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The following article discusses the antioxidant properties of mandelic acid and its hydroxy and methoxy derivatives. The antioxidant capacity of these compounds is determined by DPPH, FRAP, CUPRAC and ABTS. The mechanisms underlying the antioxidant properties are described by BDE, IP, PDE, ETE and PA calculation method values and referenced to experimental data. Thermochemistry, HOMO/LUMO energies, dipole moments, charge distribution, IR, RAMAN, NMR frequencies, binding lengths and angles were calculated using the B3LYP method and the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The structure of mandelic acid and its derivatives was determined experimentally using IR and RAMAN spectroscopy.

Aconitum chasmanthum Stapf ex Holmes, an essential and critically endangered medicinal plant from Kashmir Himalayas, was studied for its antioxidant and antifungal properties. The shade-dried powdered rhizome was extracted sequentially with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. These subsequent fractions were evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC); total flavonoid content (TFC); antioxidant assays, such as 1,1-diphenyl 1-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH); ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP); superoxide radical scavenging (SOR); hydroxyl radical scavenging (OH) and antifungal activity using the poisoned food technique. Highest TPC (5.26 ± 0.01 mg/g) and TFC (2.92 ± 0.04 mg/g) were reported from methanolic extracts. The highest values of radical scavenging activities were also observed in methanolic extracts with IC50 values of 163.71 ± 2.69 μg/mL in DPPH, 173.69 ± 4.91 μg/mL in SOR and 159.64 ± 2.43 μg/mL in OH. The chemical profile of ethyl acetate extract was tested using HR-LCMS. Methanolic extracts also showed a promising inhibition against Aspergillus niger (66.18 ± 1.03), Aspergillus flavus (78.91 ± 1.19) and Penicillium notatum (83.14 ± 0.97) at a 15% culture filtrate concentration with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 230 μg/mL, 200 μg/mL and 190 μg/mL, respectively. Overall, the methanolic fractions showed significant biological potential, and its pure isolates might be used to construct a potential new medicinal source.

Secondary metabolites have been shown to possess a range of biological functions. Flavonoids, due to their ability to scavenge ROS, are famous antioxidants. The plants of Artemisia species are rich sources of flavonoids; however, the amount of these metabolites is less. In the current study, the flavonoid content was detected and then enhanced by genetically modifying the Artemisia carvifolia Buch with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain GV3101 carrying rol A gene. The transformation of rol A gene was confirmed with PCR and the gene copy number was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. The HPLC analysis revealed the presence of catechin (3.19 ug/mg DW) and geutisic acid (2.22 ug/mg DW) in transformed plants, unlike wild-type plants. In transformed plants, all detected flavonoids (vanillic acid, rutin, catechine, gallic acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, geutisic acid, ferulic acid, and cinnamic acid) were increased up to several folds. Real-time qPCR revealed the higher expression levels of the genes for flavonoid biosynthesis enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS) in plants transformed with rolA genes, as the expression levels were increased up to 9–20-fold and 2–6-fold, respectively. The rol A transgenic lines T3 and T5 carrying two copies of rol A gene, particularly showed higher expression of both PAL and CHS gene, with the highest expression in T3 line. The transgenic lines demonstrated an average increase of 1.4-fold in the total phenolic content and 1–2-fold in the total flavonoid content as compared to wild-type plants. Total antioxidant capacity and total reducing power were increased up to an average of 1–2-fold and 1.5–2-fold respectively, along with increased free radical scavenging ability. Furthermore, the rol A gene transgenics were found to have much greater cytotoxic capacity than the A. carvifolia wild-type plant against the MCF7, HeLA, and HePG2 cancer cell lines. Current findings show that the rolA gene effectively increases the flavonoid content of A. carvifolia Buch, boosting the plant’s capacity as an antioxidant and an anticancer. This is the first-ever report, demonstrating the genetic transformation of Artemisia carvifolia Buch with rol A gene.

In this study, synthesis, spectroscopic elucidation, and investigation of antioxidant properties of new Schiff bases based on isatin and (thio)/carbohydrazone derivatives have been reported for the first time. The structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis. Their DPPH, ABTS, and CUPRAC activities were evaluated as antioxidant properties. Electronic and spectral data of the compounds were obtained by DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6–311+ +G(2d,2p) level of theory. Intramolecular interactions and charge densities on the bonds were analyzed by QTAIM and IRI calculations. In addition to parameters such as frontier molecular orbital energy eigenvalues, electronegativity, nucleophilicity index, and electrodonating power, the changes in the enthalpy of the compounds for the reactions realized through the SET mechanism were calculated to elucidate the antioxidant reactions of the compounds. Most of synthesized compounds exhibited antioxidant activities with the IC50 values ranging from 27.13 to 43.35 µM for DPPH, from 6.47 to 24.96 µM for ABTS and with the A0.50 values ranging from 9.04 to 47.52 µM for CUPRAC. Among them, compound 3, containing two hydroxyl groups, showed the strongest antioxidant activity for each assay (IC50 = 27.13 µM for DPPH, 6.47 µM for ABTS, and A0.50 = 9.04 µM for CUPRAC). The antioxidant activities of compound 3 were almost two or threefold weaker than that of BHA (IC50 = 9.55 µM for DPPH, 3.42 µM for ABTS, and A0.50 = 2.24 µM for CUPRAC), used as a standard. In addition, thiocarbohydrazone compounds exhibited higher antioxidant activity than carbohydrazones. Electron donating ability and single electron transfer enthalpy calculations predicted that thiocarbohydrazone compounds can perform SET reactions more easily than carbohydrazones. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.

Currently, there is a renewed interest in cannabis-related products in different fields because of the rich phytocomplex of this plant, together with its fiber and agricultural features. In this context, the current study aims to chemically characterize different samples of fiber-type Cannabis sativa L. grown in Italy as a potential health promoting source. An ultrasound-assisted solid-liquid extraction (UA-SLE) method was first developed and optimized to obtain a fingerprinting of the investigated phytocomplex. Analyses were carried out through an ultra high performance liquid chromatography equipped with a photodiode array detector in series with triple quadrupole system with an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface (UHPLC-UV-ESI-MS/MS) and showed that the phytocomplex mainly includes flavonoids and non-psychotomimetic cannabinoids. The method was then applied to characterize and compare 24 samples of fiber-type Cannabis sativa L. aerial parts (mainly stems and leaves), which differed for the growth stages (from mid-vegetative to early flowering), growth land plots, and methods of drying (forced-draft oven or freeze-drying). The quali-quantitative analysis showed that a freeze-drying method seems to better preserve the chemical composition of the samples, while the location of the land plot and the growth stage of the plant (which did not comprise inflorescences) had minor influences on the chemical pattern. These results were also supported by spectrophotometric in-vitro assays (scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) and 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethyl-benzthiazoline-6-sulphonate (ABTS+•) radicals and inhibitory activity against tyrosinase and elastase enzymes) to investigate the potential biological activity of these samples and the contribution of non-psychotomimetic cannabinoids.

[Co(AMPY)(DAPY)Cl2(H2O)].H2O (1) [Cu(AMPY)(DAPY)Cl2(H2O)].H2O (2) [Zn(AMPY)(DAPY)Cl2(H2O)] (3) were prepared from the ligands; AMPY = 2-amino-4-methylpyrimidine (L1), DAPY = 2,3-diaminopyridine (L2) and CoCl2.6H2O, CuCl2.2H2O and ZnCl2 in water/ethanol solutions and the three products characterized by elemental analysis, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), magnetic susceptibility, molar conductivity methods, and TGA analysis. The X-ray powder diffraction of the Co(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) compounds showed that the geometry of monoclinic and SEM analysis revealed their morphology with a smooth surface. Molecular modeling was performed for all compounds using the density functional method DFT/B3LYP to study the structures and the frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO). We have used Gaussian09 software for the calculations. In this study, different complexes were tested against Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial species to give insight into their broad-spectrum effects. The used pathogenic strains were two Gram positive species "Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus" and two Gram negative species "Salmonella thyphimurium and Escherichia coli. The antifungal activity was evaluated against a pathogenic reference strain of the yeast Candida albicans. The antimicrobial and antioxidant assay results demonstrate that the tested compounds are effective against Gram positive and negative bacteria. Additionally, the compounds have an antifungal effect against Candida albicans with a maximum inhibitory zone of 2.5cm. The results demonstrated high antioxidant potential for the Zn(II) complex with a DPPH scavenging of 91.5%, however, the Cu(II) complex was low (16.5%). The data of docking with tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase presented that all compounds fit very well in the catalytic pockets of the proteins of the receptor.

In this research, supercritical CO2 extraction is applied to extract bioactive compounds from Lamium album (white dead nettle, Lamiaceae). Extraction was performed at various temperatures (40, 50, and 60 °C) using methanol as co-solvent at a constant flow rate of CO2, methanol, and pressure. The collected extracts were characterized in terms of antioxidant capacity by using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP in vitro antioxidant activity assays, whereas the Folin–Ciocalteu procedure was employed to estimate the total phenols content (TPC). On the other hand, phenolic compounds in the extracts were quantitated by liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector (UPLC-PDA) and confirmed with a mass detector (TQD). The extracts have shown high TPC ranged between 234.17 to 650.17 mg GAE/g extract. DPPH scavenging of the extracts was estimated and obtained EC50 values ranged from 0.12 to 0.37 mg/mL of solution. The ABTS radical scavenging activity ranged from 43.20 to 44.53 µg TE/g. The FRAP value was found within the range of 19.48 to 44.74 µmol TE/g of extract. Differences between extraction conditions were observed. In this research, 50 °C/250 bar was efficient for the TPC, DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, moreover, statistically, TPCs and FRAP assay showed significant differences between the conditions at α = 0.05. The identification of phenolic compounds in the obtained extract of Lamium album flowers, using UPLC/PDA, revealed that chrysin, pinostrobin, myricetin, and trans-3-hydroxycinnamic acid were the significant molecules present, which may be responsible for the high content of polyphenols and antioxidant activity. The results obtained indicated that SC-CO2 could be considered an alternative method for extracting bioactive compounds of Lamium album. High antioxidant activity and the presence of various bioactive compounds indicate the potential of this plant from the Lamiaceae family and the possibility of its application in various industries, including agriculture, food technology, or pharmacy.

Antioxidants remain interesting molecules of choice for suppression of the toxic effects of free radicals in foods and human systems. The current practice involves the use of mainly synthetic molecules as potent antioxidant agents. However, due to the potential negative impact on human health, there is an intensive effort within the research community to develop natural alternatives with similar antioxidant efficacy but without the negative side effects of synthetic molecules. Still, the successful development of new molecules depends on the use of reliable chemical or cell culture assays to screen antioxidant properties. Chemical antioxidant assays include the determination of scavenging ability against free radicals such as DPPH, superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide. Other antioxidant tests include the ability of compounds to bind and sequester prooxidant metal cations, reduce ferric iron, and attenuate the rate of lipid oxidation. Ex vivo tests utilize cell cultures to confirm entry of the molecules into cells and the ability to quench synthetic intracellular free radicals or to stimulate the increased biosynthesis of endogenous antioxidants. In order to assist researchers in their choice of antioxidant evaluation methods, this review presents background scientific information on some of the most commonly used antioxidant assays with a comparative discussion of the relevance of published literature data to food science and human nutrition applications.

Six critical stages corresponding to major morphophysiological events in carob fruit ripening were defined, and changes in the primary and secondary metabolome and in vitro antioxidant capacity were examined in two genotypes collected at low (15 m) and high (510 m) altitudes from genetically identified and georeferenced trees. Soluble carbohydrates were analyzed by HPLC-RI, macro-minerals by ion chromatography coupled to conductivity detection and polyphenols by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS. spectroscopy facilitated assays for condensed tannins and in vitro free-radical scavenging capacity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The fruit respiration rate and moisture content declined sharply during the transition from the breaker to green pedicel stage. Sugar accumulation spiked at the onset of fruit coloration and culminated at 498.7 &plusmn, 8.4 mg g&minus, 1 dry weight (dw) in the late ripe stage, while the ratio of reducing sugars to sucrose decreased from 3.45 &plusmn, 0.32 to 0.41 &plusmn, 0.02. The total phenolic compounds and condensed tannins declined with ripening, particularly during the transition from the breaker to green pedicel stage. Eighteen polyphenols were identified and quantitated, with catechins and hydrolyzable tannins being dominant until the onset of fruit coloration. The transition to the green pedicel stage signaled a precipitous decline (90.9%) in catechins, hydrolyzable tannins (60.2%) and flavonol glycosides (52.1%) concomitant to the rise in gallic acid, which was putatively fueled by the enzymatic hydrolysis of gallotannins in immature fruit. Catechins, hydrolyzable tannins and flavone glycosides were more abundant at higher altitudes and gallic acid at lower altitudes. An antioxidant capacity was also favored by higher elevations and declined with ripening, particularly after the breaker stage. Correlations with FRAP and DPPH assays were significant for the total phenolic content, condensed tannins, catechins and hydrolyzable tannins. The highest correlation factors were obtained for epigallocatechin-gallate (r = 0.920 and r = 0.900, p &lt, 0.01). Although the sharp drop in hydrolyzable and nonhydrolyzable tannins and catechins compromised the in vitro antioxidant capacity at physiological maturity, it also reduced the astringency and configured a palatable organoleptic fruit profile. These changes unraveled significant episodes in the ripening-related secondary metabolism of the carob fruit. They further highlighted the value of immature carob as a potent source of gallotannins, with putative in vivo anti-inflammatory action, and of catechins beneficial in preventing and protecting against diseases caused by oxidative stress.

Interest in nanotechnology is increasing day by day. Silver and iron nanoparticles of the chloroform extract of Psephellus pyrrhoblepharus were prepared for this study by green synthesis method. The characterisation of the nanoparticles was carried out with some methods like the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD), zeta potential and particle size. The antioxidant activities and total phenolic capacities of nanoparticles and three different extracts of P. pyrrhoblepharus (chloroform, methanol:water (1:1) and n-hexane) were compared. Silver nanoparticles were the most active ones by antioxidant activities and total phenolic capacity. Although the iron nanoparticles showed activity, they did not show a successful activity as silver nanoparticles. This research is essential because it contains the first nanoparticle studies prepared from the plant P. pyrrhoblepharus.

European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is a deciduous tree, widely distributed in Europe and largely appreciated for its wood and nutritive nuts. Beech leaf also enjoys food use as salad, but an understanding of its nutraceutical value is still far from being achieved. Indeed, and also taking into account beech leaf as a consistent biomass residue available beechwood production and use, it needs to be explored as a valuable renewable specialized source of bioactive molecules. In this context, an untargeted ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated with high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) approach was favorably applied to a beech leaf alcoholic extract, which also was evaluated for its antiradical capability (by means of assays based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and [2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazolin-6-sulfonic acid)] (ABTS) radical cation) and its ferric ion reducing power. Redox mitochondrial activity towards Caco-2 cells paved the way to explore the extract’s capability to inhibit intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) using 2’,7’dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay. Hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives, mainly belonging to the chlorogenic acid class, and flavonoids were the main constituents. Uncommon flavanone C-glycosides were also found, together with a plentiful flavonol diversity. Cell-free and cell-based assays highlight its dose-dependent antioxidant efficacy, providing a foundation for further investigation of beech leaf constituents and its valorization and use as a reservoir of bioactive natural products with potential nutraceutical applications.

Six critical stages corresponding to major morphophysiological events in carob fruit ripening were defined, and changes in the primary and secondary metabolome and in vitro antioxidant capacity were examined in two genotypes collected at low (15 m) and high (510 m) altitudes from genetically identified and georeferenced trees. Soluble carbohydrates were analyzed by HPLC-RI, macro-minerals by ion chromatography coupled to conductivity detection and polyphenols by UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS. spectroscopy facilitated assays for condensed tannins and in vitro free-radical scavenging capacity of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The fruit respiration rate and moisture content declined sharply during the transition from the breaker to green pedicel stage. Sugar accumulation spiked at the onset of fruit coloration and culminated at 498.7 ± 8.4 mg g−1 dry weight (dw) in the late ripe stage, while the ratio of reducing sugars to sucrose decreased from 3.45 ± 0.32 to 0.41 ± 0.02. The total phenolic compounds and condensed tannins declined with ripening, particularly during the transition from the breaker to green pedicel stage. Eighteen polyphenols were identified and quantitated, with catechins and hydrolyzable tannins being dominant until the onset of fruit coloration. The transition to the green pedicel stage signaled a precipitous decline (90.9%) in catechins, hydrolyzable tannins (60.2%) and flavonol glycosides (52.1%) concomitant to the rise in gallic acid, which was putatively fueled by the enzymatic hydrolysis of gallotannins in immature fruit. Catechins, hydrolyzable tannins and flavone glycosides were more abundant at higher altitudes and gallic acid at lower altitudes. An antioxidant capacity was also favored by higher elevations and declined with ripening, particularly after the breaker stage. Correlations with FRAP and DPPH assays were significant for the total phenolic content, condensed tannins, catechins and hydrolyzable tannins. The highest correlation factors were obtained for epigallocatechin-gallate (r = 0.920 and r = 0.900; p < 0.01). Although the sharp drop in hydrolyzable and nonhydrolyzable tannins and catechins compromised the in vitro antioxidant capacity at physiological maturity, it also reduced the astringency and configured a palatable organoleptic fruit profile. These changes unraveled significant episodes in the ripening-related secondary metabolism of the carob fruit. They further highlighted the value of immature carob as a potent source of gallotannins, with putative in vivo anti-inflammatory action, and of catechins beneficial in preventing and protecting against diseases caused by oxidative stress.

This study reports the effect of an acetone extract of Evernia prunastri on the micronucleus distribution of human lymphocytes and effect on cholinesterase activity. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity (estimated via DPPH, ABTS, TRP and CUPRAC assays), as well as total phenolic compounds (TPC) and antibacterial activity (against two Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacteria) were determined. Chemical profiling of four E. prunastri extracts (acetone, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane) was realized by GC?MS and HPLC analysis. In addition, the activity concentrations of 40K, 137Cs, 226Ra and 232Th were established.

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) is known for their sensory characteristics and antioxidant properties, mainly due to the presence of several phenolic compounds. The aim of this work, was determine the antioxidant activity and apply the Rosemary lyophilized extract (RLE) in chicken burger, for assess their ability to reduce the lipid oxidation. Total antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds profile were analyzed by colorimetric tests and liquid chromatography analysis, respectively. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay was used to evaluate the ability of the RLE to prevent lipid peroxidation in chicken burger stored at 4 °C. Three treatments of chicken burgers were prepared (T1 – control, without addition of synthetic antioxidant BHT: butylated hydroxytoluene or RLE), T2 – with addition of BHT, and T3 – experimental, containing RLE). The high contents of total phenolic compounds (40.91 mg GAE g-1: Gallic Acid Equivalent) and total flavonoids (24.26 mg QE g-1: Quercetin Equivalents) were found in RLE. Rutin was the major phenolic compound identified in the RLE. The RLE showed strong antioxidant capacity and inhibited 48.29% of lipid oxidation (21 days of storage) in comparison to the control (T1), with low production of malonaldehyde, which has potential to be used in chicken burgers.

Recently, the interest in discovering natural antioxidants has increased tremendously for their application to control onset of multiple diseases. The present study was designed to determine polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant potential of Hedera nepalensis. Crude extract of H. nepalensis and its fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous) was prepared by solvent–solvent extraction. Total flavonoid and phenolic contents were determined by colorimetric methods using quercetin and gallic acid as standard. Further quantitative analysis of phenolic and flavonoid compounds was carried out by using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). Ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest amount of total flavonoid (2.4 ± 0.164 mg QE/100 mg) and phenolic contents (12.90 ± 0.15 mg GAE/100 mg). Using HPLC-DAD, catechin was identified in aqueous fraction and caffeic acid was identified in ethyl acetate fraction of H. nepalensis. The antioxidant capacity of H. nepalensis was evaluated by measuring the scavenging potential of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), total antioxidant capacity and reducing power. The extract/fractions showed significant (P

The plant kingdom is a rich source of health-promoting compounds and has always played a fundamental role in the isolation, identification, and modification of compounds able to perform several properties on live organisms. Among them, the so-called “antioxidants” have a major potentiality to increase human wellness. Antioxidants are important components in the signaling and defense mechanisms in some plants, where they are precursors of compounds of greater complexity, the modulator of plant growth, and the defensive system against pathogenic organisms and predators. The extraordinary variety of chemical structure and substitution present in the different plant antioxidants make them an inestimable source of interesting compounds, with the ability to counter reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and to stimulate the activation of signal cascade inside the cells. The mechanisms by which antioxidants detoxify these dangerous compounds are complex and involve either direct or indirect interaction with radicals. Antioxidants inhibit or quench free radical reactions mainly based on their reducing capacity or hydrogen atom-donating capacity, their solubility, and chelating properties. Moreover, their ability to modulate key metabolic enzymes and activate/block gene transcription also has remarkable importance.

Proanthocyanidins (PAs) and anthocyanins contents of four different red grape pomaces (GPs) from Morocco were analysed using chromatographic methods. The GP skin pigments characteristics were determined using spectroscopic methods while their antioxidant activities were determined using both spectroscopic methods as ABTS and DPPH radical cations, ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) and electrochemical technique: cyclic Voltammetry (CV). The PA of seeds extracts varied significantly among the types of GP and ranged from 56.1 +/- 0.3 mg g(-1) dry weight (DW) in Cot to 88.4 +/- 2.3 mg g(-1) DW in non-fermented Cabernet Sauvignon (CSNF). The skins of CSNF contained the highest levels of PAs (22.1 +/- 0.3 mg g(-1) DW). The PAs average degree of polymerization distribution ranged from 2 to 45 subunits for the skins and from 2 to 12 subunits for the seeds. The maximum anthocyanins amounts and antioxidant activities were measured in Cot skin extracts (32.8 mg g(-1) DW, DPPH: 0.23 mmol Trolox mg g(-1) DW; ABTS: 0.38 mmol Trolox mg g(-1) DW and CV: 1.73 x 10(-3)mA V) followed by Arinarnoa skin extracts which had the maximum corrected pigments (14.8 +/- 0.1) and color power (152.4 +/- 4.6 Unit color). The principal components analysis (PCA) of GP skins showed three different groups relevant to anthocyanins, PAs content, color and antioxidant properties.

The aim of this study was to model the extraction of phenolic antioxidants and identify the principal individual phenolic compounds of white tea by LC-DAD-MS/MS. A Box-Behnken design was applied to evaluate the effects of time, temperature and ethanol concentration in the extraction of phenolics and in vitro antioxidant activity. All mathematical models proposed by multiple regression analysis were significant (P 0.80). A simultaneous optimization was performed using DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, (−)-epigallocatechin gallate, and (−)-epicatechin gallate to maximize the phenolic extraction and suggested optimum conditions of 10 min, 66 °C and 30% ethanol solution, with absolute error lower than 7%. The suggested optimum conditions were confirmed by external validation. The principal individual compounds identified by mass spectrometry were gallic acid, 5-galloylquinic acid, caffeine, theobromine, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, and epicatechin gallate.

The principal components of essential oils, obtained by steam-hydrodistillation from the fresh leaves of five species of the genus Lippia, namely Lippia gracilis AV, Lippia sidoides Mart , Lippia alba carvoneifera, Lippia alba citralifera and Lippia alba myrceneifera and ethanol extracts , were evaluated. The greater antioxidant capacity (IC 50 = 980 µg/mL; p < 0.05), assessed by the HPLC-based hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase assay, was determined in the essential oil obtained from Lippia alba carvoneifera, while the remainder were comparatively inactive (IC 50 > 2000 µg/mL). Major compounds in the oils were, thymol (Lippia sidoides Mart, 13.1 g/k), carvone (Lippia alba carvoneifera, 9.6 g/kg), geranial ( Lippia alba citraleifera, 4.61 g/kg; Lippiaalba myrceneifera, 1.6 g/kg), neral ( Lippia alba citraleifera, 3.4 g/kg; Lippia alba myrceneifera, 1.16 g/k), carvacrol (Lippia gracilis AV, 5.36 g/kg) and limonene (Lippia alba carvoneifera, 5.14 g/kg). Of these, carvone (IC 50 = 330 µM) along with thymol (1.88 units), and carvacrol (1.74) units, were highly active in the hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase, and ORAC assays respectively. The following compounds namely I: calceolarioside E, II: acteoside, III: isoacteoside, IV: luteolin, V: 5,7,3´,4´-tetrahydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy flavone (spinacetin) , VI: naringenin, VII: apigenin, VIII: 6-methoxy apigenin (hispidulin), IX: 5,7,3´-trihydroxy-3,6,4´-trimethoxy flavone , X:5,7,4´-trihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy flavone , XI: naringenin-4´-methyl ether, XII: 5,7-dihydroxy-3,6,4´-trimethoxy flavone (santin) , XIII:5,7-dihydroxy-6,4´-dimethoxy-flavone (pectolinaringenin) and XIV: 5-hydroxy-3,7,4´-trimethoxy flavone were identified in the ethanol extracts . Of the leaf ethanol extracts, strong antioxidant capacity was only evident in that of Lippia alba carvoneifera (IC 50 = 1.23 mg/mL). Overall, the data indicates that use of the leaves of Lippia species in food preparations, should be beneficial to health.

In the present work we synthesized a selected series of hydroxylated 3-phenylcoumarins 5–8, with the aim of evaluating in detail their antioxidant properties. From an in depth study of the antioxidant capacity data (ORAC-FL, ESR, CV and ROS inhibition) it was concluded that these derivatives are very good antioxidants, with very interesting profiles in all the performed assays. The study of the effect of the number and position of the hydroxyl groups on the antioxidant activity was the principal aim of this study. In particular, 7-hydroxy-3-(3'-hydroxy)phenylcoumarin (8) proved to be the most active and effective antioxidant of the selected series in four of the performed assays (ORAC-FL = 11.8, capacity of scavenging hydroxyl radicals = 54%, Trolox index = 2.33 and AI30 index = 0.18). However, the presence of two hydroxyl groups on this molecule did not increase greatly the activity profile. Theoretical evaluation of ADME properties of all the derivatives was also carried out. All the compounds can act as potential candidates for preventing or minimizing the free radical overproduction in oxidative-stress related diseases. OPEN ACCESS Molecules 2015, 20 3291 These preliminary findings encourage us to perform a future structural optimization of this family of compounds This project was partially supported by the FONDECYT (projects 1110029 and 1090078), PhD fellowship CONICYT, fellowship for operational expenses (N°21120376), Spanish researchers personal founds, University of Santiago de Compostela and Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) for the Pest/C-QUI/UI0081/2013. MJ Matos was supported by the fellowship from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), POPH (Programa Operacional Potencial Humano) and QREN (Quadro de Referência Estratégica Nacional) (SFRH/BPD/95345/2013). S Vazquez-Rodriguez was supported by the Universidade de Porto postdoctoral grant NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000065 SI

This study quantified the fatty acids and evaluated the proximate composition, antioxidant activity (using the Quencher procedure), and total phenolic compound concentrations in Brazilian rice cultivars. The cultivars studied showed high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, such as linoleic and oleic acid. The ratios of polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids obtained were high. Regarding the antioxidant activity, the best results were found using the ABTS method and the worst in the DPPH assay. The results of the DPPH and FRAP assays showed the highest correlation. The antioxidant capacity results obtained were also much higher than those reported for other varieties worldwide. Therefore, the Quencher procedure is highly suitable for application in cereals such as rice, especially when combined with the ABTS radical capture method.

Objective: To investigate the antioxidant and antiproliferative potential of Leonotis nepetifolia (L. nepetifolia) leaves. Methods: The leaves of L. nepetifolia were subjected to extraction using three different solvents and the antioxidant potential of those extracts were tested by using various in vitro assays. Further, the best screened extract was analyzed for its phytochemical profile by both qualitative and quantitative assays. In order to determine its anti-proliferative activity, the best screened extract was treated with breast and laryngeal cancer cell lines such as MCF-7 cells and Hep2 cells, respectively. The cytotoxicity of the extract was also studied using MTT assay. The inhibitory effect of the extract of leaves of L. nepetifolia on the selected cell-line DNA was determined by DNA fragmentation assay. Also, the extract was subjected to TLC and bioautography analysis. Results: The DPPH assay showed methanol extract of L. nepetifolia leaves to be more significant in scavenging free radicals with inhibition percentage of 60.57%. From the data obtained, the methanol extract proved to be significant in all anti-oxidant assays and this effect was well comparable with the standard used in the study. The predominant phytochemicals such as phenols and flavonoids were further quantified as 0.107% and 0.089%. The cytotoxicity assay showed that the cell viability increased with increasing concentration of methanol extract. In addition, the extract caused dose dependent damage to the cancer cell lines MCF-7 and Hep2. Conclusions: Our study suggests that the leaves of L. nepetifolia were significant in scavenging free radicals and causing damage to proliferative cells. Further mechanistic studies would help in proving the efficiency of the selected plant under in vivo conditions.

Five antioxidant and two oxidative stress assays were applied to serum samples of 43 healthy males. The antioxidant tests showed different inter-assay correlations. A very good correlation of 0.807 was observed between the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) and total antioxidant status (TAS) assay and also a fair correlation of 0.501 between the biological antioxidant potential (BAP) and TAS assay. There was no statistically significant correlation between the BAP and FRAP assay. The anti-oxidant assays have a high correlation with uric acid, especially the TAS (0.922) and FRAP assay (0.869). The BAP assay has a much lower and no statistically significant correlation with uric acid (0.302), which makes BAP more suitable for the antioxidant status. The total thiol assay showed no statistically significant correlation with uric acid (0.114). The total thiol assay, which is based on a completely different principle, showed a good and statistically significant correlation with the BAP assay (0.510) and also to the TAS assay, but to a lower and not significant extent (0.279) and not with the FRAP assay (−0.008). The oxy-adsorbent test (OXY) assay has no correlation with any of the other assays tested. The oxidative stress assays, reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) and total oxidant status (TOS), based on a different principle, do not show a statistically significant correlation with the serum samples in this study. Both assays showed a negative, but not significant, correlation with the antioxidant assays. In conclusion, the ROM, TOS, BAP and TTP assays are based on different principles and will have an additional value when a combination of these assays will be applied in large-scale population studies.

Most of the fast in vitro assays proposed to determine the antioxidant capacity of a compound/extract lack either biological context or employ complex protocols. Therefore, the present work proposes the improvement of an agarose gel DNA electrophoresis in order to allow for a quantitative estimation of the antioxidant capacity of pure phenolic compounds as well as of a phenolic rich extract, while also considering their possible pro-oxidant effects. The result obtained demonstrated that the proposed method allowed for the evaluation of the protection of DNA oxidation [in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and an H2O2/iron (III) chloride (FeCl3) systems] as well as for the observation of pro-oxidant activities, with the measurements registering interclass correlation coefficients above 0.9. Moreover, this method allowed for the characterization of the antioxidant capacity of a blueberry extract while demonstrating that it had no perceived pro-oxidant effect.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of essential oil from Chenopodium ambrosioides L. and to determine its secretory structures. The essential oil was extracted through the hydrodistillation technique using a modified Clevenger apparatus (2 hours) and chemically characterized by GC/MS and GC-FID. The antioxidant activity was determined by monitoring the reduction of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and by the oxidation of the β-carotene/linoleic acid system. The evaluation of antibacterial activity was performed by the agar cavity diffusion technique using the microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Salmonella Cholerasuis. The characterization of trichomes was accomplished by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and histochemical tests with Nadi and Sudan IV reagents. The antioxidant activity demonstrated by the β-carotene/acid linoleic test, with IC50 = 455.7 µg mL-1. This oil also presented antibacterial activity for both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The minimal inhibitory concentration ranged 62.5 to 250 µL mL-1. The presence of terpenes in the glandular trichomes was observed, suggesting that the essential oil is secreted by these structures.

Background: The secondary metabolites of the Artemisia genus are well known for their important therapeutic properties. This genus is one of the valuable sources of flavonoids and other polyphenols, but due to the low contents of these important metabolites, there is a need to either enhance their concentration in the original plant or seek alternative sources for them. The aim of the current study was to detect and enhance the yield of antioxidant compounds of Artemisia carvifolia Buch. HPLC analysis was performed to detect the antioxidants. With the aim of increasing flavonoid content, Rol gene transgenics of A. carvifolia were established. Two genes of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase, were studied by real time qPCR. Antioxidant potential was determined by performing different antioxidant assays. Results: HPLC analysis of wild-type A. carvifolia revealed the presence of flavonoids such as caffeic acid (30 μg/g DW), quercetin (10 μg/g DW), isoquercetin (400 μg/g DW) and rutin (300 μg/g DW). Compared to the untransformed plants, flavonoid levels increased 1.9-6-fold and 1.6-4-fold in rol B and rol C transgenics, respectively. RT qPCR analysis showed a variable expression of the flavonoid biosynthetic genes, including those encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and chalcone synthase, which were found to be relatively more expressed in transformed than wild-type plants, thus correlating with the metabolite concentration. Methanolic extracts of transgenics showed higher antioxidant capacity, reducing power, and protection against free radical-induced DNA damage. Among the transgenic plants, those harboring rol B were slightly more active than the rol C-transformants. Conclusion: As well as demonstrating the effectiveness of rol genes in inducing plant secondary metabolism, this study provides insight into the molecular dynamics of the flavonoid accumulation pattern, which correlated with the expression of biosynthetic genes. Keywords: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Artemisia carvifolia Buch, antioxidant assays, Chalcone synthase, Flavonoids, Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, Rol gene

This study was planned to evaluate the antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extract/fractions of Acacia nilotica Willd. Ex. Del extracted with different solvents of increasing and decreasing order of solvent polarity. The antioxidative activities, including the 1’-1’ diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging effects, hydroxyl radical scavenging potential, chelating ability, reducing power and lipid peroxidation inhibition in rat tissue homogenate were studied in vitro. It was found that the antioxidative effect provided by extract/fractions was strongly concentration dependent and increased on fractionating the extract into water and ethyl acetate fractions. In general, the antioxidative activity increased with increasing extract/fractions concentration to a certain extent, and then leveled off with further increase in antioxidant activity. From a comparison of the antioxidant potential and IC 50 values for different antioxidative reactions, it seemed that extract/fractions were more effective in scavenging DPPH and hydroxyl radicals than reducing, chelating heavy metals and lipid peroxidation inhibitory potential.

Objective: To explore the new sources of novel bioactive compounds having pharmaceutical and agricultural interest and to search the endophytic actinobacteria from medicinal plants. Methods: NAF-1 an endophyte actinobacteria was isolated from leaves of medicinal plant Aloe vera collected in Marrakesh, Morocco using Bennett agar as selective medium. NAF-1 was tested for its antimicrobial activity against five pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus PIC 53156, Micrococcus luteus ATCC381, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 14579, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 50090 and Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 and four human clinic fungi belonging to the Candida, Aspergillus and Microsporum genera. Several antioxidant activities were studied such as DPPH free radical scavenging, β -carotene and linoleic acid and reducing power assays. The total of phenol and flavonoid was also calculated. Using Artemia salina shrimp assay, the cytotoxicity of NAF-1 crude extract was determined. Results: The results revealed that the actinobacteria showed a high activity (≥20 mm) against only Gram positive bacteria but it had a moderate activity (between 13 and 15 mm) against Human clinic fungi. The isolate also exhibited a LD50 of 14.20 μg/mL in the cytotoxicity assay. The result showed that the crude extract presented an interesting free radical-scavenging activity with IC50 value of (5.58 ± 0.26) μg/mL and a high value of phenolic and flavonoid compounds with (15.41 ± 0.18) μg GAE/mg extract and (11.41± 0.06) μg QE/mg extract respectively. Moreover, the taxonomic position of our endophyte actinobacteria using the morphological and physiological criteria and using 16S rRNA gene sequence (polyphasic approach) showed that the NAF-1 isolate was similar to Streptomyces hydrogenans which was never described as an endophyte actinobacteria. Conclusions: This isolated strain appears promising resources of bioactive agents and can be exploited to produce therapeutic agents active against pathogenic disease.

The efficiency of the chemiluminescence luminol method and colorimetric DPPH and ABTS methods in evaluating the antiradical capacity of pure compounds and plant extracts with antioxidant potential is compared. In case of pure compounds, the values of parameter 'n' (number of radicals quenched per molecule of antiradical) for ascorbic acid, p-hydroquinone, catechol, quercetin, and rutin are similar when measured by colorimetric assays; however, considerably lower values of n are obtained with the luminol assay. The antiradical activity of extracts from male and female individuals of Baccharis burchelli and Baccharis crispa were determined by the luminol assay and expressed using the new Trolox® percentage (%Trolox®) parameter.

Coffee is a major source of dietary antioxidants; some are present in the green bean, whereas others are generated during roasting. However, there is no single accepted analytical method for their routine determination. This paper describes the adaption of three complementary assays (Folin-Ciocalteu (FC), ABTS and ORAC) for the routine assessment of antioxidant capacity of beverages, their validation, and use for determining the antioxidant capacities of extracts from coffee beans at different stages in the roasting process. All assays showed a progressive increase in antioxidant capacity during roasting to a light roast state, consistent with the production of melanoidins having a higher antioxidant effect than the degradation of CGAs. However, the three assays gave different numbers for the total antioxidant capacity of green beans relative to gallic acid (GA), although the range of values was much smaller when chlorogenic acid (CGA) was used as reference. Therefore, although all three assays indicated that there was an increase in antioxidant activity during coffee roasting, and the large differences in responses to GA and CGA illustrate their different sensitivities to different types of antioxidant molecule.

The total antioxidant capacity from leaves of three Cuban endemic varieties of Erythroxylum alaternifolium was measured using three techniques: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS+) and Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The highest values of antioxidant capacity and total phenols were measured in polar n-butyl alcohol extracts. Among the varieties of E. alaternifolium assayed, the var. parvifolium showed the strongest antioxidant capacity: ABTS (6.49 ± 0.05 mg TE/g dw); DPPH (11.16 ± 0.01 mg TE/g dw) and ORAC (35.1 ± 1.5 mg TE/g dw). Additionally, n-butyl alcohol extract of E. alaternifolium var. parvifolium also showed the highest content in phenolics with 284.2 ± 7.3 mg CAE/g dw and in flavonols with skeleton quercetin, kaempferol and myricetin with 471 μg/g dw. Moreover, two flavonol glycosides: ombuin-3-O-rutinoside and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside were isolated for the first time from n-butyl alcohol extract of E. alaternifolium var. alaternifolium.

Two categories of functional food traits were researched: dietary minerals and antioxidants. The primary objectives were to (1) characterise diverse peanut phenotypes using established methods or developing and validating analytical methods if necessary; (2) estimate genotypic variation in the functional food trait; and (3) investigate the stability of the functional food trait through studies of genotype-by-environment (G × E) interaction. Essential mineral concentrations in kernels were analysed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and ICP-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) with the use of a dynamic reaction cell (DRC) after preparation of samples by microwave-assisted closed acid digestion. Antioxidant capacity was assessed using ABTS +, DPPH , Folin-Ciocalteu total phenolics, and ORAC assays adapted to a 96-well microplate format for high-throughput analysis. The phytochemical profile was quantitatively analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with the use of a photodiode array (PDA) detector, after ultrasound- and enzyme-assisted extraction and solid phase extraction to purify and concentrate the extracts. Genotypic variation for essential minerals and antioxidant capacity was estimated by analysis of 32 full-season maturity and 24 ultra-early maturity genotypes from the Australian Peanut Breeding Program (APBP). The studies established useful levels of variation of more than 10% relative standard deviation (RSD) among the genotypes in concentrations of most of the tested essential minerals, and of more than 20% RSD in antioxidant capacity, although only the ORAC assay distinguished statistically significant differences between genotypes. Studies of G × E interaction affecting the essential mineral and antioxidant capacity traits revealed that genotype, environment, and G × E interaction all significantly affected trait expression. The results confirmed that there was substantial genetic control of essential mineral concentrations and antioxidant capacity in peanut kernels, but that it will be important to characterise environmental interaction to enable plant/seed selection in the APBP and potentially manipulate the interaction through agronomic or postharvest management. The essential minerals data were used to develop approximately predictive calibrations for Ca, K, Mg, and P by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) of sufficient accuracy to be useful as plant/seed selection tools in plant breeding. Techniques that enable high-throughput, non-destructive, time/cost-effective analysis of trait segregation are valuable due to the extremely large number of samples that are generated in breeding programs. Five peanut genotypes with diverse antioxidant capacity phenotypes were quantitatively profiled for p coumaric acid, salicylic acid, resveratrol, and daidzein. The co-eluting compounds, caffeic/vanillic acid and ferulic/sinapic acid, were quantified on caffeic acid equivalent and ferulic acid equivalent bases, respectively. The HPLC analysis established significant genotypic differences in phytochemical concentrations and also the importance of the bound (e.g., conjugated and matrix-embedded) fraction. Fractions of the HPLC eluate were evaluated by ORAC assay to evaluate relative contributions to antioxidant capacity, and allowed identification of a number of unknown compounds that made important contributions to antioxidant capacity. HPLC analysis of kernels subjected to various roasting treatments (150 °C, 0-70 min and 160 °C, 0-32.5 min) showed that ferulic/sinapic acid concentrations declined with roasting duration, but that most other tested analytes were relatively thermo-stable.

Background Sida cordata, a member of Family Malvaceae is used in folk medicine for various ailments including liver diseases. In this study we investigated, its flavonoid constituents, in vitro antioxidant potential against different free radicals and hepatoprotection against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage in rat. Methods Dried powder of S. cordata whole plant was extracted with methanol and the resultant (SCME) obtained was fractionated with escalating polarity to obtain n-hexane fraction (SCHE), ethyl acetate fraction (SCEE), n-butanol fraction (SCBE) and the remaining soluble portion as aqueous fraction (SCAE). Diverse in vitro antioxidants assays such as DPPH, H2O2, •OH, ABTS, β-carotene bleaching assay, superoxide radical, lipid peroxidation, reducing power, and total antioxidant capacity were studied to assess scavenging potential of methanol extract and its derived fractions. On account of marked scavenging activity SCEE was selected to investigate the hepatoprotective potential against CCl4 induced toxicity in Sprague–Dawley male rats by assessing the level of serum markers (alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, bilirubin, and γ-glutamyltransferase) and of liver antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), glutathione-S-transfers (GST), glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (TBARS). Histology of the liver was performed to study alteration in histoarchitecture. Existence of active flavonoids was established by thin layer chromatographic studies. Results Considerable amount of flavonoid and phenolic contents were recorded in the methanol extract and its derived fractions. Although the extract and all its derived fractions exhibited good antioxidant activities however, the most distinguished scavenging potential was observed for SCEE. Treatment of SCEE decreased the elevated level of serum marker enzymes induced with CCl4 administration whereas increased the activity of hepatic antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, POD, GST, GSR and GSH-Px). Hepatic concentration of GSH was increased while lipid peroxidation was decreased with SCEE administration in CCl4 intoxicated rats. Presence of apigenin with some unknown compounds was observed in SCEE by using thin layer chromatography. Conclusions These results revealed the presence of some bioactive compound in the ethyl acetate fraction, confirming the utility of S. cordata against liver diseases in folk medicine.

In the present work the antioxidant activity of different solvent (100% methanol, 80% methanol, 100% acetone, 80% acetone) extracts of rice bran was evaluated following different antioxidant assays and using sunflower oil as oxidation substrate. The rice bran extracts were evaluated from the estimate of % inhibition of peroxidation in linoleic acid system, total phenolics content (TPC) and loss of β-carotene in a linoleic acid system. Additionally, crude concentrated rice bran extracts were added into the sunflower oil samples and stored under ambient conditions. The extent of oxidative deterioration was followed by the measurement of peroxide-, p-anisidine-, conjugated diene-, and triene- values. The general order of antioxidant efficacy of rice bran extracts as determined by various antioxidant assays was 80% methanolic extract > 100% methanolic extract > 80% acetone extract > 100% acetone extract. The results of the present comprehensive analysis demonstrate that rice bran extracts of the Super Kernel variety indigenous to Pakistan are a viable source of natural antioxidants and might be exploited for functional foods and nutraceutical applications.Se evalúa la actividad antioxidante diferentes extractos (100% metanol, 80% metanol, 100% acetona and 80% acetona) de salvado de arroz -var. Super Kernel- mediante diferentes ensayos y utilizando aceite de girasol como substrato. Los ensayos utilizados fueron la estimación del % de inhibición de la peroxidación en sistemas con ácido linoleico, el contenido total en compuestos fenólicos y la pérdida de β-caroteno en sistemas con ácido linoleico. Adicionalmente, los concentrados de extractos de salvado de arroz se añadieron a aceite de girasol y las muestras se almacenaron a temperatura ambiente. La extensión de la oxidación se evaluó mediante el índice de peróxidos, el índice de p-anisidina, así como la formación de dienos y trienos conjugados. El orden de la eficacia antioxidante de los extractos de salvado de arroz fue el siguiente: 80 % metanol> 100 % metanol > 80 % acetona > 100% acetona. Los resultados demostraron que los extractos del salvado de arroz de la variedad Super Kernel del arroz indígena de Paquistán son una fuente viable de antioxidantes naturales y podrían ser explotados como alimentos funcionales.