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Der Begriff Intersektionalität wurde 1989 von Kimberlé Crenshaw geprägt. Als solidarische Praxis und kritische Analyseperspektiven auf Bevölkerungspolitik lassen sich intersektionale Perspektiven aber bereits in den Neuen Frauenbwegungen finden. Der Artikel erläutert die Analysebegriffe "Intersektionalität" und "Bio-Macht" und umreißt mit dem Fokus auf Reproduktionspolitiken die Entwicklung intersektionaler Perspektiven auf Bio-Macht in den 1970/80er Jahren. Am Beispiel feministischer Bewegungen im deutschen und US-amerikanischen Kontext wird nachgezeichnet, wie Forderungen nach der Legalisierung von Abtreibung einerseits, der Abschaffung von Zwangssterilisationen andererseits im Protest gegen bevölkerungspolitische Interventionen zusammenkamen und auch die historische Aufarbeitung eugenischer Bio-Politiken inspirierten. The term intersectionality was coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1989. However, as a practice of solidarity and critical analytical perspectives on population policy interventions, intersectional perspectives can already be found in second-wave feminisms. The article introduces the analytical terms "intersectionality" and "bio-power" and outlines the development of intersectional perspectives on bio-power in the 1970s/80s with a focus on reproductive politics. Using the example of feminist movements in the German and US-American context, it traces how demands for the legalization of abortion on the one hand and the abolition of forced sterilization on the other came together in the protests against population policy interventions and also inspired the historical analysis of eugenic bio-policies.

Objective Abortion clinics frequently offer contraceptive counseling, but it is unclear if this is in line with patient preferences or satisfies an unmet need. Our objective was to examine preferences for contraceptive counseling and access among abortion patients in a legally restrictive setting. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 181 patients at an abortion clinic in Dallas, Texas completed anonymous, self-administered surveys from June-July 2018. We analyzed data descriptively. Results 46.5% of patients offered the survey agreed to participate. 33.1% of respondents preferred to obtain birth control from somewhere near their home. 29.3% preferred to obtain birth control from the same physician they visit for other health care needs. 81.8% were uninterested in contraceptive counseling at their abortion visit. Of these, 52.0% did not want to follow up for contraceptive counseling or services. Conclusion Among study participants, most lacked interest in contraceptive counseling at the time of their abortion visit. Those interested in follow up preferred a resource handout over other options, such as a follow-up visit or phone call. Practice implications A patient-centered approach elicits patient preferences for contraceptive care and honors them by facilitating access when requested, such as through comprehensive resources and referrals.

Background: Young people in the United States know little about contraceptive options available to them, although method use is sensitive to individual preferences, and method switching is common. For young people to gain reproductive autonomy, a first step is to be aware of different contraceptives, including hormonal and nonhormonal methods. We tested whether an educational intervention delivered on community college campuses was effective in increasing contraceptive awareness. Materials and Methods: We developed a low-cost educational intervention featuring youth-friendly visual tools and tested its impact on method awareness and knowledge among 1,051 students of all genders, aged 18-25 years, at five community colleges. We used generalized estimating equations to test changes in awareness of a range of methods, including male and female (internal) condoms, the pill, patch, vaginal ring, shot, intrauterine devices, implant, and emergency contraception. Results: Over 90% of participants were aware of male condoms and the pill at baseline, but fewer had heard of other options (ranging from 31% to 76% for different methods). Across all methods, awareness increased to a mean of 88% among female participants and 82% among male participants postintervention. Awareness of the full range of methods increased from 31% to 55% (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 4.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.1-6.2]) among female participants and 11% to 36% (aOR: 10.8, 95% CI: 5.3-21.8) among male participants postintervention. The intervention was similarly effective by sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, nativity, or insurance coverage. Conclusion: This educational intervention significantly improved all students' awareness of a range of contraceptives, supporting one important aspect of reproductive health for young people in community settings.

PURPOSE Updated estimates of adolescents' receipt of sex education are needed to monitor trends and potential inequities. METHODS Using nationally representative data from the 2011-2015 and 2015-2019 National Survey of Family Growth, we use logistic regression to examine changes in the receipt of formal sex education by gender. For 2015-2019, we estimate patterns by gender and race/ethnicity for content, timing, and location of instruction. RESULTS Between 2011-2015 and 2015-2019, there were few significant changes in adolescents' receipt of formal sex education. Between these periods, instruction on waiting until marriage to have sex declined (73%-67% female [F.], p = .005; 70%-58% males [M.], p < .001). In both the periods, about half of the adolescents received sex education that meets the minimum standard articulated in national goals. In 2015-2019, there were significant gender differences in the instruction about waiting until marriage to have sex (67% F., 58% M., p < 001) and condom skills (55% F., 60% M., p = .003). Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic males were less likely than non-Hispanic White males to receive formal instruction before the first sex on sexually transmitted infection/HIV, birth control, or where to get birth control. Many adolescents reported religious settings as the sources of instruction about waiting until marriage to have sex (56% F. and 49% M.), but almost none received instruction about birth control from those settings. CONCLUSIONS Differences in the receipt of sex education, by gender, race/ethnicity, and the location of instruction, leave many adolescents without critical information. Gaps in meeting national objectives indicate the need to expand the provision of sex education.

Limited women's health and cancer prevention materials are available that have been validated for vulnerable populations. Such materials are especially important for groups, which have intermittent and typically low-quality healthcare access and are at greatest risk for missing out on women's health and cancer prevention screening. Health education materials are developed from heterogeneous sources. Clinical and research teams have minimal guidance in terms of sources, timelines, outputs, and evaluation in the development of such materials. The goal of this paper is to share our process in developing and evaluating an up-to-date women's health and cancer prevention learning guide appropriate for a target population of women involved in the criminal justice system. A ten-page learning guide was drafted using the current evidence-based data, with the objective of providing educational material on four topics: cervical cancer, breast cancer, sexually transmitted infection, and unintended pregnancy prevention. The learning guide was then tested on a convenience sample of 33 women at a local county jail. Feedback was organized into three parts in which the participants Responded to open-ended question, "What is missing?" Rated each of the four topics for design and content Completed a usability assessment Common themes were participants' interest in learning about side effects of birth control and wanting more information on testing and treatment, specifically for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Women were satisfied with the cancer prevention information presented to them. This report provides a framework for cancer prevention researchers who are developing health education materials for vulnerable populations.

This thesis examines the moral justification offered by Anglican leaders for their support for eugenic, pronatalist, and neo-Malthusian schemes between the First and Second World Wars. It argues that Anglican leaders comprehended their widespread efforts to control fertility within the context of a broader struggle over competing conceptions of human purpose in English society, and that these women and men regularly justified their efforts on the grounds that fertility-manipulation schemes served to align procreative behaviours with ‘Christian’ conceptions of human purpose. Additionally, this thesis argues that key aspects of the shared moral logic of Anglican leaders can help to explain the pervasive interest in birthrate patterns, along with the enduring appeal of fertility-manipulation schemes, amongst middle- and upper-class men and women of varying religious and political persuasions in England, as well as across Europe and North America, during the first half of the twentieth century. Furthermore, it sheds light on how population concerns led to the liberalization of Church of England teachings on marriage, sexuality, and procreation, and also provides a qualitative contribution to the historiography on secularization by illuminating how Anglican leaders sought to maintain moral influence in the face of perceived large-scale rejection of Christian moral teachings. Set against a backdrop of rapidly declining birthrates, this thesis has five main chapters, and it is arranged chronologically and thematically. Chapter One explains why Anglican leaders believed procreative behaviours fell under the purview of the Church of England, which functioned as one of the leading moral voices in English society, and Chapter Two elucidates why Anglican leaders believed married couples were having an ‘incorrect’ number of children. The final three chapters explore, in order, the moral justification for various efforts aimed at controlling the fertility of specific socio-economic classes, the ‘mentally unfit,’ and the vast majority of the English populace.

Objective We aimed to evaluate factors associated with early resumption of sexual intercourse after first childbirth and assess whether early intercourse is associated with unprotected intercourse, subsequent pregnancy, and unintended pregnancy over 6 months. Methods This secondary analysis used data from the First Baby Study, a prospective study of women aged 18–35 years with singleton pregnancies who delivered at 76 hospitals in Pennsylvania. At 1 and 6 months postpartum, women were asked about intercourse and the use of birth control since childbirth. We compared women who resumed intercourse in the first month after childbirth (early resumption) with those who resumed intercourse later, via multivariable logistic regression models. Results In our cohort, 261 of 2,643 women (9.9%) reported first intercourse within the first postpartum month (7–31 days). Women who resumed intercourse early were less educated, younger, and less likely to breastfeed, have had a perineal laceration, or have had an episiotomy than those who resumed intercourse later. In addition, they were more likely to have unprotected intercourse in at least one of the first 6 months after first childbirth (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.76–3.09); to be pregnant by 6 months postpartum (aOR, 3.03; 95% CI, 1.48–6.20); and to report that pregnancy as unintended (aOR, 3.32; 95% CI, 1.50–7.36). Conclusions Nearly 10% of women resumed intercourse in the first month after childbirth. Because early resumption of intercourse was associated with a greater likelihood of unprotected intercourse and unintended pregnancy within 6 months of first childbirth, clinicians should focus efforts on comprehensive family planning and contraception counseling beginning in the prenatal period.

Kehinde Osinowo,1 Fintirimam Sambo-Donga,1 Oluwaseun Ojomo,1 Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye,1 Philip Oluwayemi,1 Morounfola Okunfulure,1 Oladapo Alabi Ladipo,1 Michael Ekholuenetale1,2 1Association for Reproductive and Family Health, Trade and Convention Center, Abuja, Nigeria; 2Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, NigeriaCorrespondence: Kehinde Osinowo Email osinowo.k@arfh-ng.orgBackground: Injectable contraceptives are fast becoming the method of choice among women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Specifically, the subcutaneously administered depot–medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-SC) is gaining traction as a convenient, private and effective method to address unmet need for family planning (FP). The objective of this study was to determine the trend in DMPA-SC use in Nigeria.Methods: Data was extracted from the National Health Management Information System (NHMIS) FP register on DMPA-SC uptake in public health facilities and through community-oriented resource providers (CORPS) in 10 Nigerian states. The linear trend model was adopted in data analysis based on lowest measure of dispersion and/or highest adjusted coefficient of determination (R2). The statistical significance was determined at 5%.Results: There was an upward trend in the use of DMPA-SC among clients who received the service through health providers, CORPS and self-injection in the 10 project states over a period of 12 months (August 2019–July 2020). In addition, the linear trend model showed that for every unit increase in months, the average number of women expected to use DMPA-SC through health providers, CORPS and self-injection will increase by 1308.3 (Yt = 3799.7 +1308.3&ast;t), 756.73 (Yt = − 1030.8 +756.73&ast;t) and 77.864 (Yt = − 159.7 +77.864&ast;t) respectively. In all models, the adjusted coefficient of determination was 99.9% which showed good model fitness. The results also showed that the number of DMPA-SC clients varied across the project states with Niger (32,988) and Oyo (31,511) states reporting the highest number of clients over the period of 12 months.Conclusion: There was an increasing use of DMPA-SC and self–injection among clients over time. Health facility and community-based FP programs should be strengthened to ensure improved access to FP services.Keywords: family planning, contraceptive, Nigeria, DMPA-SC, self-injection, birth control

Many sexually active, reproductive-aged persons capable of becoming pregnant use some method of contraception. To expand options for those desiring birth control, new choices include a vaginal ring, transdermal patch, progestin-only pill, and spermicide. Compared with currently available methods, additional technologies that are highly effective, easy to use, cost efficient, and well-tolerated lay on the horizon. During contraceptive counseling, patient choice, and reproductive autonomy should remain paramount.

Kehinde Osinowo,1 Fintirimam Sambo-Donga,1 Oluwaseun Ojomo,1 Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye,1 Philip Oluwayemi,1 Morounfola Okunfulure,1 Oladapo Alabi Ladipo,1 Michael Ekholuenetale1,2 1Association for Reproductive and Family Health, Trade and Convention Center, Abuja, Nigeria; 2Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Faculty of Public Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, NigeriaCorrespondence: Kehinde Osinowo Email osinowo.k@arfh-ng.orgBackground: Injectable contraceptives are fast becoming the method of choice among women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Specifically, the subcutaneously administered depot–medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA-SC) is gaining traction as a convenient, private and effective method to address unmet need for family planning (FP). The objective of this study was to determine the trend in DMPA-SC use in Nigeria.Methods: Data was extracted from the National Health Management Information System (NHMIS) FP register on DMPA-SC uptake in public health facilities and through community-oriented resource providers (CORPS) in 10 Nigerian states. The linear trend model was adopted in data analysis based on lowest measure of dispersion and/or highest adjusted coefficient of determination (R2). The statistical significance was determined at 5%.Results: There was an upward trend in the use of DMPA-SC among clients who received the service through health providers, CORPS and self-injection in the 10 project states over a period of 12 months (August 2019–July 2020). In addition, the linear trend model showed that for every unit increase in months, the average number of women expected to use DMPA-SC through health providers, CORPS and self-injection will increase by 1308.3 (Yt = 3799.7 +1308.3&ast;t), 756.73 (Yt = − 1030.8 +756.73&ast;t) and 77.864 (Yt = − 159.7 +77.864&ast;t) respectively. In all models, the adjusted coefficient of determination was 99.9% which showed good model fitness. The results also showed that the number of DMPA-SC clients varied across the project states with Niger (32,988) and Oyo (31,511) states reporting the highest number of clients over the period of 12 months.Conclusion: There was an increasing use of DMPA-SC and self–injection among clients over time. Health facility and community-based FP programs should be strengthened to ensure improved access to FP services.Keywords: family planning, contraceptive, Nigeria, DMPA-SC, self-injection, birth control

To characterize contraceptive method use and satisfaction among Spanish-speaking Latina immigrants who attend their child’s well care visit. Spanish-speaking women whose youngest child was ≤ 4 years old completed an orally-administered Spanish-language survey in a pediatric clinic (N = 194). Survey items were based on previously published contraceptive use assessments among diverse populations. We used chi-square and Fisher exact test to describe maternal characteristics by contraceptive method effectiveness categories: Tier 1, most effective methods (hormonal implant, intrauterine device, tubal ligation, and vasectomy); Tier 2, very effective methods (hormonal injection, oral contraceptive pill, hormonal patch, and hormonal ring); Tier 3, effective methods (condoms), and no method. 34% of women were using a Tier 1 method, 40% were using a Tier 2 method, and 17% had unmet contraceptive need (no pregnancy intention, no birth control); 84% were satisfied with their current method and 82% of women were uninsured. Tier 2 method or no method users were more likely than women using a Tier 1 method to have children

In the USA, the COVID-19 pandemic has created challenges beyond the direct consequences of the infection. Because of shifting resources in response to need, many domains within the healthcare sector unrelated to COVID-19 have had interrupted abilities to provide care. In the current study, we focus on preventative sexual health care during the pandemic. In a sample of 511 (mean age = 27.7) people, we examined quantitative data regarding continuation and discontinuation of birth control and PrEP during the pandemic, along with qualitative data illustrating the underlying reasons for participants' (dis)continuation. Results showed that most (92.5%) of birth control users reported continuation of their birth control, with the predominant reasons reported being use for health reasons, long-acting reversible contraceptive use, access to remote healthcare services, and increased vigilance over pregnancy prevention. Conversely, around half (52.6%) of PrEP-using participants reported already discontinuing or planning to discontinue their PrEP regimen. Temporary abstinence and concerns about accessing in-person health care were the predominant reasons for PrEP discontinuation. These results have implications for both researchers and sexual healthcare providers. Disruptions to preventative sexual health care should be considered in ongoing research about patient needs, and healthcare providers may wish to consider particular challenges faced by PrEP users concerning re-start and continuation.

Pius XII’s Addresses to the Catholic Union of Midwives on October 29, 1951 and the National Congress of the Family Front and the Association of Large Families on November 27, 1951 were a pivotal moment in the history of sexuality in the Catholic Church because the pope permitted the use of the rhythm method for the purposes of family planning. They occurred at a moment of transition between Pius XI’s condemnation of contraception and abortion in 1930 and Paul VI’s denunciation of the birth control pill in 1968. This essay argues that these two speeches require greater scholarly attention and that West Germany represents a compelling case study for their reception. Other scholars document well the importance of Germany to the life and papacy of Pius XII, but little light has been shed on how Central European Catholics responded to his views about sex. In a fresh reading of the papal intervention, this essay suggests that the speeches only endorsed practices that had been common since the 1930s. In the midst of changing norms about sex and increased access to birth control as well as anxiety about rapid social change, Pius XII’s attempt at conciliation was significant but ultimately failed.

Reproductive Rights Through the Lens of Causal Stories: A Policy Analysis seeks to draw a connection between reproductive rights policy, causal stories, and public opinion. The causal stories theory explains that the way we define a problem–specifically, how we attribute blame and responsibility to that problem and whether or not we view it as amenable to change by human intervention–influences the government’s response to them. Thus, causal stories often translate into public policy responses. By marking out important punctuations in reproductive rights policy, this thesis traces the historical evolution of reproductive rights, uses the events of the time to gauge the causal stories influencing policy, evaluates the role that political actors have played in promoting those causal stories, and measures how public opinion has responded to certain policy decisions. A core argument in this thesis is that, for a causal story to effect policy change, the causal story must have majority public support because the U.S. government is designed to be responsive to public opinion. To assess this claim, I compare reproductive rights policy and the causal stories implicated in it with public opinion, mainly gathered through public opinion polling results throughout the last few decades. I find that, for the most part, this claim holds up relatively well; however, in 2022, reproductive rights experienced a significant shift that ran contrary to public opinion. The thesis ends with a discussion of what the overturn of Roe v. Wade signals for the democraticness of the Supreme Court, the causal stories involved in the decision, and what this means for the future of American democracy.

This paper presents new causal evidence on the "power" of oral contraceptives in shaping women's lives, leveraging the 1970 liberalization of the Pill for minors in the Netherlands and demand- and supply-side religious preferences that affected Pill take-up. We analyze administrative data to demonstrate that, after Pill liberalization, minors from less conservative areas were more likely to delay fertility/marriage and to accumulate human capital in the long run. We then show how these large effects were eliminated for women facing a higher share of gatekeepers – general practitioners and pharmacists – who were opposed to providing the Pill on religious grounds.

Breast cancer is a strong risk factor of cancer amongst women. One in eight women suffers from breast cancer. It is a life-threatening illness and is utterly dreadful. The root cause which is the breast cancer agent is still under research. There are, however, certain potentially dangerous factors like age, genetics, obesity, birth control, cigarettes, and tablets. Breast cancer is often a malignant tumor that begins in the breast cells and eventually spreads to the surrounding tissue. If detected early, the illness may be reversible. The probability of preservation diminishes as the number of measurements increases. Numerous imaging techniques are used to identify breast cancer. This research examines different breast cancer detection strategies via the use of imaging techniques, data mining techniques, and various characteristics, as well as a brief comparative analysis of the existing breast cancer detection system. Breast cancer mortality will be significantly reduced if it is identified and treated early. There are technological difficulties linked to scans and people’s inconsistency with breast cancer. In this study, we introduced a form of breast cancer diagnosis. There are different methods involved to collect and analyze details. In the preprocessing stage, the input data picture is filtered by using a window or by cropping. Segmentation can be performed using k -means algorithm. This study is aimed at identifying the calcifications found in bosom cancer in the last phase. The suggested approach is already implemented in MATLAB, and it produces reliable performance.

Статья посвящена изучению перехода от религиозно-нравственного и правового контроля рождаемости к биополитической модели в конце XIX–начале XX вв. Цель статьи – установить, каким образом медикализация репродуктивного поведения повлияла на социальную политику государства и формы контроля деторождения. Использованы исторические источники XIX–начала XX в.: законодательные акты, судебная статистика, медицинские документы, отчеты родильных клиник и женские эгодокументы. В условиях развития капиталистических отношений, урбанизации и секуляризации религиозно-нравственное и законодательное регулирование деторождения становилось малоэффективным. Резкое увеличение числа выкидышей, фиксируемое в медицинских учреждениях, свидетельствовало о возросшем стремлении женщин ограничивать процесс деторождения. Государственный контроль через уголовный запрет абортов оказался неэффективным. Происходила легитимация абортивных практик в условиях их законодательного запрета. Новым средством регулирования репродуктивного поведения стала профессиональная медицина. С последней четверти XIX в. формируется медикосоциальная модель контроля репродуктивного поведения. «Политика абортов» стала приобретать биополитическое измерение и связываться с появлением абортов по медицинским показаниям. Аборт в глазах общественности приобретал легитимность в условиях акушерской клиники, осуществляемый под контролем профессионального сообщества. Вначале XX в. многие врачи предлагали ввести социальные показания к аборту. В отличие от западных коллег, которые настаивали на ужесточении законодательства об абортах, в России врачи заняли более либеральную позицию, что стало основой для формирования новой модели контроля рождаемости – биополитической. Декриминализация абортов отражала интересы государства (в части контроля над репродуктивным поведением) и врачей (рост их авторитета). Принятое в 1920 г. решение о легализации абортов стало логическим завершением дискуссии о контроле над рождаемостью, возникшей с конца XIX в. В контроле над рождаемостью советское правительство сделало ставку на абортную политику, а не рационализацию сексуальности через распространение средств искусственной контрацепции и новых принципов планирования семьи.

Purpose The IN·clued: Inclusive Healthcare – Youth and Providers Empowered, program is an educational intervention designed to reduce unintended pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning youths. The goals are to increase sexual health knowledge, healthcare self-efficacy, and sexual healthcare use, and to reduce unprotected sexual behaviors. Methods Through funding from the federal Office of Adolescent Health Teen Pregnancy Prevention Initiative, IN·clued was evaluated using a cluster randomized control trial. The study took place in 16 states with 1,401 youths; 1,182 of whom (84.4%) completed surveys one year after the workshop. This analysis uses an intent-to-treat framework using ordinary least squares regressions to estimate the effects on each outcome. Results One year after the workshop, compared with the control youths, a significantly smaller proportion of IN·clued participants had vaginal sex without a condom in the past three months and did so significantly fewer times. Youths who received IN·clued demonstrated significantly higher knowledge and healthcare self-efficacy scores. A significantly greater proportion of the program youths had been to a doctor or clinic for and received contraception or birth control. A significantly greater proportion of the program youths reported feeling they could advocate for their own relevant sexual health care. Conclusions IN·clued sought to change risky sexual behaviors, sexual health knowledge, receipt of sexual health care services, and self-efficacy regarding health care and achieved these goals. Findings were extremely positive with a population that has been neglected in sex education programs.

Objective: Our objective was to observe the prevalence of postpartum contraceptive use in a population of rural women in Southwest Guatemala by type, and to determine characteristics associated with long-acting reversible contraceptive (LARC) use and sterilization. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of prospectively collected quality improvement data from a cohort of postpartum women. We compared women intending to use or already using contraception to those not intending to utilize a method; bivariate comparisons were used to determine if there were differences in characteristics between these groups. If differences occurred (p < 0.2), those covariates were included in multivariable regression analyses to determine characteristics associated with use, and then specifically with LARC use and sterilization. Results: In a cohort of 424 women who were surveyed between 2015-2017, the average age was 23 years old, and the prevalence of use or plan to use postpartum contraception was 87.5%. Women with a parity of 2 - 3 were 10% more likely to use any form of postpartum birth control (RR 1.1, CI [1.01, 1.2]) compared to primiparous women. Women who were married were also more likely to use a postpartum method (RR > 10, CI [>10,>10]). The prevalence of LARC use was low (4.0%), and women were more likely to choose this method if they were employed (RR 3.5 CI [1.1, 11.3]). Regarding sterilization, women with a parity of greater than one compared to primiparous women had an increased likelihood of sterilization (RR 3.6 CI [2.5,4.9]); each year a woman aged was associated with a 10% increased likelihood of postpartum sterilization (RR 1.1 CI [1.01,1.08]). Women were also more likely to choose sterilization if delivered by a skilled birth attendant (RR 1.8 CI [1.1,2.9]) or by cesarean birth (RR 2.1 CI [1.4,3.1]). Conclusion: In this cohort, married women of higher parity were more likely to use postpartum contraception, with employed women more likely to use a LARC method. Older women of higher parity who were delivered by a skilled attendant by cesarean birth were the most likely to pursue sterilization.

Objectives To explore young men's perceived experience of coercive pregnancy behaviors by female partners, and engagement in and behavioral overlap of these occurrences in this sample. Study design Heterosexually active young men aged 15 to 24 (n = 39), recruited from 3 primary care and 2 sexually transmitted disease clinics in Baltimore, MD city over a 2-week period, were surveyed on their perceived experience of and engagement in coercive pregnancy behaviors, attitudes about women, and background characteristics. Results Of 130 invited, 66 (51%) agreed to participate, 39 of whom were heterosexual young men; 87% were non-Hispanic Black and 59% were aged 20 to 24. Eleven (28%) perceived one or more coercive pregnancy behaviors by a partner and nine (23%) engaged in one or more coercive behavior. Most (58%) agreed women are responsible for birth control decisions, but 55% believed women could not be trusted to tell the truth about contraceptive use and 68% believe women would like to get pregnant. Conclusions Over one-third of young men in this sample perceived experience of coercive pregnancy behaviors by partners and/or engaged in these behaviors. Findings have implications for promoting healthy relationships among young people. Implications This study found over one-third of young men perceived experience of coercive pregnancy behaviors by partners and/or engaged in these behaviors. Findings highlight the need for research to include young men in examining coercive pregnancy behaviors. Findings also highlight the need to develop strategies to support educational and clinical approaches to address young men's role as partners in healthy contraceptive practices.

Introduction : Contraceptive injections are one of the contraceptive methods available in Indonesia that serve to prevent the occurrence of pregnancy through hormonal injections. Hormonal contraceptive type birth control injections one of them injectable kb 1 month. This 1-month injectable birth control can prevent egg release or ovulation every month. In addition, this kb also thickens cervical mucus, making it difficult for sperm to move through the cervix. This contraceptive also thins the lining of the uterus so that the fertilized egg is more difficult to implant in the uterus. Method : This study aims to find out an overview of the mother's knowledge about 1 month injectable birth control at Klinik Pratama Tanjung Deli Tua in 2021. This research uses descriptive methods. The samples in this study are all kb acceptors who are still active and visited Klinik Pratama Tanjung Deli Tua in 2021 with a total of 30 respondents. Researchers used primary and secondary data that was processed using SPSS and presented using open tables. Result : The results of the study were as follows: of 30 respondents who were knowledgeable with a good category of 8 people (26.7%), followed by enough category knowledge as many as 10 people (33.3%), and knowledge with a category of less than 12 people (40.0%). Conclusion : The lack of knowledge of the mother about the injectable kb 1 month, it is expected that health workers can provide counseling to the new and recurring KB acceptors about the injectable kb 1 month

AIM To examine adolescent contraceptive literacy and condom knowledge in Botswana. BACKGROUND In Botswana, adolescent HIV infection rates remain high and unintended pregnancies are the predominant reason girls drop out of school. Despite a national mandate for comprehensive sexuality education and youth-friendly health services, access to accurate sexual and reproductive health information for adolescents remains limited. METHODS Two hundred forty adolescents attending secondary schools in Maun, Botswana, completed cross-sectional surveys in 2020. Bivariate and logistic regression examined factors associated with contraceptive literacy and self-reported condom knowledge. FINDINGS Although 90% of students were aware of one or more forms of contraception, only 67% could name a method for which they knew a source and only half of sexually active respondents had used birth control during their last sexual experience. Respondents reported that teachers and family members were the most important sources of information; only 8.2% of respondents identified health professionals in that role. Adolescents who consulted nurses had eight times greater odds of reporting correct condom-use knowledge than those who consulted teachers. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING POLICY The positive association between adolescents' condom-use knowledge and nurses as information resources supports a call to expand nurses' role in health education in secondary schools and clinics in Botswana. Education and training programs for health professionals that build communication skills for working with adolescents should be promoted as an essential step in youth-friendly service provision. CONCLUSION Contraceptive literacy among adolescents in Botswana is low and may contribute to risk behaviors that drive rates of HIV and pregnancies in this population. Interventions to reduce adolescent HIV risk behaviors and unintended pregnancy may prove more effective if they involve nurses as communicators and educators.

Female feticide has been a major social malady in Indian society including all religion, educated- uneducated, rich-poor and rural-urban. It would be difficult to root out this problem, if the entire society does not get aware and value the significance of a girl child. So, the present study was planned to assess the association of marital status and districts with family planning and birth control. The study was conducted in Uttar Pradesh state with nine districts randomly selected on the basis of sex-ratio i.e. high, middle and low. Random selection of 50 respondents from each district was done. Data was collected by using standardized scale “Family Planning and Birth Control Attitude Scale” developed by Dr. M. Rajamanickam (2005) with four variables (Population Problem, Fertility Control, Contraceptive method and Sterilization. Result revealed that majority of male (81.8%) and female (79.1%) respondents were married and vice versa. Equal percentage of male and female (50%) respondents was taken from in all districts of high, middle and low sex-ratio. Results throw light on four variables in which mean value was seen more in population problem variables i.e. (31.12) in middle sex ration districts. Mean values in other three variables were i.e. Fertility Control-(30.86), Contraceptive method-(29.99), and Sterilization (30.45).Data further asserted that significant association was found with districts and all variables. (Population problem F=5.98, Fertility Control F=11.18,Contraceptive Method F=4.81and Sterilization F=3.41). In case of marital status, unmarried respondents in population problem variables (30.52) have more mean value. But married respondents have more mean value in other three variables i.e. Fertility Control-29.76, Contraceptive method-29.36, and Sterilization-29.85. Data reported that significant association of marital status was found with two variables only i.e. Contraceptive method t= 3.88 and Sterilization t=3.11. It is concluded that districts with middle sex-ratio and married respondents were in favor of family planning and birth control.

Introduction Contraceptive use is lower among students attending community college than 4-year college students, which may be due to financial barriers to accessing contraceptives. This study examined insurance coverage, access to free or low-cost birth control, and concerns about contraceptive costs among women in community college. Methods We analyzed data from a study conducted at five community colleges in California and Oregon, which have expanded Medicaid coverage of family planning services for low-income individuals. Participants were students aged 18–25 years who self-identified as female, had vaginal sex, and were not pregnant or trying to become pregnant (N = 389). Multivariate analyses were conducted to examine concerns about the cost of contraception among these young women and how cost concerns varied by insurance coverage and access to free or low-cost birth control. Results Nearly one-half of participants (49%) were concerned about the cost of contraception. In multivariate models, privately insured women had lower odds of being concerned about the cost of birth control than the uninsured (adjusted odds ratio, 0.42; 95% confidence interval, 0.22–0.83), yet women with public insurance had cost concerns similar to those of women without insurance. Women who reported they knew where to get free or low-cost birth control had lower odds of reporting cost concerns (adjusted odds ratio, 0.42; 95% confidence interval, 0.24–0.75), as did the few women enrolled in a state family planning program (adjusted odds ratio, 0.56; 95% confidence interval, 0.32–1.00). Conclusions Even in states with publicly funded services for young people, concerns about the affordability of contraception were common among women, particularly the uninsured or publicly insured. Addressing students’ cost concerns is an important aspect of ensuring access to contraception during their pursuit of higher education.

This study sought to assess the perceptions illiterate mothers on birth control and the control measures practice in Zamfara State using some selected Local Government Area (LGA) as case study. The descriptive survey research design was adopted. The study population consisted of all nursing but illiterate mothers in Zamfara State. Four hundred (400) illiterate mothers were selected sampled out of the study population using stratified simple random sampling technique. Two research questions and four null hypotheses were formulated and tested at the 0.05 levels of significance. The study made use of questionnaire as research instrument. The instrument was subjected to face and content validity by three (3) medical practitioners from Federal Medical Centre Gusau. The data collected from the study were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and Standard deviation) and the t-test statistical analysis was used to test the null hypotheses. Findings from the study revealed that there was a statistically significant difference between the Pre-test findings and the findings after being exposed to measures to be taken in birth control; There was a statistically significant difference between the Pre-test findings and the findings after being exposed to factors that contribute to their not utilizing some birth control measures and advised on the way forward.

The number of population in Indonesia is increasing, this is a big problem. Indonesia is the fifth country in the world with the highest estimated population of 249 million, with 2.6 Fertility or Total Fertility Rate (TFR) still high compared to other ASEAN countries with an average rate of 2.4 (Ministry of Health RI, 2014). Efforts to deal with the rate of Indonesian population hold a Family Planning program to achieve quality families, namely by regulating the number of children, while the most widely used contraceptives are DMPA injections, the most frequent side effect of DMPA injection contraception is weight gain which can result in drop out acceptors. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between DMPA (Depo Medroxy Progesteron Asetat) contraception and weight gain in KB acceptors at Punggur Health Center in 2018. The results of the research conducted by researchers on 133 respondents that there were 77 family planning acceptors (57.8%) using DMPA KB injections, and 73 acceptors (45.1%) KB acceptors at Purbolinggo Health Center experienced a one-year increase in weight after using the tool contraception. Based on the bivariate test of acceptors with DMPA injection contraception and weight gain of 43 (55.8%) KB acceptors. Based on the results of the chi-square analysis with a 95% confidence level obtained p-value = 0.004

Objective Reddit is one of the most popular websites in the United States because of its user-driven aggregation and community-based curation of online content. We describe the use and impact of Reddit's Ask Me Anything platform, for public engagement and education about developments in hormonal male contraception (HMC). Methods We analyzed the content from and user engagement with 2 Reddit Ask Me Anything events that answered user queries about HMC in June 2018 and March 2019. Clinical trial investigators provided real-time responses throughout the events. We examined the 25 most popular posts from each event, analyzing content for salient themes via an inductive approach. To quantify event impact, we examined Google Trends data and subsequent traffic to the investigator website. Results Over 18,000 registered Reddit users interacted with each of the 2 Ask Me Anything events, with each generating over 1600 comments. The most popular posts of each Ask Me Anything event expressed interest in off-target effects associated with the use of HMCs. Additional themes included queries about previous and ongoing clinical trials, HMC physiology, and market analyses and projections of public willingness to use HMCs. The events coincided with a spike in both Google searches for “male birth control” and first-time visits to the study's website where users could express interest in participating in clinical trials. Conclusion Reddit Ask Me Anything events conducted by HMC investigators revealed wide public interest in HMCs. The events prompted further searches for more information on male contraception, while driving traffic to the investigator website for trial recruitment purposes. Implications Reddit Ask Me Anything events are a popular, cost-free online platform for publicly responding to a range of HMC-related queries, while providing investigators with insight into stakeholder priorities and preoccupations.

Research aims to understand the impact of previous use of hormonal birth control on sexual desire, relationships, and menstrual cycles in a sample of women in the US switching to Natural Cycles as a method of birth control, who were using hormonal birth control immediately prior to Natural Cycles.

The COVID-19 pandemic influenced health care with effects on contraception access emerging. The study objectives were to analyze pandemic impacts on birth control (BC) use and access; and evaluate perceptions of pharmacist-prescribed BC. A 50-item survey was distributed by 31 Michigan community pharmacies to women aged 18–45 over a three-month period. The survey link was also posted on two websites. 147 surveys were analyzed. Respondents were 29 ± 7.9 years old, primarily white (77%) and straight (81%). Fifty-eight percent of respondents used prescription BC, mostly to prevent pregnancy (84%) with oral pills (76%) being the most common formulation. Some BC users (25%) were worried about BC access and 27% had difficulty taking BC regularly. Half of the respondents (50%) would likely use pharmacist-prescribed BC if available, with advantages being more convenient than visiting a doctor’s office (71%) and easier access (69%). The major concern about pharmacist-prescribed BC was women not receiving PAP smears and screenings (61%). Respondents reported high confidence (72%) in pharmacist-prescribed BC and believe it would help prevent unintended pregnancies (69%). Some respondents experienced altered BC use and access. Half of the respondents supported pharmacist-prescribed BC. Pharmacist-prescribed BC could help solve pandemic-related access problems.

Are policy arguments more or less persuasive when they are made by female politicians? Using a diverse sample of American respondents, we conduct a survey experiment which randomly varies the gender associated with two co-partisan candidates across four policy debates. We find strong effects contingent on respondent partisanship and gender, most notably on the issue of access to birth control. On this issue, regardless of the candidate's stance, Democratic respondents, particularly Democratic men, are much more likely to agree with the female candidate. Conversely, Republican respondents, particularly Republican women, are much more likely to agree with the male candidate. We discuss the implications of our findings for the meaning of gender as a heuristic in a highly partisan environment.

Family Planning Elevated (FPE) is a statewide contraceptive intiative in Utah. FPE expands access to contraceptive education, training, and services for Utah providers and patients, in an effort to improve the intended pregnancy rate across the state of Utah.

High maternal mortality remains a global health issue. In 2017, approximately 295,000 women worldwide died from complications related to pregnancy or childbirth, and 94% of these maternal deaths occurred in low-income countries. Evidence shows that family planning (FP) improves maternal health outcomes and significantly contributes to the reduction of maternal mortality. Low FP uptake is partly attributed to inadequate education of health care providers to provide FP services. The purpose of this study was to describe nurse/midwife educators' understanding and enactment of teaching FP methods with nursing/midwifery students in educational programs. More precisely, the aim of this study was to generate a substantive theory that explains how nurse/midwife educators introduce FP methods into their teaching practice to facilitate learning among nurse/midwifery students. This study was conducted following the constructivist grounded theory methodology as articulated by Dr. Kathy Charmaz. The primary source of data was individual semi-structured interviews with 25 nurse/midwife educators recruited from all the schools/faculties/departments of nursing and midwifery in Rwanda, augmented with written documents related to FP education in nursing/midwifery pre-service programs. The substantive theory that emerged from the data analysis indicated that the process of teaching FP in pre-service nursing/midwifery education has three phases: preparing, facilitating and evaluating. This theory also identified the influential factors that impact that process and the actions that nurse/midwife educators engage in to address the challenges related to those influential factors. These study findings generated valuable knowledge that can guide the improvement of teaching FP in pre-service nursing/midwifery programs in Rwanda and other limited-resource countries and contexts.

A tanulmány bemutatja, hogyan kapcsolódott össze a születésszabályozás és születéskorlátozás a tömeges nemi erőszakkal az első és a második világháborúban, továbbá hogyan erősítette fel a korábban is meglevő vitákat a nemi erőszak jelensége, illetve ennek milyen törvényi és a nők életdöntéseit befolyásoló gyakorlati következményei voltak. Az első világháború során elkövetett nemierőszak-esetek indították el a nyilvános szakpolitikai vitákat, amelyek nyomán fokozatosan egyre nagyobb teret engedtek a terhesség legális megszakításának. Az 1945-ös tömeges katonai erőszak pedig precedensértékű legalizációt hozott magával, ami után a magyar szabályozás a váltakozó szovjet családpolitikát követte. A cikk bemutatja, hogy a szülész–nőgyógyász lobbi hogyan vett részt a vitákban, illetve hogyan volt képes szakmai és anyagi érdekeit az éppen aktuális szakpolitikai döntések során is képviselni, például az 1952-es népesedéspolitikai kampány során. Az abortuszbizottságok és társadalmi szerepük meghatározónak bizonyultak legalább egy nőgeneráció számára. Az ötvenes évek elején megkezdődő erőteljes medikalizáció és adminisztrációs ellenőrzés a hetvenes évekre megváltoztatta a születésszabályozási rendszert: a terhességmegszakítások dominanciáját fokozatosan felváltotta a modern fogamzásgátló szerek széleskörű használata. Az újabb népesedéspolitikai kampány (1973) és a civil ellenállás, majd a rendszerváltást követő alkotmányos szabályozás körüli kiélezett viták mutatják a mára létrejött kényes egyensúly törékenységét és a kompromisszumos megoldás egyfajta lehetőségét. Fotó: Fortepan / Urbán Tamás

В статье представлены результаты опроса экспертов, проведенного в январе-феврале 1996 г. с целью выявления мнений специалистов по ряду принципиальных вопросов, касающихся контроля рождаемости в России. Данное исследование было частью исследовательского проекта «Планирование семьи и политика общественного здравоохранения в России: переход от аборта к контрацепции в меняющемся обществе», выполнявшегося Институтом международных исследований семьи (Москва) в 1995-1997 гг. Всего было опрошено 89 экспертов, представлявших научные круги исследователей из различных областей знания (география, демография, история, психология, медицина, философия, экономика), организаторов здравоохранения и практикующих врачей, депутатов Государственной думы, представителей федеральных и региональных органов исполнительной власти и священников. Программа опроса охватывала вопросы легитимности и моральной приемлемости аборта, оценку действующего законодательства об искусственном прерывании беременности, оценку допустимости людьми регулирования репродуктивной функции и наиболее приемлемых способов контроля рождаемости в контексте тенденций рождаемости в стране, оценку деятельности общественных организаций, выступающих за ограничение и запрещение аборта по желанию женщин и возможных последствий изменения законодательства по отношению к аборту и планированию семьи. Подавляющее большинство опрошенных экспертов поддержали безусловное право женщин решать судьбу своей беременности. Законодательный запрет абортов и ограничение права женщин на прерывание беременности по их желанию, по мнению экспертов, не решил бы проблемы низкой рождаемости и мог бы иметь только отрицательные последствия с точки зрения повышения уровня криминогенности в стране и ухудшения состояния здоровья женского населения. Спустя четверть века вопросы, затронутые в исследовании середины 1990-х, остаются по-прежнему актуальными.

A new low-dose, once-a-week contraceptive transdermal delivery system (TDS) with 2.3-mg ethinyl estradiol (EE) and 2.6-mg levonorgestrel (LNG; Twirla®) has recently been approved by the US FDA for contraception of women with BMI 2. The rationale for developing this new patch, the preclinical study results and the results from two innovative Phase III clinical trials demonstrate that this patch has an acceptable Pearl index (4.3%) for its indicated users and has safety and tolerability comparable to other similar dose oral combined hormonal contraceptives. This new TDS provides an improvement over the existing TDS products, with significantly lower steady-state estrogen exposure, a level equal to that with 30-µg EE containing oral contraceptives.

The USA has a high rate of adolescent pregnancy, with non-Hispanic (NH) Black and Hispanic women disproportionately affected. We sought to investigate the presence of racial/ethnic disparities in the receipt of sexual health (SRH) care and education and whether such disparities contribute to differences in sexual health outcomes for youth. We conducted a cross-sectional study of females aged 15–21 years who participated in the National Survey of Family Growth from 2008 to 2015. Multivariable logistic regression was used to measure the association between race/ethnicity and SRH outcomes after adjustment for potential confounders. Models were developed to measure whether receipt of SRH care and education served as an effect modifier on SRH outcomes. The sample included 4316 participants, representing 33.5 million females. Almost half (47.2%) received birth control services in the last 12 months; NH-Blacks (aOR 0.7 [0.5, 0.9]) and Hispanics (aOR 0.6 [0.5, 0.8]) were less likely to have obtained birth control services than NH-whites. Hispanics (aOR 1.5 [1.2, 1.9]) had a higher likelihood of receipt of condom education than NH-whites. We found that disparities in SRH outcomes were slightly mitigated after adjustment for access to SRH care and education. We identified racial/ethnic disparities in sexual health outcomes and in SRH and education; however, SRH care and education can mitigate some of these differences in sexual behaviors and outcomes. Racial/ethnic differences in sexual health outcomes may be at least partially related to the differential receipt of sexual health care and education and deserve further investigation.

The city of Kirkuk is one of the disputed cities between the Kurdistan Regional Government and Baghdad. In the Iraqi Constitution 2005, through Article 140, the constitutional solution to this problem was decided, through (normalization, the census of the city’s population, the referendum). This process is depending on the number of population . The simple marriage habits of Arabs and the difficulty of Kurdish marriage led to rapid population growth among Arabs.. Population growth is influenced by a wide array of social and cultural variables including social customs, marriage levels, birth rate, and family size and so on. The Kurdish rural community has been dismantled since the 1980s, while the Arab rural society is in a state of continuous growth. Moreover, the Kurdish population is concentrated inside the city and practices urban or marginal occupations, while the Arab population has become widely distributed in villages, districts and within the city, practicing pastoral, agricultural, governmental, security and military occupations. The Arab rural community is also characterized by high demographic growth due to early marriage, lack of family planning and polygamy, while the Kurdish urban population is characterized by a low population due to delayed marriages, birth control and civil marriage. Furthermore, the average size of Kurdish family is between (3 to 5 persons), while the average size of Arab family, especially in rural areas, ranges between 8 and 10. The process of marriage in Arab society is easy and does not cost much while this process tends to be more costly in Kurdish community. It is worth mentioning that the migration of Kurdish youth outwards or the migration of Kurdish families to Kurdistan Region is high, while migration for many Arab families and their young members tend to be towards Kirkuk city. The percentage of spinsterhood in Kurdish society is higher compare to Arab community. Therefore, we expect that the percentage of Kurds in Kirkuk will fall to (38%) in 2030, after it was 48% in the 1957. And the percentage of Arabs in Kirkuk will arise to (35%) in 2030, after it was 21% in the 1957.

In the mid-twentieth century, the Family Planning Association emerged in Britain as one of the largest providers of infertility diagnosis for men and women. In the early years of the century, women were coming to birth control centers seeking cures for their childlessness, well before those centers began officially offering infertility investigation and treatment. What changed by mid-century was the emergence of a determination not only to welcome infertility patients at birth control clinics but to establish the clinics as centers for infertility research and care. Beginning in the late 1930s, eugenicists concerned with the impact of population decline on the social acceptability of birth control formed an alliance with feminist medical professionals determined both to empower women in involuntarily childless marriages to understand and address the causes of their infertility and to shift the paradigm of infertility treatment away from its over-focus on the female body. This political marriage of convenience gave birth to a large-scale movement to diagnose both male and female infertility through the auspices of the Family Planning Association. The organization's infertility program, in turn, spurred the development of infertility as a field of medical research in postwar Britain and encouraged the expansion of National Health Service provision of infertility care.

Objectives We describe the prevalence and correlates of nonuse of preferred contraceptive method among women 18-44 years of age in Ohio using contraception. Study Design The population-representative Ohio Survey of Women had 2529 participants in 2018–2019, with a response rate of 33.5%. We examined prevalence of preferred method nonuse, reasons for nonuse, and satisfaction with current method among current contraception users (n = 1390). We evaluated associations between demographic and healthcare factors and preferred method nonuse. Results About 25% of women reported not using their preferred contraceptive method. The most common barrier to obtaining preferred method was affordability (13%). Those not using their preferred method identified long-acting methods (49%), oral contraception (33%), or condoms (21%) as their preferred methods. The proportion using their preferred method was highest among intrauterine device (IUD) users (86%) and lowest among emergency contraception users (64%). About 16% of women using permanent contraception reported it was not their preferred method. Having the lowest socioeconomic status (versus highest) (prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.47, 95% CI: 1.11–1.96), Hispanic ethnicity (versus non-Hispanic white) (PR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.15–2.90), reporting poor provider satisfaction related to contraceptive care (PR: 2.33, 95% CI: 1.02–5.29), and not having a yearly women's checkup (PR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.01–1.68) were significantly associated with nonuse of preferred method. Compared to preferred-method nonusers, higher proportions of preferred-method users reported consistent contraceptive use (89% vs. 73%, p Conclusions Affordability and poor provider satisfaction related to contraceptive care were associated with nonuse of preferred contraceptive method. Those using their preferred method reported more consistent use. Implications Cost is an important barrier for women in obtaining their preferred contraceptive methods. Low quality birth control care may also be a barrier to preferred-method use. Removal of cost barriers and improvement in contraceptive counseling strategies may increase access to preferred contraceptive methods.

Throughout the 1930s and 1940s birth control became a part of a larger social problem that spanned across political and religious lines. Due to economic issues caused by the Great Depression, bringing children into the world was no longer a feasible dream for many families that already struggled with providing for themselves and any children they already had. The Comstock Laws prevented women from seeking out contraceptive methods to prevent unwanted pregnancies. Men, however, were encouraged during World War II to use contraceptives to prevent pregnancies. While white women were not being given choices on their own reproductive rights, women of color in the South were being forced into sterilization programs. These programs highlight the authority men had over women’s agency at the time. The role of the church at the time is also explored as the Protestant and the Catholic church had drastically different views on the use of birth control.