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Background Few studies examined socio-ecological factors and leisure time physical activities (LTPA) and rarely focused on self-regulation and social capital, which might play a significant role in impacting people’s physical activity behavior. This study aimed to examine the direct and indirect effects of individual level (perceived benefits, perceived barriers, and self-efficacy), interpersonal level (self-regulation), social level (social capital), and environmental level factors (perceived physical environment) on LTPA among older adults. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 737 older adults from Sichuan, China. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis was used to examine the associations of individual, interpersonal, social, and environmental level factors with LTPA. Results The mean age of all participants was 71.22 (range, 60–97), and 56.1% of them were women. The SEM results showed that individual level variables (β = 0.32, ρ Conclusions Factors on three levels were all significantly associated with LTPA. Interventions that incorporate individual, interpersonal, social factors may be considered to promote LTPA in older adults. Self-regulation should receive more attention in future interventions.

Background Little is known about the associations between healthy dietary patterns and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in less-developed ethnic minority regions (LEMRs), where the prevalence of MAFLD is increasing rapidly and dietary habits are quite different from those in developed countries. Moreover, a significant subset of MAFLD individuals in LEMRs are nonobese, but the efficacy of dietary patterns on MAFLD individuals with different obese statuses is also unclear. We aimed to test the associations of two wildly recommended a priori dietary patterns—Alternate Mediterranean diet (AMED) and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)—with the risk of MAFLD in the total population, and further in nonobese and obese individuals. Methods We recruited 99,556 participants in the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort Study, an ongoing cohort study in less-developed southwest China. Using validated food frequency questionnaire, each participant was assigned an AMED score and a DASH score. MAFLD was ascertained as hepatic steatosis on ultrasound together with diabetes, overweight/obesity, or two other metabolic risk factors. We performed logistic regression with inverse probability of exposure weighting (IPEW) to examine associations between two dietary patterns and MAFLD, adjusting for potential confounders under the guidance of directed acyclic graphs. Further, analyses were stratified by body mass index. Results We included 66,526 participants (age 49.5±11.0; 62.6% women), and the prevalence of MAFLD was 16.1%. Participants in the highest quintile of DASH score showed strong inverse associations with risks of MAFLD (OR = 0.85; 95% CI, 0.80-0.91; Ptrend OR = 0.69; 95% CI, 0.61-0.78; Ptrend I2 = 78.5 % ; Pheterogeneity = 0.001) than that with obese MAFLD (OR = 0.90; 95% CI, 0.83-0.98; Ptrend = 0.002). There was a null association between AMED and MAFLD risk. Conclusions In LEMRs, a DASH diet but not AMED was associated with MAFLD. The relationship appeared to be more pronounced in nonobese MAFLD individuals than in obese MAFLD individuals.

Additional file 1. Effects of individual level variables, self-regulation, social capital, and perceived physical environment on LTPA. There were no significant association of perceived physical environment with LTPA; *��

Additional file 1.

Additional file 2.

Additional file 1: Supplementary Text 1. Diet-related questionnaires (excerpt from the CMEC questionnaires). Supplementary Table 1. Scoring criteria for the AMED score in the CMEC study. Supplementary Table 2. Scoring criteria for the DASH score in the CMEC study. Supplementary Table 3. Exchange values of fatty acids for food groups included in the CMEC studya. Supplementary Methods: directed acyclic graphs (DAG). Supplementary Figure 1. The final constructed DAG. Supplementary Table 4. Estimated associations using 24 kg/m2 and 28 kg/m2 as the BMI cutoff value of lean or overweight or obese individuals. Supplementary Table 5. Estimated associations in participants without exclusion of self-reported physician diagnosed chronic hepatitis/cirrhosis, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary heart disease, stroke or cancer. Supplementary Table 6. Estimated associations using logistic regression. Supplementary Table 7. Estimated associations with the complete case instead of imputed data. Supplementary Table 8. Adjusted associations between AMED and DASH and NAFLD.

Additional file 2. Effects of individual level variables, self-regulation and social capital on LTPA in older adults. The path from individual level to self-regulation was added in the model. *��

Additional file 1.

BP algorithm based on the gradient descent depends on initial weight selection with slow convergence rate and easily falling into local optimum. This paper presents the PSO algorithm and BP algorithm respectively in the global and local search advantage for the neural network weights optimization, The algorithm was used for the main steam temperature control system. The control strategy improved the control performance, and had a good anti-jamming performance and strong robustness, it achieved good control effect for large delay and variable object.