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The emerging use of two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials as boundary lubricants in water offers numerous benefits over oil-based lubricants; whereas the friction reduction varies significantly with nanomaterial type, size, loading, morphology, etc. Graphene oxide (GO) and Ti3C2Tx MXene, a relatively new 2D material, are investigated as boundary lubricants in water in this study. The contact pair mainly includes Si3N4 balls and Si wafer. The results found (1) monodispersed GO offers better lubricity than monodispersed MXene under identical concentration and testing conditions; and (2) the mixed dispersion of GO and MXene (0.1 mg/ml: 0.1 mg/ml) produced the lowest friction coefficient of ∼ 0.021, a value 4× and 10× lower than that produced by comparable mono-dispersions of GO or MXene, respectively. Wear track analysis, focused ion beam microscopy, in-situ contact observation, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization suggest (1) GO nanoflakes have higher adhesion than MXene and are more easily adsorbed on the tribopairs’ surfaces, and (2) GO/MXene tribofilm has a layered nanostructure constituting GO, MXene, amorphous carbon, and TiO2. We further hypothesized that the high lubricity of GO/MXene results from the synergy of GO’s high adhesiveness, MXene’s load support ability, and the low shear strength of both constituents. The present study highlights the key role of tribofilm stability in water-based boundary lubrication using state-of-the-art 2D nanomaterials.

The demand for emerging applications at the terahertz frequencies motivates the development of novel and multifunctional devices for the generation and manipulation of terahertz waves. In this work, we report the realization of multifunctional spintronic-metasurface emitters, which allow simultaneous beam-steering and full polarization control over a broadband terahertz beam. This is achieved through engineering individual meta-atoms with nanoscale magnetic heterostructures and, thus, implementing microscopical control over the laser-induced spin and charge dynamics. By arranging the spintronic meta-atoms in the metagrating geometry, the generated terahertz beam can be flexibly steered in space between different orders of diffraction. Furthermore, we demonstrate a simultaneous control over the terahertz polarization states at different emission angles and show that the two control capabilities are mutually independent of each other. The nanoengineered multifunctional terahertz emitter demonstrated in this work can provide a solution to the challenge associated with a growing variety of applications of terahertz technology.

The use of ultrashort laser pulses with long wavelengths as drivers is a relevant strategy for scaling high harmonic generation (HHG) to higher photon energies. Here, stimulated Raman scattering enhanced by the formation of multidimensional solitary states in a molecular gas‐filled hollow‐core fiber as the mechanism to produce a versatile HHG driver is reported on. This recently discovered method allows to red shift and to compress conventional subpicosecond laser pulses with a simple experimental apparatus, ultimately increasing the generated photon energy, while assuring a high photon flux. The adaptability, simplicity, and stability of this method make it attractive for tailoring HHG sources to individual applications at specific photon energies. Measurements of resonant magnetic scattering in a cobalt/platinum multilayer sample are presented as a demonstration of the relevance of this approach for photon‐hungry applications in the extreme ultraviolet.

We propose a composite acousto-optical modulation (AOM) scheme for wide-band, efficient modulation of CW and pulsed lasers. We show that by adjusting the amplitudes and phases of weakly-driven daughter AOMs, diffraction beyond the Bragg condition can be achieved with exceptional efficiencies. Furthermore, by imaging pairs of AOMs in a counter-propagating configuration, high contrast switching of output orders can be achieved at the driving radio frequency (rf) limit, thereby enabling efficient bidirectional routing of a synchronized mode-locked laser. Here we demonstrate a simplest example of such scheme with a double-AOM setup for efficient diffraction across an octave of rf bandwidth, and for routing a mode-locked pulse train with up to $f_{\rm rep}=400$~MHz repetition rate. We discuss extension of the composite scheme toward multi-path routing and time-domain multiplexing, so as to individually shape each pulses of ultrafast lasers for novel quantum control applications., 12 pages, 5 figures, minor revision. a few mistakes fixed

The ability to generate and manipulate broadband chiral terahertz waves is essential for applications in material imaging, terahertz sensing, and diagnosis. It can also open up new possibilities for nonlinear terahertz spectroscopy and coherent control of chiral molecules and magnetic materials. The existing methods, however, often suffer from low efficiency, narrow bandwidth, or poor flexibility. Here, we propose a novel type of laser-driven terahertz emitters, consisting of metasurface-patterned magnetic multilayer heterostructures, that can overcome the shortcomings of the conventional approaches. Such hybrid terahertz emitters combine the advantages of spintronic emitters for being ultrabroadband, efficient, and highly flexible, as well as those of metasurfaces for the powerful control capabilities over the polarization state of emitted terahertz waves on an ultracompact platform. Taking a stripe-patterned metasurface as an example, we demonstrate the efficient generation and manipulation of broadband chiral terahertz waves. The ellipticity can reach >0.75 over a broad terahertz bandwidth (1 to 5 THz), representing a high-quality and efficient source for few-cycle circularly polarized terahertz pulses with stable carrier waveforms. Flexible control of ellipticity and helicity is also demonstrated with our systematic experiments and numerical simulations. We show that the terahertz polarization state is dictated by the interplay between laser-induced spintronic-origin currents and the screening charges/currents in the metasurfaces, which exhibits tailored anisotropic properties due to the predesigned geometric confinement effects. Our work opens a new pathway to metasurface-tailored spintronic emitters for efficient vector-control of electromagnetic waves in the terahertz regime.

The high power and variable repetition-rate of Yb femtosecond lasers makes them very attractive for ultrafast science. However, for capturing sub-200 fs dynamics, efficient, high-fidelity and high-stability pulse compression techniques are essential. Spectral broadening using an all-solid-state free-space geometry is particularly attractive, as it is simple, robust and low-cost. However, spatial and temporal losses caused by spatio-spectral inhomogeneities have been a major challenge to date, due to coupled space-time dynamics associated with unguided nonlinear propagation. In this work, we use all-solid-state free-space compressors to demonstrate compression of 170 fs pulses at a wavelength of 1030nm from a Yb:KGW laser to ∼9.2 fs, with a highly spatially homogeneous mode. This is achieved by ensuring that the nonlinear beam propagation in periodic layered Kerr media occurs in spatial soliton modes, and by confining the nonlinear phase through each material layer to less than 1.0 rad. A remarkable spatio-spectral homogeneity of ∼0.87 can be realized, which yields a high efficiency of >50% for few-cycle compression. The universality of the method is demonstrated by implementing high-quality pulse compression under a wide range of laser conditions. The high spatiotemporal quality and the exceptional stability of the compressed pulses are further verified by high-harmonic generation. Our predictive method offers a compact and cost-effective solution for high-quality few-cycle-pulse generation from Yb femtosecond lasers, and will enable broad applications in ultrafast science and extreme nonlinear optics.

Generating intense ultrashort pulses with high-quality spatial modes is crucial for ultrafast and strong-field science and can be achieved by nonlinear supercontinuum generation (SCG) and pulse compression. In this work, we propose that the generation of quasi-stationary solitons in periodic layered Kerr media can greatly enhance the nonlinear light-matter interaction and fundamentally improve the performance of SCG and pulse compression in condensed media. With both experimental and theoretical studies, we successfully identify these solitary modes and reveal their unified condition for stability. Space-time coupling is shown to strongly influence the stability of solitons, leading to variations in the spectral, spatial and temporal profiles of femtosecond pulses. Taking advantage of the unique characteristics of these solitary modes, we first demonstrate single-stage SCG and the compression of femtosecond pulses from 170 to 22 fs with an efficiency >85%. The high spatiotemporal quality of the compressed pulses is further confirmed by high-harmonic generation. We also provide evidence of efficient mode self-cleaning, which suggests rich spatiotemporal self-organization of the laser beams in a nonlinear resonator. This work offers a route towards highly efficient, simple, stable and highly flexible SCG and pulse compression solutions for state-of-the-art ytterbium laser technology.

We experimentally demonstrate that temporally confined spatial solitons can be realized by space-time coupled propagation of strong femtosecond pulses in a nonlinear optical resonator, consisting of periodic layered Kerr media (PLKM). A universal relationship between the characteristic beam size and the critical nonlinear phase of the solitary modes is revealed, defining different regions of soliton stability. Taking advantage of the unique characters of these solitary modes, we demonstrate supercontinuum generation and pulse compression of initially 260 μJ, 170 fs pulses down to 22 fs in a single-stage PLKM resonator with an efficiency >90%.

We demonstrate an efficient approach for enhancing the spectral broadening of long laser pulses and for efficient frequency redshifting by exploiting the intrinsic temporal properties of molecular alignment inside a gas-filled hollow-core fiber (HCF). We find that laser-induced alignment with durations comparable to the characteristic rotational time scale T R o t A l i g n enhances the efficiency of redshifted spectral broadening compared to noble gases. The applicability of this approach to Yb lasers with (few hundred femtoseconds) long pulse duration is illustrated, for which efficient broadening based on conventional Kerr nonlinearity is challenging to achieve. Furthermore, this approach proposes a practical solution for high energy broadband long-wavelength light sources, and it is attractive for many strong field applications.

Ultrashort light pulses can selectively excite charges, spins and phonons in materials, providing a powerful approach for manipulating their properties. Here we use femtosecond laser pulses to coherently manipulate the electron and phonon distributions, and their couplings, in the charge density wave (CDW) material 1T-TaSe$_2$. After exciting the material with a short light pulse, spatial smearing of the electrons launches a coherent lattice breathing mode, which in turn modulates the electron temperature. This indicates a bi-directional energy exchange between the electrons and the strongly-coupled phonons. By tuning the laser excitation fluence, we can control the magnitude of the electron temperature modulation, from ~ 200 K in the case of weak excitation, to ~ 1000 K for strong laser excitation. This is accompanied by a switching of the dominant mechanism from anharmonic phonon-phonon coupling to coherent electron-phonon coupling, as manifested by a phase change of $\pi$ in the electron temperature modulation. Our approach thus opens up possibilities for coherently manipulating the interactions and properties of quasi-2D and other quantum materials using light., Comment: 15 pages, 4 figures

We investigate the femtosecond supercontinuum generation and compression in layered Kerr media. The condition for extending the setup in a sustainable way is revealed, with characteristic spectral and temporal features. We demonstrate tenfold pulse compression in a single-stage multiplate setup by including 14 layers of the thin medium.

We observe new intermediate and inverted charge density wave states in 1T-TaSe2 using time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. The results provide unique opportunities to understand and control the microscopic interactions and material properties.

Using trARPES, we observe that the CDW amplitude mode in 1T-TaSe2 can coherently modulate the electron temperature. Coherent electron-phonon coupling mechanisms are proposed to explain the electron temperature oscillations at different pump fluences.

It has long been known that ferromagnets undergo a phase transition from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic at the Curie temperature, associated with critical phenomena such as a divergence in the heat capacity. A ferromagnet can also be transiently demagnetized by heating it with an ultrafast laser pulse. However, to date the connection between out-ofequilibrium and equilibrium phase transitions was not known, nor how fast the out-of-equilibrium phase transitions can proceed. In this work, by combining time- and angle-resolved photoemission (Tr-ARPES) with time-resolved transverse magneto-optical Kerr (Tr-TMOKE) spectroscopies, we show that the same critical behavior also governs the ultrafast magnetic phase transition in nickel. This is evidenced by several observations. First, we observe a divergence of the transient heat capacity of the electron spin system preceding material demagnetization. Second, when the electron temperature is transiently driven above the Curie temperature, we observe an extremely rapid change in the material response: the spin system absorbs sufficient energy within the first 20 fs to subsequently proceed through the phase transition, while demagnetization and the collapse of the exchange splitting occur on much longer timescales. Third, we find that the transient electron temperature alone dictates the magnetic response. By comparing results obtained from different methods, we show that the critical behaviors are essential for fully explaining the fluence-dependent magnetization dynamics measured using magneto-optical spectroscopy

Quantum materials represent one of the most promising frontiers in the quest for faster, lightweight, energy efficient technologies. However, their inherent complexity and rich phase landscape make them challenging to understand or manipulate in useful ways. Here we present a new ultrafast electron calorimetry technique that can systematically uncover new phases of quantum matter. Using time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we measure the dynamic electron temperature, band structure and heat capacity. We then show that this is a very sensitive probe of phase changes in materials, because electrons react very quickly, and moreover generally are the smallest component of the total heat capacity. This allows us to uncover a new long-lived metastable state in the charge density wave material 1T-TaSe$_2$, that is distinct from all of the known equilibrium phases: it is characterized by a significantly reduced effective heat capacity that is only 30% of the normal value, due to selective electron-phonon coupling to a subset of phonon modes. As a result, significantly less energy is required to melt the charge order and transform the state of the material than under thermal equilibrium conditions., Submitted to Science Advances on September 17, 2018. A revised version will appear in Science Advances

In this work we present a route for energy scaling in external pulse compression based on layered Kerr media combined with 1D focusing geometry. A highly stable 92%-efficient 4-fold compression of 1030-nm pulses is demonstrated.

Using a gas-filled stretched HCF post-compressor, we demonstrate the generation of 25 fs, 40 mJ pulses at 1 μm wavelength for noble gases and a smooth wavelength tunability up to 1.3 μm for molecular gases.

By correlating time- and angle-resolved photoemission (Tr-ARPES) and time-resolved transverse- magneto-optical Kerr effect (Tr-TMOKE) measurements, both at extreme ultraviolet (EUV) wavelengths, we uncover the nature of the ultrafast photoinduced magnetic phase transition in Ni. This allows us to explain the ultrafast magnetic response of Ni at all laser fluences - from a small reduction of the magnetization at low laser fluences, to complete quenching at high laser fluences. We provide an alternative explanation to the fluence-dependent recovery timescales commonly observed in ultrafast magneto-optical spectroscopies on ferromagnets: it is due to the bulk-averaging effect and different depths of sample exhibit distinct dynamics, depending on whether a magnetic phase transition is induced. We also show evidence of two competing channels with two distinct timescales in the recovery process, that suggest the presence of coexisting phases in the material.

In this Letter, we investigate the energy-scaling rules of hollow-core fiber (HCF)-based nonlinear pulse propagation and compression merged with high-energy Yb-laser technology, in a regime where the effects such as plasma disturbance, optical damages, and setup size become important limiting parameters. As a demonstration, 70 mJ 230 fs pulses from a high-energy Yb laser amplifier were compressed down to 40 mJ 25 fs by using a 2.8-m-long stretched HCF with a core diameter of 1 mm, resulting in a record peak power of 1.3 TW. This work presents a critical advance of a high-energy pulse (hundreds of mJ level) nonlinear interactions platform based on high energy sub-ps Yb technology with considerable applications, including driving intense THz, X-ray pulses, Wakefield acceleration, parametric wave mixing and ultraviolet generation, and tunable long-wavelength generation via enhanced Raman scattering.

Clocking electrons as they exit a metal Einstein earned his Nobel Prize for a quantum-mechanical explanation of electron ejection from metals by light. More than a century later, attosecond spectroscopy has let researchers explore that process in real time. Tao et al. used attosecond pulse trains to distinguish the dynamics of electrons excited from a nickel surface into discrete states versus free space (see the Perspective by Bovensiepen and Liggues). They succeeded in resolving a time delay of ∼200 as that was associated with excitation into unoccupied band states. Science , this issue p. 62 ; see also p. 28

We gratefully acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation through the JILA Physics Frontiers Center PHY-1734006, and a Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation EPiQS Award GBMF4538, for the attosecond ARPES setups and methods. We gratefully acknowledge support from the Department of Energy Office of Basic Energy Sciences XRay Scattering Program Award DE-SC0002002 for the spin dynamics setups and methods. We gratefully acknowledge support from the Department of EnergyOffice of Basic Energy Sciences AMOS Award DE-FG02-99ER14982 (experiment) as well as an MURI Grant from the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Award Number FA9550-16-1-0121 (theory) for the HHG light source setups and methods. The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the STROBE National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center, Grant No. DMR-1548924, for the imaging setups and methods. C H-G acknowledges support by Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades for projects (FIS2016-75652-P and PID2019-106910GB-I00) and a Ramon y Cajal contract (RYC-2017-22745), co-funded by the European Social Fund; Junta de Castilla y León and European Union, FEDER, (Project SA287P18); and from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant agreement No. 851201). ZT gratefully acknowledges the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.11874121), the Shanghai Municipal Science and Technology Basic Research Project (Grant No. 19JC1410900) and the Alexander-von-Humboldt foundation., In this paper, we review the development and application of coherent short wavelength light sources implemented using the high harmonic generation (HHG) process. The physics underlying HHG brought quantum physics into the domain of attosecond time-scales for the first time. The observation and manipulation of electron dynamics on such short time-scales—a capability not conceived—of just a few decades ago—is becoming both more-and-more sophisticated and useful as a route to achieve exquisite control over short wavelength light. New experimental techniques are enabling HHG light sources to provide new insights into fundamental quantum interactions in materials, making it possible for the first time to capture the fastest charge, spin, photon and phonon interactions and to achieve diffraction-limited imaging at short wavelengths.

Ultrafast laser pulses uncover a new metastable state in 1T-TaSe2 by exciting electrons and then tracking their temperature., Quantum materials represent one of the most promising frontiers in the quest for faster, lightweight, energy-efficient technologies. However, their inherent complexity and rich phase landscape make them challenging to understand or manipulate. Here, we present a new ultrafast electron calorimetry technique that can systematically uncover new phases of quantum matter. Using time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we measure the dynamic electron temperature, band structure, and heat capacity. This approach allows us to uncover a new long-lived metastable state in the charge density wave material 1T-TaSe2, which is distinct from all the known equilibrium phases: It is characterized by a substantially reduced effective total heat capacity that is only 30% of the normal value, because of selective electron-phonon coupling to a subset of phonon modes. As a result, less energy is required to melt the charge order and transform the state of the material than under thermal equilibrium conditions.

High-harmonic spectroscopies reveal that fast energy transfer within 20 fs triggers ultrafast magnetic phase transition in Ni., It has long been known that ferromagnets undergo a phase transition from ferromagnetic to paramagnetic at the Curie temperature, associated with critical phenomena such as a divergence in the heat capacity. A ferromagnet can also be transiently demagnetized by heating it with an ultrafast laser pulse. However, to date, the connection between out-of-equilibrium and equilibrium phase transitions, or how fast the out-of-equilibrium phase transitions can proceed, was not known. By combining time- and angle-resolved photoemission with time-resolved transverse magneto-optical Kerr spectroscopies, we show that the same critical behavior also governs the ultrafast magnetic phase transition in nickel. This is evidenced by several observations. First, we observe a divergence of the transient heat capacity of the electron spin system preceding material demagnetization. Second, when the electron temperature is transiently driven above the Curie temperature, we observe an extremely rapid change in the material response: The spin system absorbs sufficient energy within the first 20 fs to subsequently proceed through the phase transition, whereas demagnetization and the collapse of the exchange splitting occur on much longer, fluence-independent time scales of ~176 fs. Third, we find that the transient electron temperature alone dictates the magnetic response. Our results are important because they connect the out-of-equilibrium material behavior to the strongly coupled equilibrium behavior and uncover a new time scale in the process of ultrafast demagnetization.

Significance Electron–electron interactions are among the fastest processes in materials that determine their fascinating properties, occurring on attosecond timescales on up (1 as = 10 −18 s). The recent development of attosecond angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (atto-ARPES) using high harmonic generation has opened up the possibility of probing electron–electron interactions in real time. In this paper, we distinguish electron–electron screening and charge scattering in the time domain in individual energy bands within a solid. These results open up new possibilities for probing fundamental electron–electron interactions in a host of materials including magnetic, superconducting, and advanced quantum materials.

Tabletop-scale coherent EUV generated through high-harmonic generation (HHG) produces light in the form of an attosecond pulse train that uniquely combines characteristics of good energy resolution (≈100-300meV) with sub-fs time resolution. This makes HHG an ideal source for studying the fastest dynamics in materials. Furthermore, using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), it is possible to extract detailed information about electron dynamics over the entire Brillouin zone. In recently published work, we combined HHG with ARPES to identify a sub-femtosecond excited-state lifetime for the first time. Photoemission occurs as a three-step process: 1) An electron is photoexcited from the valence band to far above the Fermi energy; 2) it transports to the surface, and 3) it overcomes the work function and exits. If the electron is promoted into a highlyexcited unoccupied band in the material (as opposed to a free-electron-like state), we observe the electron emission lifetime to increase in a measurable way—the Ni band 22 eV above the Fermi level has a lifetime of 212±30 attoseconds. Furthermore, by comparing photoemission from Cu and Ni, we reveal the influence of attosecond-timescale electron screening vs scattering by the electrons near the fermi surface. This work for the first time demonstrates the relevance of attosecond spectroscopy to the study of intrinsic properties and band structure in materials, as opposed to the strong-field induced dynamics studied extensively to-date.

A frontier challenge in implementing femtosecond electron microscopy is to gain precise optical control of intense beams to mitigate collective space charge effects for significantly improving the throughput. Here, we explore the flexible uses of an RF cavity as a longitudinal lens in a high-intensity beam column for condensing the electron beams both temporally and spectrally, relevant to the design of ultrafast electron microscopy. Through the introduction of a novel atomic grating approach for characterization of electron bunch phase space and control optics, we elucidate the principles for predicting and controlling the phase space dynamics to reach optimal compressions at various electron densities and generating conditions. We provide strategies to identify high-brightness modes, achieving ∼100 fs and ∼1 eV resolutions with 106 electrons per bunch, and establish the scaling of performance for different bunch charges. These results benchmark the sensitivity and resolution from the fundamental beam brightness perspective and also validate the adaptive optics concept to enable delicate control of the density-dependent phase space structures to optimize the performance, including delivering ultrashort, monochromatic, high-dose, or coherent electron bunches.

The excitation of a ferromagnetic film by a femtosecond laser pulse causes an unexpectedly fast quenching of the film's magnetization on subpicosecond time scales. The microscopic physical mechanisms responsible for this remain a scientific puzzle. The authors employ femtosecond extreme ultraviolet pulses produced by high harmonic generation to follow how the magnetization of a thin cobalt film evolves after the excitation by a 40-fs laser pulse. By measuring the time-, energy-, and angle-resolved magneto-optical response of the Co films across the ${M}_{2,3}$ absorption edge, they obtain a set of time-lapsed magnetic asymmetry spectra, which contain a wealth of information about the different mechanisms at work. When combined with advanced ab initio magneto-optical calculations, they identify two dominant contributions: first, a transient reduction of exchange splitting, and second, magnon excitation. This work thus distinguishes between two fundamental models of magnetism, the Stoner and Heisenberg models, which ascribe magnetization dynamics to an exchange splitting reduction and spin wave excitations, respectively.

Photoinduced threshold switching processes that lead to bistability and the formation of metastable phases in photoinduced phase transition of VO2 are elucidated through ultrafast electron diffraction and diffusive scattering techniques with varying excitation wavelengths. We uncover two distinct regimes of the dynamical phase change: a nearly instantaneous crossover into an intermediate state and its decay led by lattice instabilities over 10 ps timescales. The structure of this intermediate state is identified to be monoclinic, but more akin to M2 rather than M1 based on structure refinements. The extinction of all major monoclinic features within just a few picoseconds at the above-threshold-level (~20%) photoexcitations and the distinct dynamics in diffusive scattering that represents medium-range atomic fluctuations at two photon wavelengths strongly suggest a density-driven and nonthermal pathway for the initial process of the photoinduced phase transition. These results highlight the critical roles of electron correlations and lattice instabilities in driving and controlling phase transformations far from equilibrium.

Bright, circularly polarized, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and soft x-ray high-harmonic beams can now be produced using counter-rotating circularly polarized driving laser fields. Although the resulting circularly polarized harmonics consist of relatively simple pairs of peaks in the spectral domain, in the time domain, the field is predicted to emerge as a complex series of rotating linearly polarized bursts, varying rapidly in amplitude, frequency, and polarization. We extend attosecond metrology techniques to circularly polarized light by simultaneously irradiating a copper surface with circularly polarized high-harmonic and linearly polarized infrared laser fields. The resulting temporal modulation of the photoelectron spectra carries essential phase information about the EUV field. Utilizing the polarization selectivity of the solid surface and by rotating the circularly polarized EUV field in space, we fully retrieve the amplitude and phase of the circularly polarized harmonics, allowing us to reconstruct one of the most complex coherent light fields produced to date., This work was done at JILA. We gratefully acknowledge support from the NSF through the Physics Frontiers Centers Program with grant no. PHY1125844 and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation EPiQS (Emergent Phenomena in Quantum Systems) Initiative through Grant GBMF4538 to M.M. C.H.-G. acknowledges support from the Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship within the European Union Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (2007–2013), under Research Executive Agency grant agreement no. 328334. R.K. acknowledges the Swedish Research Council (VR) for financial support. A.J.-B. was supported by grants from the U.S. NSF (grant nos. PHY-1125844 and PHY-1068706). C.H.-G. and L.P. acknowledge support from Junta de Castilla y León (project SA116U13) and MINECO (Ministerio de Econom a y Competitividad) (FIS2013-44174-P and FIS2015-71933-REDT). This work used the Janus supercomputer, which is supported by the U.S. NSF (grant no. CNS-0821794) and the University of Colorado, Boulder. P.G. acknowledges support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (no. GR 4234/1-1).

Using laser-dressed photoelectron spectroscopy from solids, we completely characterized the circularly polarized harmonics, allowing us to reconstruct the complex 3D waveform of the circularly polarized attosecond pulse train.

Using laser-dressed photoelectron spectroscopy from solids, we fully characterize circularly polarized harmonics for the first time to reconstruct the complex 3D waveform of a circularly polarized attosecond pulse train.

We use attosecond pulse trains to directly measure photoelectron lifetimes in Ni(111) and Cu(111). We observe a strong influence of material band structure on the measured lifetimes, which reveal attosecond timescale electron screening and scattering.

This paper studies the characteristics of informat ion sources and farmers’ demand for agricultural information in the process of agricultural informationization in Ch ina. We po int out that it is not common for farmers to adopt modern information technology communicat ion tools in rural areas nowadays, and the reason for this phenomenon is that farmers still rely mainly on tradit ional channels for informat ion dissemination. To change the status quo, our government should respect farmers as dominant statuses in the process of agricultural informat ionization and encourage households with large-scale agricu ltural operation to use modern IT products in order to spread agricultural informat ion in rural areas.

We present a general formalism of ultrafast diffractive voltammetry approach as a contact-free tool to investigate the ultrafast surface charge dynamics in nanostructured interfaces. As case studies, the photoinduced surface charging processes in oxidized silicon surface and the hot electron dynamics in nanoparticle-decorated interface are examined based on the diffractive voltammetry framework. We identify that the charge redistribution processes appear on the surface, sub-surface, and vacuum levels when driven by intense femtosecond laser pulses. To elucidate the voltammetry contribution from different sources, we perform controlled experiments using shadow imaging techniques and N-particle simulations to aid the investigation of the photovoltage dynamics in the presence of photoemission. We show that voltammetry contribution associated with photoemission has a long decay tail and plays a more significant role in the nanosecond timescale, whereas the ultrafast voltammetry are dominated by local charge transfer, such as surface charging and molecular charge transport at nanostructured interfaces. We also discuss the general applicability of the diffractive voltammetry as an integral part of quantitative ultrafast electron diffraction methodology in researching different types of interfaces having distinctive surface diffraction and boundary conditions.

Er–Tm-codoped Al 2 O 3 thin films with different Tm to Er concentration ratios were synthesized by cosputtering from separated Er, Tm, Si, and Al 2 O 3 targets. The temperature dependence of photoluminescence (PL) spectra was studied. A flat and broad emission band was achieved in the 1.4–1.7 μm and the observed 1470, 1533 and 1800 nm emission bands were attributed to the transitions of Tm 3+ : 3 H 4 → 3 F 4 , Er 3+ : 4 I 13/2 → 4 I 15/2 and Tm 3+ : 3 F 4 → 3 H 6 , respectively. The temperature dependence is rather complicated. With increasing measuring temperature, the peak intensity related to Er 3+ ions increases by a factor of five, while the Tm 3+ PL intensity at 1800 nm decreases by one order of magnitude. This phenomenon is attributed to a complicated energy transfer (ET) processes involving both Er 3+ and Tm 3+ and increase of phonon-assisted ET rate with temperature as well. It should be helpful to fully understand ET processes between Er and Tm and achieve flat and broad emission band at different operating temperatures.

We investigated the broad and sensitized luminescence properties of Er-doped HfO2 films synthesized by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and ion implantation techniques. In the investigation we focused on the mechanism of energy transfer in the host matrix. Based on the comparison of photoluminescence (PL), photoluminescence excitation (PLE), and cathode-luminescence (CL), as well as on microstructure measurements, an excitation transfer process resulting in the broad excitation for Er, luminescence at 1540 nm, is identified. In this process, the oxygen vacancies and Hf in the host HfO2 serve mainly as effective sensitizers for neighboring Er ions in the nonresonant excitation process. Furthermore, the direct Er3+ intra-4f transitions and full spectral emission of Er ions in the HfO2 matrix are clearly observed under the wide-spectrum excitation in the CL measurement. This reveals more detailed features for the energy transfer and transition processes.

Er-related nanostructures self-assembled on the Si(0 0 1) covered with an ultrathin SiO 2 layer have been studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and photoluminescence (PL), compared with Er-related nanostructures formed on clean Si(0 0 1). The post-annealing temperature of 560 °C–660 °C can lead to the formation of Er silicate nanobunches, with an ultrahigh density of 1 × 10 12 –1 × 10 13 cm −2 . The Er silicide nanowires are obtained at the post-annealing temperature above 700 °C. Er-related nanostructures will change from the amorphous nanobunches to the crystalline nanowires with the increase of post-annealing temperature due to the SiO desorption. The PL band shape and intensity depend strongly upon the preparation conditions and a wide band is exhibited from 1.3 μm to 1.6 μm due to defect related luminescence (D bands) and Er 3+ ion. A dominant peak at 0.80 eV is observed for the nanobunches. We have distinguished the Er 3+ line from the D1 line, which have the same energy region around 0.80 eV, and it is shown that our samples have effective optically-active Er 3+ ions.

Attosecond pulses and pulse trains generated by high-order harmonic generation are finding broad applications in advanced spectroscopies and imaging, enabling sub-femtosecond electron dynamics to be probed in atomic, molecular and material systems. To date, isolated attosecond pulses have been generated either by using very short few-cycle driving pulses, or by using temporal and polarization gating, or by taking advantage of phase-matching gating. Here we show that by driving high harmonics with a two-color linearly polarized laser field, the temporal window for time-gated phase matching is shorter than for the equivalent singe-color driving laser. As a result, we can generate quasi-isolated attosecond pulses with a peak width of ∼ 450 as using relatively long 26 femtosecond laser pulses. Our experimental data are in good agreement with theoretical simulations, and show that the phase matching window decreases by a factor of 4 - from four optical cycles in the case of a single-color fundamental driving laser, to one optical cycle in the case of two-color (ω-2ω) laser drivers. Finally, we also demonstrate that by changing the relative delay between the two-color laser fields, we can control the duration of the attosecond bursts from 450 as to 1.2 fs., National Science Foundation (NSF) (1125844); Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-16-1-0121); REA (328334); Junta de Castilla y León (SA046U16); MINECO (FIS2013-44174-P, FIS2016-75652-P).

In low-dimensional electronic materials, the charge or spin ordering can be subtly controlled by specific mode or modes, giving rise to functioning states such as charge- and spin-density waves, Mott insulators, and superconductors. The coupling between the electrons and the atomic lattice can be effectively investigated by ultrafast optical, photoemission, and electron diffraction techniques providing detailed description of microscopic and collective state evolutions in separate electronic and lattice subsystems. However, the electronic and phononic relaxation time scales obtained from these techniques are often distinctly different in low-dimensional electronic materials, even in a system as simple as graphite. Here, we seek to understand their origins from examining the nonequilibrium scenarios considering anisotropic electron-phonon coupling leading to hot phonons, which can be investigated directly from the momentum-dependent scattering changes in the transmission ultrafast electron crystallography. A three-temperature model is constructed to achieve unified understandings combining ultrafast spectroscopy and diffraction results of the nonadiabatic optically driven dynamics in graphite, charge-density waves in CeTe${}_{3}$, and the Mott insulator VO${}_{2}$.

The electron-phonon mechanism that gives rise to various charge-ordered systems is often controversial because of the cooperative nature of the transformation, and because the structural aspect of the transformation is generally poorly understood. Using femtosecond electron crystallography, we reveal a two-step ($\ensuremath{\approx}$400 fs and 3.3 ps) suppression of the structural order parameter of a two-dimensional charge-density wave (CDW) that clearly decouples from its electronic counterpart following fs optical quenching. Through atomic fluctuational analysis on Bragg reflections and satellite features, we identify important momentum-dependent electron-phonon couplings appearing on both time scales that may be related to interactions between the unidirectional CDW collective modes, the lattice phonons, and the perturbed electronic subsystem. We show that the characteristic time scales of these couplings and relative fluctuational amplitudes as characterized by fs crystallography jointly determine the cooperativity between the electronic and structural subsystems, and from this it is possible to elucidate the underlying mechanism of the charge-ordered system.

China is speeding up industrialization, and the information technology could facilitate the industrialization and IT industry is becoming the strategic industry for China. As the foundation of the Chinese IT industry is weak, the ability of independent innovation of it is limited. The main purpose of this paper is to study how to improve the independent innovation ability of the Chinese IT industry by implementing different kinds of government policies. The paper initially analyses necessity of improving the innovation ability of the Chinese IT industry, then the theoretical basis for implementing the policies to promote the IT innovation, and the last the fiscal policy measures for improving the innovation ability of Chinese IT industry.

We present an electron projection imaging method to study the ultrafast evolution of photoelectron density distribution and transient fields near the surface. The dynamical profile of the photoelectrons from graphite reveals an origin of a thermionic emission, followed by an adiabatic process leading to electron acceleration and cooling before a freely expanding cloud is established. The hot electron emission is found to couple with a surface charge dipole layer formation, with a sheet density several orders of magnitude higher than that of the vacuum emitted cloud., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures. Applied Physics Letter, in press

In this paper, we investigated the broad sensitized luminescence properties of the Er-doped HfO2 films synthesized by pulsed laser deposition and ion implantation techniques, focusing on the mechanism of energy transfer in host matrix. The characteristics of photoluminescence (PL) in the Er-doped and undoped HfO2 films were analyzed with varied measuring temperatures. Based on the PL and PL excitation (PLE), we proposed that the O vacancy defects, ion implantation induced defects and Hf can act as sensitizers, which results in the broad band excitation of Er luminescence at 1540 nm. Cathode-luminescence (CL) measurements with hot electrons excitation show more features of the samples, and provide detailed information for the energy transfer and relaxation process.

A driving force behind the development of ultrafast electron crystallography and microscopy is the recognition that there are a broad range of phase change materials that respond to photoexcitation in unusual pathways compared to those responding to applying pressure, heat, and chemical doping. Since the morphology of the nanomaterials play a role in determining their optical responses, the ability to resolve atomic structure and the transient dynamics that lead to various phase change states are crucial for these studies[1]. First, we will discuss the recent progress at MSU of using ultrafast electron crystallography and related methods to investigate nanomaterial assemblies[2]. We show that the dynamical responses of materials to a short-pulse (fs) laser excitation are multisphased, involving progressive transformations, from the initial femtosecond electronic excitation to ps and ns structural changes. In the study of the optically induced fragmentation of Ag nanocrystals excited at surface plasmon resonance, we find that the dominant dynamical feature in the prefragmentation stage is a defect-mediated instability growth, creating sub-nanocrystalline domains with hot surface and relatively cold core, based on diffraction refinements using a large supercell model[2], as shown in Fig. 1. From the defect density growth process, we suggest that the fragementaion is percolative, starting from valence modification as evidenced by creating topological defects, which are initially seeded in Ag through the strong nonlinear coupling between SPR and interband transition, causing chemical bonds to rupture. These defects will later percolates into larger stripes, thus causing the nanoparticles to fracture. Such creation and growth of topological defects, which can persist on the phonon timescales, could be common in nonequilibrium photoinduced structural phase transition. Further improving the temporal resolution to the phonon timescale (10-100fs) will allow more definitive traces of the initial nonlinear photoassisted electron-phonon coupling that seeds the reactions to be resolved.

Using a multilevel fast multipole method, coupled with the shadow imaging of femtosecond photoelectron pulses for validation, we quantitatively elucidate the photocathode, space charge, and virtual cathode physics, which fundamentally limit the spatiotemporal and spectroscopic resolution and throughput of ultrafast electron microscope (UEM) systems. We present a simple microscopic description to capture the nonlinear beam dynamics based on a two-fluid picture and elucidate an unexpected dominant role of image potential pinning in accelerating the emittance growth process. These calculations set theoretical limits on the performance of UEM systems and provide useful guides for photocathode design for high-brightness electron beam systems.