een ideale markt en bovendien aangegeven waar rechtseconomische concepten dat leerstuk kunnen verhelderen.

Wat zou het antwoord van het Nederlandse overeenkomstenrecht op plotselinge schaarste moeten zijn? In deze bijdrage staat de verhouding tussen schaarste, contractuele gebondenheid en publieke belangen centraal. Een markt, als verdelingsmechanisme van schaarse middelen en arbeid onder eindverantwoordelijkheid van de overheid, kan zelf als publiek belang worden beschouwd. Juist vanwege het denken in markten, kan het Nederlandse overeenkomstenrecht uitstekend worden uitgelegd in rechtseconomische termen. Vanuit rechtseconomisch perspectief is contractuele gebondenheid cruciaal voor een goed functionerende markt, ook bij plotselinge schaarste. Door een rechtseconomische analyse van het leerstuk van de onvoorziene omstandigheden, wordt de afgelopen coronarechtspraak geplaatst in het kader van een ideale markt en bovendien aangegeven waar rechtseconomische concepten dat leerstuk kunnen verhelderen.

Contract law offers protection to those who are defined within the legal system as weaker parties, such as employees, tenants, and consumers. In that context, weaker parties are routinely and tacitly assumed to be acting in an economically rational manner, an assumption that affects when and how they are offered protection. But insights from behavioral science reveal that people – and thus weaker parties too – have limited cognitive capacities and by no means always make economically rational decisions. The discrepancy between how weaker parties actually make decisions and how they are assumed to do so leads to deficiencies in their current protection. Although nudging could potentially be applied to better protect weaker parties without restricting their freedom of contract, no systematic research yet exists on how to do that and what the limits are to how that may be done. This doctoral thesis therefore answers the question as to how nudging can contribute to the protection of weaker parties in Dutch contract law. The first part – the legal framework – addresses why, when and how weaker parties are protected, and the deficiencies of their current protection. The second part – the theoretical framework – analyses the potential and limits of using nudging to protect weaker parties. The third part – the case studies – applies the theoretical framework to three issues concerning the protection of weaker parties, illustrating the operation of the theoretical framework and making specific recommendations for applying nudging to protect weaker parties. Nudges that help people make their own decision can contribute to more and better protection in case various specific types of lack of cognitive capacity or lack of ability to resist occur and, indirectly, sometimes also to more and better protection in case a lack of information occurs. Steering nudges can contribute to more and better protection in case of a lack of cognitive capacity, a lack of ability to resist, or a lack of information in general. That nudging can help to protect weaker parties does not mean that it is a cure-all. Indeed, the scope of nudging is limited by several factors. But this is no reason to be skeptical about nudging to protect weaker parties in general. That would amount to throwing the baby out with the bathwater. After all, the research presented here provides a theoretical framework on the basis of which legal practitioners, including legislative drafters and judges, can assess whether and, if so, how nudging can be applied to protect a weaker party. In doing so, this research contributes to a contract law in which adequate protection is offered not only to weaker parties who are economically rational, but also to real-world weaker parties.

Contract law offers protection to those who are defined within the legal system as weaker parties, such as employees, tenants, and consumers. In that context, weaker parties are routinely and tacitly assumed to be acting in an economically rational manner, an assumption that affects when and how they are offered protection. But insights from behavioral science reveal that people – and thus weaker parties too – have limited cognitive capacities and by no means always make economically rational decisions. The discrepancy between how weaker parties actually make decisions and how they are assumed to do so leads to deficiencies in their current protection. Although nudging could potentially be applied to better protect weaker parties without restricting their freedom of contract, no systematic research yet exists on how to do that and what the limits are to how that may be done. This doctoral thesis therefore answers the question as to how nudging can contribute to the protection of weaker parties in Dutch contract law. The first part – the legal framework – addresses why, when and how weaker parties are protected, and the deficiencies of their current protection. The second part – the theoretical framework – analyses the potential and limits of using nudging to protect weaker parties. The third part – the case studies – applies the theoretical framework to three issues concerning the protection of weaker parties, illustrating the operation of the theoretical framework and making specific recommendations for applying nudging to protect weaker parties. Nudges that help people make their own decision can contribute to more and better protection in case various specific types of lack of cognitive capacity or lack of ability to resist occur and, indirectly, sometimes also to more and better protection in case a lack of information occurs. Steering nudges can contribute to more and better protection in case of a lack of cognitive capacity, a lack of ability to resist, or a lack of information in general. That nudging can help to protect weaker parties does not mean that it is a cure-all. Indeed, the scope of nudging is limited by several factors. But this is no reason to be skeptical about nudging to protect weaker parties in general. That would amount to throwing the baby out with the bathwater. After all, the research presented here provides a theoretical framework on the basis of which legal practitioners, including legislative drafters and judges, can assess whether and, if so, how nudging can be applied to protect a weaker party. In doing so, this research contributes to a contract law in which adequate protection is offered not only to weaker parties who are economically rational, but also to real-world weaker parties.

Contract law offers protection to those who are defined within the legal system as weaker parties, such as employees, tenants, and consumers. In that context, weaker parties are routinely and tacitly assumed to be acting in an economically rational manner, an assumption that affects when and how they are offered protection. But insights from behavioral science reveal that people – and thus weaker parties too – have limited cognitive capacities and by no means always make economically rational decisions. The discrepancy between how weaker parties actually make decisions and how they are assumed to do so leads to deficiencies in their current protection. Although nudging could potentially be applied to better protect weaker parties without restricting their freedom of contract, no systematic research yet exists on how to do that and what the limits are to how that may be done. This doctoral thesis therefore answers the question as to how nudging can contribute to the protection of weaker parties in Dutch contract law. The first part – the legal framework – addresses why, when and how weaker parties are protected, and the deficiencies of their current protection. The second part – the theoretical framework – analyses the potential and limits of using nudging to protect weaker parties. The third part – the case studies – applies the theoretical framework to three issues concerning the protection of weaker parties, illustrating the operation of the theoretical framework and making specific recommendations for applying nudging to protect weaker parties. Nudges that help people make their own decision can contribute to more and better protection in case various specific types of lack of cognitive capacity or lack of ability to resist occur and, indirectly, sometimes also to more and better protection in case a lack of information occurs. Steering nudges can contribute to more and better protection in case of a lack of cognitive capacity, a lack of ability to resist, or a lack of information in general. That nudging can help to protect weaker parties does not mean that it is a cure-all. Indeed, the scope of nudging is limited by several factors. But this is no reason to be skeptical about nudging to protect weaker parties in general. That would amount to throwing the baby out with the bathwater. After all, the research presented here provides a theoretical framework on the basis of which legal practitioners, including legislative drafters and judges, can assess whether and, if so, how nudging can be applied to protect a weaker party. In doing so, this research contributes to a contract law in which adequate protection is offered not only to weaker parties who are economically rational, but also to real-world weaker parties.

Resumen La reintegración en Colombia es una etapa del posconflicto importante para lograr una paz estable y duradera; es la que permite al excombatiente disfrutar de los beneficios y mantenerse en la vida civil. Objetivo. Describir los aportes del apoyo psicosocial a los excombatientes en proceso de reintegración de acuerdo con la evidencia identificada en fuentes secundarias. Metodología. Se realiza una revisión sistemática que incluye artículos científicos vigentes en español e inglés, los cuales son seleccionados de bases de datos especializadas y analizados a través de un Registro Analítico Especializado. De manera posterior, se hace un análisis de los textos seleccionados y discusiones con acuerdos y desacuerdos entre autores, además de una reflexión crítica. Conclusiones. El apoyo psicosocial en el proceso de reintegración debe ser visto más allá de la salud mental; implica análisis de factores internos y externos que afectan el proceso de reintegración. Abstract Reinstatement in Colombia is an important stage of the post-conflict to achieve a lasting and stable peace; is the one which allows the ex-combatants enjoy the benefits and keep living in the social life. Objective. Describe the contributions and the psyco-social support to the ex-combatants in a re-instatement process according to the identified evidence in secondary resources. Methodology. A systematic review that includes current scientific articles in Spanish and English is made. These articles are selected from specialized databases and analyzed through an specialized analytical record. Subsequent an analysis of the selected texts and discussions is made with agreements and disagreements between authors besides a critical reflection. Conclusion. The psyco-social support in the reinstatement process should be seen further the mental health; It implies the analysis of then internal and external elements that affect the reinstatement process.

The recent turn towards legal formalism and the common law of contract in the High Court of Australia’s landmark redefinition of the employment relationship in Construction, Forestry, Maritime, Mining and Energy Union v Personnel Contracting Pty Ltd and ZG Operations Australia Pty Ltd v Jamsek (a companion appeal), has concerning ramifications for workers. This article explains this decision through critical contract theory, contextualising it as the latest edition to a series of cases that have applied formalist legal reasoning to redefine key areas within Australian labour law including: implied terms; adverse action; prohibited matters; and industrial action. It argues that eclipsing the reality of work with the ‘form’ of an employer’s contract or other narrow, individualistic forms of reasoning, undermines the protective purposes of labour law, enhancing employer power while marginalising workers. The paper concludes with an analysis of proposals — mostly legislative in nature — to stem the destructive influence of formalism and the law of contract upon labour law.

Blockchains and smart contracts are novel concepts that provide unique challenges to legal systems. This research outlines the extent to which these new and innovative technologies create potentially unhinging effects for the laws of contract in Europe. It does so by taking three steps. First of all, in light of the transboundary nature of the technology, this research looks at French law, German law, English law, and Dutch law to analyse the impact on the different systems of contract law. Whilste doing so it looks at formation of contracts, interpretation of contracts, and vitiation of contracts. Secondly, it analyses the impact of the technology on the European rules on unfair terms in consumer contracts. This research argues that the existing rules on unfair terms in consumer contracts should be applied to smart legal agreements in business-to-consumer relations. Lastly it analyses the existing European private international rules on the basis of which jurisdiction and applicable law is determined. In this respect the research concludes that the vast majority of these European rules are ‘smart contract’-proof.

On February 23, 2022, the European Commission’s adopted a proposal for a Directive on corporate sustainability due diligence. The proposed Directive requires companies to make their supply chains sustainable by obtaining contractual assurances from their suppliers. Noncompliance is met with administrative sanctions and civil liability. In this contribution, we question the ability of contractual assurances to sufficiently influence business conduct in the supply chain. Imposing sanctions and civil liability do not resolve the difficulties that may, in practice, impede the control of supply chains through contracts. Therefore, based on recent empirical research and existing general conditions used by twelve multinational companies, we offer recommendations that can help companies manage their supply chains contractually and thus contribute to the effectiveness of the proposed Directive.

In business it is sometimes more economically viable for a party to intentionally breach their contract with the other party and pay damages than it is to proceed with the agreement. The theory of efficient breach justifies this behaviour on the basis that the innocent party is adequately compensated and the party in breach is ‘better off’ as a consequence of abandoning the contract. There is limited judicial authority suggesting that such a breach may violate the statutory prohibitions against unconscionable conduct in trade or commerce contained in the Australian Consumer Law. The point at which it may do so remains unclear. This article critically considers the relationship between the common law of contract and the Australian Consumer Law in this context and examines the relevant case law to identify when an efficient breach of contract may amount to statutory unconscionability.

The novel coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic has resulted in the disruption of activities in major centres of global production, with adverse portents for contractual obligations across global supply chains. The global pervasiveness and dynamic propagation of the risks arising from contractual failures provides an opportunity to reconsider the nature and impact of mechanisms for excusing failure to perform contractual obligations under adverse circumstances (Excuse). Such mechanisms include those found in the general law (for example, frustration in common law and analogous doctrines in civil law traditions) and contractual clauses (for example, Force Majeure and hardship clauses). Establishing extant rights and obligations under current contracts may provide only limited illumination on how parties will address these failures. Principles in economics of contract (e.g. incomplete contract and transaction cost theories) and the commercial reality of global supply chains both suggest that parties tend to lean towards contract- and relationship-saving adjustments, rather than strict enforcement of rights. Therefore, this article analyses the doctrinal and contractual regimes of Excuse with a view to assessing their respective scopes for transaction and relationship saving. It also highlights the peculiar nature of supply chain relationships wherein exchange partners enter into a sequence of dyadic relationships aimed at delivering a good or service to the end user. The tension between that operational logic and the legal principle of privity of contract makes these relationships ��� undergirded as they are by what we call ���operationally-linked (but) legally separate��� (O.L.L.S.) contracts ��� peculiarly vulnerable to mismatches in their Excuse regimes. Mismatches occur where failure to perform a determinant contract is more easily or much earlier excusable than in a dependent contract within the same chain operation. This may, in turn, exacerbate risks of supply chain disruptions in a pandemic scenario. The article designs a framework by which the doctrine-contract complex in the regimes may be used to test the dynamic scenarios of a global pandemic for the purpose of scanning for such mismatches. This framework will be useful in both post-event circumstances, as parties embark on relationship-saving negotiations, and in designing ex ante risk management measures. Through the understanding of the peculiarity of supply chain relationships and the O.L.L.S. contracts, this article also proposes to open up new directions in which the insights therefrom might be useful. An example suggested and prefatorily explored in this article is in the ���governance beyond privity��� conundrum in the context of supply chain disruption. Another is its potential contribution to the emerging multifactorial approach to determining frustration of contract in some common law courts., University of Bologna Law Review, Vol. 6 No. 2 (2021)

Explanation of blockchain and legal consequences

Explanation of blockchain and legal consequences

The essay, based on the examination of the traditional orientation established in the Canal de Craponne arrêt, traces the evolution of the French system concerning the institution of imprévision. We know, art. 1195 of the reformed civil code, highlighting critical issues especially regarding judge discretion. JEL CODE: K41, P48 ABSTRACTThe essay, based on the examination of the traditional orientation established in the Canal de Craponne arrêt, traces the evolution of the French system concerning the institution of imprévision. We know, art. 1195 of the reformed civil code, highlighting critical issues especially regarding judge discretion. KEYWORDS: contract law, legal theory, doctrine, legal system RESUMENEl ensayo, a partir del examen de la orientación tradicional establecida en el arrêt Canal de Craponne, traza la evolución del sistema francés con respecto a la institución de la imprévision. Entonces, el arte. 1195 del código civil reformado, destacando las cuestiones críticas especialmente en lo que respecta a la discreción del juez. CÓDIGO JEL: K41, P48

This thesis is a comparative analysis of the ability of minors in English and German law to enter into and perform transactions, as well as of the protection that each jurisdiction provides them with. The core insight that this thesis offers is a better understanding of what the ‘protection of minors’ from improvident transactions means in each of the two jurisdictions by determining the underlying policies. English law allows minors to enter into and perform transactions and thereby dispose of their property. Minority bars only the enforcement of minors’ promises, whether directly or indirectly in tort or unjust enrichment, and subject to certain exceptions. By contrast, German law limits minors’ ability to participate in transactions autonomously nearly completely and confers all control over minors’ transactions on their parents. The latter can even act on behalf of their child as agents by statute and make their child party to transactions without the latter knowing. This thesis analyses the impact that ‘minority’ has in the areas of contract, (personal) property, and restitution of unjust(ified) enrichment in light of these policies. Following the far-reaching powers of parents over their children, a further important point of consideration in this thesis is the role which parents and the state play in protecting minors from improvident bargains. It can be shown that parents are generally in a fiduciary position in relation to their children and their property and are personally liable for breaches of duty in this regard. A proposal for English and German law to improve the protection of minors from misappropriations of their property by their parents is discussed in this context. In addition, the thesis assesses further particularities of English and German law concerning ‘minority’, such as the abstract design of German law versus the flexible and individualised approach taken in England.

This article critically engages with Peter Benson’s theory of contract law. It explores whether his juridical conception of contract as a transfer of rights, which is governed by the contract law’s internal principles of transactional justice, can be reconciled with fundamental rights. The article argues that the conventional distinction between the direct and indirect horizontal effect of fundamental rights is problematic because it does not make it unequivocal which body of law – fundamental rights or contract law – substantially governs the relations between contracting parties and determines the outcome of disputes between them. The answer to this fundamental question, however, is crucial for the stability of Benson’s theory of contract law. Drawing on the European experience, the article shows that the relationship between fundamental rights and contract law can take the form of the subordination of contract law to fundamental rights or the complementarity between the two. While the latter is compatible with Benson’s theory, the former is in tension with it. For the sake of conceptual clarity, therefore, it is useful to distinguish between three forms of the horizontal effect of fundamental rights in contract law – direct horizontal effect, strong indirect horizontal effect, and weak indirect horizontal effect.

This article highlights a new discussion in Colombia, that is, the role that arbitration could play in consumer law. The paper also analyses a signature case in U.S. arbitration consumer law (AT&T Mobility v Concepcion), which offers the basis to open the debate of small claims contested during a Class Arbitral proceeding. It also weighs on the legal nature of Class Waiver Clause. It furthers on the possible sanctions that could be imposed on that clause, to conclude that Consumer Law in Colombia deserves a better and effective procedure favoring consumers by voiding with inefficacy a possible Class Waiver in an arbitration agreement Este artículo hace hincapié en una nueva discusión en Colombia sobre el rol que puede jugar el arbitraje en el Derecho del Consumidor. El estudio profundiza en el análisis de un precedente en los Estados Unidos sobre el Arbitraje en el derecho de los consumidores, esto es AT&T Mobility vs. Concepcion, el cual ofrece las bases para abrir el debate de las reclamaciones de baja cuantía a través de arbitraje y como no pueden los consumidores en esa jurisdicción demandar colectivamente. Esto hace necesario que se comience a observar en Colombia las demandas colectivas así como el estudio legal de las posibles sanciones a la cláusula de renuncia colectiva en el arbitraje del consumidor en Colombia. Lo anterior lleva a la conclusión que se necesita un proceso efectivo que favorezca a los consumidores sancionando con ineficacia de pleno derecho las renuncias a los arbitrajes colectivos

This is a spreadsheet with case law and legal articles & commentaries that pertain to updates, interesting discussions, and critiques of Canadian contract law since 2017. This was done for the purpose of updating the Cases and Materials on Contract Law casebook used for first-year Western Law students. The focus of the research is on the Canadian context, but international sources, particularly those from commonwealth nations, are drawn from as well.

Classically a duty to negotiate commercial contracts in good faith has been seen as part of the civil, not the common, law world. Common law commercial lawyers have long resisted the lure of “good faith” as a contractual concept, despite engagement with civil law principles in harmonisation projects, by virtue of membership of the European Union and their use in international conventions such as the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). This paper will examine whether this situation is changing, focusing on two common law jurisdictions—England and Wales and Canada. In England and Wales and the common law of Canada, case-law in the last 10 years has indicated a movement towards acceptance of express and implied duties of good faith in relation to contractual performance, see e.g. Yam Seng Pte Limited v International Trade Corporation Limited [2013] EWHC 111 (QB) and, most recently, Essex CC v UBB Waste (Essex) Ltd (No. 2) [2020] EWHC 1581 (TCC) in England and Wales; Bhasin v Hrynew 2014 SCC 71 and Callow v Zollinger 2020 SCC 45 in Canada. This paper will examine the extent to which these cases may open the way more generally for a duty to negotiate commercial contracts in good faith. It will examine the reception of these cases and whether they indicate (i) greater acceptance of “good faith” as part of contract law thinking and (ii) a possible extension of good faith into the pre-contractual period.

The paper details the theoretical and applicative structure of the smart contracts considering the correspondent performance, application, and epistemological bases, it also presents the element of the suspensive clause implicit in the confection of these contracts which determines the effectiveness of the instrument. It analyses the link to the auto executable asset practice which is managed by the contract itself, and defined previously by the partie. These concepts are linked to the electronic commerce, accomplishing as well the determination of the relationship between the smart contracts and the electronic commercial purchase. The factors of its application in the electronical business are defined, under a contractual and computational application methodology. El artículo detalla la estructuración teórica y aplicativa de los contratos inteligentes al considerar su funcionamiento, aplicación y bases epistemológicas, así como el elemento de la cláusula suspensiva implícita en su confección y que determina la eficacia del instrumento. Se analiza su ligamen a la gestión de activos autoejecutables por el contrato y definidos previamente por las partes. Se ligan estos conceptos al Comercio Electrónico y se logra determinar la relación existente entre los contratos de naturaleza inteligente y la compra y venta mercantil electrónica. Se definen las aplicaciones y los factores de aplicación comercial electrónica, pero bajo una metodología computacional y contractual.

Countless contracts have been undermined by the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 as well as government orders to contain it. Flights have been canceled, concerts have been called off, and dorms have been closed, just to name a few. Do these all count as breaches of contract-or are the parties excused due to the extraordinary circumstances? And how should the losses be allocated between the parties? The law provides one set of answers to these questions; ethics offers another. With a focus on American law (developed over the past two centuries) and Jewish ethics (developed over millennia), this paper shows that the two systems are in accord with some respects and differ in others: Both law and Jewish ethics would excuse a party who cannot complete his contract due to a force beyond his control, like the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet Jewish ethics would require that the excused party still be paid, while American law would not.

Con la Ley 1819 de 2016 se introdujo a la legislación colombiana modificaciones al tratamiento tributario de los contratos de leasing financiero y operativo. En este documento se presentan problemas jurídicos derivados de la nueva configuración tributaria del leasing financiero en el impuesto sobre la renta e IVA, originados en la redacción e interpretación del artículo 127-1 del estatuto. El presente documento se desarrolla bajo la metodología de investigación dogmática, parte del análisis de la legislación colombiana y tiene como insumo importante la investigación de la doctrina emitida por la DIAN como fuente auxiliar, relevante para entender el alcance de esta norma. The enaction of the Law 1819 of 2016, introduced into the Colombian Tax Legislation a change to the special tax treatment of financial and operational leasing contracts. This document presents to the reader different legal problems arising from the wording of the financial leasing contract rules in the income tax and value added tax (VAT), which mainly originate from the drafting and interpretation of the article 127-1 of the Colombian Tax Code, as the special fiscal rule that establishes the treatment of leasing contracts for tax purposes. This document is developed under the dogmatic methodology, to the extent that different legal analyzes are carried out, and counts with the important input of the doctrine (i.e., tax rulings) issued by the Colombian Tax Authority (DIAN by its acronym in Spanish) as a relevant auxiliary source for the understanding of the scope of financial leasing fiscal treatment.

This article analyzes the state of insolvency or bankruptcy that may be incurred by those who default or fear default on their obligations. This breach is the source of a new legal situation and an economic and patrimonial state of the debtor, which is declared judicially to organize its creditors legally and preserve the insolvent debtor’s assets and later liquidate and distribute them.Once this situation has been analyzed (which may be fortuitous, guilty or fraudulent), the five types of bankruptcy procedures that Ecuadorian legislation provides are reviewed and differentiated: preventive, preventive for commercial companies, exceptional preventive, voluntary and necessary, highlighting the effects and consequences that each one of them generates for or against the debtor.Finally, the authors’ conclusions regarding this legal institution and its application in the Ecuadorian judicial system will be reviewed. KEYWORDS: Contract law, civil liability, legal procedure, credit, debts. JEL CODE: K0,K2, P23 ABSTRACTThis article analyzes the state of insolvency or bankruptcy that may be incurred by those who default or fear default on their obligations. This breach is the source of a new legal situation and an economic and patrimonial state of the debtor, which is declared judicially to organize its creditors legally and preserve the insolvent debtor’s assets and later liquidate and distribute them.Once this situation has been analyzed (which may be fortuitous, guilty or fraudulent), the five types of bankruptcy procedures that Ecuadorian legislation provides are reviewed and differentiated: preventive, preventive for commercial companies, exceptional preventive, voluntary and necessary, highlighting the effects and consequences that each one of them generates for or against the debtor.Finally, the authors’ conclusions regarding this legal institution and its application in the Ecuadorian judicial system will be reviewed. KEYWORDS: Contract law, civil liability, legal procedure, credit, debts. RESUMENEl presente artículo analiza la situación de insolvencia o quiebra en la que pueden incurrir aquellas personas que incumplen o temen incumplir con sus obligaciones de dar, hacer o no hacer. Esta falta o incumplimiento da lugar a una situación jurídica y estado económico y patrimonial del deudor, el cual se declara judicialmente con el fin de organizar legalmente a sus acreedores y así depurar y conservar el patrimonio del deudor insolvente, para posteriormente liquidarlo y repartírselo.Una vez analizada esta situación (la cual puede ser fortuita, culpable o fraudulenta), por medio de un enfoque descriptivo y del método sistemático, se revisarán y diferenciarán los cinco tipos de procedimientos concursales que nuestra legislación contempla: preventivo, preventivo para sociedades mercantiles, preventivo excepcional, voluntario y el necesario, destacando los efectos y consecuencias que cada uno de ellos genera a favor o en contra del deudor vencido. Este estudio se realizará en base a la doctrina ecuatoriana, peruana y española que sobre el concordato, se ha pronunciado.Finalmente se revisarán las conclusiones de los autores respecto a esta institución jurídica y su aplicación en nuestro sistema judicial. CÓDIGO JEL: K0,K2,K23 Cet article analyse l'état d'insolvabilité ou de faillite qui peut être encouru par ceux qui manquent ou craignent de manquer à leurs obligations. Ce manquement est à l'origine d'une nouvelle situation juridique et d'un état économique et patrimonial du débiteur, qui est déclaré judiciairement pour organiser légalement ses créanciers et préserver les biens du débiteur insolvable pour ensuite les liquider et les répartir.Une fois cette situation analysée (qui peut être fortuite, coupable ou frauduleuse), les cinq types de procédures de faillite que prévoit la législation équatorienne sont passés en revue et différenciés : préventive, préventive pour les entreprises commerciales, préventive exceptionnelle, volontaire et nécessaire, mettant en évidence les effets et conséquences que chacun d'eux engendre pour ou contre le débiteur.Enfin, les conclusions des auteurs concernant cette institution juridique et son application dans le système judiciaire équatorien seront passées en revue. MOTS CLÉS: Droit des contrats, responsabilité civile, procédure judiciaire, crédit, dettes. CODE JEL: K0, K2, P23 Questo articolo analizza lo stato di insolvenza o fallimento in cui possono incorrere coloro che sono inadempienti o temono di non adempiere alle proprie obbligazioni. Tale violazione è fonte di una nuova situazione giuridica e di uno stato economico e patrimoniale del debitore, che è dichiarato giudizialmente di organizzare legalmente i propri creditori e preservare i beni del debitore insolvente per poi liquidarli e distribuirli.Una volta analizzata questa situazione (che può essere fortuita, colpevole o fraudolenta), vengono riviste e differenziate le cinque tipologie di procedure concorsuali che la legislazione ecuadoriana prevede: preventiva, preventiva per le società commerciali, preventiva eccezionale, volontaria e necessaria, evidenziando gli effetti e conseguenze che ciascuno di essi genera a favore o contro il debitore.Infine, saranno riviste le conclusioni degli autori riguardo a questa istituzione giuridica e alla sua applicazione nel sistema giudiziario ecuadoriano. PAROLE CHIAVE: Contrattualistica, responsabilità civile, procedura legale, credito, debiti. CODICE JEL: K0,K2, P23 Este artigo analisa o estado de insolvência ou falência em que podem incorrer aqueles que inadimplem ou temem inadimplir suas obrigações. Esta violação é fonte de uma nova situação jurídica e de um estado econômico e patrimonial do devedor, que é declarado judicialmente para organizar legalmente os seus credores e preservar os bens do devedor insolvente e posteriormente liquidá-los e distribuí-los.Uma vez analisada esta situação (que pode ser fortuita, culpada ou fraudulenta), são revisados ​​e diferenciados os cinco tipos de procedimentos falimentares que a legislação equatoriana prevê: preventivo, preventivo para empresas comerciais, preventivo excepcional, voluntário e necessário, destacando os efeitos e consequências que cada uma delas gera a favor ou contra o devedor.Por fim, serão revisadas as conclusões dos autores sobre esta instituição jurídica e sua aplicação no sistema judicial equatoriano. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Direito contratual, responsabilidade civil, processo legal, crédito, dívidas. CÓDIGO JEL: K0, K2, P23

Ugovorno pravo najznačajniji je aspekt građanskopravnih odnosa. Ono uređuje prava i obveze pravnih subjekata te je iz razloga pravne sigurnosti, zaštite pravnih subjekata i zaštite prava pravnih subjekata od iznimne važnosti da pravni sustav osigura kvalitetan i cjelovit mehanizam pravne zaštite. Užurbanim tehnološkim razvojem omogućeno je da ugovorni odnosi nastaju i putem informacijskih tehnologija što od pravnog sustava iziskuje prilagodbu i regulaciju novonastalih nereguliranih situacija. Jedan od primjera gdje pravo tek treba iznaći kvalitetna rješenja za regulacijom su pametni ugovori. Pametni ugovori, kao automatizirani internetski protokoli za izvršavanje uvjeta ugovora okosnica su promišljanja ovog rada. Cilj rada je na temelju detaljne usporedne analize pametnih ugovora i ugovora u tradicionalnom obliku, kakvim ih poznaje hrvatski pravni sustav, odgovoriti na pitanje jesu li pametni ugovori zapravo ugovori, zadovoljavaju li osnovne pretpostavke koje pravni sustav nameće u regulaciji ugovora te koja je njihova uloga. Ostala pitanja, na koja ovaj rad daje odgovor su pitanje njihove primjene, pitanje postojećeg pravnog okvira koji regulira pametne ugovore te pitanje mogućnosti implementacije pametnih ugovora u hrvatski pravni sustav., Contractual law is the most significant aspect of civil law. It governs the rights and obligations of legal entities and, for reasons of legal certainty, the protection of legal entities and the protection of the rights of legal entities is of immense importance that the legal system provides a quality and comprehensive legal mechanism. Great technological development has enabled the existence of contractual relations through information technologies, which requires the legal system to adapt and regulate emerging unregulated situations. One example of where the law is yet to find quality solutions for the regulation is smart contracts. Smart contracts, as automated online protocols for the execution of contractual terms, are the backbone of the thinking in this paper. The aim of the work is based on a detailed comparative analysis of smart contracts and contracts in the traditional form, as they are familiar with the Croatian legal system, to answer the question of whether smart contracts are contracts, whether they meet the underlying assumptions that the legal system imposes in the regulation of contracts and what their role is. Other issues, to which this work is addressed are the question of their application, the question of the existing legal framework governing smart contracts and the issue of the possibility of implementing smart contracts into the Croatian legal system.

this contribution explains how private law can and should play a role in the sustainability debate and the sustainability transition. Whereas some defend the view that sustainability should be reached via public law rules, the view is defended that private law (contract law, law of obligations, corporate law, ...) allows for economic and financial activities and makes them enforceable. Hence if, as claimed by different scientist, economic and financial actives are causing the sustainability challenges our society is currently facing, private law is co-culprit.

ilustraciones, gráficas, tablas El presente trabajo de maestría en modalidad profundización explora una fundamentación jurídica para aplicar el Estatuto de Consumo (Ley 1480 de 2011) al pequeño empresario, a la micro, pequeña y mediana (PYMES) empresa cuando actúa con doble finalidad y en cierto modo integra el producto adquirido a la cadena de producción. En Colombia, el ordenamiento de consumo permite a una persona física o jurídica satisfacer necesidades propias, privadas y empresariales que no estén “intrínsecamente” vinculadas con la actividad económica del empresario. Sin embargo, la norma no regula explícitamente el supuesto de la doble finalidad, es decir, cuando el empresario satisface necesidades privadas y empresariales a la vez. La respuesta brindada por los tribunales en Colombia parece excluir del ámbito del consumo al empresario que integre de alguna forma el producto o bien a la cadena productiva. Ante tal insuficiencia el trabajo propone a partir de un análisis de derecho nacional y comparado una interpretación pro-consumidor que distinga si se trata de un contrato entre empresas (B2B) o entre empresa y consumidor (B2C), y concluye la necesidad de reformar la noción de consumidor actual en favor de micronegocios que en una relación de consumo actúen con doble finalidad. (Texto tomado de la fuente). This work proposes a legal foundation to apply the Consumer Statute (Law 1480 of 2011) to the small businessman, to the micro, small and medium-sized company when it acts with dual purposes and in a certain way integrates the acquired product into the production chain. In Colombia, the order of consumption allows a natural or legal person to satisfy their own private and business needs that are not “intrinsically” linked to the economic activity of the entrepreneur. However, the norm does not precisely regulate the assumption of dualpurpose when the employer simultaneously meets personal and business needs. The response provided by the national courts has been to exclude the entrepreneur who somehow integrates the product or the production chain from the scope of consumption. Based on an analysis of local and comparative law, this work proposes a guaranteed interpretation that distinguishes whether it is a contract between companies (B2B) or between company and consumer (B2C), in favor of micro-businesses that in a consumer relationship act with a dual purpose. Maestría Magíster en Derecho

Статья посвящена сравнительному анализу положений о заключении коммерческих договоров Гражданского кодекса Российской Федерации и Конвенции Организации Объединенных Наций о договорах международной купли-продажи товаров. В работе анализируются правила заключения коммерческих договоров посредством оферты и акцепта включая акцепт совершением действиями, а также исследуются требования к форме коммерческих договоров., This article deals with comparative analysis of rules on formation of commercial contracts under Russian Civil Code and The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. This article covers conclusion of commercial contracts by means of offer and acceptance including acceptance by conduct. The article also illustrates the issue of form of commercial contracts.

According to part of the US scholarship, the use of big data and prediction algorithms could entail a paradigmatic change in contract law: No longer would one have general and abstract legal norms, but rather granular and personalized ones, customized on the needs and features of the contracting parties. This shift to a law tailored to specific individuals could affect both default and mandatory rules and provide for a more efficient and just legal system. The argument goes that such a flexible and technology-driven regulation is also capable of addressing the issue of unfair personalized pricing schemes applied by businesses in online transactions. The present contribution adopts a futuristic approach and investigates whether these doctrinal proposals could possibly pave the way for an amendment of the Directive 93/13 on unfair terms in consumer contracts. In doing so, the main elements of the unfair terms control are highlighted, together with their link with national default rules, which serve both as a benchmark for the assessment of the unfair character of the clause and as gap-fillers. Based on a comparison with the findings of US scholars, it then explores how the unfair terms control may change in order to reduce cross-subsidies to a minimum and tackle discriminatory pricing schemes. Finally, this article elaborates further on how the modifications could be implemented within a new enforcement mechanism, using a technology that would also cover so-called smart contracts. personalization, unfair terms control, big data, consumer contracts. Motsclés: Personnalisation, Contrôle de clauses abusives, Grandes bases de données, Contrats conclus avec les consommateurs Schlüsselwörter: Personalisierung, Kontrolle missbräuchlicher Klauseln, Big Data, Verbraucherverträge

Vanwege het nieuwe coronavirus (COVID-19) overwegen veel bedrijven de lonen van werknemers te verlagen. Sommige bedrijven vragen van de werknemers om 'een steentje bij te dragen', andere eisen loonoffers. In dit artikel wordt ingegaan op het juridisch kader voor eenzijdig wijzigen van arbeidsvoorwaarden, maar wordt ook gekeken naar de recente ontwikkelingen met betrekking tot deeltijdontslag die een interessante invalshoek op loonmatiging kunnen bieden. "This content was supported by the H2020 WorkYP project (GA number 870619) and reflects only author’s view.”

Vanwege het nieuwe coronavirus (COVID-19) overwegen veel bedrijven de lonen van werknemers te verlagen. Sommige bedrijven vragen van de werknemers om 'een steentje bij te dragen', andere eisen loonoffers. In dit artikel wordt ingegaan op het juridisch kader voor eenzijdig wijzigen van arbeidsvoorwaarden, maar wordt ook gekeken naar de recente ontwikkelingen met betrekking tot deeltijdontslag die een interessante invalshoek op loonmatiging kunnen bieden."This content was supported by the H2020 WorkYP project (GA number 870619) and reflects only author’s view.”

This paper presents a selection of legal topics in the context of data analytics and Big Data from a lawyer’s perspective. After introducing the reader to the role of law, both in the analogue and the digital world (1), the paper gives a systematic overview of some of the currently most relevant data-related legal topics (2). While digitalisation and data processing poses new questions to all areas of law, this paper focusses on the role Big Data plays in competition, data protection and contract law, as those are closely interlinked and address similar data-related phenomena. The paper was written from a mainly European perspective and presents some specific approaches European law takes to address the challenges we face with the advent of Big Data.

We are living in a data era where data drives everything we do, including businesses. In data-driven business models, users’ personal data is collected in order to determine consumer preferences and to tailor production and advertising to these preferences. In these new business models, consumers do not pay a price but provide their data, such as IP numbers, locations, and email addresses in order to benefit from digital service or digital content. Content or service providers and users have something in common in these “free” business models which is to benefit from each other. Users benefit from the content or service but they provide their personal data and/or they are exposed to advertisements in return. This legal framework and trade cannot be made without taking contract law into consideration. Contracts naturally facilitate interactions between companies and users. Their transactions are regulated by contracts in which their agreement on data use and data processing are stipulated. In the last two to three decades, in particular, personal data has started to function similar to the functionality of money in synallagmatic transactions. In this vein, it goes without saying that the role of contract law is becoming more significant and complicated because it does not only concern the economic ordering and economic transactions anymore but also as it is personal data, data protection law comes into play which is considered a part of fundamental rights protection. Data is always collected and processed through a contractual relationship and in this paper, I will argue that there are problems arising from contracts involving data to which contract law applies and that contract law can map these problems and offer insights. The scope of this study will be limited to issues where data is provided as counter-performance and where data is provided in addition to a monetary payment.

The article focuses on whether, in the case of a breach of a sales contract, the buyer can remedy the non-conformity of the goods independently and claim damages for the cost of repair without giving the seller an opportunity to cure his failure to perform. The analysis is based on the solutions adopted in the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. The issue has recently given rise to divergent approaches in the literature. The article seeks to shed new light on the problem and offers a way of resolving the question of the interplay between the seller’s right to cure and the buyer’s right to claim damages for the cost of repair. The principal conclusion is that the buyer’s right to claim damages for the cost of repair and the seller’s right to cure do not stand on an equal footing. Rather, the seller’s right to cure has priority over the buyer’s damages claim. As long as the seller is entitled to remedy his failure to perform under the Convention, the buyer cannot cure the nonconformity independently. If he does so, he cannot claim compensation for the costs incurred as a result of the repair. The right to cure; United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods; CISG; damages; breach of contract; remedies; sales contract; repair; avoidance; favour contractus

In this contribution I try to describe the ‘Lando method’ for harmonization or model rules, based on the writings of Ole Lando himself and my own experience in the Lando Commission. Harmonization, contract law, European private law, restatements

Nowadays, the breach of contractual obligations has caused great debate in the law academy, this due to the need for contractual relationships that are less susceptible to extinction and figures that avoid this extinction. For this reason, a part of doctrine has preferred to opt for less orthodox remedies that allow the resolution of controversies without initiating judicial processes. Due to the above, this article will analyze the feasibility of applying a figure such as contractual solidarity in Ecuador. In addition to delimiting that the characteristics of the Ecuadorian legal system allow the application of of this remedies but the principle of good faith to be at the center of solving problems in the event of breach of contract and that the creation of norms such as remedies for breaches are affected by regulatory obstacles in the law. For this purpose, the contract will first be analyzed as a figure and the breach within the field of Civil law and in the Ecuadorian context. Afterwards, contractual solidarity will be explored briefly, and the last section will study the possibility of applying this figure in the Ecuadorian legal system and the consequences that this would entail. KEY WORDS: contract law, legal liability, legal theory, legal systems, doctrine. JEL CODE: J41, K12 SOMMARIO: Al giorno d’oggi, l’inadempimento degli obblighi contrattuali ha causato un grande dibattito in dottrina, a causa della necessità di relazioni contrattuali meno suscettibili di estinzione e di figure che evitino tale estinzione. Per questo motivo, una parte della dottrina ha preferito optare per rimedi meno ortodossi che consentano di risolvere le controversie senza avviare processi giudiziari. L’ articolo analizzerà la fattibilità dell’applicazione di una figura come la solidarietà contrattuale in Ecuador. Inoltre, le caratteristiche del sistema giuridico ecuadoriano consentirebbero l’applicazione di questi rimedi pur con difficoltà attraverso la buona fede. A tal fine, verrà prima analizzato il contratto e il suo inadempimento nell’ambito del diritto civile e nel contesto ecuadoriano. Successivamente, verrà esplorata brevemente la solidarietà contrattuale e l’ultima sezione studierà la possibilità di applicare questa figura nel sistema giuridico ecuadoriano e le conseguenze che ciò comporterebbe. PAROLE CHIAVE: diritto dei contratti, responsabilità legale, teoria legale, sistemi legali, dottrina. RESUMEN: En la actualidad, el incumplimiento de las obligaciones contractuales ha provocado un gran debate en la academia de derecho, esto debido a la necesidad de relaciones contractuales menos susceptibles de extinción y figuras que eviten esta extinción. Por ello, una parte de la doctrina ha preferido optar por recursos menos ortodoxos que permitan la resolución de controversias sin iniciar procesos judiciales. Por lo anterior, este artículo analizará la factibilidad de aplicar una figura como la solidaridad contractual en Ecuador. Además, las características del ordenamiento jurídico ecuatoriano permitirían la aplicación de estos recursos a pesar de las dificultades de buena fe. Para ello, se analizará primero el contrato como figura y el incumplimiento en el ámbito del Derecho Civil y en el contexto ecuatoriano. Posteriormente se explorará brevemente la solidaridad contractual, y en el último apartado se estudiará la posibilidad de aplicar esta figura en el ordenamiento jurídico ecuatoriano y las consecuencias que ello conllevaría. PALABRAS CLAVE: derecho contractual, responsabilidad legal, teoría jurídica, ordenamientos jurídicos, doctrina. JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: J41, K12 SOMMARIO: Al giorno d’oggi, l’inadempimento degli obblighi contrattuali ha causato un grande dibattito in dottrina, a causa della necessità di relazioni contrattuali meno suscettibili di estinzione e di figure che evitino tale estinzione. Per questo motivo, una parte della dottrina ha preferito optare per rimedi meno ortodossi che consentano di risolvere le controversie senza avviare processi giudiziari. L’ articolo analizzerà la fattibilità dell’applicazione di una figura come la solidarietà contrattuale in Ecuador. Inoltre, le caratteristiche del sistema giuridico ecuadoriano consentirebbero l’applicazione di questi rimedi pur con difficoltà attraverso la buona fede. A tal fine, verrà prima analizzato il contratto e il suo inadempimento nell’ambito del diritto civile e nel contesto ecuadoriano. Successivamente, verrà esplorata brevemente la solidarietà contrattuale e l’ultima sezione studierà la possibilità di applicare questa figura nel sistema giuridico ecuadoriano e le conseguenze che ciò comporterebbe. PAROLE CHIAVE: diritto dei contratti, responsabilità legale, teoria legale, sistemi legali, dottrina. RESUMEN: En la actualidad, el incumplimiento de las obligaciones contractuales ha provocado un gran debate en la academia de derecho, esto debido a la necesidad de relaciones contractuales menos susceptibles de extinción y figuras que eviten esta extinción. Por ello, una parte de la doctrina ha preferido optar por recursos menos ortodoxos que permitan la resolución de controversias sin iniciar procesos judiciales. Por lo anterior, este artículo analizará la factibilidad de aplicar una figura como la solidaridad contractual en Ecuador. Además, las características del ordenamiento jurídico ecuatoriano permitirían la aplicación de estos recursos a pesar de las dificultades de buena fe. Para ello, se analizará primero el contrato como figura y el incumplimiento en el ámbito del Derecho Civil y en el contexto ecuatoriano. Posteriormente se explorará brevemente la solidaridad contractual, y en el último apartado se estudiará la posibilidad de aplicar esta figura en el ordenamiento jurídico ecuatoriano y las consecuencias que ello conllevaría. JEL CODE / CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: J41, K12 &nbsp

The emergence and development of civil law as an independent branch of law was associated with the development of commodity-money relations and first developed in ancient Rome. Roman law was formed on the basis of customary law as well as the judicial practice of masters who resolved property disputes. Therefore, it was in Roman law that the main provisions of modern civil law were first formed. A powerful impetus to the development of civilization thought was the rapid development of commodity-money relations in the Russian Empire.The high level of development of civil law science in pre-revolutionary Russia influenced the formation of civil law in the Kazakh region. A prominent social and political figure, professional lawyer, one of the leaders of «Alash», the head of the Western branch of «Alash-Orda», Zhakhansha Dosmukhamedov was at the forefront of the development of civil law thought in the territory of modern Kazakhstan.His political and legal views were formed under the influence of progressive ideas of representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia, Russian socio-political thought of the 19th – early 20th centuries, Western thinkers and lawyers. In this article, the author first examined the role of Zhakhanshi Dosmukhamedov as a civilist in the formation and development of civil law in the Kazakh region. Also the autorth identified main stages of him political and legal views.

In the article on the basis of analysis of current and former Ukrainian legislation and doctrinal sources are considered some issues of classification of civil law contracts into consensual and real contracts. Approach to divide contracts into two aforementioned groups originates in Roman law; however, its sufficient theoretical model is produced only in XIX century. In Soviet period this method to classify contracts was sharply criticized. Current Civil code of Ukraine uses both types (models): consensual and real contracts. Contract is to be treated as consensual unless the opposite is prescribed in civil legislation. In order to conclude real contract, in addition to sufficient agreement, transfer of property or execution of other action is needed. Such transfer of property or other action are not considered as a part of fulfillment of contractual obligation; they take place at the stage of contract formation and are prerequisite for the very existence of real contract. Based on these considerations, direct application of norm regulating contractual transfer of ownership to conclusion of real contract is complicated and cannot be conducted without certain adjustments. Another issue related to the formation of real contract is transfer of non-documentary securities and non-cash money. These civil law objects following a common approach are not regarded as things (res). Therefore, transfer of non-documentary securities and non-cash money in a procedure of formation of real contract cannot be qualified as transfer of property in its traditional meaning.

Background: The use of Additive Manufacturing (AM) in military logistics is limited by the uncertainty about the legal risks of using the method. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the potential legal risks associated with AM of military materiel and its effects. The study was conducted as a case study, where AM is considered in military logistics. Methods: Legal issues were approached from the normative point of view in the context of potential legal dispute situations in four different cases. The topic was studied by reviewing and analyzing literature sources, official sources, and Finnish Defence Forces military materiel purchasing contracts and interviews. The study interpreted and systematized the general principles of IPR and contract law when using AM in the military. Results: An identified result of the study was that the use of AM to print military materiel under normal conditions may entail risks that should be contractually managed. In other cases, e.g. crises or wartime, there are risks, but they are difficult to predict and manage or are acceptable. The results of the study concern countries with a similar military economic system to Finland in terms of military logistics. The results can be applied to the activities of different security sectors, due to the similarity of their activities. Conclusions: The use of AM can enable the material to be used in safety situations where speed and versatility are required for material readiness. The use of the method requires a legal right, the holder of which has the right to manufacture the product. In different situations, the legal basis is open to interpretation and may pose risks to the decision-maker. The research will provide information to decision-makers for the preparation of contracts for the acquisition and maintenance of military material and implementing AM to military logistics.

Much attention has been directed towards digitization's potential effect on both transaction costs and organizational designs over the past few years. In particular, digitalization is argued to dramatically lower transaction costs, not only within organizations but also across multiple entities. Blockchain technology firmly positioned itself within mainstream awareness as the groundbreaking emerging technology. The emerging blockchain technology holds the promise of removing the requirement for trustworthy entities (central intermediaries) to secure transactions through digital systems. This paper explores the positions of this technology in cost management through the prism of the institutional transaction costs economy approach We argue that technology based on blockchain has significant promise to help to reduce both economic and social cost impact on the transaction. We employ the setting for developing better insight into different industries & corporate functions in which information asymmetries between the buyer and real estate promoter as well as the associated transaction costs involved in the property transfer are large and frequently intractable. We outline the ways in which blockchain technologies embedded in a decentralized transaction-based system can help overcome these issues in the area of asset management. Our results suggest that information sharing regarding assets performance moderates both the effects of contractors-side adverse choice as well as decrease the vertical moral hazard of assets through generating a disciplinary incentive. Additionally, in this work, we find evidence of an incentive for assets to exhibit opportunistic behavior when value-added Information of the asset nature are available. JEL Classification: D00 Paper type: Theoretical Research, Au cours des dernières années, une grande attention a été portée à l'effet potentiel de la digitalisation tant sur les coûts de transaction que sur les conceptions organisationnelles. En particulier, la numérisation est censée réduire considérablement les coûts de transaction, non seulement au sein des organisations, mais aussi entre plusieurs entités. La technologie blockchain s'est fermement positionnée dans la conscience du grand public comme une technologie émergente révolutionnaire. Cette technologie émergente promet de supprimer l'exigence d'entités de confiance (intermédiaires de confiance) pour sécuriser les transactions par le biais de systèmes numériques. Ce papier explore les positions de cette technologie dans la gestion des coûts à travers le prisme de l'approche de l'économie des coûts de transaction institutionnels. Nous soutenons que la technologie basée sur la blockchain est très prometteuse pour contribuer à réduire l'impact des coûts économiques et sociaux dans la transaction. Nous employons les paramètres pour développer une meilleure compréhension de différentes industries et fonctions d'entreprise dans lesquelles les asymétries d'information entre l'acheteur et le vendeur de biens immobiliers ainsi que les coûts de transaction associés impliqués dans le transfert de propriété sont importants et souvent insolubles. Nous exposons les moyens par lesquels les technologies blockchain intégrées dans un système décentralisé basé sur les transactions peuvent aider à surmonter ces problèmes dans le domaine de la gestion des actifs. Nos résultats suggèrent que le partage d'informations concernant la performance des actifs modère à la fois l'effet du choix défavorable du côté des entrepreneurs et diminue l'aléa moral vertical des actifs en générant une incitation disciplinaire. De plus, dans ce travail, nous trouvons des preuves d'une incitation pour les actifs à avoir un comportement opportuniste lorsque des informations à valeur ajoutée sur la nature de l'actif sont disponibles. Classification JEL: D00 Type de l’article : Article théorique. &nbsp

The breach of contract is the primary cause of the conflict of interest between the parties to the contract, so it is a core issue of contract law. Therefore, the comparative law study perspective provides a perfect reference for the purpose of this investigation. After a brief discussion of the concept of non performance -whichI will focus on in Chapter one -I will focus on the last chapter of my work the so-called remedies for non performance. The investigation will emphasize the similarities and differences between respective systems, as well as the approaches taken in the absence of common ground and the obvious need for legal protection. In this regard, it is worth noting that although many comparative law studies are aimed at understanding the differences and similarities between the civil law and the common law, there is a gap in this area of comparative law in the Asian system. Therefore, I think it is important to introduce these documents through the current research work, taking the theme of non performance as an example of CISG's current impact on internal systems andas a factor of coordination and modernization, we believe that CISG is a tool that enables us to achieve a greater degree of legal security quotas in the international market. El incumplimiento del contrato es la primera causa de conflictos de intereses entre los contratantes y, por consiguiente, constituye una materia central en el Derecho de contratos. Por esta razón, su estudio comparado sirve como perfecta referencia para el objetivo de este estudio. Tras una breve aproximación al concepto de incumplimiento -a los que dedicaré el primer capítulo, me centraré– en el último capítulo del trabajo, en una descripción de los denominados remedios frente al incumplimiento contractual (en inglés, remedies), que pongan de relieve las semejanzas y diferencias existentes entre nuestros respectivos sistemas, así como las vías de aproximación cuando no existe coincidencia, ante la evidente necesidad de seguridad jurídica. Al respecto, conviene tener en cuenta que, aunque abundan los estudios de Derecho comparado que tienen por objeto conocer diferencias y semejanzas entre el Civil Law y el Common Law, existe una laguna en este ámbito del Derecho comparatístico relativa a los sistemas asiáticos[1]. Por esta razón, he considerado importante introducirlos o presentarlos a través del presente trabajo de investigación, tomando la materia del incumplimiento contractual como muestra del influjo que la CISG está teniendo en la actualidad sobre los sistemas internos como factor armonizador y de modernización. Encontramos así en la CISG un instrumento que nos permite avanzar en la consecución de cuotas mayores de seguridad jurídica en el mercado internacional. [1] ASAMI, E.: Los sistemas del Derecho internacional privado japonés y europeo desde una perspectiva comparada, tesis doctoral para optar al grado de doctorado en la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 2012, p. 31.

Resumen El compromiso del cliente es uno de los temas que más despierta el interés de los profesionales y académicos del marketing en la actualidad. Por tanto, este artículo pretende contribuir al conocimiento general sobre este tema al realizar un mapeo de la investigación científica de esta área de conocimiento. Para ello, se realizó un análisis bibliométrico y de redes, utilizando como fuente los registros en las bases de datos Scopus y Web of Science. Las principales conclusiones muestran que, a pesar de ser una temática reciente, el estudio sobre el compromiso del cliente ha prosperado de forma importante. También, se identificaron cuatro principales líneas o corrientes de trabajo en las que se concentra el interés de los investigadores en este tema. Por último, se presentan las contribuciones, limitaciones y la agenda para futuros estudios. Clasificación JEL: M1, O310, O320. Abstract Customer engagement is one of the topics that most arouses the attention of marketing professionals and academics today. This article aimed to contribute to general knowledge on this topic by mapping scientific research in this area of knowledge. For this purpose, a bibliometric and network analysis was carried out, using as a source the records in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. The main conclusions show that, despite being a recent subject, the study of customer engagement has prospered significantly. Also, four main lines or currents of work were identified in which the interests of researchers on this topic are concentrated. Finally, the contributions, limitations, and agenda for future studies are presented. Resumo O engajamento do cliente é um dos tópicos de maior interesse para os profissionais e acadêmicos de marketing atualmente. Portanto, este artigo pretende contribuir para o conhecimento geral sobre este tópico, mapeando a pesquisa científica nesta área do conhecimento. Para este fim, foi realizada uma análise bibliométrica e de redes, usando como fonte os registros nos bancos de dados Scopus e Web of Science. As principais conclusões mostram que, apesar de ser um tópico recente, o estudo do engajamento do cliente tem prosperado significativamente. Também foram identificadas quatro linhas ou correntes principais de trabalho nas quais está concentrado o interesse dos pesquisadores por este tópico. Finalmente, são apresentadas as contribuições, as limitações e a agenda para futuros estudos.

This thesis examines both the European Union and national rules governing e-commerce consumer transactions, and empirically investigates whether 300 traders from four countries (France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom) comply with these rules. By examining whether traders actually comply with their legal obligations, the thesis seeks to understand how consumer rules work in practice and determine factors of compliance. The thesis first maps the legal obligations of e-commerce traders under the national rules implementing the Unfair Contact Terms Directive, E-Commerce Directive, and Consumer Rights Directive. The second part investigates whether the 300 simulated e- commerce transactions comply with the 35 selected legal obligations (10,500 assessments). The ambition of the thesis is to define and measure the levels of compliance and to test four hypotheses: (H1) traders do not comply in full with their legal obligations; (H2) large traders are more likely to be compliant compared to SMEs; (H3) traders that are older are more likely to be compliant compared to companies that were incorporated more recently; (H4) traders that base their terms and conditions on pre-drafted standard contract terms are more likely to be in compliance with the selected legal obligations. Based upon the findings, the thesis offers targeted and actionable policy recommendations, in an attempt to promote an evidence based approach to regulating consumer contracts.

Debido a la pandemia por Covid-19, los fondos en el caso de mass torts toman su relevancia al ser considerados como una forma de compensar a la responsabilidad civil. Esta solución de rápido y fácil acceso deben contar con una regulación debida que permita conservar aquellos aspectos generales y específicos de la aplicación de esta figura. Por eso, este artículo se centra en el análisis de los fondos en casos de agravios masivos por la posible efectividad que podrían tener para responder al daño causado por la pandemia Covid-19 para suplir las brechas en la responsabilidad civil mediante un estudio conceptual, doctrinario y normativo. Lo importante es que no se transformen en herramientas para escapar de la responsabilidad. Palabras clave: derecho civil, responsabilidad civil, estatus jurídico, derecho de los contratos, acuerdos., Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, mass tort funds are becoming increasingly important as a form of compensation for civil liability. This quick and easy access solution must be duly regulated to preserve the general and specific aspects of the application of this figure. For this reason, this article focuses on the analysis of mass tort funds for their possible effectiveness in responding to the damage caused by the Covid-19 pandemic to fill the gaps in civil liability through a conceptual, doctrinal, and normative study. What is important is that they do not become tools for escaping liability. Keywords: civil law, civil liability, legal status, contract law, agreements.