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The purpose of the article is to substantiate theoretical and methodological fundamentals of the formation of adaptive system for managing the marketing commodity policy through the example of online retailers, as well as to analyse results of approbation of conceptual model of adaptive management system of marketing commodity policy in practical activities of Ukrainian online retailers in various market segments. Methodology. Within the research, activities of Ukrainian online retailers were considered and analysed depending on their sphere and specialisation. Methodological basis of the study is comprised of the system of general scientific and special methods, namely: dialectical method of scientific cognition; methods of system analysis; methods of causeand- effect analysis; methods of comparative analysis; multidimensional statistical methods. Based on the results of the research conducted, the author has developed a conceptual model of adaptive system of management of marketing commodity policy of online retailers, the main goal of which is to form adaptive management system of marketing commodity policy of online retailers as a central reference point in the identification of marketing commodity strategy needed to be implemented, which mostly influences long-term sustainable functioning of online retailers in the market by means of the fullest satisfaction of typical demands, needs, and preferences of the target audience and occasional online buyers along with irrational online orders. List of components of the marketing environment, which have quantitative and qualitative character and different degree of impact on the activities of online retailers depending on their belonging to a certain market segment, is determined. Mechanism of adaptive management of marketing commodity policy of online retailers is proposed that is oriented to revealing the integrity of the process in the context of permanent changes in the market situation; is directed to providing a high-quality level of management of online activity of retailers. Practical importance. Based on the results of the approbation of conceptual model of adaptive management system of marketing commodity policy of Ukrainian online retailers in different segments, it is determined that its implementation in online activity of retailers contributes to their effective functioning and sustainable long-term development, in particular, by means of adjusting reference points of management of marketing commodity policy, and results into improving the process of making rational strategic decisions and substantiating tactical measures of implementation. Practical application of the mechanism of adaptive management of marketing commodity policy of online retailers promotes the implementation of a sound variant of achievement of their strategic goals. Value/originality. Implementation of the developed adaptive management system of marketing commodity policy may ensure effective performance and sustainable development of online retailers in the future, in particular, by means of relevant changes in the management of marketing commodity policy.

The subject of the study is the analysis of the implementation of commodity policy at enterprises. The purpose of the study is to clarify the issues of ensuring the constant promotion of competitive goods on the market. Research methods. The work uses the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, the method of analysis and synthesis, the comparative method, and the method of summarizing data. Work results. The paper describes the stages of forming the enterprise’s product range. The main factors and criteria that are subject to quantitative analysis for the formation of an assortment management system are determined. Stages of development of a new product are considered. The directions for the development of new models, goods, products, and services are outlined. The tasks that must be solved by the enterprise when removing products from production and when mastering the production of new products are defined. Conclusions. The work on improving the product range is carried out in several stages and is considered as the result of the activity of the entire structure «production – sales – consumer». At most enterprises, the formation of product assortments is carried out in a direction that involves the modernization or modification of products that are already being produced. The main reason for this is that enterprises do not have sufficient funds at their disposal for the development, purchase of a license, and setting up the production of fundamentally new equipment and technologies.

The subject of the study is the analysis of the implementation of commodity policy at enterprises. The purpose of the study is to clarify the issues of ensuring the constant promotion of competitive goods on the market. Research methods. The work uses the dialectical method of scientific knowledge, the method of analysis and synthesis, the comparative method, and the method of summarizing data. Work results. The paper describes the stages of forming the enterprise’s product range. The main factors and criteria that are subject to quantitative analysis for the formation of an assortment management system are determined. Stages of development of a new product are considered. The directions for the development of new models, goods, products, and services are outlined. The tasks that must be solved by the enterprise when removing products from production and when mastering the production of new products are defined. Conclusions. The work on improving the product range is carried out in several stages and is considered as the result of the activity of the entire structure «production – sales – consumer». At most enterprises, the formation of product assortments is carried out in a direction that involves the modernization or modification of products that are already being produced. The main reason for this is that enterprises do not have sufficient funds at their disposal for the development, purchase of a license, and setting up the production of fundamentally new equipment and technologies.

The article is aimed at identifying the characteristics of marketing commodity policy of online-retailers on the basis of scientific and methodical approach (clustering), based on the estimates of online buyers, as well as developing proposals as to trajectory of development of marketing commodity policy of online retailers. The automation of calculations was carried out using the software packages «StatSoft Statistica» and «SPSS Statistics». The online customer survey is based on the use of the Google Forms online service. As a result of research, characteristics of marketing commodity policy of online retailers are determined and possible trajectories of development with descriptions in accordance with a certain characterization are suggested. Implementation of the developed offers will allow online-retailers to satisfy ad maximum the needs and preferences of online buyers in the Internet space, including by means of updating the product portfolio.

The purpose of this article is to determine the strategic management of marketing product policy in the enterprise, as a since the strategic management of control and coordination of marketing product policy of the enterprise allows you to create a model of its implementation in the enterprise in accordance with goals and objectives. The role of marketing in strategic management is manifested at all levels of the enterprise management hierarchy, as it forms and substantiates the concept of meeting consumer needs and provides input to identify attractive market opportunities and assess the potential of the enterprise. Finally, within each individual strategic area of the enterprise, marketing activities help to develop strategies for performing tasks. That is, marketing product policy is the basis of strategic management, which requires a systematic approach. Based on the strategic goals of the company and the mechanism of implementation of marketing product policy, we can proceed to the planning of product range and the formation of the optimal product range.In this paper the theoretical bases were considered, on the basis of the analyzed literature sources own definitions were offered and the difference between commodity policy and marketing commodity policy was formulated. The first extends and focuses on the activities of an individual enterprise, the second, in turn, allows you to globally assess the set of decisions within the market behavior of the enterprise among existing competitors and the target segment of consumers. The algorithm of strategic planning of marketing activities for the implementation, control and coordination of marketing product policy of the enterprise, proposed in the work, allows to solve problems and coordinate and control holistically and fully, understanding the sequence and relationships. The practical implementation of the proposed definitions is the improvement of marketing goals, which are realized precisely through the strategic management of marketing activities in general, which is necessary in the implementation of the enterprise.

The article analyzes the change in consumer priorities. The latest trends in the development of values of target audiences of enterprises are studied. The impact of the new generation Z's expectations on society and business is analyzed. The main differences between millennials and generation Z and past generations X and boomers in terms of purchasing behavior are revealed. The era of consumption, which was part of the lives of a significant number of consumers around the world, is gradually giving up. The paradigm of responsible consumption is being replaced. It is investigated that modern target audiences are increasingly concerned about the social responsibility of business, its ethics. Consumers are already demanding not only a reduction in the impact of production on the environment, but concrete action by them to solve society's problems. The essence of brand authenticity is determined. Honesty and sincerity, social responsibility, consistency of the principles of socially responsible production, consumers refer to the authenticity of the brand along with its unique characteristics and uniqueness. The study found that they are willing to buy those brands that share similar principles with consumers. It is determined that for consumers those brands are more valuable, for which the welfare of society, its employees, the environment is in the first place, rather than obtaining high financial indicators at any cost. This is especially important for Generation Z. It is expected that this trend will only develop and manifest itself more deeply. After all, the time is approaching when the new generation will become the bulk of buyers. The article identifies the principles of doing business, which should be supported by enterprises for the successful development and support of their brands in today's conditions and in the long run.

Gathering information is a key component of market research marketing. The search and analysis of marketing information is carried out through four auxiliary systems, namely, an internal reporting system, a system for collecting external current marketing information, a system of marketing research and analysis of marketing information. Based on the information received, marketing research of the drug market is carried out and the needs of the population for pharmaceutical products are studied. Among the many areas of marketing research on the activities of pharmacies, the study of the range of sold medical and pharmaceutical goods in order to determine ways to optimize it is of paramount importance. A prerequisite for marketing research is the study of drugs as a product, its main pharmacotherapeutic properties, indications for use, release forms and other merchandising characteristics. It is important to analyze the assessments of consumer properties and indicators of use for each name of medicinal products in the assortment of a pharmaceutical organization. This article provides approaches to the definition of the assortment policy of the enterprise, gives the classification of the assortment of the enterprise «Pharmacy of low prices». The groups of drugs are identified depending on their effect on the pharmacy income. Based on consumer preferences, the main positions of the assortment of pharmacies, which are needed by consumers of the city of Penza and the Penza region, have been determined. Along with determining the optimal assortment of the pharmacy and the number of drugs for each pharmaceutical group on sale, it is important to determine the optimal ratio of drugs for each pharmaceutical group. An algorithm for the formation of a new assortment of the Low-Price Pharmacy enterprise has been developed. Recommendations for improving the assortment policy of the «Low Price Pharmacy» enterprise are offered. The features of pharmaceutical marketing of the market of non-prescription and prescription drugs have been studied. Optimization of the product policy of pharmacy organizations, taking into account the distribution of drugs by pharmaceutical trade groups, will ensure the survival of small-scale retailers in a competitive environment.

The formation of an effective commodity policy is the basis for the economic success of the baking industry. Commodity policy is very important because a bread is a commodity of the first necessity and quickly loses its consumer characteristics, so it is necessary to meet the needs of customers in a timely manner and in the proper amount. The author investigates the factors influencing the formation of an effective commodity policy of the enterprises of the baking industry.

Метою даної статті є визначення стратегічного управління в межах маркетингової товарної політики на підприємстві, оскільки стратегічне управління з реалізації контролю та координації маркетингової товарної політики підприємства дозволяє створити модель її реалізації на підприємстві згідно з цілями та завданнями. У даній роботі були розглянуті теоретичні основи, на основі проаналізованих літературних джерел було запропоновано власні визначення та сформульовано різницю між товарної політикою та маркетинговою товарною політикою. Розроблений та запропонований в роботі механізм формування і реалізації маркетингової товарної політики підприємства забезпечує взаємозв'язок організаційних, методичних та аналітичних процедур на всіх стадіях управління. Втілення в життя заходів має забезпечити активізацію і підвищення маркетингового потенціалу товару, зокрема і товарної політики підприємства в цілому. The purpose of this article is to determine the strategic management of marketing product policy in the enterprise, as a since the strategic management of control and coordination of marketing product policy of the enterprise allows you to create a model of its implementation in the enterprise in accordance with goals and objectives. In this paper the theoretical bases were considered, on the basis of the analyzed literature sources own definitions were offered and the difference between commodity policy and marketing commodity policy was formulated. The first extends and focuses on the activities of an individual enterprise, the second, in turn, allows you to globally assess the set of decisions within the market behavior of the enterprise among existing competitors and the target segment of consumers. The mechanism of formation and realization of marketing commodity policy of the enterprise is developed and offered in work provides interrelation of organizational, methodical and analytical procedures at all stages of management. The implementation of measures should ensure the activation and increase of marketing potential of the product in particular and the product politics of the enterprise as a whole.

Метою дослідження є обґрунтування сучасних підходів до маркетингової товарної політики, рекламного креативу, мерчандайзингу як запорука ефективного менеджменту. В статті визначено поняття маркетингової товарної політики, рекламного креативу та надано власне тлумачення поняття «мерчандайзинг». Визначено складові елементи механізму формування маркетингової товарної політики, обґрунтовано систему показни- ків, які відображають результативність позиціювання товару на ринку, зумовлюють його місце та роль. Резуль- татом проведеного дослідження є обґрунтований автором висновок, що знання менеджменту організацій та умови їх функціонування суттєво впливають на механізм формування їх стратегічних пріоритетів, маркетин- гової товарної політики, рекламного креативу та мерчандайзингу. Наукова новизна проведеного дослідження полягає в комплексному та системному аналізі означеної проблематики із врахуванням особливостей ме- неджменту маркетингової діяльності. Запропоновані управлінські підходи можуть бути використані торгівель- ними підприємствами при формуванні маркетингових стратегій, позиціювання власної продукції, мерчандай- зингу, що зумовлює їх практичну цінність. Целью исследования является обоснование современных подходов к маркетинговой товарной политике, рекламному креативу, мерчандайзингу как залог эффективного менеджмента. В статье определено понятие маркетинговой товарной политики, рекламного креатива и дано собственное толкование понятия «мерчан- дайзинг». Определены составные элементы механизма формирования маркетинговой товарной политики, обоснована система показателей, отражающих результативность позиционирования товара на рынке, об- уславливает его место и роль. Результатом проведенного исследования является обоснованный автором вывод, что знание менеджмента организаций и условия их функционирования оказывают существенное влияние на механизм формирования их стратегических приоритетов, маркетинговой товарной политики, ре- кламного креатива и мерчандайзинга. Научная новизна проведенного исследования состоит в комплексном и системном анализе данной проблематики с учетом особенностей менеджмента маркетинговой деятель- ности. Предложенные управленческие подходы могут быть использованы торговыми предприятиями при формировании маркетинговых стратегий, позиционировании собственной продукции, мерчандайзинге, что приводит к их практической ценности. The purpose of the study is to substantiate modern approaches to marketing product policy, advertising creativity, merchandising as a guarantee of effective management. The article defines the concept of marketing product policy, advertising creative and provides its own interpretation of the concept of "merchandising". The constituent elements of the mechanism of formation of marketing commodity policy are determined, the system of indicators which reflect the effectiveness of product positioning on the market, determine its place and role is substantiated. The result of the study is the author's conclusion that the knowledge of management of organizations and the conditions of their operation significantly affect the mechanism of formation of their strategic priorities, marketing product policy, advertising creativity and merchandising. The scientific novelty of the study is a comprehensive and systematic analysis of these issues, taking into account the peculiarities of marketing management. The proposed management approaches can be used by trading companies in the formation of marketing strategies, positioning of their products, merchandising, which determines their practical value. Organization of advancement in the places of sales $ one of important directions of communication activity from brand advancement. For the shop it is an increase possibility of demand on concrete brands and groups of commodities, as information, about products, got in place of sale directly influences on the conduct of buyers. On the basis of analysis of principles of visual merchandising the optimum going is determined near advancement of brand at the user market. Today, foreign and domestic retailers know what effect the effective use of merchandising tools can have. Up to 2/3 of all purchase decisions are made by consumers standing in front of the counter. The analysis of the received statistical data shows dependence of increase in level of sales on the average on 10 – 20% on effective and competent application of strategy of merchandising. The use of merchandising tools as effective management increases the competitiveness of the enterprise due to the rapid finding of goods by the buyer, the convenient location of trade equipment and service in the store. Also one of the requirements of merchandising is the quality of the product. Excellent quality of goods, their convenient location and favorable atmosphere of the store are one of the main criteria for the buyer's choice of place of purchase, and therefore the key to high competitiveness of the outlet. One way to increase the competitiveness of retailers is to influence the internal factors of competitiveness, which include the effective use of new technologies such as marketing and management technologies.

Досліджено сутність штрихового кодування інформації та маркування продукції, розкрито їх основні складові. Показано, що преваги штрихового кодування інформації полягають у збільшенні швидкості та точності опрацювання техніко-економічної інформації. Крім знаків штрихового кодування на товарах широкого споживання можливе використання ще двох типів позначень: знаків відповідності та екологічного й запобіжного маркування. Досліджено значення знаків відповідності та екологічного й запобіжного маркування. З-поміж знаків відповідності чинним вимогам щодо якості виготовлення та безпеки виробу для людей найчастіше використовують знаки відповідності нормам Європейської співдружності, перевірки на безпеку, знак відповідності вимогам щодо збереження озонового шару атмосфери. В Україні розроблена нормативно-технічна документація та графічне зображення національного знака відповідності нормам технічної та екологічної безпеки. Маркування продукції цим знаком здійснюється на засадах добровільної або обов'язкової сертифікації. Добровільна сертифікація забезпечує виробникам певні переваги в конкурентній боротьбі. Світовий досвід засвідчує, що товари, які пройшли сертифікацію, є конкурентоспроможнішими. Аналіз екологічного маркування дозволяє стверджувати, що воно засвідчує такі властивості товарів, котрі сприяють охороні довкілля від забруднення й забезпечують вторинну переробку відходів. Доведено необхідність маркування продукції як засобу якісного виготовлення продукції, отримання переваг у конкурентній боротьбі та відповідності до критеріїв екологічності протягом усього життєвого циклу продукції: від заготівлі сировини до утилізації, що гарантує споживачеві екологічну якість. Право використовувати знаки екомаркування може отримати тільки та компанія, яка пройшла експертизу й довела екологічну безпеку та високу якість своєї продукції.

The subject of my bachelor work is a commodity management system at the enterprise policy SVOK LLC. LLC SVOK is a famous Russian enterprise, which is engaged in manufacturing ventilation, heating and air-conditioning systems. Bachelor work divided into introduction, three chapters and a conclusion. The introduction describes the relevance of my work, its purpose and objectives, methods, which I will use, knowledge base and more. The first chapter is devoted to the fundamental methodological aspects of enterprises ' product policy. In the second chapter, I will proceed to the analysis and assessment of product policy SVOK LLC. In the third chapter, I consider possible directions and give suggestions to improve product policy research facility. In conclusion will be summed up all the work.

Стаття присвячена дослідженню сутностей та особливостей розробки товарної політики підприємств молочної галузі. Розглянуто значення та необхідність формування раціональної товарної політики як інструменту забезпечення успішності функціонування. Виявлено зниження темпів росту підприємств молочної галузі, що обумовлено несистематичним проведенням маркетингових досліджень та виробництвом товарів, які не в змозі в повній мірі задовольнити потреби споживача. Проведено огляд тлумачення поняття «товарна політика» вітчизняними авторами та запропоновано власне визначення. Визначено три основні складові товарної політики: розробка, обслуговування та елімінація товару. Розглянуто особливості кожного блоку для підприємств молочної галузі. Виявлено, що товарна політика є головною частиною маркетингових рішень, яка має об’єднувати інтереси як споживача, так і виробника. Це означає, що товар має бути цінним для покупця і водночас забезпечувати конкурентоспроможність підприємства і приносити йому відповідний прибуток. Проаналізовано, що однією з найефективніших методик формування товарної політики є матриця Бостонської консалтингової групи. На основі матриці Бостонської консалтингової групи розглянуто комплекс стратегічних дій для товарів підприємств, які мають різні темпи росту та різну долю на ринку молочної продукції. Запропоновано базові напрямки розвитку товарної політики підприємств молочної галузі. Доведено, що саме від детально розробленої товарної політики залежить задоволеність споживачів та успішна діяльність підприємств. Зроблено висновок, що через високий рівень конкуренції виробники молочної продукції мають відрізняти свій товар від товару конкурентів. Добре розроблена товарна політика є основою, на якій продукція виробляється та успішно продається. Саме тому для вдосконалення товарної політики підприємства молочної галузі мають проводити детальні маркетингові дослідження ринку молочної продукції, зосередити увагу на потребах споживачів, а також на підвищенні рівня якості та екологічності товарів, розвитку асортиментної політики та підвищення успішності логістики. The article is devoted to the study of the essence and features of the development of commodity policy of dairy enterprises. The importance and necessity of formation of rational commodity policy as a tool for ensuring the success of functioning are considered. A decrease in the growth rate of dairy enterprises was revealed due to unsystematic marketing research and production of goods that are not able to fully meet consumer needs. A review of the interpretation of the concept of "commodity policy" by domestic authors and proposed its own definition. A review of the interpretation of the concept of "commodity policy" by domestic authors conducted and proposed own definition. Three main components of product policy are identified: development, maintenance and elimination of goods. Features of each unit for the dairy industry are considered. It has been found that commodity policy is a key part of marketing decisions, which should unite the interests of both consumers and producers. This means that the product must be valuable to the buyer and at the same time ensure the competitiveness of the enterprise and bring it a corresponding profit. It is analyzed that one of the most effective methods of commodity policy formation is the matrix of the Boston Consulting Group. On the basis of the matrix Boston Consulting Group considered a set of strategic actions for goods which have different growth rates and different market share of dairy products. The basic directions of development of commodity policy of the enterprises of dairy industry are offered. It is proved that consumer satisfaction and successful operation of enterprises depend on a detailed commodity policy. It is concluded that due to the high level of competition, dairy producers should distinguish their product from the product of competitors. A well-designed commodity policy is the basis on which products are produced and sold successfully. Therefore, to improve the commodity policy enterprises must conduct detailed marketing research of the dairy market, focus on consumer needs and to increase the quality and environmental friendliness of goods, product range development and increase the success of logistics.

Marketing is the way in which an enterprise achieves its goals. An important tool for marketing activities of the enterprise is product policy. The economic importance lies in the fact that skillful management of marketing product policy will allow the company to survive in conditions of fierce competition and become an effective enterprise. From the social point of view, assortment management shapes consumers 'tastes, generates needs, and vice versa, consumers' tastes and needs greatly influence marketing product policy. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the effectiveness of the evaluation of marketing product policy of the enterprise. It is determined that when making decisions about expanding and reducing the product range it is necessary to monitor changes in external (level of competition, demand, product life cycle) and internal (financial and economic) indicators that determine the effectiveness of marketing product policy, both before and after decision. It is substantiated that the indicators that in addition to their direct purpose can also be used to address the expansion, as well as reduction of product range include: revenue from sales of goods and services, profit, profitability, turnover, marginal revenue and product competitiveness. Methods for determining the partial and integrated indicator for assessing the effectiveness of marketing product policy of the enterprise is proposed, the features of application for different types of economic activity are highlighted. The defined list of indicators is not exhaustive. There are a number of indicators, factors that can influence decisions on removal or inclusion of commodity positions in the assortment policy of the enterprise. Situational analysis of the composition of indicators will be the direction of further research.

The role and place of commodity policy of agricultural enterprises in minimization of risks of their functioning as subjects of agribusiness are certain. The basic groups of risks which are minimized the commodity policy of agrarian enterprise are considered.

In modern conditions only those enterprises function effectively in markets that intensively use marketing as a technique to achieve success in the economic activity. Marketing in the overall and market research in particular play a significant role in the formation and management of marketable enterprise policy. It is this element of marketing activities that provide goods with such characteristics which form its competitiveness in the market and create the conditions for high-profit enterprise. Therefore, this article provides guidance on the method of research and assessment of management efficiency of commodity company policy.

In the US, the biggest agricultural production and exporting country, the domestic production always exceeds the domestic demand. Under the this situation, the supply & demand balance and the price & income stabilization has been a long time top proritey challenge in the US. agricultural policy.The US. agricultural policy has evolved in response to the environmental changes in and out of US, but its impacts on the international agriculture and policies has been so huge that sometimes it has brought about strong criticism from abroads.The demand for the agricultural policy reform is also high domestically as well as internationally. But the agricultural policy reform has not made as much progress as expected. What has been hindering the U.S. policy reform? The purpose of this paper is to examine the development and problems of the farm commodity policy in the US. For this purpose, such topics as follows are discussed.(1) to make a brief overview of the transformation process of US. agricultural policy toward the supply & demand balance and the price & income stabilization,(2)to contemplate the domestic and international elements affecting the transformation process of US. agricultural policy, (3)to discuss the domestic elements hindering the US policy reform,(4)to examine the characeristics and problems of the farm commodity policy in the US.

The author offers an algorithm, as well as the economic and mathematical model of analysis of implementation of treaty obligations and determination of the system of estimate indicators for the formation of assortment structure of goods supplied under the contract. The report also includes an economic and mathematical model of inventory management. Together these form a set of methodological tools for managers of the company’s sales department in the system of management of the company’s commodity policy.

В статті узагальнено етапи формування товарної стратегії, що мають виконуватись у наступній послідовності: аналіз існуючих товарних груп, проведення маркетингового дослідження, вибір товарної стратегії, впровадження товарної стратегії на підприємство. Проаналізовано товарний асортимент ТМ "Живчик", що дозволило зробити висновок, що хоч товарний портфель є збалансованим. Наведені основні результати маркетингового дослідження, серед яких - великий відсоток споживачів хоче бачити в товарному асортименті ТМ "Живчик" новий смак, а саме полуничний. Запропоновано процес формування товарної стратегії ТМ "Живчик" та розроблені маркетингові заходи для її впровадження в межах товарної, цінової та збутової політики компанії. Сформовані основні засоби стратегії просування, а саме заходи рекламної стратегії та стратегії PR. In the article also summarizes the stages of product strategy, having performed in the following sequence: analysis of existing product groups, conducting market research, the choice of product strategy, implementation of product strategy for the company. The analysis product portfolio TM "Zhivchik" that led to the conclusion that although the product portfolio is balanced. The basic results of market research, among them - a large percentage of consumers want to see in the product range of TM "Zhivchik" new flavour, such as strawberry. Proposed the formation of commodity strategy of TM "Zhivchik" and marketing activities designed for implementation within the commodity, pricing and marketing policies. Formed main means of promotion strategy, namely measures of advertising strategy and strategy PR. В статье обобщены этапы формирования товарной стратегии, должны выполняться в следующей последовательности: анализ существующих товарных групп, проведение маркетингового исследования, выбор товарной стратегии, внедрение товарной стратегии на предприятие. Проанализированы товарный ассортимент ТМ «Живчик», что позволило сделать вывод, что хотя товарный портфель является сбалансированным. Приведены основные результаты маркетингового исследования, среди которых - большой процент потребителей хочет видеть в товарном ассортименте ТМ «Живчик» новый вкус, а именно клубничный. Предложено процесс формирования товарной стратегии ТМ «Живчик» и разработаны маркетинговые мероприятия для ее внедрения в рамках товарной, ценовой и сбытовой политики компании. Сформированы основные средства стратегии продвижения, а именно меры рекламной стратегии и стратегии PR.

Despite their critical importance for Africa, and African efforts to the contrary, tropical commodity problems have been touched on only marginally in the WTO Doha Round. This article examines African proposals in the area, their reception in the WTO, and their relation to the current international policy debate. It goes on to provide an explanation, in political economy terms, for their relative success and failure, before concluding by discussing the prospects for finding any international forum where the issues raised by African countries could receive meaningful consideration.

We estimate the influence of policy-induced price changes and of technology supply on North Carolina flue-cured tobacco yields. The decline in land rent and effective output price that accompanied a 1965 policy change from acreage allotments to poundage quotas caused a 12 percent decrease in yields. Farmer yields were more responsive to yield-increasing technologies under acreage allotments than under poundage quotas. Annual yield growth was 0.5 percent under poundage quotas and 4.32 percent under acreage allotments. The growth rate decline is attributable to changes in relative prices and to a slowdown in the supply of available technologies.

We estimate the influence of policy-induced price changes and of technology supply on North Carolina flue-cured tobacco yields. The decline in land rent and effective output price that accompanied a 1965 policy change from acreage allotments to poundage quotas caused a 12 percent decrease in yields. Farmer yields were more responsive to yield-increasing technologies under acreage allotments than under poundage quotas. Annual yield growth was 0.5 percent under poundage quotas and 4.32 percent under acreage allotments. The growth rate decline is attributable to changes in relative prices and to a slowdown in the supply of available technologies.

Following Weitzman (1974), there is ample theoretical literature indicating that choice of pollution control instruments under conditions of uncertainty will affect the expected net benefits that can be realized from environmental protection. However, there is little empirical research on the ex ante efficiency of alternative instruments for controlling water, or other types of pollution, under uncertainty about costs and benefits. Using a simulation model that incorporates various sources of uncertainty, the ex ante efficiency of price and quantity controls applied to two alternative policy targets, fertilizer application rates and estimated excess nitrogen applications, are examined under varying assumptions about agricultural income support policies. Results indicate price instruments outperform quantity instruments. A tax on excess nitrogen substantially outperforms a fertilizer tax in the scenario with support programs, while the ranking is reversed in the scenario without support programs. Key Words: nonpoint pollution policy, policy coordination, uncertainty Building on the seminal work of Weitzman (1974), a small but important literature has emerged on the choice between environmental policy instruments when there is uncertainty on the part of environmental authorities about the costs and benefits of pollution control. Much of the literature (e.g., Adar and Griffin, 1976; Yohe, 1978; Stavins, 1996) is focused on the choice between emissions-based price and quantity controls. Standard results include the finding that the expected net benefits of optimally designed emissions price and quantity controls will generally differ when policy makers are uncertain about pollution control costs, with the difference depending on the relative slopes of the marginal benefits and costs, and sign and size of the covariance between marginal benefits and costs. The emissions-based focus of this research limits its direct relevance to nonpoint source pollution problems since a defining characteristic of nonpoint pollution is that emissions from individual sources cannot be metered at reasonable cost. With unobservable pollutant flows, other constructs must generally be used to monitor performance and as a basis for the application of policy instruments (Griffin and Bromley, 1982; Shortle and Dunn, 1986; Segerson, 1988; Xepapadeas, 1995). Options for nonpoint bases include inputs or techniques that are correlated with pollution flows (e.g., use of polluting inputs such as fertilizers), emissions proxies constructed from observations of inputs or techniques that influence the distribution of pollution flows (e.g., estimates of field losses of fertilizer residuals to surface or ground waters), and ambient environmental conditions (e.g., nutrient concentrations in ground or surface waters) (Braden and Segerson, 1993). With these options, the choice of instruments for nonpoint pollution control involves not only a choice between price or quantity mechanisms (or a mixture), but also a choice between target or bases to which they can be applied. In this paper, we examine the choice between alternative instruments for reducing nitrate pollution from agricultural nonpoint sources. Reducing nitrates in ground and surface waters from agriculture has emerged as a major water pollution control policy objective (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000). The instruments considered are differentiated according to compliance measures (nitrate inputs, proxies for nitrate losses to the environment) and the types of regulations applied (prices, quantity controls). Each of these instruments is of practical interest, with instances of their use in the United States and Europe (Ribaudo, 2001; Horan and Shortle, 2001; Hanley, 2001). In addition to our interest in the implications of uncertainty for the choice of instruments, we examine the sensitivity of environmental policy performance to other societal choices that affect welfare effects and producer responses. …

In the article a role and place of innovative constituent are certain in providing of efficiency of commodity policy of agricultural enterprises. As a result of the sociological research found out basic determinants of adaptation of commodity assortment of agrarian enterprises to the changeable terms of target markets.

Within Radiology, the word commodity is becoming heard with increasing frequency. The customary definition of commodity is a physical good, something useful in commerce. Recently its meaning has been extended to individual services and often, specifically, the services rendered by a radiologist. One of the bugbears causing consternation in our specialty is the so-called commodification of radiology, a process in which the service we provide is no longer considered by the consumers of our consultative expertise as a distinctive, avidly sought manifestation of special competence but rather as a standardized product that could be offered by anyone with a modicum of training who can be situated either nearby or at some remote distance from the site of clinical encounters.

Multiple knowledges are available for utilisation in policy choice. The rank ordering of knowledges for use in decisionmaking is thus a fundamental predecision. This article shows how this predecision necessarily constrains the processes associated with a politics of ideas, using cases from American international commodity policy. Even when the supposed preconditions of this sort of politics are present, policy change did not occur when the proposed ideas arose from a knowledge accorded secondary status in policymaking circles. Several implications are discussed for the influence and the study of ideational politics. Ultimately, the politics of ideas, so often portrayed through cases of innovation, may be quite conservative, contained by knowledge hierarchies which reflect prior political circumstances.

This paper analyzes restrictions on agricultural chemicals in the United States and the EC under various farm commodity policy scenarios using a partial equilibrium simulation model. The model has three regions (United States, EC, rest of the world) and four commodities (wheat, maize, coarse grains, soybeans). Medium- and long-run impacts are derived. Given existing farm programs, U.S. landowners gain from chemical restrictions while EC landowners generally lose. Given bilateral elimination of farm programs, both U.S. and EC landowners gain from chemical restrictions. Bilateral farm program elimination without chemical restrictions induces a shift in chemical usage from the EC to the United States. Copyright 1992 by Oxford University Press.

We analyze complicated ethanol/commodity policies not just in (q, p) space, but also in “policy space” and “welfare space.” Specific advantages of conducting policy analysis in welfare and policy spaces are (1) it makes clearer the distributional consequences of policy change instead of focusing solely on the aggregate welfare consequences of policy change; (2) it can be used to analyze the effects of many (even infinitely many) policies instead of just a few; and (3) it makes clearer what it means for policies to be more/less “efficient,” and for policy instruments to make each other more/less “efficient.” We show the usefulness of our framework to critique various conclusions that have recently been expressed in the literature on ethanol policies that employ multiple instruments.

We analyze complicated ethanol/commodity policies not just in (q, p) space, but also in “policy space” and “welfare space.” Specific advantages of conducting policy analysis in welfare and policy spaces are (1) it makes clearer the distributional consequences of policy change instead of focusing solely on the aggregate welfare consequences of policy change; (2) it can be used to analyze the effects of many (even infinitely many) policies instead of just a few; and (3) it makes clearer what it means for policies to be more/less “efficient,” and for policy instruments to make each other more/less “efficient.” We show the usefulness of our framework to critique various conclusions that have recently been expressed in the literature on ethanol policies that employ multiple instruments.

We estimate the influence of policy-induced price changes and of technology supply on North Carolina flue-cured tobacco yields. The decline in land rent and effective output price that accompanied a 1965 policy change from acreage allotments to poundage quotas caused a 12 percent decrease in yields. Farmer yields were more responsive to yield-increasing technologies under acreage allotments than under poundage quotas. Annual yield growth was 0.5 percent under poundage quotas and 4.32 percent under acreage allotments. The growth rate decline is attributable to changes in relative prices and to a slowdown in the supply of available technologies.

Many commentators have claimed that farm subsidies have contributed significantly to the “obesity epidemic” by making fattening foods relatively cheap and abundant and, symmetrically, that taxing “unhealthy” commodities or subsidizing “healthy” commodities would contribute to reducing obesity rates. This paper makes three contributions. First, we review evidence from the literature on the impacts on food consumption and obesity resulting from subsidies applied in the past to production or consumption of farm commodities. Second, we develop and present new arguments and preliminary evidence on the impacts of past government investments in agricultural R&D on food consumption and obesity—through research-induced increases in agricultural productivity and the consequences for prices, production, and consumption of farm commodities. Third, we consider and compare the economic efficiency of hypothetical agricultural research policies (changing the orientation of agricultural research investments) versus hypothetical agricultural commodity subsidies and taxes as alternative mechanisms for encouraging consumption of healthy food or discouraging consumption of unhealthy food, or both.

Many commentators have claimed that farm subsidies have contributed significantly to the “obesity epidemic” by making fattening foods relatively cheap and abundant and, symmetrically, that taxing “unhealthy” commodities or subsidizing “healthy” commodities would contribute to reducing obesity rates. This paper makes three contributions. First, we review evidence from the literature on the impacts on food consumption and obesity resulting from subsidies applied in the past to production or consumption of farm commodities. Second, we develop and present new arguments and preliminary evidence on the impacts of past government investments in agricultural R&D on food consumption and obesity—through research-induced increases in agricultural productivity and the consequences for prices, production, and consumption of farm commodities. Third, we consider and compare the economic efficiency of hypothetical agricultural research policies (changing the orientation of agricultural research investments) versus hypothetical agricultural commodity subsidies and taxes as alternative mechanisms for encouraging consumption of healthy food or discouraging consumption of unhealthy food, or both.