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Cannabis sativa L. is a source of over 150 active compounds known as phytocannabinoids that are receiving renewed interest due to their diverse pharmacologic activities. Indeed, phytocannabinoids mimic the endogenous bioactive endocannabinoids effects through activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors widely described in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. All phytocannabinoids have been studied for their protective actions towards different biological mechanisms, including inflammation, immune response, oxidative stress that, altogether, result in an inhibitory activity against the carcinogenesis. The role of the endocannabinoid system is not yet completely clear in cancer, but several studies indicate that cannabinoid receptors and endogenous ligands are overexpressed in different tumor tissues. Recently, in vitro and in vivo evidence support the effectiveness of phytocannabinoids against various cancer types, in terms of proliferation, metastasis, and angiogenesis, actions partially due to their ability to regulate signaling pathways critical for cell growth and survival. The aim of this review was to report the current knowledge about the action of phytocannabinoids from Cannabis sativa L. against cancer initiation and progression with a specific regard to brain, breast, colorectal, and lung cancer as well as their possible use in the therapies. We will also report the known molecular mechanisms responsible for such positive effects. Finally, we will describe the actual therapeutic options for Cannabis sativa L. and the ongoing clinical trials.

Most of anticancer agents used by the chemotherapy of cancer act in the division process of the celland show an effect, and cause side effects such as a drop and nausea of the immunity, the hair loss, whichreduce the quality of life （QOL） of the patient. In this article, the history and current status of oncolyticviruses, which are cancer therapeutic agents that do not cause these side effects and attracting the mostattention now are introduced. An oncolytic virus is a virus that preferentially infects and kills cancer cells.As the infected cancer cells are destroyed by oncolysis, they release new infectious virus particles todestroy the remaining tumor. Oncolytic viruses are thought not only to cause direct destruction of thetumour cells, but also to stimulate host anti-tumour immune responses. In 2015 the first oncolytic viruswas approved by FDA as the cancer therapeutic agent. The clinical trial using the oncolytic virus ispushed forward now in Japan. It is hoped that the virus therapy for cancer treatment with tumorsolubility virus greatly develops from now on.