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A socio-economic study was conducted in district Mardan of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province of Pakistan to get a comprehensive knowledge of the agroforestry tree species grown on the farmlands, their yield, and carbon stock. For yield and carbon stock estimation, data were collected from 59 sample plots by measuring the diameter, height, volume, and biomass of selected agroforestry tree species through D-tape and Haga altimeter. A total of 59 sample plots were inventoried using 2.5 percent sampling intensity. Each sample plot has an area of 0.5 ha, where each tree with a Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm was inventoried. The calculated amount of volume of each tree species was then converted to biomass by multiplying it by the density of wood and the Biomass Expansion Factor (BEF). Total yield and C stock for the selected agroforestry tree species were 11535.2 metric tons and 2102.2 metric tons, respectively. Populus euroamericana is classified as the main tree with 28% growing stock prior to Morus alba by 21%, while Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Salix tetrasperma, and Bombax ceiba consist of 15%, 12%, 8%, 6%,7% and 3% growing stock respectively. Among the species found in different sampling plots the yield of Populus euroamericana was found to be 4747.5 metric tons and it was followed by the species Morus alba found at 2027.3 metric tons. Similarly, the volume for Melia azedarach, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Dalbergia sissoo, Salix spp, Boombox ceiba, and Acacia nilotica was 1532.2 tons,1503 ton,745.7,203.5ton, 555.4ton and 220.5ton, respectively. The carbon stock for Populus euroamericana was calculated as 777.8 ton/ha, while for Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Melia azedarach, Morus alba, Dalbergia sissoo, Acacia nilotica, Salix species, and Bombax ceiba it was calculated as 312.3ton/ha, 272.1ton/ha, 363ton/ha, 245.1ton/ha, 51.4ton/ha, 27.3ton/ha and 53.2ton/ha, respectively. The questionnaire survey conducted for price dynamics showed that the majority of respondents purchase timber from the market for construction. But they use farm trees with low-quality city construction. They dislike using local timber in the conventional building as timber from farm trees is liable to insect attack. Rs. 50,000-100000, (33.33%) of daily sales was concluded from 50% of the trader while (16.7%) of the traders have their sales between Rs.150,000-200,000. Therefore, it is concluded by the authors that both provincial and federal government should promote agroforestry in Pakistan through different incentives because it has the potential to cope with dilemma of deforestation of natural forests and improve the livelihood of local peoples. It is strongly recommended that special projects just like the Ten Billion Tree Afforestation Project (T-BTTP) should be launched for agroforestry plantation and promotion in the country to sustain the ecological harmony and uplift the socio-economic condition of the peoples of Pakistan.

Land use and land cover change are affecting the global environment and ecosystems of the different biospheres. Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) of these changes is of utmost importance as they often results in several global environmental consequences such as land degradation, mass erosion, habitat deterioration as well as micro and macro climate of the regions. The advance technologies like remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) are helpful in determining/ identifying these changes. In the current study area, changes in carbon stocks, notably in forest areas, are resulting in considerable dynamics of carbon stocks as a result of climate change and carbon sequestration. This study was carried out in the Diamer district of the Gilgit Baltistan (GB) Pakistan to investigate the change in cover change/land use change (particularly Forest Land use) as well as carbon sequestration potential of the forests in the district during almost last 25years. The land cover, temporal Landsat data (level 1, LIT) were downloaded from the USGS EROS (2016), for 1979-1989, 1990-2000 and 2001-2012. Change in land uses, particularly forest cover was investigated using GIS techniques. Forest inventory was carried out using random sampling techniques. A standard plot of size 0.1 ha (n=80) was laid out to determine the tree density, volume, biomass and C stocks. Simulation of C stocks was accomplished by application of the CO2FIX model with the data input from inventory. Results showed a decrease in both forest and snow cover in the region from 1979-2012. Similarly decrease was seen in tree volume, tree Biomass, dynamics of C Stocks and decrease was in occur tree density respectively. It is recommended we need further more like project such as BTAP (Billion Tree Afforestation Project) and green Pakistan project to increase the forest cover, to control on land use change, protect forest ecosystem and to protect snow cover.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Peat swamp forest ecosystems are fragile ecosystems with different peat depths according to the level of peat formation. Moreover, a peat swamp forest can have diverse vegetation and high carbon stocks. Thus, caution should be taken in the sustainable management of a peat swamp forest. However, the connection between vegetation diversity, carbon stocks, and peat depths has not been widely studied in efforts to conserve vegetation and peatlands. This study aimed to analyze the connection between vegetation diversity, carbon stocks, and peat depths in the Kahayan Sebangau Peat Hydrology Unit.METHODS: Plots at the peat depths of four sites were studied: site 1 (

Mangrove forests provide valuable ecosystem services to coastal communities across tropical and subtropical regions. Current anthropogenic stressors threaten these ecosystems and urge researchers to create improved monitoring methods for better environmental management. Recent efforts that have focused on automatically quantifying the above-ground biomass using image analysis have found some success on high resolution imagery of mangrove forests that have sparse vegetation. In this study, we focus on stands of mangrove forests with dense vegetation consisting of the endemic Pelliciera rhizophorae and the more widespread Rhizophora mangle mangrove species located in the remote Utría National Park in the Colombian Pacific coast. Our developed workflow used consumer-grade Unoccupied Aerial System (UAS) imagery of the mangrove forests, from which large orthophoto mosaics and digital surface models are built. We apply convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for instance segmentation to accurately delineate (33% instance average precision) individual tree canopies for the Pelliciera rhizophorae species. We also apply CNNs for semantic segmentation to accurately identify (97% precision and 87% recall) the area coverage of the Rhizophora mangle mangrove tree species as well as the area coverage of surrounding mud and water land-cover classes. We provide a novel algorithm for merging predicted instance segmentation tiles of trees to recover tree shapes and sizes in overlapping border regions of tiles. Using the automatically segmented ground areas we interpolate their height from the digital surface model to generate a digital elevation model, significantly reducing the effort for ground pixel selection. Finally, we calculate a canopy height model from the digital surface and elevation models and combine it with the inventory of Pelliciera rhizophorae trees to derive the height of each individual mangrove tree. The resulting inventory of a mangrove forest, with individual P. rhizophorae tree height information, as well as crown shape and size descriptions, enables the use of allometric equations to calculate important monitoring metrics, such as above-ground biomass and carbon stocks.

The mitigation of global warming and conservation of biodiversity are two significant environmental challenges today. Estimating and comparing forest carbon stock and plant diversity under different management approaches provide insight into the choice of management approaches for carbon and plant diversity management. We investigated the variation in carbon stock and diversity of plant species in two forest managements under different approaches: the Kakrebihar protection forest (PF) and Sano Surkhet community forest (CF) in Karnali Province, Surkhet, Nepal. In total, 63 sample plots (30 plots in PF and 33 plots in CF) were laid out systematically across the forests. Dendrometric measurements were carried out for trees, poles, and saplings, and representative leaf litter and herb samples were collected. Soil samples were taken at 10 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm depths using a soil auger. The existing tree volume equations of tree species of interest were used to estimate tree volume, and species-specific wood density and conversion factors were used to obtain total biomass and carbon content. Soil samples were analyzed using the Walkley-Black method to determine soil organic carbon. PF had higher carbon stock, plant species richness, and abundance at the landscape level than CF; however, the scenario differed at the plot level. At the plot level, PF had significantly higher total carbon stock and biomass carbon stock than CF. However, PF and CF were statistically indistinguishable in term of soil carbon stock. At the plot level, PF and CF were statistically indistinguishable regarding richness, Simpson diversity, and Shannon diversity, but PF had significantly higher plant abundance than CF. In conclusion, the value of PF for carbon stock and plant diversity surpassed those of CF. This study suggests that PF might be a better strategy to enhance carbon stock in forests and maintain habitat for various plant species.

Understanding the composition and structure of forest edges enables us to comprehend how edge effects influence carbon storage. These aspects were evaluated on two edges of an Altitudinal Seasonal Semideciduous Forest with natural and anthropogenic surroundings, where 36 plots (10 × 10 m) were systematically distributed along an edge-interior gradient ranging from 10 to 50 m. Species richness and diversity, forest structure, and aboveground carbon stock were considered. The anthropogenically influenced edge exhibited twice the carbon stock compared to the natural area edge. The response of carbon stock in both edges was related to the type of pressure acting on the community structure of the anthropogenic edge and the species composition of the natural edge. This implies that, depending on the neighborhood pressure, edge effects lead to different carbon stock situations, thus emphasizing the importance of composition-structure-function characteristics in carbon storage estimates in forest edges. Resumo: Compreender a composição e a estrutura de bordas florestais permite entender como o efeito de borda influi no armazenamento do carbono. Esses aspectos foram avaliados em duas bordas de Floresta Estacional Semidecídua de Altitude com vizinhança natural e antrópica, onde foram sistematicamente distribuídas 36 parcelas (10 × 10 m) em um gradiente borda-interior com intervalo entre 10-50 m. Foram considerados resultados de riqueza e diversidade de espécies, estrutura florestal e analisado o estoque de carbono acima do solo. A borda sob influência antrópica possui o dobro de estoque de carbono da borda da área natural. A resposta ao estoque de carbono das duas bordas esteve relacionada ao tipo de pressão atuando na estrutura da comunidade da borda antrópica e na composição de espécies da borda natural. Isso presumi que, dependendo da pressão de vizinhança, os efeitos de borda acarretam situações diferentes de estoque de carbono, logo, características de composição-estrutura-função não podem ser negligenciadas em estimativas de armazenamento de carbono em bordas florestais. Resumen: Comprender la composición y estructura de los bordes forestales permite entender cómo el efecto de borde influye en el almacenamiento de carbono. Estos aspectos fueron evaluados en dos bordes de un Bosque Estacional Semideciduo de Altitud con vecindarios naturales y antrópicos, donde se distribuyeron sistemáticamente 36 parcelas (10 × 10 m) en un gradiente de borde-interior con intervalos de 10-50 m. Se consideraron los resultados de la riqueza y diversidad de especies, la estructura forestal y se analizó el stock de carbono sobre el suelo. El borde bajo influencia antrópica tiene el doble de stock de carbono que el borde del área natural. La respuesta al stock de carbono en ambos bordes estuvo relacionada con el tipo de presión que actúa sobre la estructura de la comunidad del borde antrópico y la composición de especies del borde natural. Esto presupone que, dependiendo de la presión del entorno, los efectos de borde generan diferentes situaciones de almacenamiento de carbono, por lo tanto, las características de composición-estructura-función no pueden ser descuidadas en las estimaciones de almacenamiento de carbono en los bordes forestales., In: Saberes e práticas em conservação [livro eletrônico] : do material ao imaterial / Maxwell Luiz da Ponte, Eliza Caminatti Wenceslau, (organizadores). -- São José do Rio Preto, SP : Reconecta - Soluções Educacionais, 2022. Vários autores. Bibliografia. ISBN 978-65-994536-7-0 1. Meio ambiente - Aspectos econômicos 2. Meio ambiente - Aspectos sociais 3. Meio ambiente - Conservação 4. Patrimônio cultural - Preservação 5. Patrimônio histórico - Conservação e restauração 6. Recursos naturais - Conservação I. Ponte, Maxwell Luiz da. II. Wenceslau, Eliza Caminatti.

Both forest management—especially forest tending—and afforestation help to enhance the carbon sequestration of forest vegetation. However, with limited resources, appropriate measures need to be selected to increase the vegetation carbon sinks based on regional endowments. This study aimed to assess the differences in the effects and costs of afforestation and forest tending on vegetation carbon sequestration and to help select suitable afforestation and forest tending areas. In this paper, we used panel fixed effects models to analyze the effects of afforestation and forest tending on vegetation carbon sequestration and conducted a regional heterogeneity analysis to identify suitable afforestation and tending areas. Our results show that the vegetation carbon sequestration capacity of forest tending is 4.48 times higher than that of afforestation, and there is obvious spatial heterogeneity in the effects of afforestation and forest tending on vegetation carbon sequestration. Specifically, the marginal contribution of afforestation is higher than that of tending in northwest and southwest China, whereas the marginal contribution of tending is greater in other regions. Additionally, the afforestation cost for vegetation carbon sequestration is 44.44 times higher than that of tending. Therefore, the management of existing forests must be enhanced, especially in northeastern, southern, and northern China. Similar to the northwest and southwest regions of China, there is still a need to emphasize the use of suitable space for afforestation.

Forest biomass is a key influence for future climate, and the world urgently needs highly scalable financing schemes, such as carbon offsetting certifications, to protect and restore forests. Current manual forest carbon stock inventory methods of measuring single trees by hand are time, labour, and cost-intensive and have been shown to be subjective. They can lead to substantial overestimation of the carbon stock and ultimately distrust in forest financing. The potential for impact and scale of leveraging advancements in machine learning and remote sensing technologies is promising but needs to be of high quality in order to replace the current forest stock protocols for certifications. In this paper, we present ReforesTree, a benchmark dataset of forest carbon stock in six agro-forestry carbon offsetting sites in Ecuador. Furthermore, we show that a deep learning-based end-to-end model using individual tree detection from low cost RGB-only drone imagery is accurately estimating forest carbon stock within official carbon offsetting certification standards. Additionally, our baseline CNN model outperforms state-of-the-art satellite-based forest biomass and carbon stock estimates for this type of small-scale, tropical agro-forestry sites. We present this dataset to encourage machine learning research in this area to increase accountability and transparency of monitoring, verification and reporting (MVR) in carbon offsetting projects, as well as scaling global reforestation financing through accurate remote sensing., Accepted paper for the AI for Social Impact Track at the AAAI 2022

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) are two of the most important indicators for agricultural productivity. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the changes in SOC and N in the deep soil profile (up to 100 cm) and their relationships with crop productivity under the influence of long-term (since 1990) fertilization in the wheat-maize cropping system. Treatments included CK (control), NP (inorganic N and phosphorus (P) fertilizers), NPK (inorganic N, P and potassium fertilizers), NPKM (NPK plus manure), and M (manure). Crop yield and the properties of topsoil were measured yearly from 2001 to 2009. C and N contents were measured at five different depths in 2001 and 2009. The results showed that wheat and maize yields decreased between 2001 and 2009 under the inorganic fertilizer (NP and NPK) treatments. The average yield between 2001 and 2009 under the NP, NPK, NPKM, and M treatments (compared with the CK treatment) increased by 38, 115, 383, and 381%, respectively, for wheat and 348, 891, 2 738, and 1 845%, respectively, for maize. Different long-term fertilization treatments significantly changed coarse free particulate (cfPOC), fine free particulate (ffPOC), intramicroaggregate particulate (iPOC), and mineral-associated (mSOC) organic carbon fractions. In the experimental years of 2001 and 2009, soil fractions occurred in the following order for all treatments: mSOC>cfPOC>iPOC>ffPOC. All fractions were higher under the manure application treatments than under the inorganic fertilization treatments. Compared to the inorganic fertilization treatments, manure input enhanced the stocks of SOC and total N in the surface layer (0–20 cm) but decreased SOC and N in the deep soil layer (80–100 cm). This reveals the efficiency of manure in increasing yield productivity and decreasing risk of vertical loss of nutrients, especially N, compared to inorganic fertilization treatments. The findings provide opportunities for understanding deep soil C and N dynamics, which could help mitigate climate change impact on agricultural production and maintain soil health.

This study was conducted to estimate carbon stock enhancement and climate change mitigation potential of restoration effort in Rebu Watershed, Woliso Woreda, Ethiopia. Two restored lands of thirteen years old were randomly selected from two kebeles. Biomass and soil data were collected systematically from nested plots. Mensuration of woody species, soil, and grass/litter samples was collected from the subplots of the nested plots. A total of 72 composite soil samples were collected. The results showed the positive impact of restoration activity on enhancing biomass and soil organic carbon stocks. The restored land ecosystem had shown higher carbon stock of (138.51 ± 27.34 t/ha) than the adjacent unrestored land ecosystem (101.43 ± 21.25 t/ha), which confirmed the potential of restoration in enhancing the carbon stock and mitigating climate change. Hence, the restored land use type has been stored about 8.37 t/ha of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) in biomasses. The restored land use type has mitigated climate change (absorb CO2) by 7.7 times than the adjacent unrestored land use type in this study. The significant values in restored land use types were due to the enhanced vegetation and land cover, which contributed to the biomass and soil organic carbon accumulation. Moreover, the lower values in unrestored land use type were due to the continuous degradation and disturbance from livestock and human beings. Therefore, the result of this study showed that protecting the degraded lands from any disturbance could enhance the carbon stocks of the ecosystem and mitigate the carbon emission rate.

This work aimed to evaluate the energy quality of wood and charcoal obtained from the stem and root of the genus Eucalyptus spp. From the wood, the physical, chemical and energetic properties were evaluated. For the charcoal produced in ovens of the carbonization furnaces model in the industry and produced in a muffle furnace, the physical, chemical and energetic properties were evaluated. Based on the analysis of technological properties, wood from the root has higher basic density (731.45 kg m-3) and lignin content (26.44%), however, the fixed carbon content and higher calorific value of the root (17.54% and 4547.75 kcal kg-1) were lower than for the stem wood (21.36% and 4730.82 kcal kg-1). It is recommended to use the wood from the root, both for direct burning and for the production of charcoal. The charcoal obtained in the industry, compared to that produced in muffle, presented higher energy quality.

The potential to sequester carbon by tree species in tropical regions such as Bangladesh is promising in regard to carbon sequestration (CS) potentiality and reducing CO2 emissions. This study focuses on perennial tree species within 488 hectares of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) to assess the CS and to produce a C stock map for BAU. To compute the green and dry weight, weight of C and CO2 sequestration in the tree, a simplified methodology from the National Computational Science Institute of the Shodor Education Foundation was applied. A total of 27,543 trees comprising 424 species were taken into consideration, dividing the whole study area into four segments. B. ceiba and L. acidissima received the maximum and minimum green, dry, and C weight values. The topmost five carbon stock accumulating trees are M. longifolium (264,768 kg yr−1), S. mahagoni (257,290), A. lebbeck (118,310), M. indica (78,906), and T. grandis (51,744) whilst A. lebbeck is the major C stock accumulating tree within BAU. The top five CS potential are found for B. ceiba (181 kg), A. columnaris (139 kg), S. siamea (116 kg), F. elastica (113 kg), and F. religiosa (83 kg). To reveal the prospects of tree species in Bangladesh for emission reduction, the CS potential could be incorporated with the C trading scheme of the CDM (clean development mechanism) of the Kyoto Protocol.

Development progress that occurred in the city of Semarang has an impact on increasing community economic activity. This increasing carbon emissions in the air occured due to the use of fossil fuels. One of the efforts to reduce carbon emissions is by reforestation. The city of Semarang has 19.541 hectares (52.31%) of green open space out of 37.303,9 hectares of the total area of the city. However, the area of the mangrove ecosystem in Semarang City was only 68,13 Ha. Even though mangrove ecosystems have a higher ability to absorb carbon than other ecosystems. Based on these conditions, it was necessary to estimate mangrove carbon stocks as an effort to determine the potential of mangrove tree strata to absorb carbon. From the results, the value of mangrove carbon stocks in the Trimulyo mangrove ecosystem of 36,00 tons/ha had the potential to act as a carbon sink.

Anthropic activities in their various aspects have promoted soil degradation in the Brazilian semi-arid region (SAB). As a result, significant losses in productivity and in the ability of soils to fulfill their ecological functions have been reported. The present study investigated the effects of degradation on soil attributes and properties under dense (CAD) and sparse (CAE) shrubby Caatinga in Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. Samples from the 0-20 cm layer of soil were investigated via physical (particle size distribution and soil density), chemical (acidity, electrical conductivity, macronutrients, soil organic matter) and microbiological attributes (microbial biomass carbon (C-BMS), basal respiration of the soil (RBS) and metabolic quotient (qCO2) Data were submitted to the Mann-Whitney Test and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Anthropic actions on the CAE promoted the exposure of the saprolitic layer on the surface. This layer has imperfect drainage, low levels of nutrients and organic matter and high sodicity, which contributes to the slow regeneration of vegetation. Carbon stock and microbial activity are significantly lower in CAE compared to CAD. Degradation resulted in losses of supporting ecosystem services (nutrient cycling and primary production) and regulation (erosion control and climate regulation). The results can be used to understand the dynamics of landscapes of low complexity (high degradation) in the SAB and serve as a framework to find strategies to restore the productive capacity of extensive degraded and/or desertified areas in the SAB. RESUMO As atividades antrópicas em seus diversos aspectos têm promovido a degradação dos solos no Semiárido brasileiro (SAB). Como consequência, têm sido reportadas perdas significativas de produtividade e da capacidade dos solos em cumprir suas funções ecológicas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos da degradação nos atributos e propriedades de solos sob Caatinga arbustiva densa (CAD) e esparsa (CAE) em Campina Grande, PB, Brasil. Amostras da camada de 0-20 cm do solo foram analisadas quanto aos atributos físicos (granulometria e densidade do solo), químicos (acidez, condutividade elétrica, macronutrientes, matéria orgânica) e microbiológicos (carbono da biomassa microbiana (C-BMS), respiração basal do solo (RBS) e quociente metabólico (qCO2). Os dados foram submetidos ao Teste de Mann-Whittney e à Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). As ações antrópicas na CAE promoveram a exposição da camada saprolítica em superfície. Esta camada possui drenagem imperfeita, baixos teores de nutrientes e de matéria orgânica e elevada sodicidade, o que contribui para a lenta regeneração da vegetação. O estoque de carbono e a atividade microbiana são significativamente mais baixos na CAE em relação à CAD. A degradação acarretou em perdas de serviços ecossistêmicos de suporte (ciclagem de nutrientes e produção primária) e de regulação (controle da erosão e regulação do clima). Os resultados podem ser utilizados para compreensão da dinâmica de paisagens de baixa complexidade (elevada degradação) no SAB, bem como para adoção de estratégias de restabelecimento da capacidade produtiva de extensas áreas degradadas e/ou desertificadas no SAB.

Developing appropriate tools to understand and protect ecosystems and the services they provide is of unprecedented importance. This work describes the activity performed by ISPRA for the mapping of the types of ecosystems and the evaluation of their related ecosystem services, to meet the needs of the “ecosystem extent account” and “ecosystem services physical account” activities envisaged by the SEEA-EA framework. A map of the types of ecosystems is proposed, obtained by integrating the main Copernicus data with the ISPRA National Land Consumption Map, according to the MAES (Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services) classification system. The crop production and carbon stock values for 2018 were then calculated and aggregated with respect to each ecosystem. The ecosystem accounting was based on the land cover map produced by ISPRA integrating, according to an EAGLE compliant classification system, the same Copernicus and National input data used for mapping the types of ecosystems. The analysis shows the importance of an integrated reading of the main monitoring tools and the advantages in terms of compatibility and comparability, with a view to enhancing the potential of Copernicus land monitoring instruments also in the context of ecosystem accounting activities.

Existing estimates of carbon stocks in taiga and coniferous-deciduous forests show that almost half of the total organic carbon in these ecosystems is accumulated in forest soils. Vegetation as the main source of organic matter in the soil, interact with soil biota, which processes plant litter, and with abiotic environmental factors, determines the processes of formation and accumulation of soil organic matter. Changes in the composition of vegetation are the driver of the dynamics of soil carbon stocks; however, insufficient attention has been paid to the analysis of this issue. The review analyzes the main ways of transferring carbon from the vegetation pool to the soil pool and the influence of three main predictors of vegetation that affect the carbon stock in soils: the amount and quality of litter of individual species (species identity) of plants and the structural diversity of the plant community; gaps in knowledge and the ways of development of this scientific direction are proposed.

The study was conducted to find the net carbon stock in the Sal (Shorea robusta) forest in Bagdaila Chisapani community forest of Dang district, Nepal. The inventory was done by a stratified sampling technique with 0.5% sampling intensity taking into account the woody plants with ≥ 5cm DBH. A total of 49 sample plots of radius 8.94m and 5.64 were established to measure tree biomass and sapling biomass respectively in the forest. The mean above-ground carbon (AGC) was 160.4 t ha-1 and the mean below-ground carbon (BGC) was 24.1t ha-1. The mean total carbon stock in the study area was estimated to be 99.02 t ha-1; of which maximum carbon stock of 143.51 t ha-1 was found in block number 5. Sal was the major tree species in the CF. The biomass and carbon content in this forest is found quite low as compared to other studies in the Sal forest and other tropical forests which were due to the presence of tree stands of less diameter and height. This study would be helpful in the long-term management of forests, planning, and research purposes. The data from this study could also be taken as a reference document for the participation of community forests in carbon accounting under the REDD+ scheme in Nepal.

Community forests play a vital role in sustainable development and storing carbon stock to mitigate global warming. This study aimed to assess the plant diversity, carbon stock and regeneration status of two Shorea robusta forests managed by the community - Manehara Community Forest (MCF) and Siddhanath community forests (SCF) of Kailali district, Nepal. These two forests differ in the moisture regime- MCF is with ponds and streams and is mostly wet, but SCF is primarily dry with no ponds and streams. To examine vegetation status and carbon stock in these two forests, twenty circular plots of 20 m radius was laid in each forest using stratified random sampling. Within each main plot, two subplots of 5m radius and three subplots of 2m radius were laid to study shrub and herb characteristics, respectively. Soil sampling was also done to analyze the role of soil moisture in carbon stock and regeneration. For this, soil samples of each plot were collected up to 20cm depth. Altogether 100 plant species were recorded from the study forests. Tree and shrub diversity was higher in MCF than in SCF, but herb diversity and seedling numbers were higher in relatively dry SCF than in MCF. The carbon stock of MCF (92.99t/ha) was higher than in SCF (51.94 t/ha). In both forests, carbon stock increased with the increasing basal area (P = 0.0001). A significant strong positive relationship (P = 0.0001) between density and carbon stock was found in SCF, but this relation was weak (P = 0.018) in MCF. Both community forests were fairly regenerating with a good number of small aged individuals, SCF shows an inverted J shaped density diameter (d-d) curve, whereas MCF shows a bell-shaped d-d curve.

The presence of green open space containing vegetation in urban areas plays a vital role in absorbing and storing carbon in biomass. Tanjungpura University (Untan) Pontianak has a green open area in the New Building of the Faculty of Forestry. This study aimed to describe carbon reserves stored in biomass above ground level (vegetation) in green open areas around the New Building of Faculty of Forestry Untan Pontianak. Data were collected using an inventory survey by non-destructive sampling, which includes recording with fully enumerated data collection on the type and diameter of trees with a continuous line plot system. The data were then analyzed using allometric equations to obtain biomass values. The results found as many as 56 species of trees with a total of 558 individuals dominated by Litsea garciae and Hevea brasiliensis. The results showed the amount of carbon stored at the tree level of 59.06 tons/ha (76.18%), pole level of 13.94 tons/ha (17.99%), and sapling level of 4.52 tons/ha (5.83%), with an average carbon stock of 77.52 tons/ha. Thus, the green open area could store 148.53 tons of carbon in tree biomass. Although it is a small area, this peatland ecosystem could accumulate peat in organic soil and its vegetation and should be managed as peatland forests. Therefore, proper management is essential, and hydrology management is needed mainly due to its nature. Keywords: allometric equation, biomass, carbon stocks, green open space

The revival of the coffee sector has led to a renewed national interest in the development of Canarium schweinfurthii, or "Aiélé", a multipurpose tree that dominates the agrarian landscape of the Western Highlands of Cameroon. This study focuses on the structure and Carbon sequestration potential of Aiélé in coffee agroforestry systems in the Bamboutos Division. The species inventory was done on 45 plots of 2400 m2 each within which all individuals with DBH ≥ 5 cm were measured. The estimate biomass and carbon stocks using the allometric models of Chave (2014). The structure in diameter classes reveals that Aiélé in coffee plantations are dominated by old stems with a near absence of futurs stems. The average biomass obtained was 144.1± 27.76 t/ha for an average carbon stock of 67.7 ± 13.05 tC/ha. This study showed that the structure of Aiélé observed in coffee plantations indicates an ageing of the orchards and an almost total absence of regeneration. For this reason, several constraints to tree planting were noted and highlighted and should be removed by technical assistance to farmers. However, the revival of coffee growing promoted by the Cameroonian government should also constitute an asset for the conservation of the species.

Background Allometric equations are used to estimate biomass and carbon stock of forests. In Ethiopia, despite the presence of large floral diversity, only a few site-specific allometric equations have been developed so far. This study was conducted in the Omo-Gibe woodland of south-western Ethiopia to develop an allometric equation to estimate the Above-ground Biomass (AGB) of the four Acacia species (Senegalia polyacantha, Vachellia seyal, Vachellia etbaica and Vachellia tortilis). Fifty-four (54) Acacia trees were sampled and measured within 35 temporarily established square plots. In each plot, dendrometric variables were measured to derive the models based on combinations of Diameter at Breast Height (DBH), height, and wood density as predictor variables. Model performance was evaluated using goodness-of-fit statistics. The biomass was compared using four allometric biomass models that have been widely used in the tropics. Results The model containing DBH alone was more accurate to estimate AGB compared to the use of multiple predictor variables. This study, therefore, substantiated the importance of site-specific allometric equations in estimating the AGB of Acacia woodlands. This is because a site-specific allometric equation recognizes the environmental factors, vegetation types and management practices. Conclusions The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of allometric equations and an accurate estimate of AGB of Acacia woodlands in Ethiopia and similar ecosystems elsewhere.

Forest disturbances contribute to the decrease in carbon sequestration potential and ecosystem services in a watershed. One of the important watersheds that is affected by land use changes and disturbances is the Pantabangan-Carranglan Watershed. The ability of the watershed to provide ecosystem services is affected by the existing land use and land cover (LULC) and its future trends. Therefore, this study aims to assess the changes in the LULC, forest disturbances, and potential carbon stock in the watershed using satellite images. The LULC types and indices used in detecting forest disturbances were classified and generated from the Landsat 8 satellite images covering two different years. The potential carbon storage in the watershed was estimated using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) Carbon model. The information generated can be used in the conduct of valuation studies and land use planning in the watershed.

The impacts of pollution and climate change occurred in global and local communities, including at school environment. Uncomfortable school environment due to pollution and school damage due to sea-level rise interferes with learning processes and reduces students' academic performance. A new approach of a school greening programme called Bunkers of Oxygen and Carbon (BOCs) was developed in a public school (SMA Negeri 3 Merauke) in Merauke, Papua using a thematic approach to mitigate pollution and climate change. The research showed that carbon storage of BOCs is mean 74 Mg ha-1 . This is equal with carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) of mean 271 Mg CO2e ha-1. The capacity of BOCs as carbon storage can be optimized due to the age of vegetation in BOCs is only four years old, and below ground carbon stock was measured only up to 50 cm depth. The amount of carbon stock in BOCs was influenced by vegetation health (tree density and canopy coverage) and vegetation structure (tree diameter and height) in the BOCs (r2 = 0.56, p = 0.001). The mean economic value of carbon stocks in the BOCs was US $ 189 billion ha-1. This economic value may underestimate as many benefits and functions of the BOCs were excluded from the calculation. BOCs have ecological functions as a habitat for many wildlife species, various ecosystem services, recreational areas, aesthetic values, oxygen supply, and a place to improve creativity and as natural laboratories for practice and learning from nature. Therefore, the development of BOCs in the school environment across Indonesia is important as the functions and benefits are crucial to mitigate pollution and climate change, improve the learning process and the quality of national education.

Due to higher atmospheric greenhouse gasses concentrations, global warming is undoubtedly the most critical environmental issue that needs an immediate solution. Agroforestry has attained worldwide...

To learn about the abandoned mined area tree diversity, aboveground biomass and carbon stock a study was conducted in quartz mined Bilikal hillock area which is geographically adjacent to Umbalebylu 8 km to Bhadra wildlife sanctuary and 10 km of Kuvempu University. In the present study 0.14ha (350 m×4m) transect, we recorded 1527 individuals comprising 22 families among them Papilionaceae with 6 genera and 7 species, Combretaceae with 2 genera and 4 species followed by Rubiaceae with 3 genera and 3 species and Apocynaceae with 2 genera and 3 species. Based on girth class assessment nearly 1564 individuals comprising 1-10 cm had 559 individuals, the basal area was more within the girth class of 40-50 cm. But aboveground biomass and carbon stock were highest within the girth class of 20-30 cm. varying with species structure and girth class were a disturbed forest patch, the species composition needs management and restoration to retain the biodiversity intact to provide a niche for other co-species.

Dead wood, including coarse woody debris, CWD, and fine woody debris, FWD, plays a substantial role in forest ecosystem functioning. However, the amount and dynamics of dead wood in the forests of Northern Eurasia are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to develop a spatially distributed modelling system (limited to the territories of the former Soviet Union) to assess the amount and structure of dead wood by its components (including snags, logs, stumps, and the dry branches of living trees) based on the most comprehensive database of field measurements to date. The system is intended to be used to assess the dead wood volume and the amount of dead wood in carbon units as part of the carbon budget calculation of forests at different scales. It is presented using multi-dimensional regression equations of dead wood expansion factors (DWEF)—the ratio of the dead wood component volume to the growing stock volume of the stands. The system can be also used for the accounting of dead wood stock and its dynamics in national greenhouse gas inventories and UNFCCC reporting. The system’s accuracy is satisfactory for the average level of disturbance regimes but it may require corrections for regions with accelerated disturbance regimes.

This study examines the soil environment of eight charcoal kiln platforms and the neighboring soil in Czech and Bohemian low-altitude forest stands. Both mixed and undisturbed soil samples were used to assess the hydrophysical soil properties, nutrient content, cation exchange capacity, enzyme activity, and soil active carbon content, while soil color, stoniness, root density, and horizon thickness were estimated in the field. Charcoal-rich horizons had high total organic carbon concentrations and total nitrogen content (about 150% and 40% higher than in the organomineral horizons of the control plot, respectively), with total carbon stocks being higher than those in neighboring forest soils. Fine root density was highest in the charcoal-rich horizons, encouraged by high soil porosity, aeration, and favorable chemical properties. Enzyme group activity differed between individual soil horizons and kiln and control plots, with depolymerization enzyme activity highest in charcoal-rich horizons and humification enzyme activity highest in mineral horizons. Phosphatase, chitinase, and phenoloxidase activity were highest in charcoal-rich horizons, while β-glucosidase activity remained similar across horizons. After long-term abandonment, kiln sites shift from inhospitable sites to localized hotspots for plant and microbial growth, having more favorable physical, enzymatic, and chemical soil properties than the surrounding areas. This study confirmed that kiln production platforms act as microhabitat hotspots, also providing information on a wide spectrum of soil properties linked with soil microorganisms and root growth.

The objective of this study was to improve cacao (Theobroma cacao) production through its association with a woody species, such as Ricinodendron heudelotii, in western Côte d’Ivoire. To do this, a design of two transects (10 m and 20 m) was installed around the species in 5 localities (Buyo, Duekoué, Guéyo, San-Pedro, and Soubré). The diameter at the breast height of the tree, the height, the number of fruits, the above biomass, and its carbon stock were measured. Results showed morphological variability of R. heudelotii according to the localities. The presence of the species within cacao trees reduces the rate of pod rot, stabilizes the rate of pods eaten away, and increases the biomass production and the carbon storage of cacao trees. The distance between the two species had no impact on the vigor and the yield of cacao trees. However, cacao density in the 10 m line was reduced compared to that of the 20 m. Therefore, the integration of R. heudelotii into cacao agroforestry systems could improve cacao production. That is why the reduction of cacao density, as well as the use of more suitable varieties of cacao, should be considered for the sustainability of this system.

Effects of some environmental variables (moisture, temperature, pH) on the carbon stock and respiration in the rhizosphere soil of Sal (Shorea robusta Roxb. ex. Gaertn. f.) of 11 different Sal forest stands situated in Cumilla, Gazipur, Sherpur, Modhupur, Dinajpur and Rangpur of Bangladesh were assessed. Soil samples were collected from two layers (upper layer, 0 - 15 cm and lower layer, 15–30 cm depth). During February 2019, samples were collected from Kotbari and Rajeshpur of Cumilla and during June 2019, samples were collected from the rest of the stands. The values of different variables showed fluctuations, e.g. moisture content (11.87 - 38.78%), pH (4.73 to 6.03), conductivity (63.13 - 248.83 μS/cm), soil organic carbon (135.43 - 1263.53 ton/ha) and respiration (75.95 - 91.8 mg CO2/g soil) respectively. Rates of respiration increased where pH remained 4 to 6 and the temperature 20 to 34ºC. Rate of respiration also increased when the amount of moisture content and carbon stock decreased. This research will help to understand the role of environmental factors on the variability of soil C dynamics in the natural Sal forest areas of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(3): 685-693, 2021 (September)

Our ecosystem, particularly forest lands, contains huge amounts of carbon storage in the world today. This study estimated the above ground biomass and carbon stock in the green space of Bilbao Spain using remote sensing technology. Landsat ETM+ and OLI satellite images for year 1999, 2009 and 2019 were used to assess its land use land cover (LULC), change detection, spectral indices and model biomass based on linear regression. The result of the LULC showed that there was an increase in forest vegetation by 12.5% from 1999 to 2009 and a further increase by 2.3% in 2019. However, plantation cover had decreased by 3.5% from 1999–2009; while wetlands had also decreased by 9% within the same period. There was, however, an increase in plantation cover from 2009 to 2019 by 2.1% but a further decrease in wetlands of 4.3%. Further results revealed a positive correlation across the three decades between the widely used Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI) with other spectral indices such as Enhance Vegetation Index (EVI) and Normalized Differential Moisture Index (NDMI) for biomass were: for 1999 EVI (R2 = 0.1826), NDMI (R2 = 0.0117), for 2009 EVI (R2 = 0.2192), NDMI (R2 = 0.3322), for 2019EVI (R2 = 0.1258), NDMI (R2 = 0.8148). A reduction in the total carbon stock from 14,221.94 megatons in 1999 to 10,342.44 megatons 2019 was observed. This study concluded that there has been a reduction in the amount of carbon which the Biscay Forest can sequester.

Carbon flow in forest products trade will affect the report of a country's carbon stock. This will have an impact on a country's contribution of carbon flows. Based on the analysis of China’s fores...

The purpose of this research is to determine the amount and value of carbon stock in Southwestern Ethiopia's coffee forest from 1978 to 2050, as well as carbon sequestration from 1988 to 2050. Diff...

The Qilian Mountain National Nature Reserve is an important ecological barrier in northwestern China; therefore, it is of great importance to accurately evaluate the carbon storage of its main arbor forest. In this study, the Tianlaochi Basin of Qilian Mountain Nature Reserve was used as the research area to measure the carbon storage of the main arbor forests and determine the relationship between neglect of understory vegetation and errors in estimated carbon storages. The results showed that: (1) The total carbon storages of Picea crassifolia and Sabina przewalskii in Qilian Mountain Nature Reserve were 6.05 × 107 and 9.48 × 106 Mg and the carbon density were 426.07 Mg/hm2 and 338.72 Mg/hm2, respectively. (2) The understory carbon storage of Picea crassifolia and Sabina przewalskii accounted for 7.03% and 5.5% of the total carbon storage, respectively (6.81% combined). When the understory vegetation was neglected, the carbon storage in Qilian Mountain Nature Reserve was estimated to be less than 9.72 × 105 Mg. (3) There are large areas of Picea and Sabina forests worldwide; therefore, ignoring understory vegetation in these systems when estimating the carbon stock will lead to underestimations. Our research can provide a reference when estimating the carbon storage of similar tree species.

This study aims to develop predictive models for standing stocks of biomass and carbon of an entire tree based on harvested biomass in mango (Mangifera indica L.) alongwith intercrops n mango based land use (MBLU). Collar diameter (CD) as a growth parameter can be used as a reliable predictor for mango biomass estimation of standing stocks as it has a strong relationship with mango biomass. Thirteen popular predictive growth models were attempted for biomass prediction using CD as predictor (independent variable) in mango alone (M), intercrops alone (IC) and mango with intercrops (MI). The harvested biomass (tha−1) ranged (1.4–97.7, 4.9–2.6 and 1.4–100.3) in M, IC and MI, respectively. The stored carbon, emitted carbon, mitigated carbon and total carbon stock ranged 0.70–39.7, 0.00–8.50, 0.70–31.2 and 0.70–48.20 Mgha−1, respectively in M and MI of MBLU in humid climate of Indian Sub-Himalayas. Out of 13 fitted models and Negative Exponential model gave the best fit of the data based on validation criteria of adjusted R2, lowest AIC and BIC values. Hence, these models were found to be highly useful for estimating mango biomass and carbon stocks with and without intercrops in standing situations.

The present study estimated plant biomass in mangrove forests of the Andaman Islands, India. The mean above-ground biomass was 469.20 ± 41.25 Mega-gram/ha (Mg ha−1), while the mean below-ground biomass was 166.78 ± 12.79 Mg ha−1. The total mean biomass of Andaman mangrove forest was 635.98 ± 12.79 Mg ha−1 and its corresponding vegetation carbon stock was 290.26 ± 24.75 Mg C ha−1. Among the 6 forest divisions, Little Andaman recorded the highest mean biomass per unit area (1,081.26 ± 424.67 Mg ha−1) and vegetation carbon stock (494.50 ± 194.56 Mg C ha−1) followed by Middle Andaman, North Andaman, Havelock, South Andaman and Baratang. Among the 25 mangrove species, Rhizophora apiculata was found to contribute the highest biomass (152.78 Mg ha−1) and vegetation carbon stock (69.58 Mg C ha−1) followed by Bruguiera gymnorhiza, and Rhizophora mucronata. High vegetation carbon stock in mangrove forests of the Andaman Island could be attributed to high structural complexity, high precipitation rate (> 300 cm year−1), and comparatively fewer anthropogenic disturbances in the mangrove forest of the Andaman Islands. However, the Andaman Islands are increasingly vulnerable to natural calamities, like sea-level rise and associated soil erosion and increasing frequency of tropical cyclones, which call for immediate attention on preserving the island mangroves to sustain its extraordinary carbon storage capacity.