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De zorgsector verwerkt zeer gevoelige persoonsgegevens, waaronder gezondheidsgegevens. Bij onvoorzichtige omgang, kan dit een grote impact hebben op de rechten en vrijheden van natuurlijke personen. eHealth moet daarom voldoen aan het vereiste van data protection by design. Wanneer hieraan niet is voldaan, is het zaak om handhavend op te treden ter voorkoming van datalekken. Sinds de Algemene Verordening Gegevensbescherming (AVG) van toepassing is, bereikten meerdere datalekken het voorpaginanieuws waarbij eHealth niet voldeed aan voornoemde verplichting. In dit artikel onderzoeken de auteurs in hoeverre de in de AVG opgenomen handhavingsmogelijkheden met bijbehorende rechtsmiddelen de bescherming van persoonsgegevens waarborgen bij de inzet van eHealth.

The Kiai Kampung Authority is still the main reference for suburban communities in dealing with socio-religious problems because it is considered to have moral superiority, exemplary in solving community problems. Therefore, this piece of writing will show that their role is not displaced by social media. The paper applies the principles of field studies with a phenomenological approach carried out in several suburban areas in East Java: Ngawi, Magetan, and Madiun. Peter L. Berger's theory of social construction in this paper is used to find the authority of the village kyai in constructing local Islam. People tend to seek information through social media, but regarding religious science, Kiai in their environment is still the main reference. In everyday life, villagers use social media to access various information, but not as the only reference. The existence of social media has a significant influence on people's life patterns but does not have much impact on the pattern of religious attitudes. Social media for Kiai can indeed provide benefits to get the development of the outside world.

Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) and its accompanying Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ-1) stimulated a large body of research. A revised version (MFQ-2) was recently released, aimed at improving validity. We report three studies testing this new instrument. Study 1 (N = 809) validated the six-foundation structure of the MFQ in U.K. subjects. Study 2 verified this model in independent U.S. data (N = 835). The MFQ-2 was also validated against eighteen external criteria (such as religiosity and left- and right-wing authoritarianism). Finally, in Study 3, subjects were recontacted after seven months to test the reliability of the MFQ-2. All foundations demonstrated acceptable reliability (ω-t = 0.79 to 0.92). Studies 1 and 2 broadly support the six-foundation structure, with well-fitting item-level models closely matching the proposed structure of the MFQ-2. Group factors of individualizing and group were needed. A nuance is that the Loyalty foundation was split into separate factors for Loyalty to a group and a nation. The MFQ-2 demonstrated good reliability and high validity, predicting 17 out of 18 external-validity scales at statistically significant and substantive levels. The MFQ-2 reliably and validly assesses moral foundations, with improved properties over its predecessor.

What are the consequences of the rise of foreign state-led investment for international politics? Existing research oscillates between a 'geopolitical' and a 'commercial' logic driving this type of investment and remains inconclusive about its wider international reverberations. In this paper, I suggest going beyond this dichotomy by analyzing its systemic consequences. To do so, I conceptually delineate a geoeconomic approach that emphasizes the globalized nature of foreign state investment. I argue that foreign state investment creates system-level patterns, which can be studied by observing similar sectoral and geographic investment behavior. I map this phenomenon globally for the first time, drawing on the largest dataset on foreign state investment. Empirically, I show how foreign state investment is highly concentrated in Europe, North America and East Asia, and is owned by a handful of dominant states. It is especially European geo-industrial clusters that represent the hotspots of such concentration. The findings also suggest that three global industries - energy production, high-tech manufacturing, and transportation and logistics - form the key areas for current and future state-led investment concentration. With these contributions, the paper illuminates the increasing presence of states as owners in the global political economy, and facilitates its study as a geoeconomic phenomenon.

Las formas y tipologías artísticas, la música y los ritos solemnes de una liturgia, especialmente cuidada, han distinguido, secularmente, a nuestras catedrales. De modo muy especial en las fiestas, en donde se han venido fundiendo lo solemne (rito), lo artístico (belleza) y lo extraordinario (infrecuente). El ejemplo de la catedral de Pamplona y su ceremonial, a lo largo de los siglos, viene a ejemplificar la importancia de los mencionados elementos, en una ciudad que ostentaba la capitalidad del virreinato navarro, en la que los elementos de poder y representación cobraban un especial significado., The forms and artistic typologies, the music and the solemn rites of a liturgy, especially careful, have distinguished, secularly, our cathedrals. In a very special way in the festivals, where the solemn (rite), the artistic (beauty) and the extraordinary (infrequent) have been merging. The example of the cathedral of Pamplona and its ceremonial, throughout the centuries, comes to exemplify the importance of the aforementioned elements, in a city that held the capital status of the Navarrese viceroyalty, in which the elements of power and representation took on a special meaning.

Digital technology has come to play a vital role in contemporary religious life, both in the real world and in virtual worlds. Regardless of their comfort with it, whether for facilitating worship or for communicating religious values, all religious traditions have had to face the ubiquity of digital technology and find a place for it in their worldview. While some traditions lean one way or another on the use of digital technology, the majority find themselves somewhere in the middle. This may mean that they are dedicated to a neutral view, but in many cases, it simply means that they have not wrestled adequately with the issues involved. In the case of Orthodoxy, there seems to be a disconnect between private and public use of digital technology. While individuals in the Orthodox community use it in the same way that their non-Orthodox neighbors do, institutional use of digital technology is fraught with contradiction and ambivalence. On the one hand, digital technology is embraced as a way to make Orthodoxy more visible, viable, and more accessible, particularly to its adherents. On the other hand, it is regarded with some suspicion, having limited use for mediating core beliefs, practices, and aesthetics of the Orthodox faith, and potentially serving to disconnect Orthodox faithful from their true community. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the uncertainly that Orthodox feel about the appropriateness of digital technology for mediating religious life has become particularly acute, and many issues have arisen which call out for resolution.

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie granic i sensu myśli konserwatywnej w epoce końca tradycyjnej edukacji. Przybliżone zostaje znaczenie pojęcia autorytetu, który w edukacji oznacza odpowiedzialność za świat. Ukazano różnicę pomiędzy nauczaniem wyjaśniającym a kształceniem budowanym na zaufaniu do intelektualnych zdolności ucznia/studenta. Kryzys wywołany przejściem edukacji akademickiej w zdalny tryb kształcenia umożliwia, jako moment sprzyjający, stawianie podstawowego dla konserwatywnej perspektywy edukacji pytania „co jest przedmiotem zachowania (conservatio)?”. W zmieniającej się rzeczywistości nauczanie i uczenie staje się wydarzeniem mającym na celu intelektualną emancypację zachodzącą po obu stronach procesu kształcenia. Teoretyczną ramę rozważań budują filozoficzne koncepcje Hannah Arendt, Jacquesa Rancière’a w recepcji polskich pedagogów: Pauliny Sosnowskiej i Piotra Zamojskiego. The Limits and Meaning of Conservative Thought in the Era of the End of Traditional Academic Education The aim of this article is to show the limits and meaning of conservative thought in the era of the end of traditional education. The meaning of the notion of authority, which in education means responsibility for the world, is presented. The difference between explanatory teaching and education built on confidence in the intellectual abilities of the pupil/student is shown. The crisis caused by the transition of academic education to a remote mode of education makes it possible, as an enabling moment, to pose the question which is fundamental for the conservative perspective on education: “What is the object of preservation (conservatio)?”. In a changing reality, teaching and learning become events aimed at intellectual emancipation occurring on both sides of the educational process. The theoretical framework of the considerations is built on philosophical concepts of Hannah Arendt and Jacques Rancière in the reception of two Polish pedagogues, Paulina Sosnowska and Piotr Zamojski.

Delineation of the functions, powers and competences of the head of the enterprise, their normative definition is an important part of specifying the rights and duties of a specific official. The role of the head of the enterprise is key to the implementation of effective management of resources, personnel, and structural elements of the business entity. Managerial and administrative functions of the manager are designed to ensure the achievement of the goals set by the owner of the enterprise.The basis for determining the general legal status of the head of the enterprise and his basic competencies is Article 65 of the Economic Code of Ukraine, which stipulates that the head of the enterprise is an official of the enterprise and acts on the basis of the Charter of the enterprise. As an official of the enterprise, the head of the enterprise is endowed with a wide range of authorized competences. He acts on behalf of the enterprise without a mandate, represents its interests in relations with legal entities and citizens and state bodies, forms the administration of the enterprise and resolves issues of the enterprise’s activities, etc. Analysis of the content of Art. 92 of the Civil Code of Ukraine leads to the conclusion that the civil capacity of the enterprise is determined by the subjectivity of the management body and is realized through the performance by the head of the enterprise of actions within the limits of his competence.It was established that the legislator refers the formation of the list of competencies of the head of the enterprise to the sphere of local regulation by the management body. The full list of rights and responsibilities of the head of the enterprise is established in the employment contract and job description, and the range of powers - in the charter of the enterprise.As a result of the research, we offer the following definition of the competence of the head of the enterprise - it is the widest range of opportunities that the head can realize within the framework of his official duties and the rights provided for by law., Розмежування функцій, повноважень та компетенції керівника підприємства, їх нормативного визначення є важливою частиною конкретизації прав і обов’язків конкретної посадової особи. Роль керівника підприємства є ключовою для реалізації ефективного управління ресурсами, кадрами, структурними елементами суб’єкта господарювання. Управлінські та розпорядчі функції керівника покликані забезпечити досягнення цілей, поставлених власником підприємства. Основою визначення загального правового статусу керівника підприємства та його базових компетенцій є стаття 65 Господарського кодексу України, яка закріплює, що керівник підприємства є посадовою особою підприємства та діє на підставі Статуту підприємства. Як посадова особа підприємства, керівник підприємства наділений широким колом правомочних компетенцій. Він без доручення діє від імені підприємства, представляє його інтереси у відносинах з юридичними особами та громадянами та державними органами, формує адміністрацію підприємства і вирішує питання діяльності підприємства тощо. Аналіз змісту ст. 92 ЦК України призводить до висновку, що цивільна дієздатність підприємства визначається суб’єктністю органу управління та реалізується через вчинення керівником підприємства дій у межах своєї компетенції.Встановлено, що законодавець відносить формування переліку компетенцій керівника підприємства до сфери локального регулювання органом управління. Повний перелік прав та обов’язків керівнка підприємства встановлюється у трудовому контракті та посадовій інструкції, а коло повноважень – у статуті підприємства.В результаті дослідження, пропонуємо таке визначення компетенції керівника підприємства – це найширше коло можливостей, які може реалізувати керівник у рамках покладених на нього посадових обов’язків та передбачених законодавством прав.

This work was supported by the John Templeton Foundation (grant number 61346). This article argues that human flourishing is grounded in relationships of mutual judgement according to which we live and grow as characters in the stories of others. More specifically, it will make a theological case that true human flourishing emerges in a world governed by the judgement of the triune God who creates us to find fulfilment in Jesus Christ, by the Spirit, according to the will of the Father. In so doing, it contends that human flourishing is both grounded in and brought about by relationships of accountability. Postprint

Le récit de la mort du capitaine Cook, au sein de la relation de son troisième voyage, accomplit l’exploit d’ériger Cook en auteur d’un texte qu’il n’a pas pu écrire. Considéré comme l’apothéose de l’histoire des voyages d’exploration savante et du récit de cette histoire, le « voyage à l’Océan Pacifique » devient un modèle poétique qui invite rétrospectivement à une relecture de l’ensemble des relations savantes. Il suggère que ce genre, bien que prétendant à une visée scientifique, relève pleinement de la littérature et joue en quelque sorte de l’auctorialité pour asseoir l’autorité des propos retracés. Il est la réalisation manifeste de ce que la critique littéraire et philosophique a nommé la fonction auteur : un individu mort ne peut devenir auteur que si l’auteur est une construction textuelle. The story of Captain Cook’s death, within the narrative of his third voyage, accomplishes the feat of making Cook the author of a text he could not write. Considered as the apotheosis of the history of scholarly exploration journeys, the "voyage to the Pacific Ocean" becomes a poetic model that retrospectively invites us to re-read all the narratives of scholar travels. It suggests that this genre, although claiming to be scientific in scope, is fully literary and plays a bit of an auctorial role in establishing the authority of the statements retraced. It is the obvious realization of what literary and philosophical critics have called the “function auteur”: a dead individual can only become an author if the author is a textual construct.

Histoire d’un voyage de six semaines, récit viatique écrit conjointement par Percy Bysshe Shelley et Mary Shelley en 1817, soulève à la fois la question de l’auctorialité de l’œuvre et sa création collaborative. En effet, le journal repose sur un système partagé de l’écrit où la présence d’une alternance de voix juxtaposées est nette. Se fondant sur un processus de composition textuel complexe, Histoire d’un voyage de six semaines révèle une écriture et une vie communes mais également l’existence de pensées analogues car nourries des discussions avec l’autre. History of a Six Weeks’ Tour is travel narrative written by Percy Bysshe Shelley and Mary Shelley in 1817 and raises two questions surrounding the literary authority and the collaborative creation of the work. Indeed, the diary is based on a shared system of writing in which there is a clear alternation of juxtaposed voices. Based on a complex process of textual composition, History of a Six Weeks’ Tour reveals a shared life writing process, but also the existence of similar thoughts as they are nurtured through discussions with the other.

In the conditions of Ukraine's implementation of the status of a candidate for EU accession, post-war reconstruction, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, along with other authorities, is entrusted with the important mission of affirming and implementing universal human values and international standards. The purpose of the article is a comparative analysis of the powers of the organs of constitutional jurisdiction on issues of international treaties, for which the following tasks must be solved: - to find out the state of regulation of the powers of organs of constitutional jurisdiction relating to international treaties in the Constitution of Ukraine and the constitutions of foreign states; - to generalize the trends and regularities of the constitutional and legal provision of powers of these organs in this direction; - to determine prospective directions of improvement of the constitutional and legal regulation of the powers of the ССU in the conditions of European integration. The methodological toolkit of the research consists of general scientific and special legal methods (dialectical, comparative legal, logical, epistemological, axiological, formal-legal, structural-functional, hermeneutic, statistical, prognostic, etc.), systemic, pluralistic, complex approaches, appropriate methodological principles The constitutional and legal regulation of the powers of organs of constitutional jurisdiction is carried out in the constitutions, in most states there are special laws (constitutional or organic) on the constitutional court (council, tribunal, etc.), which regulate in detail the functions, powers of these organs and their members, the order of formation, procedures of activity etc. The main powers of these organs include, inter alia, consideration of issues of compliance of laws with ratified international treaties, provisions of other acts, issued by central state organs, with the constitution, ratified international treaties and laws (prior and subsequent constitutional control). The scope of competence of the organs of constitutional jurisdiction of foreign states and their effectiveness is much greater than that of the ССU, so it is advisable to modernize it. In particular, the experience of Slovakia and Poland is worth noting, especially in view of their accession to the EU, the expansion of the competence of constitutional jurisdiction organs and certain procedures of their activities, including constitutional control over international treaties, В умовах реалізації Україною статусу кандидата на вступ до ЄС, повоєнного відновлення власне на Конституційний Суд України, поряд з іншими владними органами, покладено поважну місію утвердження та реалізації загальнолюдських цінностей, міжнародних стандартів. Мета статті – компаративістський аналіз повноважень органів конституційної юрисдикції з питань міжнародних договорів, для чого необхідно вирішити такі завдання: - з’ясувати стан регулювання повноважень органів конституційної юрисдикції, що стосуються міжнародних договорів, у Конституції України і конституціях зарубіжних держав; - узагальнити тенденції і закономірності конституційно-правового забезпечення повноважень цих органів у даному напрямі; - визначити напрями удосконалення конституційно-правового регулювання повноважень КСУ в умовах євроінтеграції. Методологічний інструментарій дослідження становлять загальнонаукові й спеціальноюридичні методи (діалектичний, порівняльно-правовий, логічний, гносеологічний, аксіологічний, формально-юридичний, структурно-функціональний, герменевтичний, статистичний, прогностичний та ін.), системний, плюралістичний, комплексний підходи, відповідні методологічні принципи. Конституційно-правове регулювання повноважень органів конституційної юрисдикції здійснюється у конституціях, у більшості державах існують спеціальні закони (конституційні або органічні) про конституційний суд (раду, трибунал тощо), де регламентовано детально функції, повноваження цих органів і їх членів, порядок формування, процедури діяльності та ін. До основних повноважень цих органів належить, у тому числі, розгляд питань про відповідність зaкoнів рaтифікoвaним міжнaрoдним дoгoвoрам, положень інших актів, видaних цeнтрaльними державними oргaнaми, кoнституції, рaтифікованим міжнaрoдним дoгoвoрaм і зaкoнaм (попередній і наступний конституційний контроль). Значно більший обсяг компетенції органів конституційної юрисдикції зарубіжних держав та їх ефективність, ніж у КСУ, тому доцільною є його певна модернізація. Зокрема, вартий уваги досвід Словаччини і Польщі, особливо з огляду на їх вступ до ЄС, розширення компетенції органів конституційної юрисдикції і певних процедур їх діяльності, включаючи конституційний контроль щодо міжнародних договорів

The article is devoted to the issue of the influence of the norms of administrative law, in particular those regulating the administrative competence of state authorities and their officials, on the procedural legal capacity of state authorities that participate in the consideration of cases in the civil court procedure in connection with performing their state functions and powers.Using the example of a specific court (civil) case, the author analyzes the possible procedural consequences of depriving a subject of authority of his administrative competence during the consideration of a civil case, their impact on the exercise of his procedural rights by such a subject, in particular, on the possibility of appealing a court decision. The author emphasizes that in the case when a subject of authority takes part in a court case precisely in connection with the performance of the functions and powers entrusted to him by the state, the institution of public legal succession, which is more characteristic of the administrative process, can and should be applied also when consideration of cases which, in the opinion of the Supreme Court, should be considered in the manner of civil proceedings.It is noted that a similar practice of recognizing the admissibility of procedural legal succession precisely based on a public legal succession of subjects of authority has already been formed during the review by the Commercial Court of Cassation as part of the Supreme Court of commercial disputes regarding compensation for damage caused to subjects of private law as a result of improper state regulation of the insurance market, although in this category of cases, there are direct procedural instructions of the law.As a result, the author concludes that Part 1 of Article 55 of the Civil Code of Ukraine allows the procedural legal succession of subjects of authority, who participate in the consideration of civil cases, not only in cases of civil legal succession but also in the case of public legal succession, if the dispute is related to the exercise by the subject of authority of his administrative competence and its change or cancellation takes place., Стаття присвячена питанням впливу норм адміністративного права, зокрема тих, що регулюють адміністративну компетенцію органів державної влади та їх посадових (службових) осіб, на процесуальну правосуб’єктність органів державної влади, які беруть участь у розгляді справ в порядку цивільного судочинства у зв’язку з виконанням своїх державних функцій і повноважень.На прикладі конкретної судової (цивільної) справи автор аналізує можливі процесуальні наслідки позбавлення суб’єкта владних повноважень його адміністративної компетенції під час розгляду цивільної справи, їх вплив на реалізацію таким суб’єктом своїх процесуальних прав, зокрема на можливість оскарження судового рішення. Автор наголошує, що у випадку, коли суб’єкт владних повноважень бере участь у судовій справі саме у зв’язку з виконанням доручених йому державою функцій і повноважень, інститут публічного правонаступництва, більше характерний для адміністративного процесу, може і повинен бути застосований також і при розгляді справ, які, на думку Верховного Суду, повинні розглядатися в порядку цивільного судочинства.Відзначено, що подібна практика визнання допустимості процесуального правонаступництва саме на підставі публічного правонаступництва суб’єктів владних повноважень вже сформована при розгляді Касаційним господарським судом у складі Верховного Суду господарських спорів щодо відшкодування шкоди, завданої суб’єктам приватного права внаслідок неналежного державного регулювання страхового ринку, хоча в даній категорії справ мають місце прямі процесуальні вказівки закону.В результаті автор робить висновок про те, що ч. 1 ст. 55 ЦПК України дозволяє процесуальне правонаступництво суб’єктів владних повноважень, які беруть участь у розгляді цивільних справ, не лише у випадках цивільно-правового правонаступництва, але і у випадку публічного правонаступництва, якщо спір пов’язаний з реалізацією суб’єктом владних повноважень його адміністративної компетенції і має місце зміна чи скасування такої

This article examines the emergent leadership of two female gurus in South Asia who have declared their status as Śaṅkarācāryās (i.e., heads of monastic institutions) based on revelatory experiences. They have done this in order to change patriarchal monastic (akhāṛā) culture and challenge entrenched ideas of women’s inferiority in Hindu society. By combining ethnographic data and a gender studies-centered analysis of their narratives and teachings, I shall investigate the role and impact of gendered charismatic authority on modern women’s monastic lives. Their self-declarations as Śaṅkarācāryās profoundly break the conventional patriarchal mold for the type of guru women can be and the kind of authorized religious power they can have in this male-dominated role; thus, I term these gurus as “religious feminist influencers”. I argue that the gurus invoke charismatic authority by emphasizing the immediacy of the personal realization of the divine, the potency of the female body, and religious emotions, such as radical love, as sources of revelation. By “performing [these] revelation[s],” they construct alternative ways of practicing Hinduism, defined around modernist ideals such as gender equality, inclusion, and women’s rights. Moreover, they promote the normalization of women’s institutional leadership at the pinnacle of the monastic hierarchy.

Kevin Vanhoozer observes that the loss of imagination that is discipled and disciplined by the Bible leads many Christians to experience a disconnect between the world they live in and the world of the biblical texts they believe in. There is a gulf between known truth and lived practice. The daily lives of Christians do not bring out the resultant Christian character. This article attempts to explain the importance of meditating on the threefold lordship attributes proposed by John Frame—authority, control, and presence—in one’s daily meditation. It argues that one’s theological understanding is crucial in worldview formation and that, through intense meditation, those truths need to be internalized in the heart and mind so that they can be integrated into the practice of everyday life. This article also shows that the three inseparable lordship attributes need to be experienced in the relationship between spiritual leaders and the congregation, for true spirituality is formed not only in personal experience but also in the community. Such a pattern is then offered as a solution to answer challenges related to worship and fellowship during the pandemic and beyond. Through this article, it is hoped that the people of God can better understand the dynamics of their spiritual life, either through personal meditation or fellowship with other believers, either face-to-face or virtual meetings, including the role of a spiritual mentor whom first experiences and thus embodies God’s authority, control, and presence in their relationship with God’s congregation., Kevin Vanhoozer mengamati bahwa hilangnya imajinasi yang dimuridkan dan didisiplinkan oleh Alkitab, mengakibatkan orang Kristen mengalami keterputusan antara dunia yang mereka hidupi dan dunia teks Alkitab yang kebenarannya mereka percayai. Ada jurang antara kebenaran yang diketahui dengan praktik hidup yang dijalani. Kehidupan sehari-hari orang Kristen tidak memunculkan karakter kristiani yang seharusnya. Artikel ini berusaha menawarkan alternatif kontemplasi spiritual dengan menghayati tiga atribut ketuhanan, yaitu otoritas, kontrol, dan kehadiran. Menggunakan studi literatur, tulisan ini akan mengkaji pentingnya pemahaman teologi yang benar untuk membentuk wawasan dunia, yang melalui meditasi, kebenaran yang terinternalisasi dalam hati dan pikiran itu dapat terintegrasi dalam praktik kehidupan. Dalam tulisan ini juga akan ditunjukkan bahwa tiga atribut ketuhanan yang tak terpisahkan ini seharusnya juga terjadi dalam relasi antara pembina rohani dengan jemaat, karena sejatinya, spiritualitas itu terbentuk tidak hanya dalam pengalaman pribadi, tetapi juga dalam komunitas. Tentunya hal ini juga diharapkan dapat menjadi solusi untuk menjawab tantangan di masa pandemi. Lewat tulisan ini diharapkan umat Tuhan dapat terbangun kehidupan spiritualnya, entah lewat meditasi pribadi, atau persekutuan bersama orang percaya lainnya, baik secara tatap muka ataupun virtual, dengan peran para pembina yang menghadirkan otoritas, kontrol, dan kehadiran dalam relasinya dengan jemaat Tuhan.

Research on the causes for vaccine resistance among Nigerian Muslims reveals what the philosopher Žižek terms a “heaven in disorder:” lack of trust in public institutions, conspiracy theories, ignorance of basic science, individual apathy, and faith in “Allah as the only protector.” Other social contexts demonstrate far greater compliance. How can governments improve outcomes in vaccine resistant communities amidst such complexity, especially in instances where theology provides a right to dissent? Alongside a right to dissent, “obedience to authority” for the sake of social and political harmony is also an important principle of Islamic thought. It has the ability to enhance widespread compliance to public health guidelines by obligating the setting aside of private convictions in favor of collective cooperation. Religious literacy is an important element for responding effectively to pandemics, and by extension, other global emergencies. While policymakers must tailor their outreach to incommensurable worldviews in society, the human family must also imagine effective political models for cooperation despite divergence in worldviews. Otherwise, societies may need to choose between tyranny and anarchy. This article adds to efforts already underway which aim to demonstrate that engagement with religious norms, rather than their dismissal, represents the most promising path towards tackling vaccine resistance, especially in communities in which religious authority significantly informs social practice.

Der Beitrag sucht nach aktuellen Erklärungsversuchen für die Verbreitung autoritärer Einstellungen. Ausgehend von ungleichheitstheoretischen Ansätzen, die alleine nicht plausibel machen, weshalb Menschen sozio-ökonomischen Krisenerfahrungen autoritär und nicht durch das Eintreten für Gerechtigkeit begegnen, erscheint das Erklärungspotential einer stärker psychoanalytisch entwicklungspsychologischen und kritisch theoretischen Perspektive attraktiv. Es gilt zu fragen, inwiefern die gesellschaftlichen Verhältnisse durch den Prozess der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung hindurch bereits die Konstitution der Subjekte beeinflussen. In den Fokus geraten strukturelle Zwänge, die prägend für die frühkindliche Entwicklung sind und auch heute die Herausbildung autoritärer Persönlichkeitsmuster begünstigen. An die Stelle des väterlich autoritären Erziehungsstils, mit dem die psychoanalytisch informierte Kritische Theorie die Möglichkeit autoritärer Charaktere in der Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts begründete, sind ökonomische Konkurrenz- und Leistungsnormen getreten, die unterschiedlichste Lebensbereiche beeinflussen und in Form einer de-personalisierten Autorität auf die Subjekte wirken. Auf dieser theoretischen Basis werden abschließend kursorisch Möglichkeiten diskutiert, autoritären Überzeugungen entgegenzuwirken.

The article’s primary purpose is to discuss the process of creating the extended interview titled “Innego końca świata nie będzie”. Z Barbarą Skargą rozmawiają Katarzyna Janowska i Piotr Mucharski [En. “There will be no Other End of the World”. Katarzyna Janowska and Piotr Mucharski Are Talking with Barbara Skarga], published in 2007. The analysis refers to Barbara Skarga`s personal archive, which is available at the Joint Libraries of the Faculty of Philosophy and Sociology of the University of Warsaw, the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, and the Polish Philosophical Society. Archival materials related to this ‘spoken book’ involve mainly computer printouts with handwritten deletions, notes, and additions. The article also includes the philosopher’s typescripts related to her academic activity. Studying the process of shaping the conversation in Innego końca świata nie będzie… leads to more general conclusions about the style of Barbara Skarga’s language. Conclusions indicating the type of subjectivity revealed in the interview were also used to discuss the author’s essays. Głównym celem artykułu jest omówienie procesu powstawania wydanego w 2007 roku wywiadu rzeki „Innego końca świata nie będzie”. Z Barbarą Skargą rozmawiają Katarzyna Janowska i Piotr Mucharski. Analiza odwołuje się do archiwum osobistego Barbary Skargi, które udostępniane jest w Połączonych Bibliotekach Wydziału Filozofii i Socjologii Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, Instytutu Filozofii i Socjologii PAN i Polskiego Towarzystwa Filozoficznego. Materiały archiwalne dotyczące tej książki mówionej stanowią w głównej mierze wydruki komputerowe zawierające odręczne skreślenia, dopiski i uzupełnienia. W artykule uwzględnione zostały także maszynopisy filozofki związane z jej działalnością naukową. Badanie procesu kształtowania się rozmowy „Innego końca świata nie będzie”… prowadzi do ogólniejszych konkluzji dotyczących stylu wypowiedzi Barbary Skargi. Wnioski wskazujące na typ podmiotowości ujawniający się w wywiadzie rzece wykorzystano także do omówienia tomów eseistycznych autorki.

Summary This article focuses on the references (allegations) made by the lawyers in a selected number of cases to Roman and customary law as well as to court decisions when arguing their case. The analysis focuses on three similar civil litigation records from the Court of Friesland from 1716, 1718 and 1720. Network analysis was used to examine whether certain sources were more dominant (i.e. more central) in the network than others and to explore the relationship between the references. The lawyers in the three cases from the Court of Friesland appear to have used some references in common when arguing whether security rights (i.e. mortgages) included a right of pursuit and whether the auctioneer could recover the object if the buyer failed to pay.

This paper examines how authority and governmentality were enacted through digital technologies during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through the proliferation of track and trace apps, as well as digital vaccine passports, the contemporary ‘biocitizen’ became someone who was at once participatory and sacrificial for the ‘greater good’. Advancing a notion of sensory power (Isin and Ruppert, 2020) and app-enabled ‘biopolitical authority’ as a novel form of governmentality, this paper explores how the tracking and monitoring of individual bodies renders them ‘sense-able beings’ through the devices, apps, and platforms that they engage with. Drawing on a discourse-oriented analysis of UK-based government visuals and news reports surrounding the promotion (and controversies) of tracking apps and vaccine passports, we demonstrate that partaking in society as a ‘good’ biocitizen meant allowing COVID-19 technologies to pre-empt and influence bodily movements on both a micro and macro scale. As such we argue that COVID-19 technologies, ranging from tracking apps to vaccine passports, became ‘pre-emptive’ technologies that codified human bodies and their infectious status through alerts and notifications, which in turn, validated and reified a sense of belonging as a good and healthy ‘biocitizen’. This paper will unpack these themes to propose ways in which sensory power was deployed to organise and structure societies, first at a responsibilised individual level, and then as a societal collective, throughout the pandemic. In doing so, this paper seeks to address the varying forms of control that came out of the pandemic, as well as the social implications that they then had on biocitizenship and belonging.

This article investigates the intersection of adaptations of narrative content and form as exemplified in the KindaTV YouTube series Carmilla (2014–2016), a contemporary revisioning of Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu’s 1872 vampire novella of the same name. By contextualizing Le Fanu’s text within the emerging medicalized discourse around so-called deviant sexualities and close reading the invocations of medical, legal, and narrative authority within Carmilla, I reveal an approach to authority which upholds hegemony. Consequently, in engaging with KindaTV’s YouTube adaptation, the rehabilitating of queer feelings and connections reframes authority within the narrative, while the interactive platform and active fan communities resist the idea of a single textual authority. By considering the source text and adaptation through the lens of authority, it becomes clear that, as part of addressing the homophobic history of the Gothic, KindaTV’s Carmilla presents a world full of possibilities that directly opposes the way authorities like legal, medical, and academic systems have historically pathologized queer people.

Cet article se penche sur trois textes qu’Étienne Pasquier consacre au droit romain dans la deuxième édition de son recueil des Lettres (1619), l’un à l’autorité des jurisconsultes, les deux autres à l’origine de la légitime. Nous proposons de lire dans ces textes peu explorés une redéfinition de l’autorité du jurisconsulte, en droit français comme en droit romain, à partir du refus initial que les « opiniones » des Prudents aient force de loi. À l’opposé s’affirme une figure incarnée par l’épistolier lui-même : un jurisconsulte « particulier », qui a d’autant plus d’autorité qu’il se rapporte sans ambition personnelle au bien public. This article deals with three texts that Étienne Pasquier devoted to Roman law in the second edition of his collection of Lettres (1619), one to the authority of jurisconsults, the other two to the origins of the “légitime”. We propose to read in these little explored texts a redefinition of the authority of the jurisconsult, in French law as well as in Roman law, starting from the initial refusal of the idea that the jurist’s "opinions" have the force of law. In contrast to this idea, a figure embodied by the author himself appears : a "private" jurisconsult, who has all the more authority as he relates without personal ambition to the public good.

The article is devoted to the identification of the crucial changes in the information space of Ukraine after the beginning of Russia's full-scale aggressive war against Ukraine and the media's influence determination on the formation of public trust in the government during this period. To achieve this goal, an interdisciplinary approach and a combination of research information sources and methods from various scientific fields, including journalism, social communications, sociology, political science, etc., were used. The article reveals the principal forms of restriction of the information space that took place in the television format and print media. At the same time, platforms such as Facebook, YouTube, Telegram, and Tiktok, which were not censored by the authorities and disseminated information from primary sources about current events, especially in the war zones, have experienced a significant increase in the dissemination of socially important messages. The study proved that the media remain the main tool for strengthening vertical interaction between the government and society, which allows socio-political institutions to legitimise their activities and government decisions. Compiling a comparative table and presenting diagrams of sociological surveys on the level of public trust in the government revealed a trend of significant growth in public support for government institutions with an average statistical trend of 25 percent, which is significantly different from the indicators of the previous years of Ukraine's independence. Accordingly, the authorities managed to build public support not only for their actions during the war but also to entrench public awareness of the importance of monopoly state governance in key areas, including security., Стаття присвячена виявленню вирішальних змін в інформаційному просторі України після початку повномасштабної агресивної війни Росії проти України та визначенню впливу медіа на формування довіри суспільства до влади у вказаний період. Для досягнення поставленої мети використано міждисциплінарний підхід і поєднання дослідницьких інформаційних джерел та методів різних наукових напрямів, зокрема журналістики, соціальних комунікацій, соціології, політичної науки тощо. У статті розкрито основні форми обмеження інформаційного простору, які відбулися в телевізійному форматі та друкованих виданнях. Водночас значного зростання в поширенні суспільно важливих повідомлень отримали такі платформи, як Facebook, YouTube, Telegram, Tiktok, які не були цензуровані владою та поширювали інформацію від першоджерел про поточні події, особливо в зонах бойових дій. Дослідження довело, що засоби масової інформації залишаються основним інструментом посилення вертикальної взаємодії між владою та суспільством, що дозволяє соціально-політичним інститутам легітимізувати власну діяльність та державні рішення. Складання порівняльної таблиці та висвітлення діаграм соціологічних досліджень рівня довіри громадян до влади виявило тенденцію значного зростання підтримки інституцій влади з боку суспільства в середньостатистичній динаміці 25 відсотків, що значно відрізняється від показників попередніх років незалежності України. Відповідно, владі вдалося сформувати суспільну підтримку не тільки своїх дій в період війни, а й укорінити усвідомлення суспільством важливості монопольного управління державою у визначальних сферах, зокрема безпековій.

The article is devoted to the identification of the crucial changes in the information space of Ukraine after the beginning of Russia's full-scale aggressive war against Ukraine and the media's influence determination on the formation of public trust in the government during this period. To achieve this goal, an interdisciplinary approach and a combination of research information sources and methods from various scientific fields, including journalism, social communications, sociology, political science, etc., were used. The article reveals the principal forms of restriction of the information space that took place in the television format and print media. At the same time, platforms such as Facebook, YouTube, Telegram, and Tiktok, which were not censored by the authorities and disseminated information from primary sources about current events, especially in the war zones, have experienced a significant increase in the dissemination of socially important messages. The study proved that the media remain the main tool for strengthening vertical interaction between the government and society, which allows socio-political institutions to legitimise their activities and government decisions. Compiling a comparative table and presenting diagrams of sociological surveys on the level of public trust in the government revealed a trend of significant growth in public support for government institutions with an average statistical trend of 25 percent, which is significantly different from the indicators of the previous years of Ukraine's independence. Accordingly, the authorities managed to build public support not only for their actions during the war but also to entrench public awareness of the importance of monopoly state governance in key areas, including security.

With the active involvement of women in the church and home, there is a need to study God’s design for the relationship between men and women. In reaffirming the divine order of this relationship, discussing the biblical gendered roles has been one of the major contending issues. So emerging ecclesiologies in Africa are beginning to challenge the traditional understanding of male headship in the church. Therefore, the article argues that the ontology of men and women’s relationship provides a better framework for understanding the nature of authority and submission in the church. This article states fairly the biblical foundation for the ontology of male and female relationship in the church from both the complementarian and egalitarian views. Also, this article presents the male and female relationship in contemporary African ecclesiology. Furthermore, the article contends that the application of the biblical foundation for the relationship between men and women provides a strong framework for authority and submission in the church, which reaffirms the male headship. The goal of the article is to use the biblical framework for the ontology of the relationships between men and women to propose a theology of authority and submission in the church without undermining the nature and worth of men and women, who are both created in the image and likeness of God. A qualitative methodology was used for this article, which integrates both primary and secondary sources to delineate the thesis of the study. Contribution:This article contributes to the area of ecclesiology in Africa, which shows that the theology of the church is relevant for engaging cutting-edge issues, such as gender studies, human relations and personhood. It explains the influence and implications of the ontology of gender relationship on authority and submission in the church to affirm human dignity and equality in the church.

This thesis is occupied with answering the following question: Why do the States kill their citizens? Or, what propels state violence and the suppression of political dissents? By emphasising on the Islamicate world I argue that the durability of state violence, which is mainly the result of the state/authority’s fear of the transformative power of the population, can be explained via (new)interpretations of the 14th-century historian ʿAbd al-Raḥmān Ibn Kh̲̲aldūn’s thought. Ibn K̲h̲aldūn claimed that states were fundamentally established and consolidated upon violent and repressive foundations, or what I call the K̲h̲aldūnian trilogy of ʿasabiyya, al-shāwkāh, and al ghālābāh wa al-qāhr (i.e., the dominant groups, force majeure, repression, and domination). Moreover, he claimed that the main tool that constituted and consolidated the authority of the ʿasabiyya has been the excessive use of violence and coercion. This violence took two main intertwined forms: (1) physical, which conducted by the police and the army; (2) discursive, via the systematic process of politicization of Sharia rules and law. To understand the dynamics of state-society relations in the Islamicate World apart from colonial knowledge, I present a theoretical conversation between Ibn K̲h̲aldūn and Walter Benjamin’s rechtsetzende and rechtserhaltende Gewalt (or lawmaking and lawpreserving violence) on one hand, and Max Weber on the other hand, on state violence and how the state acts towards the opposition and those who challenge its authority. Additionally, to unpack the relationship among Sharia, authority, and resistance, I build on Ibn K̲h̲aldūn’s notions to dismantle Weberian presuppositions on state, violence, and legitimacy. Besides Ibn K̲h̲aldūn the thesis primarily rests on Edward Said’s travelling theory, which is used to trace the modern readings of Ibn K̲h̲aldūn and examine its relevancy and applicability in unpacking the articulation between Western/colonial laws and the Islamic tradition of governance. This thesis inverts the concentration (in both theory and practice) on non-European authorities and offers an alternative reading of the state’s monopoly of violence that, in its conceptualization, breaks the colonial predominance. This is a critical inquiry that reviews the history of state violence, questioning and challenging the official narrative concerning the methods of its use against those who challenge authority. Therefore, instead of adopting or reproducing official narratives, the thesis deconstructs them. Moreover, it presents a critical exploration and radical counter-narrative of the history of Islamicate authority.

The present article explores the formation of discourses on the Habsburg periphery during the occupation and subsequent annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The research question focuses on how the Slovenian-speaking inhabitants of this periphery perceived and described the people and the situation they encountered on the new “Bosnian periphery” when in contact with this new “colony”. The article focuses primarily on the individuals involved and their concrete experiences shaped mainly through their military or professional contacts with Bosnia and Herzegovina. Based on various sources originating from their memories and other descriptions and using a cultural-historical approach understood primarily as a specific perspective on the various subjects of research, the author of the present article attempts to establish what sort of a discourse of power developed between 1878 and 1918. The contribution shows that Slovenian culture was not only a silent object of the German hegemonic discourse or a mere collaborator of the Viennese centre. Instead, it was an active and self-initiating speaking subject, very much embedded in the contemporaneous European trends related to the discourse of power., Članek skuša osvetliti vprašanje o oblikovanju diskurzov habsburške periferije v času okupacije in kasnejše aneksije Bosne in Hercegovine. Raziskovalno vprašanje se osredotoča na to, kako so slovensko govoreči prebivalci te periferije ob stiku z novo »kolonijo« dojemali in opisovali ljudi in situacijo, ki so jo našli v novi »bosanski periferiji«. Osrednji predmet zanimanja so posamezni akterji in njihova konkretna izkušnja, ki so jo izoblikovali ob, večinoma vojaškem ali poklicnem, stiku z Bosno in Hercegovino. Na podlagi različnih virov, ki so rezultat spominov in drugih opisov omenjenih akterjev, ter s pomočjo kulturnozgodovinskega pristopa, razumljenega predvsem kot specifično perspektivo na različne predmete preučevanja, avtor poskuša razbrati, kakšen oblastni diskurz se je razvil med letoma 1878 in 1918. Prispevek pokaže, da slovenska kultura ni bila samo nem objekt nemškega hegemonialnega diskurza in ne le kolaborant dunajskega centra, ampak je bila sama aktiven in samoiniciativen govoreč subjekt, še kako vpet v sočasne evropske oblastno-diskurzivne tokove.

The principle of bank secrecy adopted by banks on the one hand is very beneficial for customers because all information is maintained safely, while on the one hand it can harm certain parties who in urgent need of financial data of these customers. However, in Indonesia, bank secrecy can still be opened or penetrated by certain things based on provisions in the Banking Law and outside the Banking Law, one of which is the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). If carried out properly, the KPK wiretapping will be of higher quality because there are those who supervise and have to make reports. The wiretapping arrangement in Law No. 19 of 2019 concerning Amendments to Law No. 30 of 2002

With the “decline” of organized religion, there is the question of where people now go to find meaning. While houses of worship previously served as sites of both community and spiritual reassurance, has another medium arisen that can perform these same services in a digital age? In this paper, I theorize a new type of religious authority that can be observed on the social media platform TikTok. Using three young women spanning three major faiths, I analyze the ways in which they have harnessed their femininity, cultural currency, and understanding of their respective communities to forge relationships with their followers and solidify their positions as influential figures. Focusing on two major themes, authority and modesty, this paper will give comparative insight into the ways in which “authentic” connection and, consequently, a sense of meaning is cultivated in an increasingly tech-driven society.

Vzgoja je zapleten proces, v katerem se med vzgojiteljem in vzgajancem vzpostavi transfer, ki je oblika navezanosti, preko katere vzgojitelj vzpostavi avtoriteto in s tem tudi možnost vzgojnega vplivanja na vzgajanca (Kroflič, 1997). Diplomsko delo obravnava vzgojno ukrepanje v javnem, montessori in waldorfskem vrtcu. Raziskala sem, katera vzgojna ukrepanja so značilna in najpogostejša v posameznem vzgojnem konceptu, kako se izvajanje le-teh razlikuje, v kakšnih situacijah uporabljajo vzgojne ukrepe in kakšni so razlogi za njihovo uporabo. Pri raziskovanju sem uporabila deskriptivno in kavzalno-neeksperimentalno metodo raziskovanja. V empirični del sem vključila šest vzgojiteljev, ki so zaposleni v javnem, montessori ali waldorfskem vrtcu. Ugotovila sem, da od permisivnih vzgojnih ukrepov v vseh konceptih uporabljajo le pohvalo, ki spada tudi med najpogosteje uporabljeni vzgojni ukrep. Večje razlike lahko opazimo pri uporabi in izvajanju represivnih vzgojnih ukrepov. Education is a complex process in which a transfer is established between the educator and the educated, which is a form of attachment through which the educator establishes authority and thus the possibility of educational influence on the educated (Kroflič, 1997). The thesis deals with educational interventions in public, Montessori and Waldorf kindergartens. I will explore which educational actions are typical and most common in each educational concept, how their implementation differs, in which situations they are used and what are the reasons for their use. I used descriptive and non-experimental research methods. For the empirical part, I included six kindergarten teachers working in a public or Montessori or Waldorf kindergarten. I have found that in all concepts of the permissive educational interventions only praise is used, which is also one of the most frequently used educational intervation. Greater differences can be observed in the use and implementation of repressive educational intervetions.

En Colombia debido al uso excesivo de los recursos naturales nace la necesidad del estado de reforzar los procesos de licencias que controlen las actividades que impactan de forma negativa al ambiente y por esta razón se creó La Autoridad Nacional de Licencias Ambientales (ANLA) la cual es la entidad encargada de que todos los proyectos, actividades u obras que requieran el licenciamiento, permiso o tramite de acuerdo a la normatividad ambiental vigente en Colombia y de esta manera contribuir con el desarrollo sostenible del país (ANLA, s.f.). Dentro de la ANLA se cuenta con la Subdirección de Instrumentos, Permisos y Tramites Ambientales (SIPTA) dentro de la cual se manejan temas relacionados con Permisos y Tramites Ambientales los cuales aportan instrumentos de manejo y control para realizar la evaluación y seguimiento de actividades que tienen repercusión negativa en el ambiente. La Universidad Santo Tomás dentro de las opciones de grado tiene la modalidad de pasantía, la cual se realizó en el grupo de permisos y tramites realizando actividades como apoyar la revisión de información relacionada con temas de permisos fuera de licencias, consolidar información para dar respuesta a los tramites otorgados y apoyar la realización de documentos para el área de responsabilidad extendida del productor. Dentro de las actividades mencionadas, se logró la realización de 301 permisos NO CITES, bases de datos de seguimiento y evaluación para el grupo de permisos fuera de licencias, matriz de seguimiento para el colectivo RECOPACK e infografía para los usuarios de los planes de gestión de devolución de productos de posconsumo de fármacos o medicamentos vencidos. In Colombia, due to the excessive use of natural resources, there is a need for the state to reinforce the licensing processes that control activities that negatively impact the environment and for this reason the National Authority for Environmental Licenses (ANLA) was created, which is the entity in charge of all projects, activities or works that require licensing, permission or processing according to current environmental regulations in Colombia and thus contribute to the sustainable development of the country (ANLA, s.f.). Within the ANLA there is the Subdirectorate of Instruments, Permits and Environmental Procedures (SIPTA) within which issues related to Permits and Environmental Procedures are handled, which provide management and control instruments to carry out the evaluation and monitoring of activities that have negative impact on the environment. The Santo Tomás University, within the degree options, has the internship modality, which was carried out in the group of permits and procedures, carrying out activities such as supporting the review of information related to issues of permits outside of licenses, consolidating information to respond to the procedures granted and support the preparation of documents for the area of extended responsibility of the producer. Among the aforementioned activities, the completion of 301 NO CITES permits, monitoring and evaluation databases for the group of non-licensed permits, monitoring matrix for the RECOPACK group, and infographics for users of management plans were achieved. return of post-consumer products of expired drugs or medicines. Ingeniero Ambiental Pregrado

Des appels répétés à une plus grande autonomie au travail se font de plus en plus entendre. Pour autant, ces appels ne disent pas toujours à quoi (ni à qui) l’autonomie est supposée servir, concrètement. Cet article, à travers les résultats d’une intervention participative ayant conduit à la transformation profonde de l’organisation d’une agence de logement social, tente d’apporter quelques réponses à ces interrogations. Il prend pour point de départ la notion d’autorité, qui y est présentée non à travers son acception classique (rattachée au pouvoir légitime exercé par quelqu’un sur autrui), mais à travers l’objet qu’un ensemble d’acteurs est en capacité d’identifier comme « ce qui fait autorité » dans leur activité commune, guidant cette dernière. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que l’économie servicielle a contribué à déplacer cet « objet commun du travail » vers un enjeu de relation de service que la prescription ne sait jamais entièrement prévoir. Pourtant, les organisations des entreprises sont restées majoritairement attachées à une structure héritée de l’industrie visant le respect strict de règles prescrites. Dès lors, un hiatus s’est installé entre le système d’autorité formelle et « l’objet commun du travail » supposé faire autorité pour les acteurs du système. Accompagner les entreprises dans leur transformation organisationnelle consiste alors à savoir « ré-ajuster » le système d’autorité à « ce qui fait désormais autorité ». Dans l’agence de logement social, l’émergence d’un modèle d’organisation « en équipes semi-autonomes » pour mieux répondre à l’enjeu de service aux locataires peut être interprétée comme une réponse à cet enjeu d’ajustement. Que l’autonomie soit convoquée à cette occasion n’est sûrement pas un hasard. Cependant, elle n’apparait pas ici comme la réponse à une volonté d’autonomie individuelle ni comme une finalité en soi (comme y invite souvent la littérature managériale), mais plutôt comme une autonomie collective d’une part, comme moyen d’une plus grande coopération d’autre part, dans l’objectif de favoriser la pertinence des réponses toujours singulières à apporter aux bénéficiaires. Cet « usage » de l’autonomie permet de mieux comprendre, dans ce cas de figure, à quoi et à qui elle sert. Concrètement. Repeated calls for greater autonomy at work are becoming ever louder, yet in concrete terms these calls do not always say what (or whom) autonomy is supposed to serve. Taking the results of a participatory intervention that led to a profound transformation in the organization of a social housing agency, this article attempts to provide answers to these questions. It takes as its starting point the notion of authority, which is presented not through its classical meaning (attached to the legitimate power someone exercises over others) but through the object that a group of actors is able to identify as “authoritative” within their common activity, guiding it. We hypothesize that economy of service has contributed to shifting this “common object of work” towards a service relationship issue that the guidelines produced by the organization can never fully predict. The majority of business organizations have however mostly remained attached to a structure inherited from industry and aimed at strict compliance with prescribed rules. From then on, a gap has been established between the system of formal authority and the “common object of work” supposed to be authoritative for the actors of the system. Supporting companies in their organizational transformation therefore means knowing how to “re-adjust” the system of authority to “what is now authoritative”. In the social housing agency, the emergence of an organizational model “built by semi-autonomous teams” to better respond to the issue of providing a service to tenants can be interpreted as a response to this adjustment issue. That autonomy is called upon on this occasion is surely no coincidence. However, it does not appear here to be the response to a desire for individual autonomy or as an end in itself (as managerial literature often suggests) but rather as collective autonomy on the one hand, as a means of greater cooperation on the other, with the aim of promoting the relevance of the always unique responses to be provided to the beneficiaries. This “use” of autonomy makes it possible to better understand, in this case, for what and for whom it is used. In concrete terms.

L’ouvrage dirigé par Rachida Chih, David Jordan et Stefan Reichmuth est le second volume d’une série intitulée The Presence of the Prophet in Early Modern and Contemporary Islam. Les seize contributions, treize en anglais, deux en français et une en arabe (avec un résumé en anglais), sont le fruit d’une coopération franco-germanique financée par la Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschatf (DFG) et l’Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR). Un site internet a été dédié au projet, https:/prophet.hypothes...

De zorgsector verwerkt zeer gevoelige persoonsgegevens, waaronder gezondheidsgegevens. Bij onvoorzichtige omgang, kan dit een grote impact hebben op de rechten en vrijheden van natuurlijke personen. eHealth moet daarom voldoen aan het vereiste van data protection by design. Wanneer hieraan niet is voldaan, is het zaak om handhavend op te treden ter voorkoming van datalekken. Sinds de Algemene Verordening Gegevensbescherming (AVG) van toepassing is, bereikten meerdere datalekken het voorpaginanieuws waarbij eHealth niet voldeed aan voornoemde verplichting. In dit artikel onderzoeken de auteurs in hoeverre de in de AVG opgenomen handhavingsmogelijkheden met bijbehorende rechtsmiddelen de bescherming van persoonsgegevens waarborgen bij de inzet van eHealth.

In principle, there are two forms of administrative policies, namely administrative policies based on law and administrative policies that are not based on law (deviation from the law). A policy rule based on law consists of a policy rule based on freiesermessen. This paper aims to reveal about the dynamics of decentralization policy-making in Timor-Leste which includes several aspects, namely: first, the issue of decentralization that is developing in Timor-Leste; second, actors with an interest in responding to decentralization issues; third, the dynamics of decentralization issues become the policy agenda; and fourth, the process of deliberating the decentralization policy agenda into a law. First, decentralization has become a public demand that the government needs to respond to immediately; second, the orientation of the policy institution actors has taken advantage of the issue of decentralization as a political commodity to fight for and or maintain certain powers in the government body; third, socialization, realization of local development programs, and consultations are used as ways to formulate a policy agenda, both a systemic agenda and an institutional agenda; and fourth, intervention from the interests of other official actors, as a result of the distribution of power, led to delays in discussing the decentralization policy agenda in the national parliament., {"references":["JuniarsoRidwan. H and AchmadSodikSudrajat, 2009, State Administrative Law and","Public Service Policy, Publisher Nuansa, Bandung.Ni'Matul Huda, 2011, Constitution","RDTL 2002, State Administrative Law, About Government Administration.","http://newint.org/columns/country/2008/07/01/timor-leste/"]}

According to Article 49 paragraph (1) of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, the Government forms a Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency (BPSK) in each Regency / City for the resolution of disputes between business actors and consumers outside the court. BPSK is a very strategic institution in consumer protection. However, there are a number of weaknesses in regulating the authority of the Consumer Dispute Resolution Board that do not reflect the value of justice in society. For example, regarding the concept of consumer dispute resolution by choice; The BPSK's decisions are not final and binding. In addition, there were also a number of obstacles and problems related to the implementation of the authority of the BPSK, such as: there are still BPSK who accept disputes outside their relative authority; Implementation of the concept of arbitration at BPSK that is not in accordance with the concept of arbitration according to Law Number 30 of 1999 concerning Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution; Cancellation of almost all BPSK arbitration awards by the Supreme Cour. This condition will certainly not make BPSK optimal in carrying out its role and function in the consumer protection system in Indonesia., {"references":["Mukti Fajar ND dan Yulianto Achmad, Dualisme Penelitian Hukum Normatif dan Hukum Empiris, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta, 2010, hlm. 34.","Abdulkadir Muhammad, Hukum dan Penelitian Hukum, Cet. 1, PT. Citra Aditya Bakti, Bandung, 2004, hlm. 49.","] Winarto Surakhman, Pengantar Penelitian Ilmiah Dasar Metode Teknik, Tarsito, Bandung, 1990, hlm. 163.","Soejono Soekanto dan Sri Mamudji, Penelitian Hukum Normatif, Suatu Tinjauan Singkat, Cet. Kedua, Rajawali, Jakarta, 1986, hlm. 11.","S. Nasution, Metode Penelitian Naturalistik Kualitatif, Tarsito, Bandung, 2003, hlm. 126.","Susanti Adi Nugroho, Proses Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen Ditinjau dari Hukum Acara Serta Kendala Implementasinya, Kencana Prenada Media Group, Jakarta, 2008, hlm. 84.","Soerjono Soekanto dan Mustafa Abdullah, Sosiologi Hukum dan Masyarakat, CV. Rajawali, Jakarta, 1980, hlm. 14."]}

International audience; This article builds on doctoral research that focuses on the use of the formula “forming critical mind” (Eduscol, 2016) in institutional discourses in the French context. It aims to question the construction modalities of authority in these discourses. In what way does the use of this object of discourse that is the formula contribute to build and forge the legitimacy of institutional discourses ? A qualitative analysis of a corpus of more than three hundred institutional texts reveals the rhetorical and discursive strategies of the speakers involved in the construction of this ethos of authority. After defining the object “institutional discourse” and specifying the methodology for analysing the corpus, the signs inscribed in the materiality of the institutional texts will be highlighted as well as the manifestations of authority that emanate from the use in discourse of the formula. An authority that also rests on the function of the speaker, the one who speaks on behalf of the institution and embodies, as such, its authority and legitimacy.; La formule « former l'esprit critique » : Signes et figures de l'autorité dans les discours institutionnels Résumé : Cet article prend appui sur une recherche doctorale qui porte sur l'usage de la formule « former l'esprit critique » (Eduscol, 2016) dans les discours institutionnels en contexte français. Il ambitionne d'interroger les modalités de construction de l'autorité dans ces discours. En quoi l'usage de cet objet de discours qu'est la formule contribue-t-il à construire puis à forger la légitimité des discours institutionnels ? Une analyse qualitative d'un corpus de plus de trois cents textes institutionnels français met au jour les stratégies rhétoriques et discursives des locuteurs qui participent de la construction d'un ethos d'autorité. Après avoir circonscrit l'objet « discours institutionnels » et précisé la méthodologie d'analyse du corpus, les signes inscrits dans la matérialité des textes institutionnels seront mis en exergue ainsi que les manifestations de l'autorité qui émanent de l'usage en discours de la formule. Une autorité qui repose également sur la fonction du locuteur, de celui qui porte la parole au nom de l'institution et incarne, à ce titre, son autorité et sa légitimité.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo oferecer possibilidades de interpretação teórica acerca dos fundamentos da criminalização dos movimentos sociais do campo no Brasil. Para tanto, analisa-se o Estado enquanto agente múltiplo, cuja caracterização para a compreensão de situações concretas pode ser observada na análise de suas intervenções cotidianas. Assim, a governança da questão agrária e de conflitos no campo é interpretada enquanto expressão de governamentalidade e state-building. Com o auxílio desses referenciais, apresentamos uma histórico das relações entre o Estado e a questão agrária no Brasil em diferentes regimes políticos, com ênfase na compreensão de elementos característicos do período pós-neoliberal. Propõe-se o caso do neoextrativismo brasileiro como expressão particular das relações entre a criminalização dos movimentos sociais do campo e a governança de recursos naturais, associando-a a uma lógica de constituição cotidiana de autoridade política. El objetivo del trabajo es ofrecer posibilidades de interpretación teórica acerca de los fundamentos de la criminalización de los movimientos sociales del campo en Brasil. Para ello, se analiza el Estado como agente multifacético, cuya caracterización para la comprensión de las situaciones específicas se puede observar en el análisis de sus intervenciones cotidianas. Así, la gobernanza de la cuestión agraria y de los conflictos en el campo es interpretada como expresión de gubernamentalidad y state-building. Soportados en estos referenciales, presentamos un historial de las relaciones entre el Estado y la cuestión agraria en diferentes regímenes políticos en Brasil, con énfasis en la comprensión de elementos característicos del período post-neoliberal. Se plantea el caso del neoextrativismo brasileño como una expresión particular de las relaciones entre la criminalización de los movimientos sociales del campo y la gobernanza de recursos naturales, asociándola a una lógica de constitución cotidiana de autoridad política. The aim of this study is to provide possibilities for a theoretical interpretation of the foundations of the criminalization of rural social movements in Brazil. To do that, it analyzes the State as a multifaceted agent, which, for an understanding of its characteristics in specific situations, may be observed through an analysis of its everyday interventions. Thus, the governance of agrarian problems and conflicts in the countryside are represented as an expression of governability and state-building. Basing ourselves on those referents, we present a history of the relations between the State and the agrarian question under different political regimes in Brazil, with an emphasis on understanding the characteristic features of the post neo-liberal period. We set forth the idea of Brazilian neo-extractivism as a particular expression of the relations between the criminalization of rural social movements and the governance of natural resources, associated with a logic of the day to day establishment of political authority.

POST-TOTALITARIAN SOCIETY TOWARDS DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES AND VALUES: A PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE More years have passed since the last totalitarian bastion in Europe, the Communist system, collapsed. Apart from the fact that in the last phase of its existence, it was no longer as strong and did not exert as much influence on social life as before, citizens still expect there to be a strong state which is responsible for all aspects of life. In contrast to totalitarianisms, the democratic system is based on individual freedom and responsibility for oneself and others. This article addresses the issue of the existence of principles and values in societies that have experienced totalitarian rule and that currently have serious problems with building social relations on the basis of democratic principles. The systemic transformation from totalitarianism to democracy appears much faster in the political or even economic dimension than in the ethical and axiological one. Therefore, the author initially presents the mechanism of totalitarianism, referring to Hannah Arendt, Zbigniew Brzeziński, Antoni Kępiński or Józef Tischner, in order to later present the causes of disturbances in the formation of positive values in the post-totalitarian society. The anthropological and ethical conception adopted plays a crucial role here.

This research departs from the large number of application data submitted to the Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi, MK) regarding Article 66 paragraph (1) of Law no. 30 of 2004 on the Position of Notary and its amendments by Law no. 2 of 2014 (Undang-Undang Jabtasn Notaris, UUJN). At least since UUJN was promulgated, there have been 4 MK decisions related to this article, and the most recent is PMK No.16/PUU-XVII/2020. Application regarding Article 66 paragraph (1) UUJN regarding the phrase "...with the approval of the Notary Honorary Council". Hence the position of a notary seem to need redefinition considering this particular article is ceaselessly appealed to the Constitutional Court with an unconstitutional argument (i.e. it fails to fulfill the principle of equality before the law). Therefore, the formulation of the problems studied are: first, what is the authority of the Honorary Council of Notaries regarding the granting of approval in the judicial process for Notaries?; and second, is Article 66 paragraph (1) UUJN contradicting the principle of equality before the law? This is a normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches. The results of this study conclude that the first notary summoned by the investigator must obtain approval from the Honorary Council of Notaries to be summoned and examined before the investigator; and secondly Article 66 paragraph (1) UUJN is not a form of conflict with the principle of equality before the law.Key Word: Authority, Honorary Council of Notaries, Principle of Equality Before the Law AbstrakPenelitian ini berangkat dari banyaknya data permohonan yang diajukan ke Mahkamah Konstitusi (MK) perihal Pasal 66 ayat (1) UU No. 30 Tahun 2004 tentang Jabatan Notaris beserta perubahannya sebagaimana UU No. 2 Tahun 2014 (UUJN). Setidaknya sejak UUJN diundangkan, sudah ada 4 putusan MK terkait pasal ini, dan yang termuktahir adalah PMK No.16/PUU-XVII/2020. Permohonan mengenai Pasal 66 ayat (1) UUJN berkenaan dengan frasa “...dengan persetujuan Majelis Kehormatan Notaris”. Betapa jabatan notaris seakan memerlukan redefinisi sehingga satu pasal ini selalu dimohonkan ke MK dengan argumen inkonstitusional (tidak memenuhi prinsip equality before the law). Oleh karena itu, rumusan masalah yang diteliti adalah: pertama, bagaimana kewenangan majelis kehormatan Notaris terkait pemberian persetujuan dalam proses peradilan bagi Notaris?; Kedua, apakah Pasal 66 ayat (1) UUJN bertentangan dengan prinsip persamaan derajat di hadapan hukum? Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan, pertama Notaris yang dipanggil oleh penyidik harus memperoleh persetujuan dari MKN untuk dipanggil dan diperiksa di hadapan penyidik; dan kedua Pasal 66 ayat (1) UUJN adalah bukan bentuk pertentangan dari prinsip equality before the law.Kata-kata Kunci: Kewenangan, Majelis Kehormatan Notaris, Prinsip Persamaan di Hadapan Hukum

In the last seven years, over twenty thousand people have died trying to reach Europe by crossing the Mediterranean Sea. Rescue missions by private actors and NGOs have increased because both national measures and measures by the EU’s border control agency, Frontex, are often deemed insufficient. However, such independent rescue missions face increasing persecution from national governments, Italy being one example. This raises the question of how potential migrants and dissenting citizens should act towards the EU border regime. In contrast to the literature, which mainly addresses migration on the basis of justice requirements, this article focuses on the legitimate authority of the EU’s border regime. Focusing on the legitimacy criteria for states’ claims to regulate migration opens a fruitful normative perspective, given the pervasive disagreement over the content of justice in migration. What reasons for compliance and non-interference does legitimacy supply for potential immigrants and dissenting citizens? And what legitimacy standard may be appropriate for the power that individual states claim over potential immigrants? We argue that, even assuming a minimal legitimacy standard for the state-migrant relationship, the structure of the EU’s border regime exhibits unique features, which cause it to stand in tension with such a standard. By coordinating its Member States’ border regimes, especially through Frontex, the EU claims and exercises power over potential immigrants. However, the asymmetrical delegation of state powers to the EU means that the power involved in regulating European borders is, in core respects, unaccountable. This unaccountability, we argue, is significant for the legitimacy of the EU’s border regime. This article sheds new light on the morality of unauthorised rescue missions by assessing the permissibility of resistance to the EU’s border regime.

Resumen Este artículo presenta una reflexión sobre la autoridad docente en el contexto de la cultura actual, marcada por los discursos del capitalismo y de la ciencia, de los cuales surge una nueva subjetividad. El objetivo de este trabajo es discurrir sobre la incidencia de los discursos del capitalismo y de la ciencia en la declinación de la autoridad docente. En un primer momento, se aborda el proyecto y la subjetividad moderna fundados en los productos de la razón; posteriormente, se indica cómo dicho proyecto entra en una fase de sospecha, por sus efectos en el siglo XX y por la crítica realizada por los maestros de la sospecha. Luego se desarrolla la declinación de la función del padre por la incidencia del discurso del capitalismo, continuando con las consecuencias subjetivas de la declinación de la autoridad docente que genera una nueva subjetividad basada en los derechos individuales hedonistas, para finalizar con la declinación de la autoridad docente, entendida desde dos perspectivas: empresarial y epistémica, que tienen por consecuencia la forclusión de la singularidad. Se concluye que el lugar de la autoridad docente es afectado por dos elementos: primero, por el discurso del capitalismo en su relación con el discurso de la ciencia porque borra la disimetría del lazo social, donde el vínculo docente-estudiante se torna simétrico marcado por el valor de laigualdad; y segundo, por el empuje al Uno de la estandarización del conocimiento dado por políticas educativas internacionales en las que el docente es un instrumento. Abstract This article reflects on the teaching authority in the context of current culture, marked by the discourses of capitalism and science, from which a new subjectivity emerges from these discourses. The objective to be developed is the incidence of the discourses of capitalism and science in the decline of teaching authority. At first, the project and the modern subjectivity based on the products of reason are approached, later it is indicated how this project is under an initial phase of suspicion, due to its effects in the 20th century and the criticism exerted by the masters of the suspicion. To end with the decline of the teaching authority, understood from two perspectives: business and epistemic that result in the foreclosure of the singularity. It is concluded that the place of teaching authority is affected by two elements: first, by the discourse of capitalism in its relationship with the discourse of science because it erases the dissymmetry of the social bond, where teacher-student bond becomes symmetrical marked by the value of equality; and second, by the push to One of the standardization of knowledge given by international educational policies in which the teacher is an instrument.

Inequalities in access are a major concern for the management of common pool resources. In the case of irrigation water, inequalities are often explained by spatial “head-ender/tail-ender” distinctions, determined by distance to the water source. However, inequalities in access are also produced by social relations and social institutions. Drawing from ethnographic research in Ağlasun, a rural town in the south-west of Turkey, we examine socio-spatial inequalities vis-à-vis water access in a small-scale, locally managed irrigation system. Our findings demonstrate that spatial “head-ender/tail-ender” differences in the irrigation system intersect with social relations. By introducing the concept of “social head-enders,” we emphasize how social and political relations may introduce a complementary asymmetry in access to water between farmers. Analyzing the socio-spatial dynamics in such asymmetric systems allows us to further explore the interaction between access and authority. This leads us to illustrate important conditions for more equitable and democratic local irrigation governance.

This article develops a micro-level theoretical perspective of business influence in international negotiations. By drawing on organizational institutional theory, the article proposes that site-specific institutionalized norms can structure the nature and extent of business power. The article illustrates the value of this perspective through an illustrative case study of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) through interviews and participant observation of on-site dynamics during negotiations on environmental shipping regulation. The article shows how, in the case of the IMO, specific institutionalized norms and beliefs structure private actors’ possible influence and their claims to authority. In particular, strongly held beliefs about the nature of political deliberation in the IMO both constrain and enable business interests, sometimes overriding the general structural power of the shipping industry. This research implies that future scholarship of business power and lobbying should be attentive to specific institutionalized ideas structuring business actors’ range of legitimate activities, in particular in international institutions where individual negotiation sites can develop idiosyncratic norms and beliefs about the legitimacy of private actor participation.

Resumo Na França do século XVII, consolida-se o entendimento de que as “querelas” são o mecanismo privilegiado de instituição da autoridade letrada. Escritos propondo disputas galantes, que enalteciam a violência verbal em contraposição aos horrores da guerra, disseminam-se até fundamentar um gênero específico. Este artigo se volta para a análise das relações entre autoridade e controvérsia assim fundamentadas a partir do estudo da Nouvelle Allégorique (1658), texto de Antoine Furetière que alegoriza os conflitos letrados de seu tempo com o objetivo principal de arquivar o próprio ato de querelar. Abstract In the 17th century France, the understanding that “quarrels” are the privileged mechanism for the institution of authority gains ground. Writings proposing gallant disputes, which praised verbal violence as opposed to the horrors of war, are vastly disseminated, giving birth to a specific genre. This article focuses on the analysis of the relations between authority and controversy formed by this genre based on the study of Antoine Furetière’s Nouvelle Allégorique (1658), a book that allegorizes the scholarly hostilities of its time with the main goal of archiving the very act of quarreling.

The purpose of this study is to analyze: first, the study of the Attorney General's Regulation No. 15 of 2020 on the Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice in the perspective of restorative justice itself; second, the mechanism for stopping prosecution based on restorative justice based on the Prosecutor's Office Regulation No. 15 of 2020 has fulfilled the goal of protecting human rights. This legal research uses a normative juridical approach. The results of the study conclude that first, the findings of the data regarding the review of the Attorney General's Regulation No. 15 of 220 on the Termination of Prosecution Based on Restorative Justice indicate that: a) Article 3 of the Regulation of the Indonesian Attorney General's Regulation No. 15 of 2020 states that public prosecutors have the authority to close cases for legal purposes. b) Article 4 states that the termination of prosecution is carried out in the interests of the victim and other protected legal interests. c) Article 5 paragraph (5), which states for criminal acts in paragraphs (3) and (4) do not apply in the case of a casuistic situation which according to the consideration of the Public Prosecutor with the approval of the Head of the Branch Office of the District Attorney or the Head of the District Attorney's Office cannot be terminated. Second, the mechanism for implementing restorative justice in traffic accident cases consists of a) peace efforts. namely the peace process is carried out voluntarily, with deliberation for consensus, without pressure, coercion, and intimidation b) in the peace process there are two possible mechanisms, namely rejected or successful. The implementation of the peace agreement is divided into two ways, namely: 1) carried out by Payment of Compensation 2) carried out by doing something Key Words: Authority; attorney general's regulation; restorative justiceAbstrakTujuan dalam penelitian ini untuk menganalisis: pertama, kajian Peraturan Jaksa Agung Nomor 15 Tahun 2020 tentang penghentian penuntutan berdasarkan keadilan restoratif dalam perspektif restoratif justice. Kedua, mekanisme penghentian penuntutan berdasarkan keadilan restoratif berdasarkan Peraturan Jaksa Kejaksaan No. 15 Tahun 2020 tersebut telah memenuhi tujuan perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia. Penelitian hukum ini menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis normatif. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan, pertama, temuan data mengenai kajian peraturan Jaksa Agung No 15 Tahun 220 tentang Penghentian Penuntutan Berdasarkan Keadilan Restoratif menunjukkan bahwa: a) dalam Pasal 3 Peraturan Kejaksaan RI No 15 Tahun 2020 menyatakan penuntut umum berwenang menutup perkara demi kepentingan hukum. b) Pasal 4 menyatakan penghentian penuntutan dilakukan atas kepentingan korban dan kepentingan hukum lain yang dilindungi. c) Pasal 5 ayat (5), yang menyebutkan untuk tindak pidana ayat (3) dan (4) tidak berlaku dalam hal terdapat keadaan kasuistik yang menurut pertimbangan Penuntut Umum dengan persetujuan Kepala Cabang Kejaksaan Negeri atau Kepala Kejaksaan Negeri tidak dapat dihentikan penuntutan. Kedua, mekanisme pelaksanaan keadilan restoratif dalam kasus kecelakaan lalu lintas terdiri dari a) upaya perdamaian. yaitu proses perdamaian dilakukan secara sukarela, dengan musyawarah untuk mufakat, tanpa tekanan, paksaan, dan intimidasi b) dalam proses perdamaian maka terdapat kemungkinan dua mekanisme yaitu ditolak atau berhasil. Pelaksanaan kesepakatan perdamaian yang terbagi dalam dua cara yaitu: 1) dilakukan dengan Pembayaran Ganti Rugi 2) dilakukan dengan melakukan sesuatu.Kata-kata Kunci: Wewenang; kejaksaan agung; keadilan restoratif

Uprawnienia kierownicze pracodawcy wynikające z przepisów prawa pracy są innej natury niż te kształtowane przez technologię, lokują one działanie kierownictwa pracodawcy w zupełnie innym obszarze niż technologia — w relacjach międzyludzkich, a nie w danych, w poleceniach, a nie w sygnałach, w odnoszeniu się do sposobów bycia jednostki, a nie do sprzężeń zwrotnych, do jej sumienności i staranności, a nie do nastawiania jej na wykorzystywanie. Kierownictwo technologiczne ma inne środki wyrazu, inną metodykę działania, inną skalę przymusu i porządku, jest inaczej zabezpieczane, nie zna granic, które stawia się kierownictwu normatywnemu. Technologia pozwala na zmianę paradygmatu kierownictwa dzięki dostępowi do tego, co było, które łączy z tym, co jest, by określać to, co będzie (mechanizm sprzężeń zwrotnych), odkrywa to, co do tej pory było skryte w sensie niemożliwości wydobycia z przepisów prawa pracy — ciągłość, permanentność nadzoru oraz możność swobodnego ustawiania jednostki jako przedmiotu do dyspozycji. Technologia jest nową manifestacją kierownictwa, a bardziej pierwotnie — nową manifestacją odnoszenia się do człowieka i do pracy. Za jej sprawą nastąpiło niezauważone dotychczas wyjście poza granice podmiotowości, a więc poza to, co osadzone w przedmiocie regulacji, w prawie, w godności osobowej, i wejście w obszar możności swobodnego uprzedmiotowienia jednostki. Artykuł jest próbą uchwycenia zjawiska technologicznego bycia-w-świecie oraz wynikających stąd konsekwencji dla prawa pracy., The employer's managerial powers arising from labour law are not the same in nature as those shaped by technology, they locate the employer's managerial action in a very different area from technology - in interpersonal relationships and not in data, in instructions and not in signals, in relating to individuals' ways of being and not to feedback, to their conscientiousness and diligence and not to setting them up for exploitation. Technological leadership has a different means of expression, a different methodology of action, a different scale of coercion and order, is secured differently, and does not know the limits that are placed on normative leadership. Technology allows for a change in the paradigm of management, thanks to access to what was, which connects with what is, in order to determine what will be (feedback mechanism), uncovers what was hitherto hidden in the sense of impossibility to extract it from the labour legislation - the continuity, the permanence of supervision and the possibility of freely positioning the individual as a disposable asset. Technology is a new manifestation of management and, more fundamentally, a new manifestation of reference to human beings and to work; it has led to a hitherto unnoticed transgression of the limits of subjectivity, and thus of what is embedded in the object of regulation, in law, in personal dignity, and to an entry into the area of the possibility of freely objectifying the individual. This article attempts to capture the phenomenon of technological being-in-the­-world and the resulting implications for labour law.

Sur quels principes l’idée de citoyenneté se fonde-t-elle ? En passant de la sujétion au monarque à l’obéissance à la loi qu’on a contribué à élaborer, on ne peut plus se contenter de concevoir la liberté comme le droit personnel de désobéir. Au travers de la loi, le citoyen devient à la fois son propre maître et son propre sujet. Le mérite de Jean Jacques Rousseau et d’Emmanuel Kant est d’avoir posé l’autonomie à la racine de l’idée de citoyenneté. Comment cela est-il concevable ? On what theory of freedom is it possible to base citizenship? Complete freedom or obedience to the law? As instigator of laws, the citizen is at the same time the source and the subject of the legislation. He is under his own authority. With the concept of “self government”, we can combine, with Rousseau and Kant, the political obedience and moral freedom. How is it possible?

This article presents a theoretical and descriptive account of the worldwide media visibility of NATO, the European Union, and the United Nations in connection to the Russia-Ukraine war. I formulate a theoretical framework that highlights the authority of the three international organizations (IOs) and their actions as the drivers of their media visibility. The empirical analysis is based on a unique dataset that maps, using natural language processing tools, the content of more than 2.9 million news articles published in January-September 2022 across virtually all states of the world and 60 languages. The empirical results show that NATO’s initial media visibility was high but has decreased significantly over time, the EU has maintained a persistently strong media visibility throughout the period, and the visibility of the UN has been characterized by dynamic developments. These findings have important implications for the public image and the role of the three IOs in the war.