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Chronic inflammation harbors a vulnerable substrate for atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence after catheter ablation. However, whether the ABO blood types are associated with AF recurrence after catheter ablation is unknown. A total of 2106 AF patients (1552 men, 554 women) who underwent catheter ablation were enrolled retrospectively. The patients were separated into two groups according to the ABO blood types, the O-type (n = 910, 43.21%) and the non-O-type groups (A, B, or AB type) (n = 1196, 56.79%). The clinical characteristics, AF recurrence, and risk predictors were investigated. The non-O type blood group had a higher incidence of diabetes mellitus (11.90 vs. 9.03%, p = 0.035), larger left atrial diameters (39.43 ± 6.74 vs. 38.20 ± 6.47, p = 0.007), and decreased left ventricular ejection fractions (56.01 ± 7.33 vs. 58.65 ± 6.34, p = 0.044) than the O-type blood group. In the non-paroxysmal AF (non-PAF) patients, the non-O-type blood groups have significantly higher incidences of very late recurrence (67.46 vs. 32.54%, p = 0.045) than those in the O-type blood group. The multivariate analysis revealed the non-O blood group (odd ratio 1.40, p = 0.022) and amiodarone (odd ratio 1.44, p = 0.013) were independent predictors for very late recurrence in the non-PAF patients after catheter ablation, which could be applied as a useful disease marker. This work highlighted the potential link between the ABO blood types and inflammatory activities that contribute to the pathogenic development of AF. The presence of surface antigens on cardiomyocytes or blood cells in patients with different ABO blood types will have an impactful role in risk stratification for AF prognosis after catheter ablation. Further prospective studies are warranted to prove the translational benefits of the ABO blood types for the patients receiving catheter ablation.

The fingerprints of humans hold many potentials and have plenty of unique characteristics. It is one of the primary diagnostic tools used from accent's era because of their distinctive identity. It opens a lot of possibilities for human science research, by analyzing fingerprints, some researchers have tried to predict an individual's gender or age. In the 20th century, fingerprint identification and analysis have become commonplace also it has evolved into a crucial component of forensic at crime scenes. Similarly, like a fingerprint, the blood group is also unique for each individual. This study focuses on ABO and Rh systems, which are among the most prominent blood grouping methods. This paper proposed an optimized Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) which is designed as an extension of an AlexNet, that correlates the fingerprint patterns or different features of the fingerprint with the blood group of an individual. Researchers have only attempted to connect fingerprint patterns with blood types prior to this proposed method. The result and performance of the proposed CNN framework are compared with three different CNN variations like LeNet-5, ZFNet, and AlexNet. The proposed CNN design is used to predict the blood group having noticeable performance with a 95.27 % accuracy rate.

International audience; Background and aims: Non-O blood group promotes deep vein thrombosis and liver fibrosis in both general population and hepatitis C. We aimed to evaluate the influence of Non-O group on the outcome of Child-Pugh A cirrhotic patients.Methods: We used two prospective cohorts of Child-Pugh A cirrhosis due to either alcohol or viral hepatitis. Primary end point was the cumulated incidence of 'Decompensation' at 3 years, defined as the occurrence of ascites , hydrothorax, encephalopathy, gastrointestinal bleeding related to portal hypertension, or bilirubin >45 μmol/L. Secondary end points were the cumulated incidences of (1) 'Disease Progression' including a « decompensation» or « the occurrence of one or more parameters » among: prothrombin time (PT)

Berhanu Woldu,1 Mulugeta Melku,1 Elias Shiferaw,1 Belete Biadgo,2 Molla Abebe,2 Yemataw Gelaw1 1Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Yemataw Gelaw Email yabsirayemataw@gmail.comBackground: Knowledge of the ABO and RhD group distribution is essential for blood banks inventory and assuring quality blood transfusion services. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of ABO and RhD phenotype, allele, and genotype among blood donors at North Gondar District Blood Bank from 2010 to 2012, Northwest Ethiopia.Methods: The data of the current study were obtained from registration logbooks of blood donors registered. The ABO and RhD grouping was done by using commercially available monoclonal antibodies (anti-A, anti-B and anti-D) by slide methods. Results with no agglutination by anti-D antibody were confirmed using anti-human globulin test. Descriptive statistics were analyzed using SPSS version 20. The allele and genotype frequency of the donors was determined by Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium assumption. The difference between the observed and expected frequency was tested by online Chi-square calculator. P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Among 6471 blood donors, 82.1%, 94.1% and 55.4% were males, replacement donors and in the age group of 21– 30 years, respectively. Blood group O (47.04%) and blood group AB (4.81%) were the dominant and least common, respectively. The distribution of the RhD negative blood group was 5.76%. The distribution of A, B and O alleles was 0.1714, 0.1433 and 0.6859, respectively. Moreover, the genotype frequency of AA, AO, BB, BO, AB and OO was 0.0294, 0.2350, 0.0205, 0.1966, 0.0491 and 0.4704, respectively. The genotype frequency of DD, Dd and dd was 0.5774, 0.3649 and 0.0576, respectively. The result showed that there was no statistically significant difference between observed and expected allele and genotype frequency (P-value > 0.05).Conclusion: Blood group O and AB were the most and least prevalent, respectively. The allele and genotype frequency of the population was fulfilled the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium assumption. This finding might be useful for blood transfusion services.Keywords: ABO blood group, blood donor, Ethiopia, RhD

The number of ABO-incompatible solid organ transplantations (ABOi SOTs) has markedly increased worldwide since the early 2000s. We investigated the choice of ABO group for blood component transfusion in ABOi SOT. We conducted a survey by e-mailing a questionnaire to blood bank specialists at 77 major hospitals in Korea, among whom 34 responded to the survey. In major ABOi SOT, for red blood cells (RBCs), the recipient's type (70.6%) was the most common choice, followed by group O (29.4%); for platelets, group AB (50.0%) was the most common choice, followed by the donor type (38.2%); for plasma, group AB (55.9%) was the most common choice, followed by the donor type (32.4%). In bidirectional ABOi SOT, for RBCs, the recipient's type (55.9%) was the most common choice, followed by group O (44.1%); for platelets and plasma, group AB was the most common choice (94.1% and 97.1%, respectively). The policies for transfusion in ABOi SOT were diverse. We suggest a guideline on the choice of ABO group for transfusion in ABOi SOT to secure patient health and enable an efficient use of blood components.

Background and objective: Gastric carcinoma can be caused by the interaction between environmental factors and genetic variations. The relationship between ABO blood groups and carcinogenesis or progression of human tumors has been reported by many investigations. This study aimed to understand the correlation between ABO blood groups and the risk of developing gastric carcinoma. Methods: This case-control study included the ABO blood group and rhesus system of 92 patients diagnosed with gastric carcinoma at Erbil city from 2017 to 2019. Informed consent was obtained from all patients. As a control, the blood group from 260 healthy blood donors was collected from Erbil blood bank. Results: Of 92 patients, 58.7% were males, and 41.3% were females. The mean age was 62 (28 - 97) years. Regarding the type of gastric carcinoma, 58.7% were intestinal, and 41.3% were diffuse type. Blood group and rhesus system of patients and control were compared. Blood group O was 47.8% in cases versus 40.8% in control and 42.6% in all participants, followed by blood group A (31.5% of gastric carcinoma patients and 26.5% of control with a total of 27.8% of all participants). Regarding the Rhesus system, 92.4% of cases were Rh+, and 7.6% were Rh- compared with 92.9% Rh+and 7.1% Rh- in control. None of them was statistically significant. Conclusion: There was no statistically significant association between blood groups and gastric carcinoma, although blood group O was more common, followed by A. Keywords: Gastric carcinoma; ABO blood group; Erbil.

Sasikaan Nimmaanrat,1 Withaporn Thongkumdee,1 Alan F Geater,2 Maliwan Oofuvong,1 Pannawit Benjhawaleemas1 1Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; 2Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90110, ThailandCorrespondence: Sasikaan NimmaanratDepartment of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90110, ThailandTel +66 88 790 7842Fax +66 74 281656Email snimmaanrat@yahoo.com.auBackground: Cesarean section is the most common major surgery performed globally. Blood group O has been found as a factor affecting pain severity after cesarean section. We aimed to evaluate the predictive factors, including ABO blood group, for the amount of opioid consumption (measured as milligrams of morphine equivalent [MME]) within the first 24 hrs after cesarean section.Methods: This retrospective study was done in 1530 pregnant women who had a cesarean section under the same regimen of spinal anesthesia (2.2 mL of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine and morphine 0.2 mg). All were prescribed regular paracetamol and ibuprofen for postoperative pain control. Univariate and multinomial regression analyses were performed to identify the predictive factors for opioid consumption in the first 24 hrs postoperatively.Results: About 2/5 of them (43.3%) received 0 mg MME, while 25.6%, 23.7% and 7.4% received 1– 5, 6– 10 and > 10 mg MME, respectively. The majority have blood group O (40.6%), while 23.4%, 28% and 8% have blood group A, B and AB, respectively. After univariate and multinomial regression analyses, operation time, opioid consumption in PACU, maximum VNRS within the first 24 hrs and consumption of both paracetamol and ibuprofen were identified as predictive factors for postoperative opioid consumption. ABO blood group exhibited no correlation for opioid requirement postoperatively.Conclusion: ABO blood group is not a predictive factor for opioid requirement within the first 24 hrs following cesarean section. Duration of operation, opioid given in PACU, maximum VNRS on ward and consumption of both paracetamol and ibuprofen have been found to be predictive factors for postcesarean opioid requirement.Keywords: ABO blood group, predictive factors, cesarean section, postoperative opioid consumption

Sasikaan Nimmaanrat,1 Withaporn Thongkumdee,1 Alan F Geater,2 Maliwan Oofuvong,1 Pannawit Benjhawaleemas1 1Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand; 2Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90110, ThailandCorrespondence: Sasikaan NimmaanratDepartment of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkhla, 90110, ThailandTel +66 88 790 7842Fax +66 74 281656Email snimmaanrat@yahoo.com.auBackground: Cesarean section is the most common major surgery performed globally. Blood group O has been found as a factor affecting pain severity after cesarean section. We aimed to evaluate the predictive factors, including ABO blood group, for the amount of opioid consumption (measured as milligrams of morphine equivalent [MME]) within the first 24 hrs after cesarean section.Methods: This retrospective study was done in 1530 pregnant women who had a cesarean section under the same regimen of spinal anesthesia (2.2 mL of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine and morphine 0.2 mg). All were prescribed regular paracetamol and ibuprofen for postoperative pain control. Univariate and multinomial regression analyses were performed to identify the predictive factors for opioid consumption in the first 24 hrs postoperatively.Results: About 2/5 of them (43.3%) received 0 mg MME, while 25.6%, 23.7% and 7.4% received 1– 5, 6– 10 and > 10 mg MME, respectively. The majority have blood group O (40.6%), while 23.4%, 28% and 8% have blood group A, B and AB, respectively. After univariate and multinomial regression analyses, operation time, opioid consumption in PACU, maximum VNRS within the first 24 hrs and consumption of both paracetamol and ibuprofen were identified as predictive factors for postoperative opioid consumption. ABO blood group exhibited no correlation for opioid requirement postoperatively.Conclusion: ABO blood group is not a predictive factor for opioid requirement within the first 24 hrs following cesarean section. Duration of operation, opioid given in PACU, maximum VNRS on ward and consumption of both paracetamol and ibuprofen have been found to be predictive factors for postcesarean opioid requirement.Keywords: ABO blood group, predictive factors, cesarean section, postoperative opioid consumption

Background: Since the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic, many associated factors have been investigated to clarify the susceptibility and severity among the affected individuals. Biological markers can play an important role in identification of individual susceptibility to such pandemic. Growing evidence suggest the influence of different blood group systems on susceptibility to COVID-19 virus, with a particular blood type conferring selection advantage. Objectives: The study aimed to determine the association of ABO, Rhesus (D) and P1 blood groups with COVID-19 susceptibility in Taif city, Western Saudi Arabia. Methods: ABO, D and P1 blood antigens were determined in 104 blood samples of COVID-19 patients versus 100 control samples using either automated immunohematology analyser or test tube method. Statistical differences between patients and control samples were calculated based on p-value where results of ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. Results: O+ve blood group constituted the predominant type among the studied samples. Determination of P1 antigen showed significant association where Anti-P1 was positive in 76.9% of patients compared to 61.0% of controls with a P value of 0.01 conferring the susceptibility of P1+ve patients to COVID-19. Conclusion: Although our study showed no significant association between ABO and D, and susceptibility to COVID-19, there was a significant association between P1+ve and COVID-19. P1+ve participants were 2.131 times more associated with the risk of COVID-19 infection than those with Anti P1-ve. Thus, P1 antigen can be used as a biological marker for identification of individuals susceptibility to COVID-19. It is strongly advised that such individuals should consider extra protective measures.Further studies on other contributing factors should also be considered for more scientific clarity. Keywords: ABO Blood group; Rh(D); P1 antigen, COVID-19.

The ABO blood group type has been considered an independent risk factor in pregnancy-related complications leading to significant morbidity and mortality in pregnant mothers and neonates. Aim: To study the relationship between maternal ABO blood group and Rh typing with maternal and perinatal outcomes. Materials and methods: Prospective Observational study was carried out for 24 months from November among 1000 pregnant women attending outpatient for ABO blood group and Rh typing with maternal and perinatal outcome. Results: Among 1000 subjects, 43.5 % belonged to blood group O, followed by 30 % in blood group B. 20.7 % had blood group A, and 5.8 % had AB blood group. In the present study, 95.4 % had Rh+ve, and 4.6 % had Rh-ve typing. The incidence of preterm labour was high at 6.3 % in the O+ve blood group, followed by 1.8 % in the AB +ve, 0.6 % in the A+ve and 0.3 % in the B+ve blood group. A statistically significant association was found between blood grouping and preeclampsia with high incidence among the A+ve blood group. A statistically significant association was found between blood grouping and imminent eclampsia with high incidence among the AB+ve blood group. There was a statistically significant association found between blood grouping and intrauterine death. Conclusion: The findings in the present study will help clinicians to identify the patients at risk of developing adverse pregnancy outcomes like preeclampsia and imminent eclampsia; hence, the timely intervention will help to improve maternal and perinatal outcome and also helps to reduce the complications of preeclampsia and imminent eclampsia.

(1) Background: ABO blood group incompatibility between the mother and fetus protects against anti-D immunization by pregnancy. The possible role of ABO incompatibility in protecting against anti-human platelet antigen-1a immunization is unclear. (2) Methods: This study retrospectively screened 817 families (mother-father-neonate trios) of suspected fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia for inclusion. ABO genotypes were determined in 118 mother-child pairs with confirmed alloimmune thrombocytopenia due to anti-HPA-1a antibodies, and 522 mother-child pairs served as the control group. The expression of blood group antigen A on platelets was determined in 199 consecutive newborns by flow cytometry and compared with adult controls. (3) Results: ABO incompatibility between mother and fetus did not protect against anti-human platelet antigen-1a immunization by pregnancy. ABO blood groups of mothers and/or fetuses were not associated with the severity of fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. The expression pattern of blood group A antigens on the platelets of newborns mirrored that of adults, albeit on a lower level. Blood group A antigen was detected on a subpopulation of neonatal platelets, and some newborns revealed high platelet expression of A determinants on all platelets (type II high-expressers). (4) Conclusion: The lack of a protective effect of ABO incompatibility between mother and fetus against anti-human platelet antigen-1a immunization by pregnancy may indicate that fetal platelets are not the cellular source by which the mother is immunized.

Morphogenetic traits are physical observable traits that can be inherited either in a single gene or multifactorial pattern. ABO blood group is a codominant inherited trait that has been associated with different anatomical and physiological variations. However, there are limited studies that have linked ABO blood groups with some morphogenetic traits. This study was conducted to ascertain the distribution of morphogenetic traits like hand clasping and tongue rolling among ABO blood groups in a University community in Eastern Nigeria. A total of 115 volunteers participated in the study. The blood groups of the participants were determined and the expression of the morphogenetic traits was gotten by physical observation. Greater proportion of the participants were males (55.65 %), students (61.74 %) and within ages 15−25 (58.26 %). There was a higher prevalence of blood group O (57.39 %), tongue non-rollers (53.04 %) and right hand clasping (74.78 %) among the participants. The participants with blood groups A and O recorded a higher distribution of tongue non-rollers while those with blood groups B and AB recorded an equal number of both tongue roller and non-rollers. The participants with blood groups A, B and O recorded a higher distribution of right hand clasping while those with blood group AB recorded a significant higher distribution of left hand clasping (P

This study aimed to assess the association of severe malaria infection with the ABO blood groups among acute febrile patients at the General Hospital of Rungu, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This cross-sectional study was conducted between August and October 2018. Plasmodium falciparum-infected individuals were categorized as severe malaria and uncomplicated malaria. A total of 400 febrile patients were enrolled. The majority (n = 251; 62.8%) was positive P. falciparum in microscopy test, of whom 180 (71.7%) had uncomplicated malaria and 71 (28.3%) severe malaria; 32.3%, 18.3%, 2.8%, and 46.6% were found to be blood group of A, B, AB, and O, respectively. In the multivariate analysis using the logistic regression models, severe malaria was high among patients with A blood group compared to those with O blood group (45.8% vs. 13.7%; adjusted odds ratio: 5.3 [95% confidence interval: 2.7–10.5]; P < 0.001). This survey demonstrates that patients with A blood group had a high susceptibility to severe malaria compared to those with O blood group.

Background A large proportion of SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected individuals does not develop severe symptoms. Serological tests help in evaluating the spread of infection and disease immunization. The aim of this study was to prospectively examine the trends and risk factors of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in blood donors. Study design and methods We screened 8798 asymptomatic donors presenting in Milan from July 2020 to February 2021 (10,680 presentations) before the vaccination campaign for anti‐nucleoprotein (NP) antibodies, and for anti‐spike receptor‐binding domain (RBD) antibodies and nasopharyngeal swab PCR in those who tested positive. Results The prevalence of anti‐NP+/RBD+ tests increased progressively with time up to ~15% (p 80 AU/ml). Anti‐RBD titers declined during follow‐up, depending on baseline titers (p

Sickle cell disease is characterized by vaso-occlusive phenomena and haemolytic anaemia. There is a significant concern that the overlap of COVID-19 lung disease with acute chest syndrome that occurs in sickle cell patients may result in serious complications. Case reports of sickle cell patients with COVID-19 have been published. Here, we present a case series of COVID-19 infection in sickle cell patients in a developing country (Brazil). Only 10 patients tested positive so far for SARS-CoV-2 of 600 patients followed at our institution, of which 8 needed hospitalization (one in the intensive care unit), with no deaths. Even in a middle-income country, COVID-19 was reported to be relatively mild in sickle cell patients. In relation to risk factors, blood type O seems to confer some protection against developing severe COVID-19, a finding that could guide clinicians to adopt more clinical surveillance for patients with non-O blood type in sickle cell patients.

Biruk Legese,1,&ast; Mikru Shiferaw,2,&ast; Workineh Tamir,3 Tegenaw Tiruneh1 1Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; 2Bahir Dar Blood Bank Service, Amhara Regional State Health Bureau, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia; 3Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Biruk Legese; Mikru Shiferaw Tel +251943592686; +251913257134Email birukab1979@gmail.com; mikshif123@gmail.comBackground: Among the blood group antigens identified, ABO and Rhesus are the most important in transfusion medicine. ABO blood group antigens are the most immunogenic followed by Rhesus (D antigen). These blood groups’ frequency distribution varies among different regions and races of the world. This study aimed to identifying the frequency distribution of ABO blood group and rhesus factors among blood donors in Ethiopia.Methods and Materials: Aretrospective cross-sectional study was conducted from September 12/2019 to March 18/2021 at Bahir Dar blood bank service. After getting a permission letter from the blood bank, data were collected from the blood bank donor data registration system, and descriptive statistical results were presented in number (frequency) and percentage. A Chi-square test was used to show the difference in the frequency distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups among sex and blood donation site.Results: From 40,053 blood donors, 67.7% were males and younger donors (within the age range of 18– 24 years) account for 63.7%. All donations were from voluntary non-remunerated blood donors. The most common blood group was blood group O (41.5%) followed by A (29.8), B (23.2%), and AB (5.5%). Considering ABO and Rh blood group altogether blood group O positive with 37.9% was the predominant blood group followed by A positive (27.2%), B positive (21.4%), AB positive (5%), O negative (3.6%), A negative (2.6%), B negative (1.8%), and AB negative (0.4%). The majority of study participants were 91.5% Rh (D) positive.Conclusion: This study showed that blood group O was the predominant followed by A, B, and AB and most of the blood donors’ blood groups were Rh-positive (91.5%). About 68.9% of the total donations were from the first time donor.Keywords: ABO blood group, rhesus factor, frequency distribution

Mohammad Rabiul Halim,1,&ast; Shuvajit Saha,2,&ast; Injamam Ull Haque,1 Sadia Jesmin,1 Rahatul Jannat Nishat,3 ASMD Ashraful Islam,2 Seema Roy,4 Miah Md Akiful Haque,5 Md Motiul Islam,1 Tarikul Hamid,1 Kazi Nuruddin Ahmed,1 Md Azharul Islam Talukder,1 Arif Ahmed,1 Emran Hasan,2 Nurjahan Ananna,1 Faroque Md Mohsin,6 Mohammad Delwer Hossain Hawlader7 1Department of Critical Care Medicine, Central Police Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 2Department of Maternal and Child Health, Projahnmo Research Foundation, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 3Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 4Department of Medicine, Popular Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 5Department of Epidemiology, Public Health Professional Development Initiative (PPDI), Dhaka, Bangladesh; 6Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Dhaka, Bangladesh; 7Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh&ast;These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Mohammad Delwer Hossain Hawlader Email mohammad.hawlader@northsouth.eduPurpose: The world is heavily suffering from the COVID-19 pandemic for more than a year, with over 191 million confirmed cases and more than 4.1 million deaths to date. Previous studies have explored several risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but there is still a lack of association with ABO blood type. This study aimed to find out the relationship between the ABO blood group and COVID-19 outcomes in Bangladesh.Subjects and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary-level COVID-dedicated hospital in Dhaka city, Bangladesh, between April 2020 and November 2020. Records from 771 critically ill patients were extracted who were confirmed for COVID-19 by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, and blood grouping records were available in the health records.Results: The blood groups were 37.35%, 17.38%, 26.46%, and 18.81% for A, B, AB, and O type, respectively. Clinical symptoms were significantly more common in patients with blood type A (p < 0.05). Patients with blood type A had higher WBC counts and peak serum ferritin levels and both were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Patients with blood type A had a greater need for supplemental oxygen, and they were more likely to die in comparison to the patients with other blood types (p < 0.05). In multivariable analysis, our primary outcome death was significantly associated with blood type A (AOR: 3.49, 95% CI: 1.57– 7.73) while adjusting for age, male gender, and non-communicable diseases.Conclusion: Based on this study results, it can be concluded that the COVID-19 patients with blood type A have a higher chance of death and other complications. The authors recommend blood grouping before treating the COVID-19 patients, and healthcare workers should prioritize treating the patients based on that result.Keywords: COVID-19, ICU, ABO blood group, Bangladesh

Objective To evaluate the influence of ABO and Rh blood groups on morbidity among SARS-CoV-2 infected pregnancies. Design Prospective observational study. Setting 78 centers of the Spanish Obstetric Emergency Group. Population Pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 tested with polymerase-chain-reaction between 26-February and 5-November 2020. A cohort of 1278 SARS-CoV-2(+) pregnant women was analyzed and a concurrent comparison group of 1453 SARS-COV-2(−) patients was established. Methods Data were collected from medical charts. SARS-COV-2(+) was compared with SARS-COV-2(−) for differences in distribution of blood groups. We performed multivariate analysis, controlling for maternal age and ethnicity, to evaluate association of ABO and Rh blood groups with maternal and perinatal outcomes in SARS-CoV-2(+) patients with adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Main outcomes measures Medical morbidity: Symptomatic COVID-19 and medical complications. Obstetric outcomes: caesarean delivery, preterm deliveries, preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), hemorrhagic events, pre-eclampsia, maternal and neonatal mortality, stillbirth. Results Differences were noted between blood types and Rh for age and ethnicity comparing SARS-CoV-2(+) and SARS-CoV-2(−) groups (p

Background: ABH blood group and secretor status of individuals are inherited independently although both may be associated with diabetes, autoimmune diseases and heart diseases. Aim: A cross-sectional study was employed to determine the ABH blood group and secretor status of students in the University of Maiduguri. Methodology: Two ml blood and 3ml saliva were collected from each study participants and were assayed independently. The ABO blood group and secretor status were determined by tube method and haemagglutination inhibition technique respectively. Results: A total of 235 apparently healthy students of the College of Medical Sciences participated in this study. Of the 235 participants, 97.4% are ABH secretors whereas 2.6% are ABH non-secretors. One hundred and nineteen 119(50.6%) of the subjects are males, of which 115 are secretors while 4 are non-secretors. Among the 116(49.4%) females who participated, 114 are secretors while 2 are non-secretors. The distribution of ABO blood group among the subjects shows that 21.3% were group A, 20.8% group B, 8.5% group AB and 49.4% group O. Conclusion: In this study, Blood group O is the commonest while AB was the least among the subjects. Overall, there are more secretors than non-secretors among the subjects. However, the study suggests that the ability to secrete ABH substances is independent of ABO blood group genes. The analysis also helps in revealing the prevalence of secretor status among the students. With the associations of disease and secretors, the secretor status of individuals may play a role in the diagnosis and management of diseases. Keywords: ABO blood group; secretor status; ABH antigens

Individuals with ABO type O, naturally possessing anti-A and anti-B antibodies in their serum, are underrepresented among patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 compared with healthy controls. The ABO antibodies might play a role in the viral transmission. Therefore, we aimed to quantify anti-A/anti-B, including their subclasses IgM, IgG and IgA, in the serum and saliva of Caucasians (n = 187) after mild COVID-19 to compare them with individuals who had never been infected with SARS-CoV-2. Two samples were collected within two months after the diagnosis (median days: 44) and two months later. ABO antibodies were determined by flow cytometry. Additionally, total IgA in saliva and antibodies specific to SARS-CoV-2 were tested by ELISA. COVID-19 convalescents had significantly lower levels of anti-A/anti-B IgM, IgG and IgA in their serum than control subjects (p < 0.001). Interestingly, no significant differences were observed in saliva. ABO antibody levels remained stable over the period considered. No relation of ABO to the level of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies was observed. Total IgA was lower in convalescents than in controls (p = 0.038). Whereas ABO antibodies in the saliva may not contribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19, individual pre-existing high serum concentrations of anti-A/anti-B may have a protective effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Background/Purpose: The effect of the ABO blood group on the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unclear. The aim of the present study is to determine the prognostic impact of ABO blood types on the survival of a Japanese population of patients with HCC who underwent surgical resection. Methods: Patients with HCC (n = 480) who underwent an R0 resection between 2010 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Survival outcomes were investigated according to ABO blood type (A, B, O, or AB). Outcomes for type A (n = 173) and non-type A (n = 173) groups after surgery were compared using 1-to-1 propensity score matching to control for variables. Results: In the study cohort, 173 (36.0%), 133 (27.7%), 131 (27.3%), and 43 (9.0%) of participants had Type A, O, B, and AB, respectively. Type A and non-type A patients were successfully matched based on liver function and tumor characteristics. Recurrence-free survival (RFS; hazard ratio [HR] 0.75, 95% confidence interval [Cl] 0.58–0.98, p = 0.038) and overall survival (OS; HR: 0.67, 95% Cl: 0.48–0.95, p = 0.023) for patients with blood type A were both significantly decreased relative to non-type A patients. Cox proportional hazard analysis demonstrated that patients with HCC who have blood type A had a worse prognosis than those with non-type A blood. Conclusion: ABO blood type may have a prognostic impact on patients with HCC after hepatectomy. Blood type A is an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for recurrence-free and overall survival (RFS and OS) after hepatectomy.

Nouf A AlShamlan, Malak A Al Shammari, Reem S AlOmar, Danya Gari, Assim M AlAbdulKader, Sameerah Motabgani, Abdulaziz Farea, Magdy A Darwish Department of Family and Community Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Nouf A AlShamlanDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaTel +966504901406Email nashamlan@iau.edu.saBackground: Understanding the distribution of blood groups and blood donation willingness in a population is crucial in managing blood banks and transfusion services. Moreover, awareness of one’s own blood group is essential especially in emergencies that mandate blood donation. This study aimed to determine the distribution of ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood groups among health students, the students’ knowledge about their blood group, and their willingness to donate blood.Methods: This cross-sectional study included all newly accepted health students in a large university in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia (N=1145) during August 2020. The data included a self-administered questionnaire and the serology results of ABO and Rh factors. Chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests were performed followed by a multivariable binary logistic regression analysis which identified the predictors of willingness of blood donation.Results: Blood group O was the most frequent type among students (51.1%), followed by group A (24.5%) and B (20.4%). The majority (93.3%) of students had Rh-positive factor. When we compared students’ answers with their sample results, most students (75.5%) correctly reported their ABO and Rh blood groups. Male students and those with a previous history of blood donation correctly reported their blood group more than others. Of the total sample, 47.3% were willing to donate blood within the next year. Positive predictors of the willingness of student to donate blood included being male, and those with a history of blood donation. Interestingly, students with a family member in the healthcare field were significantly less likely to donate blood.Conclusion: Blood group O and Rh positive were the most frequent blood groups. Most students had a good knowledge about their blood groups, and about half of students were willing to donate blood. Efforts to encourage the young population to participate in blood donation are crucial.Keywords: ABO blood group, Rh factor, blood donation, Saudi, students

Atrial fibrillation is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia associated with substantial mortality and morbidity, largely due to thromboembolism, particularly stroke. AF shares strong association with cardiovascular diseases like hypertension, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, valvular heart disease. Although almost all risks of AF have been overlooked but correlation between ABO blood group and AF in general has not been investigated. Hence, we decided to study and identify the link between ABO blood group and AF. To fully assess effects of ABO blood group on AF and investigate the interaction between blood groups and sex on the prevalence of atrial fibrillation. This is a retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study. The data originates from database of "Scientific Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Diseases" Almaty city, Kazakhstan during 2019. AF was confirmed using an electrocardiograph. IBM SPSS version 22 was used to conduct the statistical analyses. Тhere were 475 patients with atrial fibrillation included in this study. A total of 279 patients (58.7%) were male, and 196 patients (41.3%) were female. The distribution of ABO blood group in the patients was as follows: 165 patients had blood group A (34.7%), 112 patients had blood group B (23.6%), 52 patients had blood group AB (10.9%) and 146 patients had blood group O (30.7%). After comparison of O blood group with non O blood groups there was no significant difference in number of O and A blood groups (P = 0.282), but other non O blood groups had significant differences in number [B (P = 0.035), AB (P = 0,000)]. Оur results establish that non-O blood groups act as an independent risk factor for AF compared with individuals having O type blood.

It is not known whether non-ABO antibodies confer any protective effect against SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 severe illness alone or in conjunction with O blood group. This cohort study included 413 576 persons in Ontario, Canada with known ABO blood group and non-ABO antibody screen status, who subsequently underwent SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA polymerase chain reaction testing between January and November 2020. The risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 severe illness was not associated with the presence of non-ABO antibodies, even among persons with O blood group.

Nouf A AlShamlan, Malak A Al Shammari, Reem S AlOmar, Danya Gari, Assim M AlAbdulKader, Sameerah Motabgani, Abdulaziz Farea, Magdy A Darwish Department of Family and Community Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Nouf A AlShamlanDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi ArabiaTel +966504901406Email nashamlan@iau.edu.saBackground: Understanding the distribution of blood groups and blood donation willingness in a population is crucial in managing blood banks and transfusion services. Moreover, awareness of one’s own blood group is essential especially in emergencies that mandate blood donation. This study aimed to determine the distribution of ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood groups among health students, the students’ knowledge about their blood group, and their willingness to donate blood.Methods: This cross-sectional study included all newly accepted health students in a large university in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia (N=1145) during August 2020. The data included a self-administered questionnaire and the serology results of ABO and Rh factors. Chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests were performed followed by a multivariable binary logistic regression analysis which identified the predictors of willingness of blood donation.Results: Blood group O was the most frequent type among students (51.1%), followed by group A (24.5%) and B (20.4%). The majority (93.3%) of students had Rh-positive factor. When we compared students’ answers with their sample results, most students (75.5%) correctly reported their ABO and Rh blood groups. Male students and those with a previous history of blood donation correctly reported their blood group more than others. Of the total sample, 47.3% were willing to donate blood within the next year. Positive predictors of the willingness of student to donate blood included being male, and those with a history of blood donation. Interestingly, students with a family member in the healthcare field were significantly less likely to donate blood.Conclusion: Blood group O and Rh positive were the most frequent blood groups. Most students had a good knowledge about their blood groups, and about half of students were willing to donate blood. Efforts to encourage the young population to participate in blood donation are crucial.Keywords: ABO blood group, Rh factor, blood donation, Saudi, students

Background: Blood group type A has been associated with increased susceptibility for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection when compared to group O. The aim of our study was to examine outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patients among blood groups A and O. Methods: This is an observational study. Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-square tests were used to compare continuous and categorical variables. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine association of blood groups with rates of mortality and severity of disease. All adult patients (> 18 years) admitted with COVID-19 infection between March 1, 2020 and March 10, 2021 at a large community hospital in Northeast Georgia were included. We compared mortality, severity of disease (use of mechanical ventilation, vasopressor, and acute renal failure), rates of venous thromboembolism and inflammatory markers between the blood groups. We used multivariable logistic regression model to adjust for demographical and clinical characteristics, use of COVID-19 medications and severity. Results: A total of 3,563 of 5,204 admitted patients had information on blood groups. Of these, 1,301 (36.5%) were group A, 377 (10.6 %) were group B, 133 (3.7%) were group AB and 1,752 (49.2%) were group O. On adjusted analysis, there were no significant differences in rates of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, acute renal failure, venous thromboembolism and readmission rate between the blood groups A and O. In-hospital mortality was also not statistically different among the blood groups A and O (17.5% vs. 20.1%; P = 0.07). On adjusted analysis, in-hospital mortality was not lower in blood groups O (odds ratio (OR): 1.06; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.80 - 1.40, P = 0.70). Conclusions: Once hospitalized with COVID-19 infection, blood groups A and O are not associated with increased severity or in-hospital mortality. J Hematol. 2021;10(3):98-105 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jh824

Background COVID‐19 convalescent plasma (CCP) is plasma collected from individuals who have recovered from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. The FDA Emergency Use Authorization restricts use of CCP to high‐titer units only. The purpose of this study was to determine if donor ABO blood group was associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody response, and subsequent qualification as high‐titer CCP. Methods All CCP donations collected from April 21, 2020 to September 1, 2020 were included. The Abbott ARCHITECT semi‐quantitative chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay was used to assess IgG antibodies to the nucleocapsid protein of SARS‐CoV‐2. Units with a S/C value ≥4.5 were considered high titer. Results A total of 232 CCP donations were evaluated. There were no significant differences in the distribution of sex, age, and interval from symptom resolution to donation by ABO blood group. The mean SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG antibody S/C value was significantly lower in blood group O donations (3.6), compared to blood group A (5.0) donations (p

(1) Background: The association between ABO blood groups and COVID-19 outcomes was investigated in several studies. The results were controversial. This study aimed to explore the association between ABO blood groups and COVID-19 outcomes. (2) Methods: This retrospective study included 303 COVID-19 patients treated at the NMC Royal Hospital in the United Arab Emirates between 8 April 2020 and 30 June 2020. (3) Results: The mean age of patients included in the study was 39.3 ± 10.7 years, and 72.9% of patients were males. The prevalence of blood groups O, A, B, and AB was 40.3%, 27.7%, 25.1%, and 6.9%, respectively. The correlation between ABO blood groups and COVID-19 outcomes was insignificant except in the AB group, with significantly higher odds of disease severity. Increased age, higher body mass index (BMI), and being of male gender increased the risk for pneumonia among all blood groups. Both increased age and higher BMI increased the risk of mortality, and increased age increased the risk of disease severity. Troponin and platelet counts were significantly different in the A group compared to the non-A groups. Time to viral clearance was not different among blood groups. However, adjustment for Rh groups resulted in a significantly shorter time in the B group. (4) Conclusions: There was no significant association between ABO blood groups and COVID-19 outcomes, with the exception of group AB.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between COVID-19 infection and ABO and Rh blood groups.Materials and Methods: 1360 patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 RNA test between April 2020 and March 2022 and 80219 healthy controls whose blood groups were determined before March 2020 were included in this study. Patients were classified according to disease severity as mild, moderate, severe and critical.Results: Patient and control groups were matched in terms of age and gender using case-control matched method. 1360 patients and 1161 controls were included in the analysis. Of the patients, 42.1% (n=572) had mild, 41.5% (n=564) moderate, 13.8% (n=187) severe and 2.7% (n=37) critical course of infection. It was observed that patients with blood group A were 1.33 times more at risk (OR: 1.33, 95%Cl: 1.12-1.56) for the development of COVID-19 infection compared to patients with other blood groups. No relationship was found between ABO and Rh blood groups and severe-critical COVID-19 disease, need for intensive care and mortality. However, when patients are divided into two groups as mild and non-mild (moderate, severe, critical); the frequency of having O and B blood groups was found to be significantly higher in non-mild cases than in mild cases ( (53.3% and 46.7%), (64.5% and 35.5%, respectively).Conclusion: In our study, while A blood group was found to be at risk for the development of COVID-19 infection, no relationship was found between Rh blood groups and susceptibility to the disease. In addition, the rate of O and B blood groups was found to be higher in patients who did not have mild disease., Amaç: Bu yazıda COVID-19 enfeksiyonu ile ABO ve Rh kan grupları arasında ilişki olup olmadığının belirlenmesi amaçlandı.Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma kapsamında Nisan 2020-Mart 2022 tarihleri arasında SARS-CoV-2 RNA testi pozitif saptanmış 1360 hasta ile Mart 2020 tarihinden önce kan grubu tayini yapılmış 80219 sağlıklı kontrolün verisi kullanıldı. Hastalar hastalık şiddetine göre hafif, orta, ağır ve kritik olarak sınıflandırıldı.Bulgular: Hasta ve kontrol grubu yaş ve cinsiyet açısından vaka-kontrol eşleştirmesi yapılarak 1360 hasta ve 1161 kontrol analizlere dahil edildi. Hastaların %42.1 (n=572)’i hafif, %41.5 (n=564)’i orta, %13.8 (n=187)’i ağır, %2.7 (n=37)’si ise kritik seyirliydi. A kan grubuna sahip olguların diğer kan gruplarına sahip olgulara göre COVID-19 enfeksiyonu gelişimi açısından 1.33 kat (OR: 1.33, %95Cl: 1.12-1.56) daha riskli olduğu görüldü. ABO ve Rh kan grupları ile COVID-19 hastalığının ağır-kritik geçirilmesi, yoğun bakım ihtiyacı ve mortalitesi arasında ilişki saptanmadı. Ancak hastalar hafif ve hafif olmayan (orta, ağır, kritik) olarak iki gruba ayrıldığında; hafif olmayan olguların hafif olgulara göre O ve B kan grubuna sahip olma sıklıkları anlamlı olarak daha yüksek bulundu (sırasıyla (%53.3 ve %46.7), (%64.5 ve %35.5).Sonuç: Çalışmamızda A kan grubu COVID-19 enfeksiyonu gelişimi açısından riskli olarak bulunurken, Rh kan grupları ile hastalığa yatkınlık arasında ilişki saptanmadı. Ek olarak hastalığı hafif geçirmeyen olgularda O ve B kan grubu oranı daha yüksek bulunmuştur.

Background: Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are autoimmune diseases in which the antigen-antibody system plays an important role. As blood group and Rh are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs), we aimed to determine the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups in SLE and RA patients and its association with disease manifestations. Methods: This short communication is based on a study that was conducted on 434 SLE and 828 RA patients. We evaluated the distribution of ABO and Rh blood groups in RA and SLE patients. Results: This study projected that in lupus patients, Coombs-positive autoimmune hemolytic anemia and arthritis were more common among the B blood type and Rh-positive group, respectively. Furthermore, there was no relation between ABO and Rh blood group and rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-Cyclic Citrullinated Peptide (anti-CCP) seropositivity. Moreover, there was no difference in distribution of blood groups in RA and SLE patients. Conclusion: The higher frequency of blood group B in hemolytic anemia, and positive Rh in arthritis in lupus patients, develop the hypothesis of probable role of ABO blood group antigen in some manifestations of lupus.

BACKGROUND Malaria is a global health burden. About 300 - 500 million people suffer from the disease every year, out of whom, about 1 million succumb.1 This study was undertaken, as there has been no such study regarding the possible effect of - thalassemia and ABO blood group in Indian population on falciparum malarial infection. METHODS This is an observational study carried on in all malarial patients admitted in the Department of General Medicine, VSS Medical College & Hospital, Burla, between October 2008 - September 2010. Inclusion criteria: (i) Fever with positive asexual forms of falciparum malarial parasites [thick smear, thin smear, positive quantitative buffy coat (QBC), ICT test]. (ii) WHO criteria for severe falciparum malaria2 . “Controls”: Healthy persons of about same age, sex, ethnicity and locality. Exclusion Criteria: Blood transfusion within 3 months, cases of DM, CKD, hepatitis, SCD, tuberculosis, HIV, chronic liver disease, and COPD. RESULTS 128 cases of malaria, between 15 - 75 years, both sexes, pregnant / non-pregnant were included in the study. For control, the gene frequencies were  /  29 (45.3 %),  3.7 /  27 (42.2 %) and 3.7 / 3.7 8 (12.5 %). For cases, it was found 33 (51.56 %), 25 (39.1 %) and 6 (9.4 %) respectively. In HPLC, HbA0 values of 3.7 / 3.7 (81.83  10) were >  /  (77.11  21.6) >  3.7 / , (64.8 ± 32.42), HbA2 values of  /  (2.1  1.4) >  3.7 /  (1.8 ± 0.8) > 3.7 / 3.7 (1.43  0.27). In HbF, there were nearly same number of cases in all three variants and were negligible in HbS. Anaemia, jaundice, oliguria were the predominant causes of morbidity in alpha thalassaemic patients with severe falciparum malaria. Blood group A patients had significantly higher morbidity than blood group B, AB and O. CONCLUSIONS The percentage of anaemia, coma, convulsion and death was significantly less in homozygous alpha thalassemia cases in comparison to normal alpha thalassemia and heterozygous alpha thalassemia. Above features were also found to be significantly less in blood group O patients, and significantly high in blood group A patients, when compared to other blood groups. Prevalence of heterozygous and homozygous -thalassemia was lower in cases in comparison to controls. MCV was significantly lower in homozygous alpha thalassemia patients in comparison to other genotypes of alpha thalassemia. Anaemia, jaundice, coma, shock, oliguria, being the major co-morbidity conditions, should be detected and treated early. KEYWORDS Severe falciparum Malaria, ABO Blood Group, Homozygous & Heterozygous, -Thalassemia

Highlights • The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can be tagged with A and/or B blood group antigens. • Upper respiratory tract epithelial cells express A and B antigens. • ABO antibody levels are significantly lower in Covid-19 patients compared to controls. • ABO-related anti-xenoantigen levels do not differ between patients and controls. • People with low levels of ABO antibodies may be at a higher risk of being infected., Background Susceptibility to Covid-19 has been found to be associated with the ABO blood group, with O type individuals being at a lower risk. However, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. Here, we aimed to test the hypothesis that Covid-19 patients might have lower levels of ABO antibodies than non-infected individuals as they could offer some degree of protection. Methods After showing that the viral spike protein harbors the ABO glycan epitopes when produced by cells expressing the relevant glycosyltransferases, like upper respiratory tract epithelial cells, we enrolled 290 patients with Covid-19 and 276 asymptomatic controls to compare their levels of natural ABO blood group antibodies. Results We found significantly lower IgM anti-A + anti-B agglutination scores in blood group O patients (76.93 vs 88.29, P-value = 0.034) and lower levels of anti-B (24.93 vs 30.40, P-value = 0.028) and anti-A antibodies (28.56 vs 36.50, P-value = 0.048) in blood group A and blood group B patients, respectively, compared to controls. Conclusion In this study, we showed that ABO antibody levels are significantly lower in Covid-19 patients compared to controls. These findings could indicate that patients with low levels of ABO antibodies are at higher risk of being infected.

Summary Background Multiple myeloma (MM) is a cytogenetically heterogeneous and incurable plasma cell disease with unknown etiology. It is thought that the ABO blood groups may play a role in the etiology of many diseases. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is a relationship between the ABO blood groups and the development of MM, clinical findings and overall survival. Methods In this single-center, retrospective and observational study, 198 patients with known blood types who diagnosed with MM between January 2012 and June 2020 were included. Results It was shown that individuals with blood group 0 had a significantly lower risk of MM (OR = 0.575, 95% confidence interval 0.416–0.794, P = 0.001). The incidence of extramedullary lesion was significantly higher in those with 0 blood group compared to other blood groups (P = 0.000). Overall survival was significantly shorter in patients with 0 blood group than those without 0 blood group (P = 0.007). Conclusion Individuals with 0 blood group had a lower risk of developing MM. It was determined that having 0 blood group is a predisposing factor for the development of extramedullary lesion in MM patients. However, it was shown that having a blood group of 0 was a very significant prognostic factor for MM patients and was associated with short OS.

Introduction: Conflicting evidences exist that ABO blood groups correlate with the susceptibility to COVID-19 and its clinical outcomes. This study aimed to pool available articles that assessed a possible relationship between COVID-19 and ABO blood groups. Materials and methods: A search was conducted in four databases comprising Pubmed/Medline, Google scholar, Journal storage (JSTOR) and African Journals Online (AJOL) for relevant studies available before 25th August 2020 and contained extractable data on ABO blood type distribution and COVID-19 disease. Search terms included a combination of “ABO blood group, and COVID-19, coronavirus, and SARS-COV-2”. Results: Fourteen articles that met study inclusion criteria were selected from a total of five hundred and eighty-five articles identified through database search. The fourteen articles reviewed comprised of a total of 73934 subjects (13189 SARS-COV-2 positive cases and 60745 controls). Overall, the risk of SARS-COV-2 infection was found to be significantly increased in patients with blood group A with ORs: 1.24 (95%Cl: 1.09-1.41, P = 0.001). Additionally, blood group O subjects were seen to have decreased odds of contracting COVID-19 infection (OR: 0.78, 95%Cl: 0.68 – 0.89, P=0.0003). No significant association was found between ABO blood groups and COVID -19 severity and mortality. Conclusions: Blood group A was associated with a higher risk of SARS-COV-2 infection whereas risk of infection was lower in blood group O subjects. No statistical significant association was found between ABO blood groups and COVID-19 severity and mortality. The precise role of ABO blood group in COVID-19 susceptibility, severity and mortality requires further research for clarification

Contexte : de nombreuses études ont constaté que la susceptibilité à la Covid-19 est associée au groupe sanguin ABO. En effet les individus de phénotype O semblent être moins à risque d’infection. Cependant, le mécanisme sous-jacent n'a pas été élucidé. Objectifs : nous avons voulu tester l'hypothèse selon laquelle les patients atteints de Covid-19 pourraient avoir des taux d'anticorps ABO plus faibles que les individus non infectés, car ils pourraient offrir un certain degré de protection. Méthode : nous avons recruté 133 patients atteints de Covid-19, 208 patients à distance de la maladie (convalescents) et 404 témoins asymptomatiques pour comparer leurs niveaux d'anticorps naturels de type IgG et IgM, du groupe sanguin ABO. Résultats : nous avons pu observer une différence significative dans les titres d'anticorps anti-A entre les patients de phénotype O atteints de Covid-19 ou convalescents et les témoins. En effet notre étude permet de constater des titres d’anticorps significativement plus faibles chez les patients de la cohorte « malade » (p-value = 0,03) de phénotype O par rapport au groupe témoin, et des titres d’anticorps « très élevés » significativement plus importants chez les patients de la cohorte « convalescente » de phénotype O par rapport au groupe témoin (p-value

Objectives: The studyevaluatedhaemostatic, haematologic, ABO and Lewis blood groups as stroke risk factors in Ogoni indigenes. Method: Full blood count was done using automation (SYSMEX). Activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time was done using manual method. Factor VIII, von Willebrand factor, fibrinogen, D-dimer,tissue plasminogen activator was done using ELISA method. ABO,Lewis blood groups were analysed using standard tube methods.Results: Statistically significant increase was observed in white blood cell counts in blood group O (p = 0.0222),white blood cells higher in stroke group. For haemostatic parameters,statistically significant difference was observed in mean platelet volume (MPV) of blood group Le a (p < 0.0001),mean platelet volumelower in stroke group and activated partial thromboplastin time of blood group A versus stroke group (p = 0.0447). Conclusion: Based on odd ratios and likelihood ratios, the risk for stroke to occur due to blood group differences was in the order of: (B)>(Le-a)>(Le-b)>(A)>(O). Based on haemostatic values associated with selected blood groups which were not significant but relevant because of some marginally higher mean values of the stroke subjects against controls, they are not significantly associated as risk factors. However, based on odd ratios and likelihood ratios presence of blood group B, Le-a and Le-b antigens may be associated risk factors for stroke event.

Blood type is reportedly correlated with the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, presumably because of its effect on thrombogenicity. However, the relationship between blood type and thrombotic complications in atrial fibrillation (AF) remains unclear. This retrospective study analyzed the blood types of 1170 AF patients (mean age, 70 years; 58% men) who were followed up for up to 4 years. Patients with greater than mild mitral stenosis or prosthetic valves were excluded. The cohort included 305 (26%) type O, 413 (35%) type A, 333 (28%) type B, and 119 (10%) type AB patients. The primary endpoint of major adverse cerebrovascular events (MACE) occurred in 52 (4.4%) patients. When longitudinal outcomes were plotted, AB blood type patients had worse prognosis than non-AB blood type patients (p = 0.039), particularly type O blood patients (p = 0.049). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that AB blood type was associated with higher MACE rates (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.01; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–4.00; p = 0.048) than non-AB blood types independent of anticoagulation therapy duration or CHA2DS2-VASc score. These indicate that AF patients with AB blood type are at an increased risk of MACE compared to those with non-AB blood type independent of the duration of anticoagulation or the CHA2DS2-VASc score.

Highlights • Blood group was the risk factors for COVID-19. • Blood group was related to the clinical characteristics of patients. • Patients with blood group A had an increased risk for infection with SARS-CoV-2, whereas blood group O was associated with a decreased risk., Objective To explore ABO blood group distribution and clinical characteristics in patients with COVID-19. Methods The clinical data of 187 patients with COVID-19 seen between January 20, 2020 and March 5, 2020 at the First Hospital of Changsha were retrospectively analyzed. The differences in the ABO blood group distribution between COVID-19 patients and the control group (1991 cases) were analyzed. The relationship between blood type and clinical characteristics was analyzed. Results Of the 187 patients with COVID-19, 69 had type A (36.90%), 63 had type B (33.69%), 41 had type O (21.92%), and 14 had type AB blood (7.49%). The proportion of patients with type A blood in the COVID-19 group was significantly higher than that in the control group (36.90% vs. 27.47%, P = 0.006), while the proportion of patients with type O blood in the COVID-19 group was significantly lower than that in the control group (21.92% vs. 30.19%, P = 0.018). The risk of COVID-19 was higher for individuals with blood group A than for those with blood group O (OR = 1.849, 95% CI = 1.228–2.768, P = 0.003). The risk of COVID-19 was higher for patients with blood group A than for those with a blood group other than A (OR = 1.544, 95% CI = 1.122–2.104, P = 0.006). Patients with blood group O had a lower risk of COVID-19 than non-O blood group patients (OR = 0.649, 95% CI = 0.457–0.927, P = 0.018). The ABO blood group distribution was related to COVID-19 status. Conclusions Patients with blood group A had an increased risk for infection with SARS-CoV-2, whereas blood group O was associated with a decreased risk, indicating that certain ABO blood groups were correlated with SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility. Blood type was related to some clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19.

BACKGROUND ABO blood group system was defined based on the presence of blood group antigens present on the cell membrane of erythrocytes. Though human beings possess the same blood group system, the prevalence of blood group system varies markedly across races, ethnic groups etc. This study aimed to look at the prevalence of ABO and Rh blood group among the medical students. METHODS An observational study was conducted among the type 2 diabetic subjects. Details of demographic data were collected along with ABO and Rh blood group details. The data was analysed. RESULTS Total 513 subjects were selected for the study. Among the study population, there were 200 females and 313 males. The order of prevalence of diabetes mellitus noted in the blood group types were O, B, A and AB respectively. The maximum prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus was noted with O blood group with 35.3 % and the least with blood group AB with 10.5 %. CONCLUSIONS The most common blood group linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus among this study population is O and B. Least prevalence is noted with blood group AB. 92% of the diabetics was Rh positive, while the rest of the population was Rh negative.

May 2018. Revised July 2018. Secondly Revised June 2020., We empirically investigated how voluntary helping behavior is influenced by the number of its potential recipients by using a nationwide survey in Japan (N = 1,333) and examining the relationship between blood type and blood donation behavior. It is generally known in Japan that type O blood can be medically transfused to individuals of all blood groups; therefore, the potential transfusion recipients’ number of the type O blood is the largest among the four blood groups. Our empirical analysis revealed that people with type O blood were more likely to have donated blood in the past than those with the other blood types. This association was stronger in a subsample of individuals who had knowledge relating to the above-mentioned widespread utility of type O blood. In addition, our empirical analysis arrested the concern that potential blood-type differences in altruistic attitudes might explain their differences in blood donation behavior, by confirming that type O blood was not significantly related to other altruistic behaviors (i.e., registration for bone-marrow donation, intention to donate organs, and making monetary donations) or attitudes (i.e., general trust, altruism, reciprocity, and agreeableness). After conducting further analyses, we concluded that the vast number of potential recipients of type O blood causes different patterns of Japanese people’s blood donation behavior across the four blood groups. This study added to the literature the real-world evidence concerning how having many potential recipients affect people’s behavior of providing common goods.

Introduction: There is paucity of data about the possible role of ABO antigen in response to pharmacologic reperfusion therapy in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and its relationship with ST segment recovery; thus, we aimed to evaluate the association of ABO antigen with ST-segment resolution in STEMI patients treated with thrombolysis.Methods:This prospective and observational study was conducted between March 2016 and September 2017 on patients with first acute STEMI within the first 12 hours after onset of symptoms treated with thrombolysis. Myocardial reperfusion success was determined by single-lead ST-segment recovery in 12-lead ECG. Patients were considered as responders if ST-segment resolved ≥50% or were assigned as non-responders if ST-segment resolution was Results:In this study 303 patients (187 males and 116 females) with a mean age of 56.6 ± 16.8 (ranging from 39 to 87 years) were enrolled. 184 patients (60.7%) were responders and 119 patients (39.2%) were non-responders. The presence of either A (4.5 folds increase) or B (5.4 folds increase) antigen was associated with a higher likelihood of a response to thrombolytic therapy, while had not effect on the occurrence of MACCE.Conclusion:We conclude that the presence of A or B blood group antigens is associated with a better response to thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute STEMI. This finding may imply a higher likelihood for thrombotic occlusion of coronary arteries in patients who have either A or B antigen in their blood.

Xiao-jie Sun,1,* Le Ai,2,* Yang-chun Feng2 1Blood Transfusion Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China; 2Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Yang-chun Feng Tel +86-991-781-9420Email paopao1987123@163.comObjective: To investigate the value of ABO blood group and complete blood count results in predicting the survival rate of patients with gastric cancer.Patients and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to collect 488 gastric cancer patients diagnosed in the Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University from January 2010 to December 2011. Relevant clinical data were collected by the medical record system, and the patients were followed up by the medical record follow-up system of the hospital. The follow-up was ended until the death of the patients, and the survival time of all patients was obtained. Survival curve and Cox regression analysis model were used to study the role of various indicators in the prognosis of gastric cancer patients.Results: Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), neutrophil monocyte ratio (NMR), lymphocyte monocyte ratio (LMR) and platelet distribution width (PDW) in blood routine test could predict the death outcome of gastric cancer patients, with the predicted thresholds of 1.95, 13.49, 5.22 and 11.25, respectively. Survival curve analysis showed that female patients, type O blood patients, LMR > 5.22 patients, NMR > 13.49 patients and NLR ≤ 1.95 patients had longer survival. Multivariate Cox regression analysis model showed that gender and NLR were independent prognosis risk factors for gastric cancer, with HR values of 2.964 (95% CI of 2.258– 3.891) and 1.103 (95% CI of 1.028– 1.183), respectively. PLT and PDW were independent prognosis protective factors for gastric cancer, with HR values of 0.998 (95% CI of 0.997– 1.000) and 0.891 (95% CI of 0.797– 0.996), respectively. Compared with type O blood patients, patients with type A blood, type B blood and type AB blood had 3.472 times (95% CI 2.562– 4.706), 3.368 times (95% CI 2.454– 4.624) and 4.407 times (95% CI 2.871– 6.766) increased risk of death.Conclusion: The results of NLR, PLT, PDW and ABO blood group can help to predict the survival of gastric cancer patients.Keywords: ABO blood group, complete blood count, gastric cancer, prognostic analysis

Xiao-jie Sun,1,* Le Ai,2,* Yang-chun Feng2 1Blood Transfusion Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China; 2Clinical Laboratory Center, Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Yang-chun Feng Tel +86-991-781-9420Email paopao1987123@163.comObjective: To investigate the value of ABO blood group and complete blood count results in predicting the survival rate of patients with gastric cancer.Patients and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted to collect 488 gastric cancer patients diagnosed in the Tumor Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University from January 2010 to December 2011. Relevant clinical data were collected by the medical record system, and the patients were followed up by the medical record follow-up system of the hospital. The follow-up was ended until the death of the patients, and the survival time of all patients was obtained. Survival curve and Cox regression analysis model were used to study the role of various indicators in the prognosis of gastric cancer patients.Results: Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR), neutrophil monocyte ratio (NMR), lymphocyte monocyte ratio (LMR) and platelet distribution width (PDW) in blood routine test could predict the death outcome of gastric cancer patients, with the predicted thresholds of 1.95, 13.49, 5.22 and 11.25, respectively. Survival curve analysis showed that female patients, type O blood patients, LMR > 5.22 patients, NMR > 13.49 patients and NLR ≤ 1.95 patients had longer survival. Multivariate Cox regression analysis model showed that gender and NLR were independent prognosis risk factors for gastric cancer, with HR values of 2.964 (95% CI of 2.258– 3.891) and 1.103 (95% CI of 1.028– 1.183), respectively. PLT and PDW were independent prognosis protective factors for gastric cancer, with HR values of 0.998 (95% CI of 0.997– 1.000) and 0.891 (95% CI of 0.797– 0.996), respectively. Compared with type O blood patients, patients with type A blood, type B blood and type AB blood had 3.472 times (95% CI 2.562– 4.706), 3.368 times (95% CI 2.454– 4.624) and 4.407 times (95% CI 2.871– 6.766) increased risk of death.Conclusion: The results of NLR, PLT, PDW and ABO blood group can help to predict the survival of gastric cancer patients.Keywords: ABO blood group, complete blood count, gastric cancer, prognostic analysis

BACKGROUND ABO blood group system was defined based on the presence of blood group antigens present on the cell membrane of erythrocytes. Though human beings possess the same blood group system, the prevalence of blood group system varies markedly across races, ethnic groups etc. This study aimed to look at the prevalence of ABO and Rh blood group among the medical students. METHODS An observational study was conducted to look for the ABO and Rh blood grouping among 1128 undergraduate medical students after getting their informed consent. Blood grouping and Rh typing was done by slide agglutination test using antisera (anti A, anti B and anti D sera) by keeping a control. Blood was mixed with saline to form a red cell suspension, to which antisera were added and checked for agglutination. Red cells-saline mixture acted as a control, which helped to confirm the presence or absence of agglutination. Data was tabulated as frequencies and percentages for categorical data. RESULTS Among the study population, there were 835 (74%) females and 293 (26%) were males. The order of prevalence about the frequency of blood group types were O, B, A and AB respectively. Maximum prevalence was noted with O blood group with 39.5% and the least with AB blood group (6.3%). CONCLUSIONS The most common blood group among this study population is O, followed by B, A and AB. 94% of the group was Rh positive, while the rest of the population was Rh negative.

Introduction:The primary aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between hypertensive diseases of pregnancy (HDP) and blood groups. Our secondary aim is to determine the risk factors that play a role in the development of HDP.Methods:Pregnant women aged 15-49 years were included in this cross-sectional, observational, and prospective study. Pregnant women were divided into two groups. Group 1 (n=266) included patients admitted to the intensive care unit due to HDP. Group 2 (n=402) included normotensive patients without any complications during pregnancy. The groups were compared in terms of age, blood groups, Rh factor, gravida, parity, gestational week, and primiparity-multiparity.Results:There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of ABO blood group and Rh factor. The mean age, gravida, and parity were significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (p=0.028; 0.001; 0.004, respectively), while mean gestational age was lower than Group 2 (p

Background There has been enormous progress in the diagnosis and treatment modalities of leukemia, but its pattern and prevalence vary throughout India. This inter-regional variation may be due to geographic, cultural or racial variation or maybe due deficiency in case of notification, especially in rural areas. Objective The aim of our study is to determine the prevalence of different types of hematological malignancies with the ABO blood group at a teaching hospital in Varanasi, India. This cross-sectional study of 77 cases was conducted during 2016-2017 at a tertiary care center. We analyzed the age, sex, subtype of leukemia, blood group, clinical features, and laboratory parameters of patients. Age ranged between 1 year and 81 years with a male to female ratio of 1.9:1. A total of 66.3% of patients were suffering from acute leukemia and 33.7% from chronic leukemia. The most common blood group was B positive (44.8%) but no significant association was found (P = 0.822). Fever (76.6%) and generalized weakness/easy fatigability (46.75%) were common complaints, whereas pallor (68.8%) and splenomegaly (51.9%) were common signs. Cases were from 23 districts of eastern Uttar Pradesh and western Bihar. The majority of the cases (70.12%) were from 8 districts (Jaunpur, Varanasi, Azamgarh, Ballia, Bhadhoi, Gazipur, Kaimur, Rohtas) of Uttar Pradesh, India and Aurangabad district of Bihar. Acute leukemia is more prevalent than chronic leukemia with more male preponderance. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were commonly found in children, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was found in both children and adults. Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) mainly noted in adults. Unclassified acute leukemia was seen mainly in children and young adults. Anemia was more severe in acute conditions and thrombocytopenia was also more in acute leukemia. The most common blood group was B positive.

Introduction: Several studies have found that certain diseases are associated with ABO blood groups. The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation of ABO Rh blood group with dental malocclusion in the population of Mysuru. Materials and Methods: In this study patients of 15–28 years of age will be selected, irrespective of gender from the hospital, Mysuru. It is an observational study with a duration of 3–4months. A total of 278 subjects between the age group of 15-28 years who visited the JSS hospital, Mysuru were recruited for this study. The maxillary and mandibular molar relation of teeth in maximum intercuspation using Angle’s classification were recorded. Blood group was evaluated using the ABO blood grouping system. Mean, Standard deviation, frequency, percentage were used for descriptive statistics. Chi-square test was used for inferential statistics. Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS), version 16 was used for statistical analysis. Results: Out of 278 people ‘O’ blood group was found to be most commonly associated with Angle’s Class I malocclusion (71.3%). Class II div I and div II was found to be more common in ‘A’ blood group (42.68%) and (4.9%) respectively. Class III being most common in ‘B’ blood group (6.5%). Conclusions: A significant correlation exists between blood group and malocclusion. The prevalence of malocclusions being highest in blood group O, followed by A, B and AB in Mysuru. Class II div I malocclusion was more prevalent in ‘A’ followed by ‘B’ blood group.

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease severity differs widely due to numerous factors including ABO gene-derived susceptibility or resistance. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of the ABO blood group and genetic variations of the ABO gene with COVID-19 severity in a heterogeneous hospital population sample from the United Arab Emirates, with the use of an epidemiological and candidate gene approach from a genome-wide association study (GWAS).Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 646 participants who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were recruited from multiple hospitals and population-based (quarantine camps) recruitment sites from March 2020 to February 2021. The participants were divided into two groups based on the severity of COVID-19: noncritical (n = 453) and critical [intensive care unit (ICU) patients] (n = 193), as per the COVID-19 Reporting and Data System (CO-RADS) classification. The multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated the association of ABO blood type as well as circulating anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies as well as A and B antigens, in association with critical COVID-19 hospital presentation. A candidate gene analysis approach was conducted from a GWAS where we examined 240 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (position in chr9: 136125788-136150617) in the ABO gene, in association with critical COVID-19 hospital presentation.Results: Patients with blood group O [odds ratio (OR): 0.51 (0.33, 0.79); p = 0.003] were less likely to develop critical COVID-19 symptoms. Eight alleles have been identified to be associated with a protective effect of blood group O in ABO 3'untranslated region (UTR): rs199969472 (p = 0.0052), rs34266669 (p = 0.0052), rs76700116 (p = 0.0052), rs7849280 (p = 0.0052), rs34039247 (p = 0.0104), rs10901251 (p = 0.0165), rs9411475 (p = 0.0377), and rs13291798 (p = 0.0377).Conclusion: Our findings suggest that there are novel allelic variants that link genetic variants of the ABO gene and ABO blood groups contributing to the reduced risk of critical COVID-19 disease. This study is the first study to combine genetic and serological evidence of the involvement of the ABO blood groups and the ABO gene allelic associations with COVID-19 severity within the Middle Eastern population.

Berhanu Woldu,1 Mulugeta Melku,1 Elias Shiferaw,1 Belete Biadgo,2 Molla Abebe,2 Yemataw Gelaw1 1Department of Hematology and Immunohematology, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia; 2Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Biomedical and Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Yemataw Gelaw Email yabsirayemataw@gmail.comBackground: Knowledge of the ABO and RhD group distribution is essential for blood banks inventory and assuring quality blood transfusion services. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of ABO and RhD phenotype, allele, and genotype among blood donors at North Gondar District Blood Bank from 2010 to 2012, Northwest Ethiopia.Methods: The data of the current study were obtained from registration logbooks of blood donors registered. The ABO and RhD grouping was done by using commercially available monoclonal antibodies (anti-A, anti-B and anti-D) by slide methods. Results with no agglutination by anti-D antibody were confirmed using anti-human globulin test. Descriptive statistics were analyzed using SPSS version 20. The allele and genotype frequency of the donors was determined by Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium assumption. The difference between the observed and expected frequency was tested by online Chi-square calculator. P-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Among 6471 blood donors, 82.1%, 94.1% and 55.4% were males, replacement donors and in the age group of 21– 30 years, respectively. Blood group O (47.04%) and blood group AB (4.81%) were the dominant and least common, respectively. The distribution of the RhD negative blood group was 5.76%. The distribution of A, B and O alleles was 0.1714, 0.1433 and 0.6859, respectively. Moreover, the genotype frequency of AA, AO, BB, BO, AB and OO was 0.0294, 0.2350, 0.0205, 0.1966, 0.0491 and 0.4704, respectively. The genotype frequency of DD, Dd and dd was 0.5774, 0.3649 and 0.0576, respectively. The result showed that there was no statistically significant difference between observed and expected allele and genotype frequency (P-value > 0.05).Conclusion: Blood group O and AB were the most and least prevalent, respectively. The allele and genotype frequency of the population was fulfilled the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium assumption. This finding might be useful for blood transfusion services.Keywords: ABO blood group, blood donor, Ethiopia, RhD