Search

Online appendix for researcharticle: "A Comparison of the Trustworthiness of CIAcceleration Products".

Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by rapid progression, high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. Early prediction for the prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy is of great significance to improve the survival of HCC patients. However, there is still no reliable predictor at present. This study is aimed to explore the role of centromere protein L (CENPL) in predicting prognosis and its association with immune infiltration in HCC. Methods The expression of CENPL was identified through analyzing the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data. The association between CENPL expression and clinicopathological features was investigated by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test or Kruskal Wallis test and logistic regression. The role of CENPL in prognosis was examined via Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank test as well as univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis. Besides, in TIMER and GEPIA database, we investigated the correlation between CENPL level and immunocyte and immunocyte markers, and the prognostic-related methylation sites in CENPL were identified by MethSurv. Results CENPL had a high expression in HCC samples. Increased CENPL was prominently associated with unfavorable survival, and maybe an independent prognostic factor of worse overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), disease-free interval (DFI), progression-free interval (PFI). Additionally, CENPL expression was significantly correlated with immune cell infiltration and some markers. CENPL also contained a methylation site that was notably related to poor prognosis. Conclusions Elevated CENPL may be a promising prognostic marker and associate with immune infiltration in HCC.

Introduction Based on the results of long-term clinical and radiological follow-up studies of decompression and fusion with internal fixation for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis (DLS), we recognized that the direction of the pedicle screw affects the stability of the fixation. However, few studies have analyzed the role of pedicle screw insertion trajectory in disc height recovery after fusion. We therefore analyzed patients’ general information, clinical efficacy and sagittal, coronal and implant parameters to determine whether there is a correlation between the insertion trajectory of screws and the recovery of intervertebral space height, with the ultimate aim to provide a basis for improving the clinical efficacy and radiological outcomes of patients with DLS and to identify an optimal technique for spine surgeons that would benefit patients with spondylolisthesis. Methods From May 2015 to October 2019, patients who underwent single-segment decompression and fusion with internal fixation for DLS at our department were screened for enrollment in the study. The clinical history, pre- and post-operative lumbar sagittal parameters, intervertebral height, rate of recovery from spondylolisthesis and pedicle screw angle of inpatients were recorded and followed up for at least 6 months. Clinical assessments included the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for lower back and leg pain. Data on screw angle, fusion segment intervertebral space height and clinical outcome were the primary outputs. Pearson correlation and multivariate regression analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between the pedicle screw angle, the sagittal parameters of the fusion segment and clinical efficacy. Results A total of 50 patients were initially enrolled, two patients were lost to follow-up after 6 months, 48 patients (17 men, 31 women) were eventually enrolled, and the follow-up rate was 96%. At least 6 months after the operation, vertebral spondylolisthesis improved to varying degrees [> 80% in 17 cases (35.4%) and > 20% in 43 cases (87.5%), respectively]. Changes in disc height (DH) were significantly associated with lower pedicle screw angle, while lumbar lordosis and segment lordosis remained the same. Multivariate regression analysis showed a significant negative correlation between the upper and lower pedicle screw angles and the change in DH (P

The abundant waste heat (below 500 K) from industry and automobile exhaust stimulate the development of thermoelectric materials for power generation. The commercial Bi2Te3-based alloys are generally used near room temperature. Herein, n-type Bi2Te2.7+xSe0.3 was prepared by a method of mechanical alloying combined with hot pressing, which is more efficient, time-saving, and energy-saving than the method of melting and spark plasma sintering. The n-type Bi2Te2.7Se0.3 being suitable for power generation (below 500 K) is obtained by manipulating the intrinsic point defects to enhance carrier concentration and suppress the intrinsic excitation at elevated temperature using a tiny amount of excess Te. Enhanced carrier concentration improves electrical conductivity, while enhanced phonon scattering reduces lattice thermal conductivity, originating from increased anti-site defects Te.Bi in Te-rich condition. Consequently, the enhanced ZT peak gradually shifts to higher temperature while increasing the excess Te content. The maximum ZT peak of 0.9 at 373 K and an average ZT of 0.82 between 300 and 498 K are obtained in Bi2Te2.71Se0.3, indicating potential for thermoelectric power generation (below 500 K).

What is known about this topic? Dengue fever is an acute febrile illness caused by four types of dengue virus (DENV 1–4), and is a mosquito-borne infectious disease. The incidence of dengue has increased dramatically around the world in recent decades. An estimated of 3.9 billion people in 128 countries are at risk of infection with dengue viruses, 70% of whom are in Asia. In 2017, the first local infections of dengue virus (DENV-2) in Jiangxi Province was reported in Zhanggong District, Ganzhou City. What is added by this report? From August to September 2019, the first dengue outbreak happened in Xin’gan County, where 81 local dengue fever cases were reported, 35 were laboratory-confirmed cases, and 46 were clinically-diagnosed cases; all cases were dengue virus type 1. The DENV-virus strains isolated from the cases of Xin’gan County were close to the strains isolated in Singapore (MF033254|25657|Singapore|2016) and Henan (MK905537|Henan201903|China: Henan Province|2019). What are the implications for public health practice? The outbreak might have been caused by imported cases or covert infections. The outbreak in Xin’gan County indicated that more proactive countermeasures should be taken during the dengue epidemic period such as intensifying surveillance for dengue cases, virus serotype, and Aedes vector density and strengthening cooperation with customs and tourism departments. Moreover, the outbreak should prompt training in medical institutions and improved ability for doctor’s to diagnose dengue fever, which is very important for early detection of dengue cases and taking preventive measures.

Background Kidney disease is an important comorbidity in HIV-infected patients, and is associated with poor outcomes of these patients. However, data on kidney function in Chinese HIV-Infected patients are scarce. In this study we determined the prevalence of kidney disease in PLWH involving ART-naïve patients and ART-experienced patients in China and explored its associated risk factors. Methods In the cross-sectional study, we recruited hospitalized adult HIV-infected patients. Demographic characteristics, clinical information and laboratory variables were collected. Kidney disease was defined as eGFR 2, hematuria, proteinuria, or microalbuminuria. We calculated the prevalence of kidney disease and used logistic regression to assess its associated risk factors. Results A total of 501 Chinese adult HIV-infected patients were enrolled, with 446 (89.0%) male and 55 (11.0%) female. Median age was 39 (IQR 30–50) years old. The prevalence of kidney disease was 19.0%. 22 (4.4%) patients had eGFR 2, 53 (10.6%) patients had hematuria, 11 (2.2%) patients had proteinuria, 40 (8.0%) patients had microalbuminuria. Using univariate analysis, kidney disease was found to be significantly associated with older age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, duration of HIV, ART and its duration, TDF-containing regimen, HIV viral load P = 0.016), diabetes mellitus (OR 3.699, 95%CI: 1.388–9.860, P = 0.009) and Anemia (hemoglobin OR 0.970, 95%CI: 0.954–0.986, P = 0.000) were significantly associated with kidney disease. Conclusions The prevalence of kidney disease in HIV-infected patients in China is high. It is very important to monitor renal function and comprehensively manage the various risk factors in these people. Especially, there is an urgent need to study antiretroviral drugs with no or less nephrotoxicity and with the ability to prevent the virus from depositing in the kidney to protect renal function of HIV-infected patients.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with high morbidity and mortality rates. E2F2 is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in HCC; however, The mechanism by which E2F2 promotes the progression of HCC remains unclear. The Shentao Ruangan (STR) formula exhibits antitumor efficacy against HCC; however, the underlying antitumor mechanisms remain unknown.To explore the regulatory effect of E2F2 on the p53 signaling pathway and reveal the role and mechanism of STR in promoting cell apoptosis via the E2F2-p53 signaling pathway in HCC.E2F2 overexpression or silencing by lentivirus in HepG2 cells were used to explore their influence on apoptosis and the p53 pathway. An H22 tumor-bearing mice model was used to determine the therapeutic efficacy of STR and its effects on the E2F2-p53 pathway. STR-mediated serum (STR-MS) was prepared, and its chemical constituents were identified using mass spectrometry. The effects of STR-MS on viability and apoptosis of HepG2 cells and the E2F2-p53 pathway were investigated and validated using rescue experiments.E2F2 overexpression significantly inhibited apoptosis and the p53 pathway in HepG2 cells, whereas E2F2-silenced HepG2 cells showed the reverse. This increased apoptosis was rescued by the addition of a p53 inhibitor (PFT-α) to E2F2-silenced HepG2 cells. In vivo, high doses of STR could remarkably inhibit the growth of xenografts, promote the apoptosis of hepatoma cells, downregulate E2F2, and activate the p53-dependent mitochondrial apoptotic pathway with good safety. In vitro, STR-MS exhibited similar effectiveness, and the best effect was achieved at 30% STR-MS concentration for 48 h. When 30% STR-MS was added to E2F2-overexpressing cells, the increased apoptosis and expression of key proteins in the p53-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis pathway were significantly rescued.Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that E2F2 inhibits hepatoma cell apoptosis in a p53-dependent manner and that STR may promote apoptosis by regulating the E2F2-p53 pathway in HCC.

Background: Previous studies reported that emodin extracted from Rheum palmatum L. exerts antiproliferation and antimetastatic effects in a variety of human cancer types. However, the role of emodin in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unknown.Methods: EdU and colony formation assays were performed to evaluate the effects of emodin on proliferation. The mobility capacities of HCC treated with emodin were evaluated using wound healing assay. Transwell invasion and migration assays were performed to evaluate anti-migratory and anti-invasive effects of emodin on HCC. Annexin V-FITC/PI was performed to analyze the apoptosis. PI stain was performed to analyze cell cycle. RNA sequencing technology was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by emodin in HCC. The impact of emodin on autophagic flux in HepG2 cells was examined by mCherry-GFP-LC3 analysis. Western blot was used to assess the protein expressions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), autophagy, PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.Results: We found that emodin inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, emodin inhibited cell proliferation, induced S and G2/M phases arrest, and promoted apoptosis in HepG2 cells. The migration and invasion of HepG2 cells were also suppressed by emodin. Enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs involved in cell adhesion, cancer metastasis and cell cycle arrest. Moreover, western blot and bioinformatics analysis indicated that emodin induced autophagy and inhibited the EMT in part through suppression of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Conclusion: Our study indicated that emodin inhibited cell metastasis in HCC via the crosstalk between autophagy and EMT.

Objective Preexisting severe cervical spinal cord compression is a significant risk factor in cervical hyperextension injury, and the neurological function may deteriorate after a slight force to the forehead. There are few biomechanical studies regarding the influence of pathological factors in hyperextension loading condition. The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of preexisting different types of cervical disc herniation and different degrees of compression on the spinal cord in cervical hyperextension. Method A 3D finite element (FE) model of cervical spinal cord was modeled. Local type with median herniation, local type with lateral herniation, diffuse type with median herniation, and diffuse type with lateral herniation were simulated in neutral and extention positions. The compressions which were equivalent to 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of the sagittal diameter of the spinal cord were modeled. Results The results of normal FE model were consistent with those of previous studies. The maximum von Mises stresses appeared in the pia mater for all 32 loading conditions. The maximum von Mises stresses in extension position were much higher than in neutral position. In most cases, the maximum von Mises stresses in diffuse type were higher than in local type. Conclusion Cervical spinal cord with preexisting disc herniation is more likely to be compressed in hyperextension situation than in neutral position. Diffuse type with median herniation may cause more severe compression with higher von Mises stresses concentrated at the anterior horn and the peripheral white matter, resulting in acute central cord syndrome from biomechanical point of view.

Background Previous studies reported that emodin extracted from Rheum palmatum L. exerts antiproliferation and antimetastatic effects in a variety of human cancer types. However, the role of emodin in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unknown. Methods EdU and colony formation assays were performed to evaluate the effects of emodin on proliferation. The mobility capacities of HCC treated with emodin were evaluated using wound healing assay. Transwell invasion and migration assays were performed to evaluate anti-migratory and anti-invasive effects of emodin on HCC. Annexin V-FITC/PI was performed to analyze the apoptosis. PI stain was performed to analyze cell cycle. RNA sequencing technology was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by emodin in HCC. The impact of emodin on autophagic flux in HepG2 cells was examined by mCherry-GFP-LC3 analysis. Western blot was used to assess the protein expressions of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), autophagy, PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Results We found that emodin inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, emodin inhibited cell proliferation, induced S and G2/M phases arrest, and promoted apoptosis in HepG2 cells. The migration and invasion of HepG2 cells were also suppressed by emodin. Enrichment analysis revealed that DEGs involved in cell adhesion, cancer metastasis and cell cycle arrest. Moreover, western bolt results show that emodin-induced autophagy promotes Snail and β-catenin degradation. We also found that blocking autophagic flux after emodin treatment caused EMT reversal. Furthermore, the PI3K agonist Y-P 740 significantly reversed the phosphorylation levels of GSK3β and mTOR. These results indicated that emodin induced autophagy and inhibited the EMT in part through suppression of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Conclusion Our study indicated that emodin inhibited cell metastasis in HCC via the crosstalk between autophagy and EMT.

With society paying more and more attention to energy conservation, building energy conservation has become a problem that must be considered in the design phase. In addition, modern life makes people spend more time indoors every day. Reasonable indoor air distribution positively impacts a comfortable indoor thermal environment and reduces building energy consumption. This paper discusses the influence of air distribution on indoor thermal comfort and building energy saving. Reasonable air distribution in the air-conditioned room will create a comfortable indoor thermal environment, which is helpful for the physical and mental health of personnel and efficient work. Meanwhile, it can also effectively reduce the equipment's initial investment and operating energy consumption and realize building energy savings. The design of indoor air distribution cannot be a single, isolated project. A comprehensive analysis based on each station's environmental thermal comfort requirements in the work area must be carried out to reduce air-conditioning operation energy consumption and achieve building energy-saving goals. For existing buildings and large space buildings, the corresponding air distribution design scheme should be designed reasonably. This paper also suggests future research directions on indoor air distribution.

Assessing renal function accurately is important for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) recommended three equations to calculate estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). There is evidence that eGFR based on the combination of serum creatinine and cystatin C is the most accurate of the three equations. But there is limited data on the comparison of three CKD-EPI equations in Chinese HIV/AIDS patients. The aim of our study was to compare the three CKD-EPI equations in Chinese HIV/AIDS population and assess renal function. Cross-sectional, single center, prospective study. One hundred seventy two Chinese adult HIV/AIDS patients were enrolled, including 145 (84.3%) males and 27 (15.7%) females. Mean age was 40(±12) years old. Overall mean eGFR based on serum creatinine, cystatin C and the combination of the 2 markers was 112.6(±19.0) mL/min/1.73 m2, 92.0(±24.2)mL/min/1.73 m2, and 101.7(±21.8)mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively (P = .000). The eGFR calculated by serum creatinine alone is higher than eGFR calculated by combination of serum creatinine and cystatin C, and eGFR calculated by cystatin C individual is lower than eGFR calculated by combination of the 2 markers. Of the 3 CKD-EPI equations, the CKD-EPIscr-cys equation may have the most accuracy in evaluating renal function in Chinese HIV/AIDS patients while the CKD-EPIscr equation may overestimate renal function and the CKD-EPIcys equation may underestimate renal function.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor with rapid progression, high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. The objective of our investigation was to explore the prognostic value of CDK5R1 in HCC. Methods: The raw data of HCC raw data were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Kruskal–Wallis test and logistic regression were applied to investigate the relevance between the CDK5R1 expression and clinicopathologic characteristics in HCC. Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression analysis were employed to examine the association between clinicopathologic features and survival. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was applied to annotate the biological function of CDK5R1. Results: CDK5R1 was highly expressed in HCC tissues. The high expression of CDK5R1 in HCC tissues was significantly associated with tumor status (P=0.00), new tumor event (P=0.00), clinical stage (P=0.00) and topography (P=0.00). Elevated CDK5R1 had significant correlation with worse overall survival (OS; P=7.414e−04), disease-specific survival (DSS; P=5.642e−04), disease-free interval (DFI; P=1.785e−05) and progression-free interval (PFI; P=2.512e−06). Besides, univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis uncovered that increased CDK5R1 can independently predict adverse OS (P=0.037, hazard ratio [HR]= 1.7 (95% CI [1.0–2.7])), DFI (P=0.007, hazard ratio [HR]= 3.0 (95% CI [1.4–6.7])), PFI (P=0.007, hazard ratio [HR]= 2.8 (95% CI [1.3–5.9])). GSEA disclosed that notch signaling pathway and non-small cell lung cancer were prominently enriched in CDK5R1 high expression phenotype. Conclusions: Increased CDK5R1 may act as a promising independent prognostic factor of poor survival in HCC.

Introduction: This paper aims to estimate the incubation period and serial intervals for SARS-CoV-2 based on confirmed cases in Jiangxi Province of China and meta-analysis method. Methodology: Distributions of incubation period and serial interval of Jiangxi epidemic data were fitted by “fitdistrplus” package of R software, and the meta-analysis was conducted by “meta” package of R software. Results: Based on the epidemic data of Jiangxi, we found the median days of incubation period and serial interval were 5.9 days [IQR: 3.8 – 8.6] and 5.7 days [IQR: 3.6 – 8.3], respectively. The median days of the infectivity period at pre-symptomatic was 1.7 days [IQR: 1.1 – 2.4]. The meta-analysis based on 64 papers showed the pooled means of the incubation period and serial interval were 6.25 days (95% CrI: 5.75 – 6.75) and 5.15 days (95% CrI: 4.73 – 5.57), respectively. Conclusions: Our results contribute to a better understanding of COVID-19 and provide useful parameters for modelling the dynamics of disease transmission. The serial interval is shorter than the incubation period, which indicates that the patients are infectious at pre-symptomatic period, and isolation of detected cases alone is likely to be difficult to halt the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

Primary liver cancer is a rapidly progressing neoplasm with high morbidity and mortality rates. The present study aimed to identify potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and candidate targeted agents for hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated early stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The gene expression profiles were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs), hub genes and the enrichment of signaling pathways were filtered out via a high-throughput sequencing method. The association between hub genes and the effects of the abnormal expression of hub genes on the rate of genetic variation, overall survival (OS), relapse-free survival (RFS), progression-free survival (PFS) and disease-free survival (DSS) of patients with HCC, as well as pathological stage and grade, were analyzed using different databases. A total of 1,582 DEGs were identified. Gene Ontology analysis revealed that the DEGs were mainly involved in the 'oxidation-reduction process', 'steroid metabolic process', 'metabolic process' and 'fatty acid beta-oxidation'. Enrichment analysis of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways revealed that the DEGs were mainly associated with 'metabolic pathways', 'PPAR signaling pathway', 'fatty acid degradation' and the 'cell cycle'. A total of 8 hub genes were extracted. Additionally, the abnormal expression levels of hub genes were closely associated with the OS, RFS, PFS and DSS of patients, the pathological stage and the grade. Furthermore, abnormal expression levels of the 8 hub genes were found in >30% of all samples. Several small molecular compounds that may reverse the altered DEGs were identified based on Connectivity Map analysis, including phenoxybenzamine, GW-8510, resveratrol, 0175029-0000 and daunorubicin. In conclusion, the dysfunction of fat metabolic pathways, the cell cycle, oxidation-reduction processes and viral carcinogenesis may serve critical roles in the occurrence of HBV-associated early stage HCC. The identified 8 hub genes may act as robust biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. Some small molecular compounds may be promising targeted agents against HBV-associated early stage HCC.

Background The E2F family of transcription factor 2 (E2F2) plays an important role in the development and progression of various tumors, but its association with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown. Our study aimed to investigate the role and clinical significance of E2F2 in HCC. Methods HCC raw data were extracted from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Kruskal-Wallis test and logistic regression were applied to analyze the relationship between the expression of E2F2 and clinicopathologic characteristics. Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier were employed to evaluate the correlation between clinicopathologic features and survival. The biological function of E2F2 was annotated by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). Results The expression of E2F2 was increased in HCC samples. The expression of elevated E2F2 in HCC samples was prominently correlated with histologic grade (OR = 2.62 for G3–4 vs. G1–2, p = 1.80E-05), clinical stage (OR = 1.74 for III-IV vs. I-II, p = 0.03), T (OR = 1.64 for T3–4 vs.T1–2, p = 0.04), tumor status (OR = 1.88 for with tumor vs. tumor free, p = 3.79E-03), plasma alpha fetoprotein (AFP) value (OR = 3.18 for AFP ≥ 400 vs AFPp = 2.16E-04; OR = 2.50 for 20 ≤ AFPp = 2.56E-03). Increased E2F2 had an unfavorable OS (p = 7.468e− 05), PFI (p = 3.183e− 05), DFI (p = 0.001), DSS (p = 4.172e− 05). Elevated E2F2 was independently bound up with OS (p = 0.004, hazard ratio [HR] = 2.4 (95% CI [1.3–4.2])), DFI (P = 0.029, hazard ratio [HR] = 2.0 (95% CI [1.1–3.7])) and PFI (P = 0.005, hazard ratio [HR] = 2.2 (95% CI [1.3–3.9])). GSEA disclosed that cell circle, RNA degradation, pyrimidine metabolism, base excision repair, aminoacyl tRNA biosynthesis, DNA replication, p53 signaling pathway, nucleotide excision repair, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, citrate cycle TCA cycle were notably enriched in E2F2 high expression phenotype. Conclusions Elevated E2F2 can be a promising independent prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for HCC. Additionally, cell cycle, pyrimidine metabolism, DNA replication, p53 signaling pathway, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, the citrate cycle TCA cycle may be the key pathway by which E2F2 participates in the initial and progression of HCC.

Background: Angiotensin II (AngII) induced Calcineurin binding protein 1 (Cabin1) protein expression significantly increased during Renal tubular epithelial cells (RTEC) injury. However, the detail...

The normal physiological loads from muscles experienced by the spine are largely unknown due to a lack of data. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of varying muscle directions on the outcomes predicted from finite element models of human lumbar spine. A nonlinear finite element model of L3–L5 was employed. The force of the erector spinae muscle, the force of the rectus abdominis muscle, follower loads, and upper body weight were applied. The model was fixed in a neural standing position and the direction of the force of the erector spinae muscle and rectus abdominis muscle was varied in three directions. The intradiscal pressure, reaction moments, and intervertebral rotations were calculated. The intradiscal pressure of L4-L5 was 0.56–0.57 MPa, which agrees with the in vivo pressure of 0.5 MPa from the literatures. The models with the erector spinae muscle loaded in anterior-oblique direction showed the smallest reaction moments (less than 0.6 Nm) and intervertebral rotations of L3-L4 and L4-L5 (less than 0.2 degrees). In comparison with loading in the vertical direction and posterior-oblique direction, the erector spinae muscle loaded in the anterior-oblique direction required lower external force or moment to keep the lumbar spine in the neutral position.

Background Whether muscle weakness is a cause, or result, of degenerative spondylolisthesis is not currently well understood. Little biomechanical evidence is available to offer an explanation for the mechanism behind exercise therapy. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of back muscle weakness on degenerative spondylolisthesis and to tease out the biomechanical mechanism of exercise therapy. Methods A nonlinear 3-D finite element model of L3–L5 was constructed. Forces representing global back muscles and global abdominal muscles, follower loads and an upper body weight were applied. The force of the global back muscles was reduced to 75%, 50% and 25% to simulate different degrees of back muscle weakness. An additional boundary condition which represented the loads from other muscles after exercise therapy was set up to keep the spine in a neutral standing position. Shear forces, intradiscal pressure, facet joint forces and von Mises equivalent stresses in the annuli were calculated. Findings The intervertebral rotations of L3–L4 and L4–L5 were within the range of in vitro experimental data. The calculated intradiscal pressure of L4–L5 for standing was 0.57 MPa, which is similar to previous in vivo data. With the back muscles were reduced to 75%, 50% and 25% force, the shear force moved increasingly in a ventral direction. Due to the additional stabilizing force and moment provided by boundary conditions, the shear force varied less than 15%. Interpretation Reducing the force of global back muscles might lead to, or aggravate, degenerative spondylolisthesis with forward slipping from biomechanical point of view. Exercise therapy may improve the spinal biomechanical environment. However, the intrinsic correlation between back muscle weakness and degenerative spondylolisthesis needs more clinical in vivo study and biomechanical analysis.

Facetectomy is an important intervention for spinal stenosis but may lead to spinal instability. Biomechanical knowledge for facetectomy can be beneficial when deciding whether fusion is necessary. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the biomechanical effect of different grades of facetectomy. A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model of L3–L5 was constructed. The mobility of the model and the intradiscal pressure (IDP) of L4-L5 for standing were inside the data from the literature. The effect of graded facetectomy on intervertebral rotation, IDP, facet joint forces, and maximum von Mises equivalent stresses in the annuli was analyzed under flexion, extension, left/right lateral bending, and left/right axial rotation. Compared with the intact model, under extension, unilateral facetectomy increased the range of intervertebral rotation (IVR) by 11.7% and IDP by 10.7%, while the bilateral facetectomy increased IVR by 40.7% and IDP by 23.6%. Under axial rotation, the unilateral facetectomy and the bilateral facetectomy increased the IVR by 101.3% and 354.3%, respectively, when turned to the right and by 1.1% and 265.3%, respectively, when turned to the left. The results conclude that, after unilateral and bilateral facetectomy, care must be taken when placing the spine into extension and axial rotation posture from the biomechanical point of view.

Background Compared to other risk factors, adjacent facet joint degeneration (AFD) is the main contributor to adjacent segment disease (ASD). The interbody cage may be a potential indirect risk of AFD. This study investigated the correlations among the lumbar sagittal balance parameters, the inter-body cage's intraoperative positioning variables, and adjacent facet joint degeneration following the transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) technique. Methods Patients who accepted single-level TLIF for symptomatic lumbar degenerative disease and were followed up for at least six months were enrolled in this study. According to the inclusive and exclusive criteria, 93 patients were included (44 males and 49 females). X-ray and computed tomography (CT) images were obtained before and six months after surgery. The vertebral contour and the center of the marker mass in the cage were calculated using a geometric algorithm. Orthopedic surgeons measured the disc height, lordosis angle, and facet joint degeneration. Patient-reported outcomes, including the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and the visual analog scale (VAS), were used to assess the clinical outcomes. The Student's t-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and Chi-square test were used for the statistical analyses. Results The average age was 53.7 years old (range, 27-84 years). The average functional disability outcome assessed by the ODI was 61.2, and the average back and leg pain assessed by the VAS was 6.2 and 6.9, respectively. The patients were categorized into a normal group and an abnormal (AFD) group according to whether the facet joint degeneration was aggravated. The abnormal group had a higher back pain VAS score (P=0.031) and lower sagittal vertical position (P=0.027). The other parameters were similar at baseline (P>0.05). The cage's sagittal vertical position decreased significantly with AFD aggravation (OR, 0.737; 95% CI, 0.561-0.969). Conclusions In patients with AFD aggravation, the preoperative VAS and postoperative ODI scores were significantly higher. The cage position parameters were related to AFD. A lower cage center was associated with a greater incidence of AFD.

Ethnopharmacological relevance GegenQinlian Decoction (GQD), a classical formula in traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used in the treatment of diabetes. While studies have demonstrated that GQD is an efficacious treatment for insulin resistance (IR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the potential bioactive compounds and mechanisms remain unclear. Aim of the study To further investigate the potential bioactive compounds, targets, and pathways of GQD on improving IR in T2DM for adipose, liver, and muscle tissue using an integrated strategy of system pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis. Materials and methods We screened the candidate compounds and targets of GQD and identified IR-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of adipose, liver, and muscle tissue, respectively. Then the intersecting target genes between candidate targets and DEGs were used for “GQD-compounds-targets-tissue” network construction in each type of tissue. The top 10 bioactive compounds acting on each type of tissue were intersected and consequently identified as potential bioactive compounds of GQD. Furthermore, pathway enrichment, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, and hub target identification were performed based on the targets of GQD and the targets of quercetin in each type of tissue, respectively. Finally, to further confirm the role of quercetin, we intersected the hub targets of quercetin and the hub targets of GQD, and the pathways were intersected as well. Results 132 compounds and 119 potential targets of these compounds were obtained. 1,765, 3,206, and 3594 DEGs were identified between IR and insulin sensitivity (IS) tissue in adipose, liver, and muscle, respectively. There were 21, 23, 45 targets and 103, 73, 123 compounds in the “GQD-compounds-targets-tissue” network of adipose, liver, and muscle tissue, respectively. Then compounds such as quercetin, kaempferol, baicalein, wogonin, isorhamnetin, beta-sitosterol and licochalcone A, were identified as the potential bioactive compounds of GQD, and quercetin had the highest degree among the compounds. Moreover, based on the targets of GQD, hub targets like PPARG, RELA, EGFR, CASP3, VEGFA, AR, ESR1 and CCND1, and signaling pathways such as insulin signaling pathway, endocrine resistance, TNF signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, apoptosis, and VEGF signaling pathway, were filtered out as the underlying mechanisms of GQD on improving diabetic IR. In addition, the hub targets and pathways of quercetin coincided with most of the hub targets and pathways of GQD in each type of tissue, respectively, suggesting that quercetin may be a potential representative compound of GQD. Conclusions Our analysis identifies the potential bioactive compounds, targets, and pathways of GQD on improving IR in T2DM for adipose, liver, and muscle tissue, which shows the characteristics of multi-compounds, multi-targets, multi-pathways, and multi-mechanisms of GQD and lays a solid foundation for further experimental research and clinical application.

In power systems, although the inertia energy in power sources can partly cover power unbalances caused by load disturbance or renewable energy fluctuation, it is still hard to maintain the frequency deviation within acceptable ranges. However, with the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technique, electric vehicles (EVs) can act as mobile energy storage units, which could be a solution for load frequency control (LFC) in an isolated grid. In this paper, a LFC model of an isolated micro-grid with EVs, distributed generations and their constraints is developed. In addition, a controller based on multivariable generalized predictive control (MGPC) theory is proposed for LFC in the isolated micro-grid, where EVs and diesel generator (DG) are coordinated to achieve a satisfied performance on load frequency. A benchmark isolated micro-grid with EVs, DG, and wind farm is modeled in the Matlab/Simulink environment to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Simulation results demonstrate that with MGPC, the energy stored in EVs can be managed intelligently according to LFC requirement. This improves the system frequency stability with complex operation situations including the random renewable energy resource and the continuous load disturbances.

Background. Facet joint violation (FV) was reported as variable iatrogenic damage that can be a crucial risk factor leading to the adjacent segment degeneration (ASD). “Blind” screw placement technique in minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) contributes to the increasing incidence of FV that can be influenced by several potential factors. Many controversies about these factors and clinical outcomes of different types of FV patients exist, yet they have not been analyzed. Methods. 99 cases undergoing single-segment MIS-TLIF from July 2013 to December 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Computed tomography (CT) was applied to determine the incidence of FV, and then the correlation between FV and relevant factors, including gender, age, body mass index (BMI), top-screw level, and decompression, was analyzed. A total of 53 cases were followed up after one year, 31 cases in noninjury (A group) and 22 patients in FV injury (B group). Results. The incidence of FV was 39. 39% (39/99) in the patients and 23.23% (46/198) in the screws. Logistic regression analysis showed that screw at L5 in patients with BMI > 30 kg/m2 was vulnerable to FV (P<0.05). Moreover, postoperative average intervertebral disc height (AIDH) of fusion segment, visual analog scale (VAS), and Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores improved significantly in group A and B when compared with preoperative data (P<0.05). Adjacent superior average intervertebral disc height (ASAIDH) presented decrease, but adjacent superior intervertebral disc Cobb angle (ASIDCA) appeared to increase in the two groups at the final follow-up compared with postoperative 3 days (P<0.05). Low back VAS and ODI scores in group A (31 cases) were lower than those in group B (22 cases) in the final follow-up (P<0.05). Conclusion. MIS-TLIF is an effective treatment for lumbar degenerative disease, but FV occurred at a higher incidence. Facet joints should be protected in MIS-TLIF to avoid FV.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to several neurologic damages to patients with sensory and motor function loss. Although some inspiring results were reported in animal, even in non-human primate models, the clinical translation of these research achievements barely move forward for the SCI patients. This review mainly focused on the pathogenesis of the primary and secondary injury, the clinical therapies and the new technologies in spinal cord injury. Moreover, the key scientific issues on this field were discussed in the review. Finally, some suggestions were proposed for the scientific and clinical researches.

To evaluate the clinical effectiveness of minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF) in single-level lumbar degeneration disease treatment.We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 32 patients who underwent the MIS-TLIF surgery from Nov. 2013 to Oct. 2014 in Shanghai Tongji Hospital.Clinical and radiological outcomes including operation time, X-ray exposure, surgical blood loss, drainage blood loss, complications, visual analogue scores (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores, average intervertebral space and fusion rate. VAS scores of low back and leg pain, ODI scores were recorded before and after surgery to evaluate the functional recovery, average intervertebral space height, lumbar and surgical Cobb angle were measured by X-rays before and after surgery to assess recovery of intervertebral space height and the change of lumbar kyphosis. The Bridwell criterion was used for evaluating the interbody fusion and the MacNab criterion was used for assessment after surgery.All the patients received successful surgery. The mean operative time was (171.9±31.1) min with (36.7±16.4) seconds radiation exposure, and mean blood loss was (153.3±64.8) ml, drainage blood loss was (58.9±49.2) ml. All cases were followed up for (11.6±3.3) months. Compared with preoperation, VAS score of low back and leg pain, ODI score and average intervertebral space showed significant improvements after surgery. There were 26 (81.3%) cases were grade I and II 3 months after surgery according to the Bridwell criteria while the number was 31 (96.9%) at the last follow-up. The clinical results were excellent in 22 cases, good in 8 cases and fair in 2 cases according to the MacNab criteria at the final follow-up.MIS-TLIF under Spotlight work channel system is a safe and effective procedure for single segment lumbar degenerative disease and it may offer patients additional advantages in less trauma and reduction of hospital stay.

Due to the intermittent power generation from renewable energy in the smart grid (i.e., photovoltaic (PV) or wind farm), large frequency fluctuation occurs when the load-frequency control (LFC) capacity is not enough to compensate the unbalance of generation and load demand. This problem may become worsen when the system is in island operating. Meanwhile, in the near future, electric vehicles (EVs) will be widely used by customers, where the EV station could be treated as dispersed battery energy storage. Therefore, the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) power control can be applied to compensate for inadequate LFC capacity, thus improving the island smart grid frequency stability. In this paper, an on-line learning method, called goal representation adaptive dynamic programming (GrADP), is adopted to coordinate control of units in an island smart grid. In the controller design, adaptive supplementary control signals are provided to proportional-integral (PI) controllers by online GrADP according to the utility function. Simulations on a benchmark smart grid with micro turbine (MT), EVs and PVs demonstrate the superior control effect and robustness of the proposed coordinate controller over the original PI controller and fuzzy controller.

PURPOSE: There is still some controversy regarding the optimal biomechanical concept for spinopelvic stabilization following total sacrectomy for malignancy. Strains at specific anatomical sites at pelvis/sacrum and implants interfaces have been poorly investigated. Herein, we compared and analyzed the strains applied at key points at the bone-implant interface in four different spinopelvic constructs following total sacrectomy; consequently, we defined a balanced architecture for spinopelvic fusion in that situation. METHODS: Six human cadaveric specimens, from second lumbar vertebra to proximal femur, were used to compare the partial strains at specific sites in a total sacrectomy model. Test constructs included: (1) intact pelvis (control), (2) sacral-rod reconstruction (SRR), (3) bilateral fibular flap reconstruction (BFFR), (4) four-rods reconstruction (FRR), and (5) improved compound reconstruction (ICR). Strains were measured by bonded strain gauges onto the surface of three specific sites (pubic rami, arcuate lines, and posterior spinal rods) under a 500 N axial load. RESULTS: ICR caused lower strains at specific sites and, moreover, on stress distribution and symmetry, compared to the other three constructs. Strains at pubic rami and arcuate lines following BFFR were lower than those following SRR, but higher at the posterior spinal rod construct. The different modes of strain distribution reflected different patient's parameter-related conditions. FRR model showed the highest strains at all sites because of the lack of an anterior bracing frame. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this investigation suggest that both anterior bracing frame and the four-rods load dispersion provide significant load sharing. Additionally, these two constructs decrease the peak strains at bone-implant interface, thus determining the theoretical surgical technique to achieve optimal stress dispersion and balance for spinopelvic reconstruction in early postoperative period following total sacrectomy.

The load model has an important influence on power system stability, while power load's characteristics such as diversity, complexity and time-varying would lead to uncertainty of load model parameters. The paper mainly considers the influence of temperature on parameters of the comprehensive load model as temperature is the main factor that leads to load model's uncertainty. Considering the uncertainty of load model parameters, a method to calculate the expected value of load model parameters based on Cloud Theory is proposed. Using the proposed method, the paper calculates the load model parameters of a specific city grid and calculation results show the feasibility and validity of the proposed method.

Selecting six normal complete pelvic specimens to research the biomechanics of different reconstruction methods after total sacrectomy in vitro, this research chose methods of SRR, FRR and ICR to reconstruct the pelvis. Carrying on the progressive load experiment through the universal testing machine in double-leg stance, this research measured the pelvic displacement by the digital image processing technology based on the Imagej software. The biomechanical stability of these four reconstruction methods were analyzed from the performance of the anti-compression in the axial direction, the anti-abduction on the coronal plane and the anti-rotation on the sagittal plane. The pelvis stability after ICR was best, but the manipulation time was long and it was complex. The pelvis stability after BFFR was better than SRR, because its structure was similar to the triangle, whose mechanical stability was better, but the sacral-rod beam structure could prevent well the sinking of the lumbar. The pelvis stability after FRR was the poorest for lacking of the support structure under the lumbar. The pelvis stability had changed after total sacrectomy, so the stability and the continuity between the spine and the pelvic ring were reconstructed necessarily. On the premise of the reconstruction of the bearing bow, the key of the reconstruction after total sacrectomy is to construct the supporting structure underneath the lumbar, use the staggered screw path system to strengthen the pull out strength of the pedicle screw. Meanwhile, it is very necessary to select the biological compound reconstruction of the fibular autograft to enhance the long term curative effect.

Background The aim of this study was to compare the therapeutic effects of anterior ‘skip’ corpectomy with posterior decompression for treating four-level cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Methods Operation time and blood loss during the operation for the anterior and posterior approach groups were recorded. Patients were examined with cervical lateral radiography before and after the operation to measure Cobb's angle and postoperatively to monitor bony fusion. Surgery-, instrumentation-, and graft-related complications were assessed and recorded. Results The surgical aspects of both anterior ‘skip’ corpectomy and posterior decompression went smoothly, with mean durations of 2.5 and 2.1 h, respectively, and mean blood loss volumes of 250 and 380 mL, respectively. In the anterior approach group, the complications included axial pain in five cases and transient hoarseness in two. Radiography revealed titanium mesh subsidence in two cases and plate or screw dislodgement in one case. In the posterior approach group, C5 nerve root palsy was present in 2 patients, axial pain in 15, and cerebrospinal fluid leakage in 3. The mean Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores showed that the recovery rate was significantly higher in the anterior approach group than in the posterior approach group (p