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Additional file 1. legend Involvement of other potential signaling pathways in EGFL6-mediated angiogenesis and osteogenesis is supported by protein analysis of treated EC cells maintained in vitro. (a) Western blots of cell lysates from EGFL6-treated HUVECs probed with antibodies against Akt, P-Akt, and P-ERK1/2. The cultured cells were treated with 0, 50, 200, or 500 ng/ml EGFL6, and then harvested for protein content. (b, c) Western blots of lysates from EGFL6-treated BMSCs probed with antibodies against Akt and P-Akt. BMSCs underwent osteogenic induction with 0, 50, 200, or 500 ng/ml EGFL6 for 5 days (b) or 10 days (c). GADPH is the loading control.

Additional file 2. legend Rat tibial distraction osteogenesis (DO) model. Representative photographs (ventral views) illustrating steps of the surgical procedure to implant the distraction device (see the Methods for details). The monolateral external fixator device is shown in situ in panels g and h. Animal care and procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital.

Objectives.We evaluated the results of digital lengthening by distraction and second-stage bone graft.Methods.We treated finger deficiency of 201 digits in 104 patients (68 males, 36 females) by digital distraction and second-stage bone graft. The distraction was performed with a rate of 1 mm/day (for the first ten days) and 0.5 mm/day followed by using a self-designed bilateral tubal-helical external fixator. The mean follow-up period was 42 months (range 6 to 60 months).Results.The mean lengthening was 29.2 mm (range 25 to 40 mm) and 18.7 mm (range 12 to 32 mm) for metacarpal bones and phalanges, respectively. The mean elongation rate was 174.4% (range 145% to 202%) and 184.8% (range 115% to 283%) for metacarpal bones and phalanges, respectively. The static two-point discriminations and SpO2showed no significant differences before and after distraction. Four complications were observed (two skin ruptures and two phalangeal splitting). No pin tract infection or tendon rupture showed. Digital lengthening improved functions of the hand.Conclusion.Digital distraction and second-stage bone graft is an effective method to compensate disabilities caused by lack of finger length. It could be an alternative plan for patients with thumb deficiency instead of toe-to-thumb transplant and patients with finger deficiency instead of ray resection.

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