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The RF microsystem is the future development trend of electronic equipment miniaturization, and the ball grid array(BGA) is one of its common implementation forms. Because the BGA package cannot be measured by being connected to a vector network analyzer, the testing technology of the RF BGA package is studied. A test fixture that can be applied to the RF BGA package in DC-40 GHz is designed, and a series of cal-kits are designed for it, which solves the test problem for RF BGA package. The simulation results show that the return loss of the test fixture at work is more than 18 dB in DC-40 GHz. The return loss of the designed open-circuit cal-kit is less than 0.88 dB. The insertion loss of the through cal-kit and the line cal-kit are both less than 1.1 dB. The simulation results meet the designing requirements of calibration. The product has good electrical contact, and is solder-free, reusable, easy to process, and convenient to take and unload. It is universal for standard size BGA package.

BackgroundAlthough type 1 diabetes (T1D) is typically described as a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, increasing evidence for a role of B cells has emerged. However, the pivotal disease-relevant B cell subset and its contribution to islet autoimmunity remain elusive.MethodsThe frequencies and phenotypic characteristics of circulating B cell subsets were analyzed using flow cytometry in individuals with new-onset T1D, long-term T1D, type 2 diabetes, and nondiabetic controls, and also in a prospective cohort of patients receiving mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) transplantation. NOD mice and adoptive transfer assay were used to dissect the role of the certain B cell subset in disease progression. An in-vitro coculture system of islets with immune cells was established to examine the response against islets and the underlying mechanisms.ResultsWe identified that plasmablasts, a B cell subset at the antibody-secreting stage, were significantly increased and correlated with the deterioration of beta cell function in patients with new-onset T1D. Further, a fall of plasmablast number was associated with the preservation of beta cell function in patients who received MSC transplantation after 3 months of follow-up. Meanwhile, a gradual increase of plasmablasts in pancreatic lymph nodes during the natural progression of insulitis was observed in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice; adoptive transfer of plasmablasts together with T cells from NOD mice accelerated diabetes onset in NOD/SCID recipients.ConclusionsOur study revealed that plasmablasts may function as antigen-presenting cells and promote the activation and proinflammatory response of CD4+T cells, further contributing to the T cell-mediated beta cell destruction. Our results provide insights into the pathogenic role of plasmablasts in islet autoimmunity and may offer new translational strategies for inhibiting T1D development.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Reagents used for flow cytometry. Figure S1. Flow cytometry gating strategy in mice. Figure S2. Features of plasmablasts in patients with new-onset T1D. Figure S3. Reconstruction of adoptively transferred cells in the PLNs of recipient mice 4 weeks after transfer. Figure S4. The activation of CD8+ T cells is not influenced by plasmablasts. Figure S5. The number of plasmablasts did not correlate with beta cell function in patients with long-term T1D or T2D. Figure S6. Individual staining of CD138, CD4, CD8, and insulin (related to Fig. 4J). Figure S7. Individual staining of CD138, CD4, CD8, and insulin (related to Fig. 5C). Figure S8. Plasmablasts promote the IFN-�� production by T cells in T1D (answer to the reviewer).

Antenna-in-Package(AiP) technology has an advantage that a system can maintain antenna performance while being small in size and highly integrated. In this paper, based on LTCC technology, a rectangular corner cut microstrip antenna for 5G communication band is designed, and then integrated into a package of the chip with AiP technology. The simulation results of HFSS software show that after miniaturized and highly integrated, the AiP system achieves the goal with operation frequency of 4.8 ~ 4.9GHz, bandwidth of 100MHz and the peak gain of 6.52dB.

Aims To assess the effects on glycaemic control of lixisenatide vs placebo as add‐on treatment to basal insulin (BI) ± metformin and effects on glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) reduction in patients with insufficiently controlled type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods Patients (n = 448) with inadequately controlled T2D were randomized (1:1) to lixisenatide or placebo as add‐on to BI ± metformin for 24 weeks after an 8‐week run‐in phase, during which BI was titrated to a target self‐monitored plasma glucose (SMPG; 4.4‐5.6 mmol/L). The primary endpoint was absolute change in HbA1c from baseline to week 24. Secondary efficacy endpoints included: percentage of responders; changes in 2‐hour postprandial plasma glucose (PPG); 7‐point SMPG (daily average); body weight (BW); total daily BI dose; fasting plasma glucose; and safety assessments. Results Baseline demographics were similar in the two treatment groups. After insulin optimization during run‐in, lixisenatide was superior to placebo in mean change from baseline (7.9% [standard deviation {s.d.}, 0.66] and 7.9% [0.70], respectively) to week 24 in HbA1c (least squares mean [standard error {s.e.}] change −0.62% [0.09] vs −0.11% [0.09]; P

Objective To determine whether super-activation of PPARγ can reprogram human myoblasts into brownlike adipocytes and to establish a new cell model for browning research. Methods To enhance the PPARγ signaling, we fused M3, the transactivation domain of MyoD, to PPARγ. PPARγ and M3-PPARγ-lentiviral vectors were used to convert human myoblasts into adipocytes. Brown adipocyte markers of the reprogrammed adipocytes were assessed by qPCR and protein analyses. White adipocytes differentiated from subcutaneous stromal vascular cells and perithyroid brown fat tissues were used as references. Results In transient transfection, M3-PPARγ has stronger constitutive activity than PPARγ reporter assay. Although both the transduction of PPARγ and M3-PPARγ induced adipogenesis in myoblasts, M3-PPARγ, compared to PPARγ, drastically induced the brown adipocyte markers of UCP1, CIDEA and PRDM16 by 1,050, 2.4, and 5.0 fold, respectively and increased mitochondria contents by 4 fold. The gene expression levels of the browning makers in PPARγ-reprogrammed adipocytes are comparable to those of in vitro differentiated white adipocytes. Conclusions We have found that super-activation of PPARγ can effectively convert human myoblasts into brown-like adipocytes and can be a new approach to derive brown-like adipocytes.

Along with the development of organic electronics, conductive polymer of PEDOT:PSS has been attracting more and more attention because they possess various novel electrical, optical, and mechanical properties, which render them useful in modern organic optoelectronic devices. Due to its organic nature, it is lightweight and can be fabricated into flexible devices. For better device processing and integrating, it is essential to tune their surface morphologies, and photolithography is the best choice at present. In this paper, current PEDOT:PSS patterning approaches using photolithography are reviewed, and some of our works are also briefly introduced. Appropriate photolithographic patterning process for PEDOT:PSS will enable its application in future organic electronics.

A wideband 8-way radial divider/combiner with stepped impedance transformers in ka band is put forward in this paper. Simulation results show that return loss is below −20 dB between 29.4 GHz and 39.2 GHz for a single 8-way power divider; return loss is below −20 dB and insertion loss is better than −0.2 dB for an 8-way power divider/combiner including waveguide/microstrip transitions and microstrip/waveguide transitions from 31.8 GHz to 38.3 GHz.