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The interaction between graphene-based materials and hydrogen isotopes is of great importance with respect to the adsorption of hydrogen in graphene and the removal of tritium from irradiated nuclear graphite. In the present study, based on density functional theory, we investigate and discuss the adsorption and molecular desorption of hydrogen isotopes on the edges and stable interior defects. The adsorption energy of one hydrogen on graphene-based materials is between -2.0 and -5.0 eV, which is related to the structure and hydrogenation level. The hydrogenation level increases with the hydrogen partial pressure and decreases with the temperature. The best adsorption pathways of hydrogen isotopes in graphene-based materials are determined, together with three different desorption stages with different activation energies. The desorption peaks of thermal desorption spectrometry agree well with stage 2 and stage 3 of simulation. Our results can provide a theoretical basis for the study of the hydrogen isotope behaviors in graphene and the decontamination of nuclear graphite.

The relationship among alcohol, acetaldehyde, and gastric cancer (GC) is a very interesting research direction. Although many studies have focused on the correlation between ALDH2 polymorphism and GC, ALDH2 expression in GC and its relationship with the prognosis of GC patients remain to be fully understood. To explore these, 455 GC cases were included in this study. The relationships of ALDH2 expression with patients’ survival and clinicopathological characteristics were assessed. The immune infiltration characteristics of ALDH2 in GC were also analyzed. Furthermore, the gene regulatory network and functional pathways of ALDH2 in GC were investigated. We found that high expression of ALDH2 was associated with better prognosis in GC patients. GC patients with high ALDH2 expression had a lower degree of pathological malignancy, consistent with our hypothesis that ALDH2 may play as a tumor suppressor role in GC. Mechanistically, ALDH2 may cooperate with genes such as C5orf32, TSPAN8 and RILP to inhibit GC progression via regulating multiple signaling pathways and chemical carcinogenesis. Therefore, our study suggested that ALDH2, an important variant gene in Asians, might serve as a prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target for patients with GC.

It is known that there are no polynomial quantum algorithms to solve some lattice difficult problems. Uncolored graphic lattice and colored graphic lattice are the products of multidisciplinary intersection inspired by lattice theory. A uncolored graphic lattice or a colored graphic lattice in topological coding is based on some graph operations and a set of disjoint connected graphs or disjoint connected colored graphs. Based on password authentication or digital file encryption, this paper introduces the number-based string topological authentication problem, and gives an asymmetric encryption system by topological coding. Topological coding can form an asymmetric encryption system with one public key corresponding to two or more private keys and, more public keys corresponding to more private keys. Topology authentication in topology coding requires two different fields of mathematical knowledge and can produce exponential level algorithm. Based on the edge-joining operation and vertex-coinciding operation of graphs, the existence of colored graphic lattice admitting graceful total colorings is shown, and graphic lattice and F-graphic lattice are established with infinite elements closed to graceful total coloring. Topological vectors for special coloring graphs are defined, and a connection between graphic lattice and non-negative integer traditional lattice is built up to provide a feasible technique for quantum resistance calculation, since there is no polynomial algorithm for solving number-based strings up to now. Because graph isomorphism problem is NP-hard, topological coding lattice has the function of resisting supercomputer and quantum computer.

To improve the bonding strength between the nickel bond and the hub of the electroplated diamond grinding wheel, a hybrid technique was proposed to combine laser pre-quenching steel substrate and post-electroplating nickel. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed technique, AISI 1045 substrate was nickel-coated. The bonding properties between the electroplated nickel coating and substrate with or without laser-discrete-quenching were discussed comparatively by scratch, indentation, and thermal shock tests. The results show that the pre-quenching treatment leads to phase transformation of AISI 1045 microstructure from the mixed pearlite and ferrite phases into the martensitic phase. Since the martensitic phase is characterized as a high corrosion resistance, the interface of substrate/coating is smooth and flat in the pre-quenched zone, and the coating is bonded well with the steel substrate. In contrast to the steel substrate without pre-quenching treatment, the proposed technique significantly enhanced the bonding strengths of the electroplated nickel-coating. On one hand, the average hardness of electroplated nickel-coating on the laser pre-quenched zone is increased by 18.7%, and the scratch depth with the same load become narrower and shallower. On the other hand, the coefficient of friction (CoF) and the vibration amplitude are reduced, and the coating is bonded effectively with the substrate to inhibit the crack initialization at the interface. This prevents effectively the coating from peeling off and improves significantly the thermal shock resistance property.

Previous surveys showed that a large amount of Americans reject evolution while the Chinese public generally accepts evolution. The issue of why people accept evolution or not is considerably complex. Prior research shows that Americans’ views on evolutionary theory are significantly and positively related to their knowledge of this theory. This study aims to obtain a fuller picture of Chinese people's knowledge and acceptance of evolutionary theory, compare these results to a US sample, and test whether the relationship between knowledge and acceptance of evolution is robust across different cultural contexts.

The microstructures and mechanical properties of Inconel 718 alloy were analyzed by using 982 ℃ water cooled solid solution bar after repeated solution and re-aging treatment, and compared with direct aging treatment.The effects of repeated solution treatment temperatures ranging from 941 to 1010 ℃ on microstructures and mechanical properties of the alloy were systematically studied. The results show that with the increase of repeated solution temperature, the content of γ′′ phase / δ phase gradually increases / decreases with no obvious change in grain size, leading to an evident improvement on room-temperature hardness, high-temperature tensile strength and stress-rupture life of the alloy. The maximum values of the tensile elongation and the stress rupture ductility are reached at the repeated solution temperature of 982 ℃. As compared to the direct aging treatment condition, there is no apparent change in microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy aged after the repeated solution treatment at 982℃. On the contrary to the higher repeated solution temperature, the lower repeated temperature produces unfavorable effect on the mechanical properties.

Sonoluminescence (SL) occurs when acoustically induced oscillating bubbles in a liquid collapse. The SL from pure water normally generates ultraviolet to blue emission which is related to hydroxyl plasma formed in and around the bubbles. It is known that carbon nano-dots (CNDs) can serve as free radical captors, where the C-bonds can couple strongly with free radicals and form C-based functional groups. In this work, a SL experiment is conducted via placing CND aqueous solution (CNDAS) in the focal area of the SL apparatus. Unexpectedly and dramatically, it is found that the color of SL now turns orange, which is so bright that it can be seen even by the naked eye. By examining the CNDAS before and after the SL experiment, it is observed that the influence of CNDs on optical absorption, photoluminescence and SL is mainly achieved via coupling between the C-bonds in the CNDs and the free hydroxyl radicals generated during the processes of acoustically driven cavitation and SL. The interesting and important findings from this work demonstrate that the CNDs in water can modify significantly the SL effect. Thus, CNDs can provide a new test medium for studying and revealing the microscopic mechanism of the SL phenomenon.

本稿は外国人観光客の急増、地域過疎の深刻化という現状において、地域伝統文化の保護と伝承をめぐって、必要な取り組みについて、論述を展開した。無形文化財の価値が有している妖怪文化に焦点を与えて、その保存と継承を目指して、外国人観光客の誘致に妖怪文化を活用するための知見を深める必要があると考え、妖怪文化の代表である酒吞童子伝説を生かした地域活性化の事例を取り上げ、妖怪文化に対して、日本側、中国側、韓国側の概念、イメージ、特徴などの比較を実施した。比較を通じて、妖怪文化を生かしたインバウンド観光誘致の取り組みの可能性と注意点を解明し、妖怪文化の創意工夫について考察し、提言を行った。酒吞童子伝説によるまちづくりを次世代に引渡すためには、酒吞童子伝説の面白さを次世代に理解させること、あるいは、次世代に合わせて、新たな酒吞童子伝説を創出することが要求されている。新たな酒吞童子に関心を持つ現代人が増え、「新酒吞童子ブーム」が引き起こせれば、アニメの聖地巡礼のように、自然にインバウンド観光の誘致や定着が実現できると考えられる。, 7

児童の発達教育においては、地域及び家庭の環境からの影響を重視すべきであり、「自分と異なる他人への態度形成」という意識面の教育も重要であると考えられる。家庭における 子育て不安の深刻化に加え、外国人の増加による地域社会の変化を受け、児童を取り巻く環境にも変化が生じている。というのも、外国人の増加による地域環境の変化は子ども達の価 値観、世界観の形成にも大きな影響を及ぼし、異文化教育の重要性を再吟味する必要があると考えられる。本研究は児童の異文化教育において、児童館で行われた児童向けの異文化交 流会の参加者、及び参加児童の保護者を対象としたアンケート調査を実施し、児童の異文化に対する意識、及び保護者の異文化教育に対する意識を分析した。両側の意識の差異の原因 として、「異文化教育に関する親子間のコミュニケーションの不足」であると推測した。それに加え、異文化交流活動の効果、児童館の役割を明らかにし、今後の児童向けの異文化教 育の検討に際して重要な示唆を提供できると考えられる。本研究は「児童館は今後、親子共同参加の異文化交流活動、または児童異文化教育に関する保護者向けの学習会などの実施を 通じて、児童の異文化教育のために、より効率的に役割を果たす」ことを提言する。, 1

To clarify the influence of HIV on the intestinal flora and the interrelationship with CD4 T cells, the present study collected stool specimens from 33 HIV patients and 28 healthy subjects to compare the differences in the intestinal flora and CD4 T cells in a 16S rDNA-sequencing approach. ELISA was used to detect the expressions of interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Meanwhile, correlation analysis with the different bacterial populations in each group was carried out. The results revealed that Alpha diversity indices of the intestinal flora of HIV patients were markedly lower than that of the healthy group (p

For building up twin-graphic lattices towards topological cryptograph, we define four kinds of new odd-magic-type colorings: odd-edge graceful-difference total coloring, odd-edge edge-difference total coloring, odd-edge edge-magic total coloring, and odd-edge felicitous-difference total coloring in this article. Our RANDOMLY-LEAF-ADDING algorithms are based on adding randomly leaves to graphs for producing continuously graphs admitting our new odd-magic-type colorings. We use complex graphs to make caterpillar-graphic lattices and complementary graphic lattices, such that each graph in these new graphic lattices admits a uniformly $W$-magic total coloring. On the other hands, finding some connections between graphic lattices and integer lattices is an interesting research, also, is important for application in the age of quantum computer. We set up twin-type $W$-magic graphic lattices (as public graphic lattices vs private graphic lattices) and $W$-magic graphic-lattice homomorphism for producing more complex topological number-based strings.

福知山公立大学で行われている「実践教育」（PBL＝Problem-Based Learning による地域協働型教育）の国際版として、中国の内陸部四川省の成都市近郊の農村での調査研修プログラムについて報告する。中国の農村は周知のように長い間極貧に悩んでいた地域も多いが、胡錦濤政権以降の三農（農村、農業、農民）問題対策の中で、「農家楽」をはじめとする６次産業化政策が大きな成果を収めた。今回、大学生を引率して成都近郊農村への実地調査を行う国際交流兼教育研究研修を実施する機会に恵まれた。本稿では、この教育研修プログラムを通じた学生の学びを紹介しながら、調査結果を福知山市のまちづくりなどの課題に逆照射したときにどのような学びや示唆があるかについても考察する。中国での調査において、産業と地域社会、地域の経済発展と住民の感じる幸福感との両立という課題はどのように見えてくるか、またそのことに学生たちはどう反応するのか、中国の学生たちとはどのような意見の相違があるのか、そうした問題意識を持ちながら、このプログラムを実施した。, 7

中国の水不足問題が深刻になっている。資源大国とは言え、工業化、都市化の進展により、水資源の需要は今後長期間にわたり増加し、需給矛盾はさらに先鋭化している。‘貧水’となる中国は，高度経済成長を続けるために、水資源の問題を優先に解決し、全国範囲に汚水処理場、沿岸地域に海水淡水化プラントのインフラ投資を積極的に進んでいる。日本企業を含め、外資資本による中国水ビジネス市場への投資はブームになっている一方、地元企業の成長のため、対中国水ビジネス市場への投資はリスクが益々、高まっている。日本の中小企業としての株式会社ナガオカは大手企業の競争を避け、ニッチ市場を狙い、中小都市と農村地域の水市場に進出する事を中心し、中国の水ビジネス市場に進出している。対中国投資の初期段階において、如何に順調に展開したがについて、本稿で分析し、重要なポイントとして纏める。そして、次の成長段階において、取るべき戦略を中国人社員なりの視点から会社成長に提言を求める。技術以外の「ナガオカ」の強みである「トップセールスによる地域、業界ネットワーク構築」を今後の成長段階において、企業成長を目指し、他の事業に転用できるためのポイントについて提言する。中国で地域、業界ネットワーク構築を行うことは簡単ではない。自社の経営目標を中心に、自社事業に有利である他社あるいは政府を選択することが極めて重要である。順調に進むためのポイントである。トップセールスで地域、業界のネットワークを構築すると共に、リスクも生じる。そのため、経営トップに会社成長に役に立つネットワークであるという判断力が求めている。また、次の経営トップの育成と意思確認も課題である。現段階の経営トップの行動と思想を考察することが常にできる環境が必要である。水ビジネスはインフラビジネスに属するため、現地政府がプロシェクトをリードする事例も多い。現地政府に合わせ、トップセールスの働きかけの濃淡が案件獲得の成否を分けることもある。特に中国政府が交渉相手の場合に、水事業の権限と財力を握るため、中華的な面子主義を重視しながら、提携を結ぶべきである。中国の伝統文化によると「賊を捕らえるには先ず頭目を捕らえよ」『三十六計』（兵法）という観点があり、この観点は現在、中国人にとって、極めて重要な交渉手段である。つまり、成功を目指すなら、先に交渉相手の中心となる部分を絞って交渉手段を展開する。より効果的となる。トップとトップとの交渉は信頼関係を構築しやすくなる。両側の部下も今後に提携事業に向いて、積極的に協力し合うことになる。投資初期段階の成功理由はもう一つがある。ライバル社が対中国投資に重視していないからである。本稿は「ナガオカ」のライバル社の事例を取り上げて、今後の「ナガオカ」の中国での展開モデルについて提言した。ライバル社は「ナガオカ」の3つの事業をメインとなる一方、多角化展開戦略により、競争力が極めて強いである。中国の水ビジネス市場において、販売会社だけ設置したが、それほど、活用されていない。逆に、スクリーン製造を行うのは多くある中国の地元企業である。しかし、小規模生産のため、スクリーンの品質保証が重視されていない。今後成長段階に入る「ナガオカ」は、ここで、スクリーンおよび水処理の設備の製造、販売を主な経営活動と思われるが、効果的な展開方法として、スクリーンのブランド構築に重視すべきである。「ナガオカ」の対中国投資の成功理由はライバル社の中国市場において消極的投資ではないかと言う疑問を持っている。ライバル社の潜在的な競争脅威が常に警戒する必要があるではないかと指摘する。中国の海水淡水化市場は成熟化となっているが、造水コストが高いことは今後の発展のネックとなる。「ナガオカ」の技術で低コスト化が実現できる。ニーズが高まると思われ、「ナガオカ」は海水取水事業を今後の対中国投資の中心となる。最後に、下水取水事業分野での強みである「トップセールスによる地域、業界ネットワーク構築」を如何に海水取水事業に転用するかについて提案した。「ナガオカ」の海水取水技術「HISIS」のコストダウンと言う強みは、今後ネットワーク構築の接点である。海水取水技術の実証実験成功以後、さらに海水淡水化業界での影響力が強めると思われ、トップセールスでより早く受注を獲得することができる考察する。さらに、「ナガオカ」の事業は「取水」、すなわち「水を集める」とのコンセプトがあり、安全な水を集める同時に、優秀な水ビジネス人材を集めることもより大事なことである。本稿は今後の「ナガオカ」および中国の水ビジネス市場に投資する方針がある日本企業に貢献できると期待している。水ビジネスは、企業成長を目指すことが当然であるが、現地の実際に水に困っている人々健康、命のために先進の技術を持っていくことは無視できない。, 5

In 2018, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA-ARS), the Clemson University, and the University of California jointly announced 40 new varieties of blueberry, including 12 varieties of northern highbush blueberry, 21 varieties of southern highbush blueberry, and 7 varieties of ornamental blueberry. Based on the analysis of the comprehensive characteristics of the announced blueberry varieties, this paper summarizes the current development trend of global blueberry breeding. The results have been shown that: 1) the cultivation of southern highbush blueberry is still the main direction of blueberry breeding, and the number of new ornamental blueberry varieties has increased. 2) The main breeding direction for northern highbush blueberry is to cultivate new varieties with early maturity, large fruit, hard texture, and good storability. 3) The breeding trend of blueberries in the southern highbush blueberry is mainly focused on cultivating new cultivars with the low chilling requirement and have comprehensive characteristics such as early maturity, large fruit, and good fruit quality. 4) The main direction of ornamental blueberry breeding is to pay attention to the diversification of fruit color and the leaf color that changes with the season for use in Garden potted plants and landscaping. 5) In recent years, China has made rapid progress in blueberry breeding except for the traditional breeding countries such as Europe and America. The breeding trend described in this paper will point out the direction for blueberry breeding in China in the future and have important practical reference value.

A mathematical topology with matrix is a natural representation of a coding relational structure that is found in many fields of the world. Matrices are very important in computation of real applications, s ce matrices are easy saved in computer and run quickly, as well as matrices are convenient to deal with communities of current networks, such as Laplacian matrices, adjacent matrices in graph theory. Motivated from convenient, useful and powerful matrices used in computation and investigation of today's networks, we have introduced Topcode-matrices, which are matrices of order $3\times q$ and differ from popular matrices applied in linear algebra and computer science. Topcode-matrices can use numbers, letters, Chinese characters, sets, graphs, algebraic groups \emph{etc.} as their elements. One important thing is that Topcode-matrices of numbers can derive easily number strings, since number strings are text-based passwords used in information security. Topcode-matrices can be used to describe topological graphic passwords (Topsnut-gpws) used in information security and graph connected properties for solving some problems coming in the investigation of Graph Networks and Graph Neural Networks proposed by GoogleBrain and DeepMind. Our topics, in this article, are: Topsnut-matrices, Topcode-matrices, Hanzi-matrices, adjacency ve-value matrices and pan-Topcode-matrices, and some connections between these Topcode-matrices will be proven. We will discuss algebraic groups obtained from the above matrices, graph groups, graph networking groups and number string groups for encrypting different communities of dynamic networks. The operations and results on our matrices help us to set up our overall security mechanism to protect networks.

The near-solid wall multi-bubble cavitation is an extremely complex phenomenon, and cavitation has strong erosiveness. The melting point (about 3410 °C) of tungsten is highest among all pure metals, and its hardness is also very high (its yield strength is greater than 1 GPa). What would happen to pure tungsten wire under extreme conditions caused by collapsing cavitation bubbles at high hydrostatic pressure? In this paper, we have studied the fracture process of pure tungsten wire with diameter of 0.2 mm mounted at the focus of a standing acoustic wave produced by a spherical cavity transducer with two open ends placed in a near spherical pressure container, and also studied the macro and micro morphological characteristics of the fracture and the surface damage at different fracture stages of tungsten wire under various hydrostatic pressures and driving electric powers. The results have shown that the fracture time of tungsten wire is inversely proportional to avitation intensity with hydrostatic pressure and driving electric power, the higher the acoustic pressure caused by higher electric power, the shorter the fracture time. The possible fracture mechanisms of tungsten wire in this situation we found mainly contributed to asymmetrically bubbles collapse near the surface of tungsten wire, leading to tearing the surface apart; consequently cracks along the radial and axial directions of a tungsten wire extend simultaneously, classified as trans-granular fracture and inter-granular fracture, respectively. With the increase of cavitation intensity, the cracks tend to extend more radially and the axial crack propagation path becomes shorter, that is, mainly for trans-granular fracture; with the decrease of cavitation intensity, intergranular fracture becomes more obvious. When the hydrostatic pressure was 10 MPa and the driving electric power was 2 kW, the fibers became softener due to the fracture of the tungsten wire. The fracture caused by acoustic cavitation was different from conventional mechanical fracture, such as tensile, shear, fatigue fracture, on macro and micro morphology.

In the paper, the development of precipitation isotope observation networks in China was reviewed, and recent achievements in isoscape and environmental effect of pre- cipitation stable isotopes were summarized; the hydrological process studies based on pre- cipitation isotopes in China during recent decade were also reviewed. In past decades, the spatial and seasonal patterns of precipitation isotopes have been investigated nationwide, especially after the participation in GNIP (Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation) and the establishment of CHNIP (Chinese Network of Isotopes in Precipitation), although long-term measurements are still limited; besides the nationwide network, a series of regional networks has been widely established across China. From the traditional manual drawing to the com- puter-aided mapping, and then to the simulation using isotope-equipped models, the produc- tions of precipitation isoscape have been improved. The main factors controlling precipitation isotopes were summarized, and the potential significances of isotopes in climate proxies were mentioned. The recent studies about influence of raindrop sub-cloud secondary evaporation on isotopes were reviewed; based on the precipitation isotope and other parameters, the contribution of recycled moisture (evaporation and transpiration) in local precipitation can be estimated using three- or two-component mixing models. Finally, some prospects of precipi- tation isotope studies in China were presented.

Graphical passwords (GPWs) are in many areas of the current world. Topological graphic passwords (Topsnut-gpws) are a new type of cryptography, and they differ from the existing GPWs. A Topsnut-gpw consists of two parts: one is a topological structure (graph), and one is a set of discrete elements (a graph labelling, or coloring), the topological structure connects these discrete elements together to form an interesting "story". Our idea is to transform Chinese characters into computer and electronic equipments with touch screen by speaking, writing and keyboard for forming Hanzi-graphs and Hanzi-gpws. We will use Hanzigpws to produce text-based passwords (TB-paws). We will introduce flawed graph labellings on disconnected Hanzi-graphs.

The ecohydrological separation hypothesis has generated considerable scientific interest and debate in ecohydrological studies, and it assumes there exist two water pools in subsurface water, one of which is soil water used by plants and the other is that supplied to groundwater. Although this hypothesis has been tested in several humid sites, a further test in arid and semiarid conditions is still needed. Based on the isotopic ratios in different water bodies collected during a 2-year field work, the hypothesis was tested in a drier zone located in the Qilian Mountains of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau in order to investigate whether this separation phenomenon existed in a drier climate, and whether this may be a common characteristic or an exception. The results suggested that the hydrological separation does not necessarily exist and may not even be determined by stable isotopes; there is a clear need to more precise experimental methods.

Graphical passwords (GPWs) are convenient for mobile equipments with touch screen. Topological graphic passwords (Topsnut-gpws) can be saved in computer by classical matrices and run quickly than the existing GPWs. We research Topsnut-gpws by the matching of view, since they have many advantages. We discuss: configuration matching partition, coloring/labelling matching partition, set matching partition, matching chain, etc. And, we introduce new graph labellings for enriching Topsnut-matchings and show that these labellings can be realized for trees or spanning trees of networks. In theoretical works we explore Graph Labelling Analysis, and show that every graph admits our extremal labellings and set-type labellings in graph theory. Many of the graph labellings mentioned are related with problems of set matching partitions to number theory, and yield new objects and new problems to graph theory.

Topological graphic passwords (Topsnut-gpws) are one of graph-type passwords, but differ from the existing graphical passwords, since Topsnut-gpws are saved in computer by algebraic matrices. We focus on the transformation between text-based passwords (TB-paws) and Topsnut-gpws in this article. Several methods for generating TB-paws from Topsnut-gpws are introduced; these methods are based on topological structures and graph coloring/labellings, such that authentications must have two steps: one is topological structure authentication, and another is text-based authentication. Four basic topological structure authentications are introduced and many text-based authentications follow Topsnut-gpws. Our methods are based on algebraic, number theory and graph theory, many of them can be transformed into polynomial algorithms. A new type of matrices for describing Topsnut-gpws is created here, and such matrices can produce TB-paws in complex forms and longer bytes. Estimating the space of TB-paws made by Topsnut-gpws is very important for application. We propose to encrypt dynamic networks and try to face: (1) thousands of nodes and links of dynamic networks; (2) large numbers of Topsnut-gpws generated by machines rather than human's hands. As a try, we apply spanning trees of dynamic networks and graphic groups (Topsnut-groups) to approximate the solutions of these two problems. We present some unknown problems in the end of the article for further research.

The exploration in oil and gas of the South Turgay Basin has been carried out for more than 50 years. During the years of exploration and development, the exploration degree of the basin has reached a very high level. Almost all the shallow targets for drilling oil and gas in Cretaceous and Middle-Upper Jurassic formations have been completed. According to the resource evaluation result, the recoverable oil and gas resource can be found in the J1, J2 formations. And the resources of J1, J2 formations accounts for 55% of the underexploited, which is the main direction of exploration in the future. In recent years, some oil and gas have been found in one of layers in J1, called J1ab.However, the J1ab is facing several problems that need to be solved. The most important one is the prediction of sandstone reservoirs containing coal seams, which is difficult to predict because of the inundation reaction of coal seams. In this paper, the wavelet decomposition technique was adopted to eliminate the influence of strong interface caused by coal seams and to recover the seismic response characteristics of thin sandstone layers. The thin sand layers were identified by renewed geo-statistical method. The results of reservoir prediction coincide with the actual well drilling, and the ratio is up to 79%, which solves the problem of predicting sandstone reservoir in coal bearing strata. This technique was applied in the South Turgay Basin, for the 21 drilled exploration wells, 14 of them were succeed in gaining oil and gas, and the rate was 67%. At the same time four oil and gas structural belts were found. According to the application of this technology in this study basin, an additional geological reserve of 22.6 million tons oil was discovered by now. And it provides a way for sustainable development in this basin.

Aiming at the quantificational assessment of the harmonic characteristic of the random space vector pulse width modulation (RSVPWM), the paper discussed the harmonic distortion factor (HDF) of a hybrid RSVPWM based on random zero-vector distribution and random pulse position. The current tipple formulas were discussed that including four random variables that control the hybrid RSVPWM. The micro and macro HDF formulas were deduced based on the mean square value of the current ripple. The HDF characteristic was analyzed and discussed using the Monte Carlo simulation, and the current ripple of several modulation strategies was presented using the simulation method. The HDF formulas are the universal ones, and several other strategies HDF are only the special cases.

In order to investigate the nitrogen cycle at the headwaters of endorheic rivers in a natural situation,the Urumqi River originated from the northern slope of Chinese Tianshan Mountains was chosen as a typical region in the Northwest China.The regional nitrogen system was simplified into the atmospheric deposition(input) and runoff(output),and the nitrogen budget was modeled according to the chemical data of precipitation,runoff,soil and glacier.The headwaters of Urumqi River were defined as the upward area of the Main Control Hydrological Station(3408 m above sea level).The Glacier No.1 Hydrological Station(3659 m above sea level) and the Empty Cirque Hydrological Station(3805 m above sea level) at the headwaters were applied for observing the differences between glacier area and non-glacier area,respectively.The results indicated:(1) The annual atmospheric deposition(including wet and dry deposition) of total nitrogen(inorganic and organic nitrogen) at the headwaters of Urumqi River was 17.0 t/a,which was dominated by organic nitrogen(10.1 t/a),along with ammonium nitrogen(NH+4-N,4.88 t/a) and nitrate nitrogen(NO-3-N,2.03 t/a).The annual atmospheric deposition flux at the Main Control Hydrological Station,the Glacier No.1 Hydrological Station and the Empty Cirque Hydrological Station was 5.92 kg · hm-2 · a-1,4.60 kg · hm-2 · a-1 and 4.80 kg · hm-2 · a-1,respectively.The atmospheric deposition of nitrogen at the headwaters was much less than that at the downstream,which was influenced by the anthropogenic activities.(2) The regional nitrogen output in runoff was composed of three main sections as below: runoff loss directly from atmospheric deposition,glacier melt loss and sand transportation loss.At the headwaters of the Urumqi River,the nitrogen output was dominated by sand transportation loss(16.2 t/a,accounting for 66% of the total),followed with the runoff loss directly from atmospheric deposition(5.94 t/a,accounting for 24%) and glacier melt loss(2.52 t/a,accounting for 10%).At the Glacier No.1 Hydrological Station,the glacier melt loss of nitrogen(38% of the total) took a principal role of nitrogen loss,due to its marked glacier cover percentage.At the Empty Cirque Hydrological Station,55% of nitrogen loss was attributed to the sand transportation,instead of the direct lost from atmospheric deposition(45%).(3) The nitrogen budget showed that the nitrogen input was less than the nitrogen output at the headwaters of Urumqi River.The study area was a regional nitrogen source.Modeled based on the atmospheric deposition and runoff,the annual net flux of nitrogen at the Main Control Hydrological Station,the Glacier No.1 Hydrological Station and the Empty Cirque Hydrological Station were-2.64 kg · hm-2 · a-1,-1.39 kg · hm-2 · a-1 and-3.67 kg · hm-2 · a-1,respectively.The nitrogen loss flux was less significant in glacier area(observed at the Glacier No.1 Hydrological Station) than that in non-glacier area(observed at the Empty Cirque Hydrological Station),which was generally caused by the low content of nitrogen in the embryonic soil near modern glacier.With a consideration of the biological nitrogen fixation and denitrification additionally in the regional nitrogen cycle,the nitrogen output was more significant than the modelling result.

The atmospheric nitrogen deposition in the cold region(especially in the glacier region) of Northwest China,which takes a vital role during the nitrogen cycle,may influence the regional ecology and environment.And the long-term systemic observation on nitrogen deposition in the glacier region is helpful for quantitative modelling of typical drainage basins in the High Asia.According to the continues sampling of wet deposition(fresh snow) on the eastern branch of Glacier No.1(43°06′N,86°49′E,4130 m above sea level) at the headwaters of Urumqi River in the eastern Tianshan Mountains from January 2004 to December 2006,the characteristics of atmospheric nitrogen wet deposition in the glacier region of Northwest China were discussed,and the annual nitrogen wet/dry deposition of both inorganic and organic types was estimated.The results indicated:(1) The nitrate nitrogen(NO-3-N),ammonium nitrogen(NH+4-N) and total inorganic nitrogen(TIN) in the wet deposition varied seasonally.The nitrogen wet deposition from January to April was relatively low,and it increased significantly from April to May.With a little fluctuation,the nitrogen wet deposition was high from May to September,and the minimum of monthly deposition was 0.17 kg/hm2,0.04 kg/hm2,0.13 kg/hm2,for TIN,NO-3-N and NH+4-N,respectively.The nitrogen wet deposition decreased markedly after October,and kept at a low level from October to December.In the seasonal classification,the nitrogen wet deposition was highest in summer(June,July and August),and lowest in winter(November,December and January).The percentage of nitrogen wet deposition in summer was 54%,52% and 55%,for TIN,NO-3-N and NH+4-N,respectively.The nitrogen wet deposition correlated with precipitation amount significantly,and more than 93% of which occurred during the wet season(from April to October,with abundant precipitation in this period).(2) The NO-3-N / NH+4-N ratio of wet deposition ranged from 0.3 to 1,which was influenced by both the regional emission and atmospheric transportation.The spatial transportation was calculated by the HYSPLIT(Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory,which was developed by the Air Resources Laboratory,National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of USA) model 4.9 at 8:00 and 20:00 in Beijing Time(0:00 and 12:00 in Coordinated Universal Time) during all the precipitation days from 2004 to 2006 in different starting heights.(3) The inter-annual variation was not obvious during the study period of three years,so the mean annual deposition was representative at the sampling site.The mean annual wet deposition of TIN was 1.51 kg/hm2 with 69% of NH+4-N and 31% of NO-3-N.Considering the dry/wet deposition in total,the mean annual deposition of TIN was 1.56 kg/hm2,with 1.07 kg/hm2 of NH+4-N and 0.49 kg/hm2 of NO-3-N.In addition,the estimated annual dry/wet deposition of total nitrogen(TN),including TIN and TON(total organic nitrogen),was 3.85 kg/hm2.The simulant value in this study corresponded well with the reported data of nitrogen deposition around the cold region in the West China.

The elements for the Semliki forest virus (SFV) RNA replicon were obtained from the Alphavirus genome. It was designed to overcome the poor efficacy of some current plasmid vectors. Genes coding for viral replicases are preserved while genes coding for structural proteins are replaced by foreign genes in the RNA replicon. High levels of RNA replication and expression of foreign genes in the cytoplasm are regulated by the replicases. To evaluate the effects of the SFV RNA replicon on the improvement of gene expression, a LacZ gene was inserted into pIRES-neo digested by BamHI and dephosphorylated by alkaline phosphatase to construct pIRES-neo-LacZ. The RNA replicon vector pCMV-rep-LacZ and two conventional cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter-based vectors (pLNCX-LacZ and pIRES-neo-LacZ) were transfected, using Lipofectin, to prepared 293 cells. Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) expression vectors (pCMV-Rep-GHRH, pCDNA3.1(+)-GHRH and pIRES-neo-GHRH) were also tested using the same procedure. Target gene expression was detected with radioimmunoassay (RIA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results showed that the expression level of the RNA replicon vector was 2–3 times higher than with normal plasmid vectors. This result will help to improve the efficiency of gene expression in eukaryotic cells.

We report on the development of depth hoar and its relation to stable oxygen isotopic content in snow–firn stratigraphy in the percolation zone of Ürümqi glacier No. 1, eastern Tien Shan, China, during the period September 2004–August 2006. The essential condition for the development of depth hoar in the snow–firn pack is the temperature gradient. When the temperature gradient of the snow–firn pack reaches a maximum value of 13.0˚Cm–1 in mid-October, depth hoar begins to develop. By the end of March, the depth hoar might account for 25% of the total snow–firn pack depth. From April to June, as the weather becomes warm, the transport of water vapor diminishes and melting– regelation metamorphism replaces metamorphism caused by the temperature gradient. As a result, the depth hoar turns into coarse-grained firn. Fractionation of the oxygen isotopic content also occurs during formation of the depth hoar. The bottom 15 cm of the depth-hoar δ18O values were depleted in the lighter isotopic species as the snow sublimated from the lower to the upper crystals, and the δ values increased from –9.4% to –7.0% from 8 September 2004 to 25 January 2005. The upper 10 cm of the depth-hoar δ18O values were enriched in the lighter isotopic species and the δ values decreased from –6.8% to –9.3% during the same period.

For a class of nonlinear multi-input multi-output systems with uncertainty, a robust direct adaptive fuzzy control scheme was proposed. The feedback control law and adaptive law for parameters were derived based on Lyapunov design approach. The overall control scheme can guarantee that the tracking error converges in the small neighborhood of origin, and all signals of the closed-loop system are uniformly bounded. The main advantage of the proposed control scheme is that in each subsystem only one parameter vector needs to be adjusted on-line in the adaptive mechanism, and so the on-line computing burden is reduced. In addition, the proposed control scheme is a smooth control with no chattering phenomena. A simulation example was proposed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm. * Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 60325311, 6053010, 60521003) and Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University (Grant No. IRT...

A 51.85-m firn core collected from site DT001 (accumulation rate 127 kgm−2a−1, mean annual temperature −33.1 °C) on Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica, during the 1996–97 Chinese First Antarctic Inland Expedition has been analyzed for chemical composition and oxygen isotope ratio. A comparison between the seasonal variations of major ions was carried out in order to reduce the dating uncertainty, using the volcanic markers as time constrains. A deposition period of 251 years was determined. The calculated accumulation rates display an increasing trend before 1820, while after 1820, the trend of the accumulation is not obvious. Overall, temperature change in the region shows a slight increasing trend over the past 250 years. But, notably, a temperature decline of −2 °C is observed from 1860 to the present. This feature, at odds with the warming trend over the past century recorded in both hemispheres, likely reflects a regional characteristic related to the lack of a high latitude/low latitude link in the Southern Hemisphere circulation patterns. The results of the glaciochemical records of the firn core show that the mean concentrations of Cl−, Na+ and Mg2+ are similar to those reported from other sites in East Antarctica. However, the mean concentration of Ca2+ is much higher than that reported from other regions, suggesting the influence of the strong local terrestrial sources in Princess Elizabeth Land. There is no evidence of a positive correlation between NO3− concentrations and solar activity (11-year solar cycle and solar cycle length), although solar proton events may account for some of the NO3− peak values in the record.

目的:探讨血液滤过减轻急性重症胰腺炎(SAP)全身炎症反应的机制.方法:逆行性胰管注射50 g/L牛黄胆酸钠/自身胆汁制备犬SAP动物模型,2 h后实施血液滤过2 h,并设立对照组(制模后仅给予深静脉穿刺插管而不血液滤过).记录不同时间段心率,12 h处死动物后通过病理学评分评价肺、肝脏和胰腺组织损伤情况,Westen blotting法检测肺和肝脏组织核转录因子NF-κB的核移位及RT-PCR检测肿瘤坏死因子TNF-αmRNA表达,通过比较血滤组和对照组脏器组织炎性激活和损伤的情况,分析血液滤过的作用机制.结果:血滤前心率两组之间无显著差异,血滤后各时间点均为对照组显著高于血滤组.病理学评分显示血滤减轻肺脏的损伤,而对肝脏和胰腺损伤作用不明显.NF-κB核移位和TNF-α mRNA表达均为血滤组低于对照组.结论:血液滤过减轻肺、肝脏等远离病灶器官的炎症激活和损伤,这一作用可能同血液中致炎因子的滤过清除有关.

During the 1992–1993 joint Australian-Chinese over-snow traverse of the western Lambert Glacier Basin (LGB), two firn cores were drilled respectively at MGA and LGB16. During the 1996–1997 and 1997–1998 austral summers, two firn cores were drilled respectively at DT001 and DT085 on the eastern LGB. Based on the measurements made during the expeditions, the climatic and environmental features on both sides of the LGB have been studied. Results show that during the past 50 years, the trends of both air temperature and accumulation rate show a slight increase on the east side of the LGB, in contrast to the west side of the LGB. The spatial trends of the accumulation rate measured by accumulation canes at 2 km intervals along the nearly 500 km of the traverse lines on both sides of the LGB are different. Moreover, correlations of δ18O vsT10along the two sides of the LGB are also different. In addition, the variations of sea salt ion concentrations show different trends in the past 50 years. All the evidence shows that the Lambert Glacier is a dividing region for the different climatic regimes over the East Antarctic ice sheet, which may be due to different moisture resources resulting from special local circumfluence such as cyclone activities, local terrain influences.

Surface mass-balance studies and climatic records from firn cores show remarkable differences between the east and west sides of the Lambert Glacier basin (LGB). The spatial distribution of the surface accumulation is influenced by the atmospheric moisture flux, and by the surface wind field, which is largely determined by topography. Atmospheric water-vapor budget data for the ice-sheet sector covering the basin (45–90˚ E) show that on the east side of the LGB the moisture flux is poleward, averaging 18 kgm–1 s–1 in 1988, while for the west side it is Equatorward, averaging 5 kgm–1 s–1. A similar pattern, but with much lower transport of vapor flux, is seen across 70˚ S. Two firn cores from the east side of the basin and two from the west side were analyzed to determine accumulation-rate and temperature-proxy variations for the past 50 years. The trends were opposite on the different sides of the basin. Similar opposing trends are seen in meteorological records from Davis and Mawson coastal stations, situated on the east and west sides of the LGB respectively. There is a good correlation between the accumulation/18O record in ice cores from the eastern LGB and the sea-level pressure (obtained from the US National Centers for Environmental Prediction/US National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) re-analyses) of a Southern Indian Ocean low (SIOL), but not between the SIOL and the records from the western LGB. This study reveals that variations in local circulation could alter at least the annual to decadal time-scale climate records, and may result in completely different climate histories between adjacent areas.

By comparing the oxygen isotopic temperatures recorded by many shallow ice cores from the coastal regions of Antarctica, this paper presents the special characteristics of the temperature variations over the Antarctic coastal regions in the past 50 years, 150 years and 250 years. In the past 50 years, the isotopic temperatures recorded in the ice cores over different sites on the Antarctic coastal regions differ greatly. For instance, although increasing isotopic temperatures have been reported for many sites studied, many sites show decreasing trends, the regional regularity in temperature variations is still insignificant. In the past 150 years, the isotopic temperature trends in the coastal regions of Antarctica show an alternate-distributing pattern. In the past 250 years, all the ice cores from the coastal regions of Antarctica have recorded the so-called Little Ice Age (LIA). The above-mentioned spatial characteristics of the temperature variations over the Antarctic coastal regions are likely to reflect the impacts of the unique Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation, the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave (ACW) and the special terrain (such as the large drainage basins) on the coastal regions of Antarctica. Furthermore, the impacting intensity of the unique Southern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation, the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave and the special terrain differs in terms of the temporal scale of the temperature change.

p38 MAPK signaling controls cell growth, proliferation, and the cell cycle under stress conditions. However, the function of p38 activation in tumor metastasis is still not well understood. We report that p38 activation in breast cancer cells inhibits tumor metastasis but does not substantially modulate primary tumor growth. Stable p38 knockdown in breast cancer cells suppressed NF-κB p65 activation, inhibiting miR-365 expression and resulting in increased IL-6 secretion. The inhibitory effect of p38 signaling on metastasis was mediated by suppression of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) migration to the primary tumor and sites of metastasis, where MSCs can differentiate into cancer-associated fibroblasts to promote tumor metastasis. The migration of MSCs to these sites relies on CXCR4-SDF1 signaling in the tumor microenvironment. Analysis of human primary and metastatic breast cancer tumors showed that p38 activation was inversely associated with IL-6 and vimentin expression. This study suggests that combination analysis of p38 MAPK and IL-6 signaling in patients with breast cancer may improve prognosis and treatment of metastatic breast cancer.

For a class of nonlinear systems with uncertainty, an observer-based robust direct adaptive fuzzy control scheme was proposed. In the case that the states of the system are not available· an observer is designed and an observer-based robust adaptive fuzzy control scheme that the generalized fuzzy hyperbolic model (GFHM) is employed to structure a fuzzy controller is developed. The overall control scheme can guarantee that the tracking error converges in the small neighborhood of origin, and all signals of the closed-loop system are uniformly bounded. A simulation example was proposed to demonstrate the effective of the proposed control algorithm.