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Background: Low back pain is highly prevalent and the main cause of years lived with disability (YLDs). We present the most up-to-date global, regional, and national data on prevalence and YLDs for low back pain from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021. Methods: Population-based studies from 1980 to 2019 identified in a systematic review, international surveys, US medical claims data, and dataset contributions by collaborators were used to estimate the prevalence and YLDs for low back pain from 1990 to 2020, for 204 countries and territories. Low back pain was defined as pain between the 12th ribs and the gluteal folds that lasted a day or more; input data using alternative definitions were adjusted in a network meta-regression analysis. Nested Bayesian meta-regression models were used to estimate prevalence and YLDs by age, sex, year, and location. Prevalence was projected to 2050 by running a regression on prevalence rates using Socio-demographic Index as a predictor, then multiplying them by projected population estimates. Findings: In 2020, low back pain affected 619 million (95% uncertainty interval 554–694) people globally, with a projection of 843 million (759–933) prevalent cases by 2050. In 2020, the global age-standardised rate of YLDs was 832 per 100 000 (578–1070). Between 1990 and 2020, age-standardised rates of prevalence and YLDs decreased by 10·4% (10·9–10·0) and 10·5% (11·1–10·0), respectively. A total of 38·8% (28·7–47·0) of YLDs were attributed to occupational factors, smoking, and high BMI. Interpretation: Low back pain remains the leading cause of YLDs globally, and in 2020, there were more than half a billion prevalent cases of low back pain worldwide. While age-standardised rates have decreased modestly over the past three decades, it is projected that globally in 2050, more than 800 million people will have low back pain. Challenges persist in obtaining primary country-level data on low back pain, and there is an urgent need for more high-quality, primary, country-level data on both prevalence and severity distributions to improve accuracy and monitor change. Funding: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

The present study was intended to analyze the Ethiopian Federal TVET Institute trainees’ academic and professional needs of the English language and its relevance to their needs. In the study, descriptive design was employed and data collection tools, namely close-ended questionnaires, semi-structured interviews and content analysis were used. Eighty trainees and 30 former graduates were included using simple random sampling technique to fill in questionnaires and for interviews two major course trainers and two former graduates among those who filled in the questionnaires were selected using the same sampling technique, and all the available (4) Communicative English Skills course instructors were included. Moreover, Communicative English Skills I and II course materials/modules were also analyzed to examine the relevance of the courses to meet the trainees’ academic and professional needs. The questionnaires data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitative data were analyzed using thematic data analysis methods. The study showed that reading technical course books, lecture handouts and examination papers, taking lecture notes, writing organized paragraphs concisely, exam answers, term papers and researches, presenting project reports and seminars orally in the classroom, and listening to lectures and technical conversations are the most frequently needed English sub-skills by the trainees. The findings also showed that most of the language contents are not compatible with the trainees’ English language needs. Thus, the teaching material currently in use lacks topical/thematic relevance to the trainees’ fields of study in almost all the units. The findings might have implications for ESP material developers and course designers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between students’ metacognitive reading strategy use and reading performance in English. The participants of the study were 32 randomly selected summer scheme 2019 academic year undergraduate Sidama language and literature trainees who took several English language courses including reading skills courses. To collect the necessary data for the study, the researchers utilized Mokhtari and Sheorey’s (2002) Survey of Reading Strategies and a reading comprehension test. Hence, it is a correlational study. A Bivariate Pearson correlation was conducted to examine the degree and direction of association between the subjects’ use of reading strategy and their reading performance in English. Besides, means and standard deviations were computed to determine the level of applying the metacognitive strategies by the subjects. In both of the analyses, the researchers used the SPSS version 20. The findings showed that the participants are active users of all three types of reading strategies (global, problem-solving and support strategies) measured by the Survey of Reading Strategies (SORS), problem-solving strategies were the most preferred and support strategies the least preferred. Conversely, the Pearson correlation analysis results showed that there is no statistically significant relationship between the overall metacognitive reading strategy use and the total score of the student’s general reading test performance (r = 0.112, p = 0.585). It is, therefore, concluded that the students are high reading strategy users of all three types of reading strategies, but there is an insignificant correlation with their reading performance where this inconsistency may be partly attributed to unguided or unconscious usage of reading strategies. Keywords: metacognitive, reading strategies, reading performance, correlation

Introduction. The incidence of a pressure ulcer in intensive care units (ICU) is significantly higher than in noncritical care settings. The patients in the ICU are the most vulnerable group to disruption of the skin’s integrity. Prior studies in Ethiopia failed to evaluate pressure ulcers in intensive care units and were limited to general wards. The purpose of this study was to identify the incidence and predictors of pressure ulcers in adult patients admitted to intensive care units in Southern Ethiopia. Methods. A single-arm prospective open cohort of 216 patients was used to determine the presence of a pressure ulcer in the intensive care units from June 2021 to April 2022. A consecutive sampling was used until the sample size was reached. The data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using Stata 14. A cumulative incidence of a pressure ulcer was computed. The life table was used to estimate the cumulative survival. A multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression was used to identify independent predictors of a pressure ulcer. An adjusted hazard ratio with a 95% CI was used to measure the degree of association; a P value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results. Twenty-five patients developed a pressure ulcer (PU), making a cumulative incidence of 11.57%. Out of 25 incident cases of pressure ulcers, four-fifths (80%) of the study patients developed PU within 6 days of their admission to the ICUs. The incidence rate was 32.98 PU per 1000 person-days of ICU stay. Pressure ulcers were most commonly found on the sacrum, followed by the shoulder. Among the incident cases, 52% were stage 2 ulcers. The presence of friction or shearing forces, as well as being 40 years of age or older, was independently associated with pressure ulcers. Conclusion. The overall cumulative incidence of the pressure ulcer was lower than that in other studies but occurred at a faster rate. Age (40 years of age or older) and the presence of friction or shearing forces were the main predictors of pressure ulcers in the intensive care units. Therefore, nurses working in ICUs should continually anticipate the risk of a pressure ulcer. Moreover, special attention should be given to patients of advanced ages. Furthermore, monitoring the installation of a mattress, keeping bed linens unwrinkled, and keeping patients in a proper position on a bed to prevent or reduce friction or shearing forces are very crucial in the prevention of pressure ulcers.

Background: Depression is one of the most common mental health problems comorbid with tuberculosis. However, a consolidated picture of the prevalence of depression among tuberculosis patients in East Africa remains unknown. This systematic review and meta-analysis provide new understandings by systematically examining evidence concerning the prevalence of depression among tuberculosis patients in East Africa. Methods: Literature was found in a database of HINARI, SCOPUS, PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The Newcastle- Ottawa quality assessment scale was used to appraise the quality of the selected studies. Then, the DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was applied because of the presence of heterogeneity among studies. Results: A total of 409 studies were accessed. However, only 29 qualified for a full-text review, and 9 studies with a population of 2838 were included in the qualitative description and quantitative analysis. The pooled prevalence estimate of depression amongst tuberculosis patients was 43.03 % (34.93, 51.13). The highest prevalence was observed in Kenya, with 45.71% (29.26, 62.16); a similar rate was observed in Ethiopia, with 45.11 % (34.60, 55.62). Subgroup analysis based on screening tool was used: 45.71% with BDI and 41.53% with PHQ. Keywords: Depression; East Africa; meta-analysis; systematic review; TB patients.

A work on the analysis of five kinetic models for predicting methane yield is presented. The selected five common models for predicting methane yield include Gompertz, logistic, first-order, Richards and transfert models. Anaerobic digestion of orange and banana peels was simulated using the selected models. A comparative analysis of the models was carried out to determine the best-fit model. When predicting the methane yield of banana peels, all models reached a maximum of 99.23% and the model which was most accurate was the Gompertz model with 76% cumulative deviation and the least accurate model was the transfert model with 274.7% cumulative deviation. The prediction of methane yield on orange peels was 99.49% accurate for all models having the most accurate model being the Gompertz and first-order kinetic model with a cumulative deviation of 20.67% and the least accurate model being the transfert model with a cumulative deviation of 112%. This work presents the simulation considerations and application for each model.

The objectives of this study were to characterize the performance of crossbred sheep and crossbreeding scheme and to solicit farmers’ opinions about crossbred sheep. A total of 238 respondents were selected from five districts and data were collected through a personal interview, focus group discussion, measurement of animals, and field observation. Continuous type of data were analyzed using different procedures of SAS, while the estimated breeding value (EBV) for distributed rams was estimated by the WOMBAT software fitting animal model. The findings showed that sheep were the most significant species and that they were primarily raised for meat consumption and income generation. The proportions of crossbred sheep were 79.6% in Angot, 61.3% in Dessie zuria, 64.2% in Gazo, 80.6% in Legambo, and 27.5% in the Kobo area. The sheep crossbreeding program was constrained by feed shortage, lack of improved genotype, and diseases. The ongoing sheep crossbreeding program lacks a proper recording scheme, rams were not selected based on genetic merit, not exchanged in time, lack periodic importation of genetically unrelated rams, and lacks fixing the maximum exotic gene level suitable for the production system. The EBVs of Dorper crossbred rams for birth weight and weaning weight were 0.007 kg and 0.273 kg, respectively. Tikur sheep had an earlier age at first lambing (AFL) than Awassi x Tikur sheep. Likewise, the indigenous Wollo sheep had earlier AFL, short lambing interval, and produced a large number of lambs per lifetime than their Awassi crossbreds. Dorper crossbreds were preferred (9.30 - 72.2 times greater and P < 0.001 ) for their growth rate, physical appearance, preference in the market or price, and milk production of ewes compared with indigenous Tumele sheep. The Awassi crossbred sheep were preferred (odds ratio = 12.7– 90.0 and P < 0.001 ) due to their good physical appearance, fast growth rate, wool yield, milk yield, and better preference in the market compared with Tikur and Wollo sheep breeds. The implementation of the crossbreeding program needs some sort of revision, monitoring, and periodic evaluation. Besides, it must be accompanied by improved management to exploit the expected benefits from the crossbreeding program in the low-input production system.

An increasing number of studies have confirmed that written corrective feedback (hereafter WCF) is vital for improving learners’ L2 writing. However, many scholars could not agree whether this improvement was due to direct, indirect, or both forms of WCF. Thus, this study first investigated the role of WCF students’ writing achievement; it then investigated if there was a statistically significant difference in writing achievement between groups that received direct and indirect WCF forms. To this end, a quasi-experimental research design involving three intact first-year classes from a university found in northwest Ethiopia was used. Two experimental groups and one comparison group of learners were participants in this study. Test scores analyzed by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed that WCF has an influential role in enhancing learners’ writing performance. Moreover, this study showed that learners in the direct WCF accompanied by a metalinguistic explanation group outperformed their counterparts in the indirect WCF group in writing paragraphs. Based on the study’s findings, it is possible to conclude that the provision of WCF is vital in the Ethiopian context; moreover, learners could benefit more from using linguistic structures correctly if metalinguistic explanations accompany the provision of direct WCF.

The identification of gastrointestinal helminth infections of humans and livestock almost exclusively relies on the detection of eggs or larvae in faeces, followed by manual counting and morphological char-acterisation to differentiate species using microscopy-based techniques. However, molecular approaches based on the detection and quantification of parasite DNA are becoming more prevalent, increasing the sensitivity, specificity and throughput of diagnostic assays. High-throughput sequencing, from single PCR targets through to the analysis of whole genomes, offers significant promise towards providing information-rich data that may add value beyond traditional and conventional molecular approaches; however, thus far, its utility has not been fully explored to detect helminths in faecal samples. In this study, low-depth whole genome sequencing, i.e. genome skimming, has been applied to detect and char-acterise helminth diversity in a set of helminth-infected human and livestock faecal material. The strengths and limitations of this approach are evaluated using three methods to characterise and differ-entiate metagenomic sequencing data based on (i) mapping to whole mitochondrial genomes, (ii) whole genome assemblies, and (iii) a comprehensive internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) database, together with validation using quantitative PCR (qPCR). Our analyses suggest that genome skimming can success-fully identify most single and multi-species infections reported by qPCR and can provide sufficient cov-erage within some samples to resolve consensus mitochondrial genomes, thus facilitating phylogenetic analyses of selected genera, e.g. Ascaris spp. Key to this approach is both the availability and integrity of helminth reference genomes, some of which are currently contaminated with bacterial and host sequences. The success of genome skimming of faecal DNA is dependent on the availability of vouchered sequences of helminths spanning both taxonomic and geographic diversity, together with methods to detect or amplify minute quantities of parasite nucleic acids in mixed samples.(c) 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Australian Society for Parasitology. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Funding Information: We would like to thank Aalto University for allowing us to use its high-speed computer cluster (Triton) for our computationally intensive simulation campaign. In addition, we would also like to thank Ethio Telecom for the raw network data that is applied for the formulation of user and demand distribution for the case study. We also thank the Institute of Telecommunication TU Wien, Austria, for the Vienna 5G system-level simulator. The Article Processing Charges (APC) of the study will be covered by my coauthors Dr. Edward Mutafungwa and Prof. Jyri H m l inen (from Aalto University, Finland). Publisher Copyright: © 2023 Seifu G. Zeleke et al. To accommodate the increasing data rate demand, the fifth-generation (5G) cellular network came up with new technological advancements including massive multiple-input multiple-output (massive MIMO) and hyperdensification which can significantly boost network capacity. On the other hand, the introduction of these technologies along with their heterogeneity brings a challenge in terms of network operators' need to identify a cost-effective optimal deployment approach which is hardly entertained by the legacy planning and optimization method. Hence, to leverage the core benefits of those technologies in a cost-effective manner, we need a holistic planning framework that takes into account their coverage, capacity and cost impact, and realistic spatiotemporal distribution of users. In this work, we present a data-driven multiobjective optimization planning framework that can be used not only for small cells but also for massive MIMO. The planning framework is illustrated using a 5G planning case study for a service area in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, considering its realistic network data that is collected from the network management system and different potential identified deployment options. Ray tracing is employed to compute propagation, and users and demands are distributed based on the realistic network data. A two-stage optimization and a joint optimization are applied to identify points that provide optimal network performance. Simulation results reveal that the planning method provides Pareto points for different deployment options that can significantly improve the performance of the existing network while reducing the total network cost.

Spices have been recognized to have medicinal properties. Among several spices and medicinal plants, black cumin and fenugreek are very common. Geographical, climatic, and cultivating soil type can change the chemical composition of these spices. The objective of this work is to determine proximate, phytochemical, and heavy metal content in black cumin and fenugreek cultivated in the Gamo zone, Ethiopia. The proximate composition (moisture, ash, fiber, fat, protein carbohydrate, and gross energy) was determined; their content (%) in black cumin is 6.98 ± 0.12 , 5.02 ± 2.9 , 6.90 ± 0.21 , 32.1 ± 0.68 , 20.9 ± 0.09 , 34.1 ± 0.73 , and 498 ± 4.4 , respectively, and 6.30 ± 0.35 , 4.27 ± 0.17 , 9.36 ± 0.25 , 12.8 ± 0.41 , 30.8 ± 0.09 , 46.1 ± 0.52 , and 422 ± 1.6 , respectively, in fenugreek. The total means of phenolic flavonoids and alkaloids in black cumin are 193 ± 5.3 mg GAE / 100 g , 87.6 ± 4.3 mg QE / 100 g , and 69.4 ± 4.7 mg AE / 100 g , respectively, and 382 ± 11 mg GAE / 100 g , 123 ± 3.6 mg QE / 100 g , and 37.6 ± 2.2 mg AE / 100 g , respectively, in fenugreek. In black cumin and fenugreek collected from Kamba, Daramalo, and Dita woredas, nine heavy metals were determined by using FAAS. The total mean concentrations in mg/kg for detected heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Co) in black cumin are 78.5 ± 5.9 , 27.3 ± 1.5 , 3.06 ± 0.26 , 8.47 ± 0.22 , and 10.1 ± 0.37 , respectively, and Cr, Ni, Pb, and Cd were not detected in black cumin. Similarly, the concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Co, and Ni in fenugreek are 168 ± 5.2 , 14.8 ± 0.20 , 4.76 ± 0.1 , 13.7 ± 0.40 , 3.66 ± 0.21 , and 2.12 ± 0.03 , respectively, and Cr, Pb, and Cd were not detected in fenugreek. All the results of determined parameters were compared to previous studies, and the values were in agreement with slight variations. Therefore, black cumin and fenugreek cultivated in the Gamo zone were free from heavy metal toxicity.

A key operational and strategic priority of the City of Tshwane is to ensure satisfactory compliance with occupational health and safety guidelines in business enterprises that are formally registered as well as businesses that operate informally without being formally registered. Formal registration enables businesses to benefit from assistance programmes that are meant for small, micro and medium-sized business enterprises. A report published by the Statistics South Africa (2021) shows that 55.6% of South African businesses are formally registered. A study conducted by Mphai (2022) shows that the main shortcomings in terms of ensuring satisfactory compliance are poor awareness and inability to enforce applicable guidelines and municipal bylaws in business enterprises. As part of the survey, quantitative information was collected from 406 businesses in and around the City of Tshwane. The level of compliance with occupational health and safety guidelines was measured by using a set of 24 standard indicators of compliance with occupational health and safety that are used by the WHO and ILO. The level of compliance in businesses that were chosen for the survey was 53%. By WHO and ILO standards, this level of compliance is inadequate. Recommendations are made with a view to improve the current level of compliance.

Most children in Ethiopia, especially from economically disadvantaged families, often have no exposure to English before school and learn English in government-sponsored public schools with insufficient resources, semi-qualified or unqualified non-native teachers with poor teaching methods. Assessment results have shown that Ethiopian children's reading performance is below the standards set for each grade level and that they are poorly prepared for the next level of education. The present study aimed to determine whether a systematic and explicit rime-based analogy-phonics intervention could improve English word recognition ability in Ethiopian children. The participants were 3rd grade children (N=67) at two public primary schools in Hawassa, Ethiopia. A randomized pretest-intervention-posttest-control group research design was used, with half the children (N=33) randomly assigned to the experimental group and the other half (N=34) to the control group. The intervention was conducted for 40 minutes a day, 3 days a week for 12 weeks. Pre and posttests were used to measure the word recognition ability of the children and a t-test was employed to analyze the results. After controlling for the initial variables, posttest results showed that systematic and explicit rime-based analogy-phonics instruction led to significant improvements in children's word recognition ability. The study further indicated that such instruction could also be considered as a useful intervention tool to improve English reading performance of Ethiopian primary school children and contributed to the little-known literature on the subject.

Braamfontein is one of the suburbs of Johannesburg which is known for a wide variety of vibrant retail business activities such as restaurants, cafeterias, spaza shops, newspaper shops, clothing, textile, footwear, hair dresser’s shops, tour operators, bus and taxi ranks, hotels and entertainment centres. Braamfontein has retailers from all over the world. A survey was conducted by gathering retail trade data from 586 entrepreneurs in Braamfontein working in footwear and textile retail businesses to determine predictors of profitability. The study found that 406 of the 586 SMMEs in the study (69.28%) were profitable, whereas the remaining 180 of the 586 SMMEs in the study (30.72%) were not profitable. Results obtained from factor analysis and ordered logit regression analysis showed that profitability was significantly influenced by 3 variables of the study. These 3 predictor variables of study were the level of satisfaction of employees with the style of business leadership in the business, use of social media for networking and marketing merchandise to customers, and the ability to check the quality of services rendered to customers by employees of the business.

The study was conducted at Malamulele Central and Malamulele-West educational districts of Vhembe District in Limpopo Province. Data was gathered from 4 schools. Three of the 4 schools were public schools, whereas 1 of the schools was a private school. All 4 schools fall under the same circuit. The study was conducted in order to assess and evaluate the quality of leadership provided by the School Governing Bodies (SGBs) in the 4 schools. The 4 schools were Jim Yingwane High School (Public school), Mahlefunye Primary School (Public school), EPP Mhinga High School (Public school), and Holy Rosary Catholic School (Private or independent school). The total number of students in the 4 schools was 2, 500. Data was collected on a total of 49 variables of the study by using a questionnaire. All 4 schools were under the Malamulele Central and Malamulele-West educational districts of Vhembe District in Limpopo Province. From among the 4 schools, 3 are public schools, whereas 1 is a private schools. All 4 schools fall under the same circuit. Data was collected from 27 members of SGBs and 58 teachers and 20 circuit officials (105 participants of study). Data was collected from 105 eligible participants by using a self-administered questionnaire of study. The quantitative aspect of study entailed collecting data from n=105 respondents. Frequency tables, percentages, pie charts and bar charts were used for summarising results. The results showed that 69 of the 105 respondents (66%) of the 105 respondents were happy with the quality of academic leadership in SGBs. The remaining 36 of the 105 respondents (34%) were not happy with the quality of academic leadership in SGBs.

The usage of the mother-tongue in EFL classroom should not go beyond what is necessary for effective target language learning. Most studies are concerned with how MT is used in TL classroom than how much it is used. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate the extent mother-tongue (Amharic and/or Afan Oromo) use by teachers and students in grade nine. A case study research design was used in which observation was the main data collection tool, and data was analyzed quantitatively. The result of teachers’ extent of mother-tongue use showed a ratio of 11% MT to 89% TL. This implied that teachers’ use of MT is considered optimal as (Macaro’s, 2011) standard that teachers’ should use 80% of lesson time in TL. On the other hand, students’ finding showed a ratio of 47% of MT to 53% of TL use. It implied that students’ use of MT is well beyond what is considered optimal by (Atkinson’s, 1987) standard that a ratio of about 5% native language to about 95% TL may be more profitable. Students’ incompetence in TL was seen as major factor for students’ use of MT in English classroom. Based on these findings, the researcher recommended that students should be given sufficient opportunity to use TL in English classroom, and teachers should also be well trained on how to manage MT use in English classroom.

Coffee husk (CH) is a sustainable and abundantly available cellulosic waste material. Its fiber consists of cellulose as the major structural part which leads to potential utilization for the manufacturing of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) products that can be utilized for different industrial applications. In the present study, chemical composition of outer skin-isolated coffee husk was determined and sequential treatments of various untreated (UT) sample, ethanol—toluene treated sample through dewaxed (DW) treatment, sodium hydroxide (NaOH)—treated sample through alkali (AT) treatment, and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)—treated sample through bleaching (BL) treatment have been carried out. The Micro Crystalline Cellulose (MCC) has been extracted through hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) after BL treatment. The BL treatment for MCC extraction process was conducted without chlorine and additional harsh acid treatment, respectively. The characterization of chemically treated samples was carried out to investigate their morphological, physico-chemistry, and thermal behavior through a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared—ray (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential temperature analyzer (DTA). From the chemical composition analysis; the cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and extractive content were determined and its values were (52.9%), (12.5%), (24.3%), and (9.4%), respectively. In the morphological examination, the great untreated (UT) fiber sample was greatly reduced into a micro-sized BL sample, revealing that (from FTIR analysis) the lignin and hemicellulose contents were greatly removed during chemical treatments and the presence of a micro crystalline cellulose region with 54.7% yield. Also, the sample AT and BL showed the lowest amorphous region in X-RD due to the removal of hemicellulose and lignin. The highest crystallinity index has been determined for the BL sample, i.e., 89.9%. Additionally, the thermal analysis shows that the AT and BL sample has great thermal stability than other (UT and DW) samples at high temperature. Therefore, the outer skin separated coffee husk was prepared from agricultural waste was subjected to eco-friendly chemical treatments to yield MCC. Thus, the extracted MCC is expected to be reliable for replacing other plant materials for the production of crystalline nanomaterial and reinforcing constituent for the fabrication of bio composite.

Sorghum is one of the main grains grown in Derashe district, southern Ethiopia. However, its production is limited by many factors. Of these, less fertile soil is predominant. In the region, the rational use of fertilizers has not been studied. In addition, the type of fertilizer required and the optimal fertilizer rate for the area have not been quantified. Field trials were carried out in Derashe district to evaluate the ratio of compound fertilizers to improve sorghum yield. The treatments were laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design, with three replications, using Melkam sorghum variety. The experiment had thirteen treatments consisting of control (no fertilizer), four different types of blended fertilizers (NPS, NPSB, NPSZn and NPSZnB) each with three rates. Our analysis show that the highest grain yield was recorded from the plot that receive 225 kg∙ha-1 NPSZnB + 117 kg∙ha-1 urea in the first year, In the second year, the highest yield was recorded from the plot that received 150 kg∙ha-1 NPS + 88 kg∙ha-1 urea. In both years, the lowest grain yield wasmeasured from the plots treated with no fertilizer (control). The marginal analysis showed that application of 112 kg∙ha-1 NPSZnB + 59 kg∙ha-1 urea is economically the most profitable than the other treatments. Based on our findings, it is recommended to apply 112 kg∙ha-1 NPSZnB + 59 kg∙ha-1 urea for the profitable production of Melkam sorghum variety in the study area.

Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license Background: Combating viral hepatitis is part of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and WHO has put forth hepatitis B elimination targets in its Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis (WHO-GHSS) and Interim Guidance for Country Validation of Viral Hepatitis Elimination (WHO Interim Guidance). We estimated the global, regional, and national prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV), as well as mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to HBV, as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. This included estimates for 194 WHO member states, for which we compared our estimates to WHO elimination targets. Methods: The primary data sources were population-based serosurveys, claims and hospital discharges, cancer registries, vital registration systems, and published case series. We estimated chronic HBV infection and the burden of HBV-related diseases, defined as an aggregate of cirrhosis due to hepatitis B, liver cancer due to hepatitis B, and acute hepatitis B. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian mixed-effects meta-regression tool, to estimate the prevalence of chronic HBV infection, cirrhosis, and aetiological proportions of cirrhosis. We used mortality-to-incidence ratios modelled with spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression to estimate the incidence of liver cancer. We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling (CODEm) model, a tool that selects models and covariates on the basis of out-of-sample performance, to estimate mortality due to cirrhosis, liver cancer, and acute hepatitis B. Findings: In 2019, the estimated global, all-age prevalence of chronic HBV infection was 4·1% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·7 to 4·5), corresponding to 316 million (284 to 351) infected people. There was a 31·3% (29·0 to 33·9) decline in all-age prevalence between 1990 and 2019, with a more marked decline of 76·8% (76·2 to 77·5) in prevalence in children younger than 5 years. HBV-related diseases resulted in 555 000 global deaths (487 000 to 630 000) in 2019. The number of HBV-related deaths increased between 1990 and 2019 (by 5·9% [–5·6 to 19·2]) and between 2015 and 2019 (by 2·9% [–5·9 to 11·3]). By contrast, all-age and age-standardised death rates due to HBV-related diseases decreased during these periods. We compared estimates for 2019 in 194 WHO locations to WHO-GHSS 2020 targets, and found that four countries achieved a 10% reduction in deaths, 15 countries achieved a 30% reduction in new cases, and 147 countries achieved a 1% prevalence in children younger than 5 years. As of 2019, 68 of 194 countries had already achieved the 2030 target proposed in WHO Interim Guidance of an all-age HBV-related death rate of four per 100 000. Interpretation: The prevalence of chronic HBV infection declined over time, particularly in children younger than 5 years, since the introduction of hepatitis B vaccination. HBV-related death rates also decreased, but HBV-related death counts increased as a result of population growth, ageing, and cohort effects. By 2019, many countries had met the interim seroprevalence target for children younger than 5 years, but few countries had met the WHO-GHSS interim targets for deaths and new cases. Progress according to all indicators must be accelerated to meet 2030 targets, and there are marked disparities in burden and progress across the world. HBV interventions, such as vaccination, testing, and treatment, must be strategically supported and scaled up to achieve elimination. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Coronavirus disease affects the world in multidisciplinary ways. In Ethiopia, it affects many people, including health professionals. Health institutions should have been ready to handle COVID-19 cases and protect their staff from this pandemic. Hospitals in eastern Amhara provide services for more than 30 million people.To assess the readiness of government hospitals in eastern Amhara for coronavirus disease prevention and treatment in 2019.The institutional-based descriptive cross-sectional study design was conducted in 28 governmental hospitals in the eastern Amhara region. A structured checklist exported to the word processing system online link was created. Randomly selected nurses in each hospital were virtually trained and collected the data; the link was shared with them. We use SPSS version 23 for data cleaning and analysis. For data summary and presentation, frequency, mean, tables, graphs, and text were used. Using concept analysis, different sections of these hospitals were assessed. A linear regression was done and Pearson correlation coefficient (r) values were used to measure the degree of relationship between dependent and independent variables.This study indicates that more than half (57.14%) responded "no" to the questions, suggesting unpreparedness. The age of the hospital (r = 0.25), distance from the regional capital city (r = 0.113), distance from the capital city (r = 0.125), and location of the hospital (r = 0.094) had little relationship with the readiness of the hospital for COVID-19 disease prevention and care.In this most hospitals were not ready to handle COVID-19 cases and couldn't protect staff from this pandemic. Therefore, local and regional health offices and the federal ministry of health, as well as other health organizations, should enhance their capacity to fight COVID 19.

The SoilWater Assessment Tool (SWAT) has been calibrated over a 33-year period to evaluate the Gojeb watershed's hydrological processes, sediment yield with downstream loading to the Gibe III dam, and erosion hotspot locations. Best management practices (BMPs) were run through the model to simulate the effects of watershed intervention scenarios on sediment yield and runoff. Simulation results of BMP intervention were compared with the reference and worst-case scenarios. The simulation of sediment production indicates a clear growing trend. Temporally, the maximum amount of sediment transported out of the watershed is experiential from June to September, and the minimum is in February. A plainly defined similar orientation is observed between precipitation, surface runoff, and sediment load in the landscape. Spatially, the maximum sediment transported out of the watershed is from agricultural landscape units with a slope of over 50%, annual precipitation above 1592 mm, and surface runoff over 151 mm. This signifies that the watershed is under serious threat from erosion due to vegetation loss, steep slope farming, and high surface runoff. Gibe III is a 243-m high roller compacted gravity dam built on the Omo-Gibe River basin in Ethiopia for hydroelectric power and downstream flood control. It is one of Africa's tallest dams, with an annual electric output of 1870 MW that began operation in 2016. Thus, Gibe III could see a loss of storage capacity due to higher-than-expected sedimentation resulting from worsening environmental degradation, which implies that the beneficial uses that depend on this dam - electricity production, regulated irrigation water supply, and flood control - will decline with significant economic losses. Despite that, selected sustainable land management interventions and the application of BMPs to critical erosion-prone hotspot areas can support the overall reduction in total sediment yield and surface runoff.

A field experiment was conducted at Fogera Northwest Amhara region to study the morphological traits to variability in 20 upland rice varieties, consisting of nine NERICA and eleven parents. The data were collected from ten randomly selected plants of each plot (plant height, panicle length, culm length, flag-leaf length, number of spikelet per panicle, number of grains per panicle, number of filled grains per panicle, numbers of fertile tillers per plant, yield per plant) and from plot bases (days to heading, days to maturity, grain-filling period, thousand-seed weight, biomass yield, grain yield, and harvest index). The results of the principal component analysis showed that four components account for 76.7% of the total variation, giving a clear idea of the structure underlying the variables analysed. Cluster analysis using un-weighted Pair Group Method using Arithmetic Average linkage (UWPGMA) classified the twenty varieties into five distinct groups. The maximum inter-cluster distances were; recorded 8.05 between cluster I & V, 6.67 between cluster I and IV; and 5.5 between Cluster I and III, indicating that the possibility of high heterosis if individuals from these clusters are cross bred. The results of the principal component analysis were closely in line with those of the cluster analysis. This study has provided useful information, on evaluation of genetic diversity of rice varieties and will indicate the way, how plant breeders screen out large populations and to develop new breeding protocols for rice improvement.

The purpose of the study was to develop a hybrid quantitative audit of organisational communicationsatisfaction for the public service. In Study One, a two-factor solution was obtained, based onparallel analysis as a factor determination strategy with data obtained from 264 civil servantsusing a 30 item measure. In Study Two, the items of the new EFA-generated organisationalcommunication satisfaction scale were renumbered consecutively and the scale was crossvalidatedon a new sample of 288 civil servants from the Addis Ababa City Administration. Thecross-validation necessitated model respecification and re-estimation. The respecified modelunderwent validation at different levels. All seven aspects of validity, namely content validity,construct validity, factorial validity, reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity andnomological validity were addressed and found to be adequate, pointing to a refinement in themeasurement of communication satisfaction. However, limitations are also indicated as avenuesfor further enquiry.

This study investigated the relationship between students’ attitude (cognitive, affective and behavioral) towards vocabulary learning and their English vocabulary knowledge (breadth, depth and fluency) with reference to Grade 9. It employed a correlational research design and simple random sampling and stratified sampling techniques. Pearson’s r was computed to examine the relationship between each of the three aspects of students’ attitude towards vocabulary learning and their breadth, depth and fluency of English vocabulary knowledge. The coefficient of determination (r2) was calculated and multiplied by 100 to give a percentage value to examine how a difference in one variable is predicted by the difference in another variable. The findings show that there is a very strong positive relationship between students’ attitude towards vocabulary learning and their breadth of English vocabulary knowledge, but a strong positive relationship for a few aspect of breadth of vocabulary knowledge. A moderate positive relationship was found between the students’ attitude towards vocabulary learning and their depth of English vocabulary knowledge, but a weak positive relationship between their cognitive and affective aspects of attitude and their knowledge of some aspects of depth of vocabulary knowledge. There is a moderate positive relationship between each aspect of students’ attitude towards vocabulary learning and their fluency of English vocabulary knowledge. It is also found that the students’ attitude towards vocabulary learning predicts their breath, depth and fluency of English vocabulary knowledge by 77.44%, 26.3169% and 35.76% respectively (maximum values). Lastly, appropriate recommendations were made based on the conclusions of the study.

The main objective of this research was to investigate the perceptions of Madda Walabu University writing skills teachers and students about writing skills. To achieve this, a descriptive research design through quantitative questionnaires for students and qualitative semi-structured interview for the teachers was employed. While quantitative data were analyzed using a descriptive SPSS analysis, qualitative data were analyzed using a thematic analysis. The population for this study were 1st year 5 male and 15 female and 2nd year 5 male and 8 female totally 33 undergraduate English as a foreign language students and their 2 writing instructors. This was because 1st year undergraduate English as foreign language students take the writing course i.e. Basic Writing Skills and 2nd year undergraduate English as a foreign language students take the writing course i.e. Advanced Writing Skills. First, a questionnaire was distributed to elicit student’s perceptions and then the 2 teachers were interviewed. The overall results demonstrated that although, the instructor’s perceptions about themselves as writing skills course instructor was high, the teaching of writing skills in Madda Walabu University undergraduate English language and literature department was found to be insufficient and thus hampered the enhancement of the students writing ability. The findings of the study also revealed that majority of the students have positive perception about the importance of learning writing skills. Finally, recommendations were forwarded based on the conclusions so as to promote the teachers and students perceptions and maximize the practice of teaching and learning writing at university level.

A peptic ulcer is described as the rupture of the mucosal integrity of the stomach, the duodenum, and, in certain cases, the lower esophagus as a result of contact with chloridopeptic secretions. The two most common kinds of peptic ulcer disorders are referred to as "gastric ulcer" and "duodenal ulcer." The name is derived from the location of the ulceration. Despite the promise of a wide range of antiulcer treatments, these therapies are associated with several adverse reactions, including hypersensitivity, arrhythmia, impotence, gynecomastia, galactorrhea, hematological abnormalities, and kidney disease, which are intolerable for many patients. Nowadays, there is a lot of emphasis on finding new and innovative agents. As a result, herbal medicines are commonly utilized in circumstances when drugs are used for long periods and are also cost-efficient, effective, and readily available. In this review paper, a total of 82 medicinal plants have been identified and reported for their use in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. The majority of these medicinal plants are widely used throughout Ethiopia. However, only the safety and efficacy of

Worldwide, the human immune deficiency virus is the leading cause of death for women of childbearing age. Around two-thirds of all pregnant women living with the human immune deficiency virus experience an unintended pregnancy. The correct and consistent use of dual contraceptive methods is important to prevent unintended pregnancy and transmission of sexually transmitted infections. However, little is known about the utilization of dual contraceptive methods among HIV-infected women. Thus, this study aimed to assess dual contraceptive utilization and associated factors among HIV-positive women attending antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Finote Selam Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Facility-based cross-sectional study design was conducted from September 1 to October 30, 2019, in Finote Selam Hospital among HIV-positive women. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select study participants and the data were gathered by an interviewer-administered structured pretested questionnaire. Factors associated with dual contraceptive use were identified through binary logistic regression. Finally, a p-value

Shegaw Zeleke,1 Solomon Demis,2 Yeshiambaw Eshetie,1 Demewoz Kefale,3 Yohannes Tesfahun,4 Tigabu Munye,1 Amare Kassaw3 1Department of Adult Health Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; 2Department of Maternity and Neonatal Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; 3Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia; 4Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Shegaw Zeleke, Email shegawzn@gmail.comBackground: Approximately 38.4 million adult people worldwide live with HIV, of which the majority live in Africa. In Ethiopia increasing the quality of life to HIV patients and preventing HIV transmission are challenging. Even though test-and-treat strategy is applied for early enrollment to ART, poor retention and loss to follow-up are hindering the care.Objective: This study examined the incidence and predictors of loss to follow-up among adult HIV patients on ART in South Gondar governmental hospitals, September 11, 2017–September 10, 2022.Methods: A multi-facility-based retrospective follow-up study was conducted. Study subjects were assigned using simple random sampling methods by their medical record numbers. The data were entered into EPI data version 3.0.2 and exported to STATA version 17 for analysis. The Kaplan–Meier failure function was employed to determine the overall failure estimates. Cox proportional hazard model was tailored for both bi-variable and multivariable. Variables at p-value < 0.05 with 95% CI were significantly associated with loss to follow-up.Results: In this study, about 559 adult HIV survivors were included, and the response rate was 98%. The mean age and standard deviation (±SD) of study subjects were 36.6± 9.3 years. The incidence rate of loss to follow-up was 6.7 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 5.6, 8.1). Educational status [AHR: 1.68 (95% CI: 1.04, 2.72)], substance use [AHR: 2.38 (95% CI: 1.50, 3.75)], and ART adherence [AHR: 3.33 (95% CI: 1.38, 8.08)] were significant determinants to loss to follow-up.Conclusion: In conclusion, the study finding reported that the incidence of loss to follow-up was low. HIV patients who did not have formal education, substance users, and poor ART adherence were at greater hazard of being lost to follow-up. In order to mitigate the rate of loss to follow-up, it is recommended to strengthen the available intervention modalities.Keywords: HIV/AIDS, ART, lost follow-up, predictors, adults, Ethiopia

Despite its importance in the teaching-learning process and student motivation and engagement, student assessment in universities has received very limited research attention. This study explored conceptions and practices of student assessment in four public universities in Ethiopia. We obtained qualitative data from officials, instructors (through interviews), and undergraduate students (using focus group discussions). Most instructors conceptualized planning for student assessment as a very simplified plan comprising short descriptions of assessment tools and their relative weights that often appear in the course syllabus. Most participants rightly conceptualized continuous assessment (CA) as a procedure that comprises a variety of assessment tools that are administered continuously. In contrast, only a few instructors understood feedback as a comprehensive procedure useful for monitoring and improving students’ learning. The findings also indicate problems in the practices particularly in adequately planning for student assessment, in implementing CA effectively using a mix of methods; and in the provision of feedback that benefits students. The findings disclosed several gaps in both conceptions and practices of student assessment. However, we observed no clear differences in the conceptions and practices of undergraduate student assessment due to generations of universities. The views of the participants rather suggest, more or less, similar conceptions and practices of student assessment across the four universities., The Ethiopian Journal of Education, Vol. 42 No. 2 (2022): The Ethiopian Journal of Education

Hana Gebreselassie,1 Henok Zeleke,2 Daniel Ashebir2 1Department of Surgery, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 2Department of Surgery, Addis Ababa University, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Hana Gebreselassie, Department of Surgery, St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Email hanaabebe23@gmail.comBackground: Alvarado score is the most widely used scoring system for diagnosing acute appendicitis, globally. There have been concerns regarding the diagnostic accuracy of this score as it was shown to have lower sensitivity in certain populations like Blacks and Asians. Despite its wide clinical use in the Ethiopian set up, the diagnostic accuracy of this score remained largely unexamined in this population.Methodology: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted and all adult patients who presented with right lower quadrant abdominal pain and evaluated with a clinical impression of acute appendicitis were enrolled in the study. Data was collected by trained surgical residents over a period of six months (August 2019– January 2020) and analysed using SPSS version 25.Results: A total of 235 patients were enrolled in this study among whom two thirds were males. The majority of the study participants (61.7%) had an Alvarado score of ≥ 7 while almost a quarter of them had a score of < 4. The mean Alvarado score in this study was 7 ± 1.8 whereas the median and the mode were 7 and 9 respectively. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of Alvarado score were 99.1%, 55.6%, 98.2% and 62.5% respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of this score was superior in males compared to females (99.3% vs 97.6% and 80% vs 25%). A score of ≥ 5 was found to have a sensitivity of 98.4%.Conclusion: Alvarado score was found to have good sensitivity and positive predictive value in this study. A score of ≥ 5 can be used to “rule in” the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Hence, the use of Alvarado score’s in the Ethiopian setup is to be encouraged.Keywords: Alvarado score, acute appendicitis, sensitivity, specificity

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important source of livelihood for smallholder farmers of north-western Ethiopia. However, its productivity is markedly low due to late blight disease caused by Phytophthora infestans. The objective of this study was to evaluate the integrated use of potato varieties and fungicides for the management of late blight disease. Field experiment was conducted in Lay-Armachiho district during the main potato cropping season of 2018. The experiment consisted of twelve treatments as factorial combinations of two synthetic fungicides (Ridomil and Mancozeb) and untreated check with four potato varieties (three improved varieties, namely, Jalene, Gudene, Belete, and Local variety) was laid out in RCBD design with three replications. Disease incidence, severity, AUDPC, yield, and yield components were analyzed using SAS software (version 9.1) at P < 0.05 to separate treatment means. Fungicide sprayed treatments significantly reduced late blight epidemics and increased potato tuber yield on the Belete variety. The lowest disease severity (38.50%) and AUDPC values (761.02% unit-days) were recorded on Belete variety when sprayed with Ridomil fungicide. Late blight disease severity, incidence, AUDPC, and disease progress rate were reduced more in Belete variety than in the other three varieties. The highest disease severity (91.40%) and lowest yield (10.63 ton·ha−1) were recorded from the local control plot with a clear significance difference as compared to other treated plots. This study revealed that the application of Ridomil fungicide with the combination of Belete variety was effective in controlling late blight potato disease with the highest cost-benefit advantage.

Endalk Birrie,1 Ermias Sisay,2 Nigusie Selomon Tibebu,2 Birhanu Desu Tefera,1 Mulusew Zeleke,1 Zenebe Tefera1 1School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, Wollo, Ethiopia; 2Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, College of Health Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Endalk Birrie, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Wollo University, PO Box 1145, Wollo, Ethiopia, Tel +251 928543030, Email eeab2008@gmail.comIntroduction: Neonatal sepsis is a clinical illness characterized by infection-related signs and symptoms in the first month of life, with or without bacteremia. Septicemia, meningitis, pneumonia, arthritis, osteomyelitis, and urinary tract infections are all examples of systemic illnesses that can affect newborns. Hence, the main aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with neonatal sepsis among newborns in Woldia and Dessie Comprehensive Specialized Hospitals, northeast Ethiopia, from January 1 to July 30, 2021.Methods: This institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January 1 to July 30, 2021, on 344 randomly selected neonates who visited the hospital. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select samples, and data were collected using a pre-tested standardized questionnaire. For data entry and analysis, Epi Data version 4.1 and SPSS version 24 applications were used, respectively. The goodness-of-fit was tested by the Hosmer–Lemeshow statistic test. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regressions were used to identify associated factors at a 95% confidence interval. Significance was considered at p-value < 0.05.Results: In this study, the prevalence of neonatal sepsis was 79.4% (95% CI: 75.2– 83.6%). Maternal UTI/STI history [AOR: 3.1; 95% CI (1.5– 7.1)], gestational age < 37 weeks [AOR: 4.4; 95% CI (1.0– 8.9)], PROM [AOR: 4.9; 95% CI (2.5– 6.8)], and new-born resuscitation history [AOR: 2.3; 95% CI (1.5– 4.3)] were all significantly associated with neonatal sepsis.Conclusion: This study indicates that the proportion of neonatal sepsis is high. A history of maternal PROM, being a preterm neonate, a history of maternal UTI/STIs, and having received resuscitation at birth were identified as risk factors for neonatal sepsis.Keywords: neonatal sepsis, neonatal infection, neonatal intensive care unit, hospitals, north east, Ethiopia

This dialogue, recorded in late 2020, brings together a group of remarkable critics and creators working between Asia, Africa, and the West, each of whom address the relationship between revolutions and archives in their own practice. What does it mean, in practice, to unlearn the archive? What does it mean to do so from the global periphery, the still present specter of a third world?

This study was aimed to assess the magnitude of failed induction of labor and associated factors among mothers delivered in Eastern Ethiopia.An institutional-based cross-sectional study was carried out among 364 women who had induction of labor at Jigjiga University, Sheik Hassan Yabare Referral Hospital from 2018 to 2021. A checklist was used to collect the data from the women's chart. To isolate independent predictors related to failed induction of labor, multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed.The magnitude of failed induction of labor was 36.8% (95% CI: 31.8, 42.0). Age (AOR = 3.2; CI: 1.78, 5.75), rural residency (AOR = 2.28; CI:1.29, 4.01), para (AOR = 2.76; CI: 1.55, 4.91), gestational age (AOR = 2.65; CI: 1.44, 4.89), multiple pregnancy (AOR = 2.36; CI: 1.01, 5.55), premature rapture of membrane (AOR = 4.88; CI: 2.33, 10.21), pregnancy-induced hypertension (AOR = 5.11; CI: 2.67, 9.79), and bishop score (AOR = 1.95; CI: 1.15, 3.32) were significantly associated with failed induction of labor.The magnitude of failed induction of labor was relatively high in the study setting. Failed induction of labor was significantly associated with age, rural residency, primipara, gestational age, multiple pregnancy, premature rapture of membrane, PIH, and bishop score less than six. Prior to initiating the induction of labor, proper pelvis assessment and cervical ripening for bishop score might be considered. Beside to this, adherence to locally available induction protocols and guidelines might also be needed.

This essay outlines a research agenda the authors call “Third World Historical,” combining reflections from Ethiopia and Iran to query the legacies of revolutionary politics in our present. Third world activists from the 1960s and 1970s engaged revolutionary talk to pose questions about the particularities of their immediate contexts, and they posed new concepts of revolution along the way. Congealed manifestations of the term revolution can preclude our effort to think the event as experience. If revolution signals the disruption of existing categories, can we in turn disrupt congealed categories to rethink revolution? What could it mean to reposition the question of revolution in the specificity of the third world, against the tendency to map revolutions as models, patterns, and stages?

Correctional centers are admitting prisoners with reformative and rehabilitative services to make attitudinal and behavioral changes. Nevertheless, the rising number of prisoners makes correctional centers the place to learn more sophisticated crimes and prisons as industrial complexes. In visitation programs, the role of spouses is essential to maintaining marital relationships among prisoners and their spouses. However, very little research has been conducted on the challenges of imprisoned married couples during marital visitation. This study was aimed to assessmarital visitation challenges of married couples during imprisonment at Sodo correctional center. The study employed mixed research methods. The research employed cross-sectional and case study research designs. Thus, the research employed purposive and simple random sampling techniques for data collection. The collected data was analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The research found prisoners were emotional satisfied from marital visitations which continue and strengthening marital relationship during imprisonment. The pattern of frequency of visitation shows that the mostly visited prisoners by their spouses had high emotional attachments. But, marital visitation was continuously encountered by various problems, such as a lack of space for mass visitation, the absence of a private room for marital visitation, overcrowding of visitors, less time given for visitation, and lack of privacy to discuss marital issues, which hampered the effectiveness of visitation programs. Therefore, the limitations of the visitation procedure necessitate a high level of commitment from the concerned body, unless the prison system will continue to be the source of social dysfunction.

The development of learning theories, present societal needs, and the positive empirical findings in the relevant literature support the thesis that inquiry-based learning (IBL) is promising for teaching and learning, which deserves further development. Few studies have been conducted on content analysis of IBL in science education at the international level. However, the overall trends of IBL in science education research trends in Ethiopia are not well known. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the nature and status of inquiry-based learning research in Ethiopia by employing a quantitative method. A total of 23 studies, including 14 theses, eight articles, and one dissertation were analyzed in terms of the methodological approaches used and the subjects studied. The most frequently investigated IBL science areas were biology (43.5%) and chemistry (34.75%). Guided inquiry (69.6%) (5E model = 65.2% and 7E model = 4.4%) studies were the most frequently investigated inquiry types. Teaching (47.8%) and learning (43.5%) were the most frequently focused subject matters of the studies reviewed, while cognitive elements (58.6%) were the most frequently used research elements in IBL studies, and quantitative studies with predominantly quasi-experimental methods (60.9%) were widely employed. The findings of this study indicated that IBL was found to be a new research area in Ethiopia where it has been practiced in science education at the primary level. This study is considered useful to develop an understanding of the nature and status of IBL research in Ethiopia and provide information on what could be done about IBL in the future.

Background: Drug therapy in the elderly needs an emphasis on age-related changes in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics profile. Hospitalized elderly patients are at risk of more than one disease and polypharmacy associated with these; they are at risk of drug-related problems. This study aimed to assess the role of clinical pharmacy on identifying and resolution of drug-related problems among elderly patients admitted to medical ward of Northwest Ethiopia comprehensive specialized hospitals. Methods: A multicenter prospective observational study was conducted. A systematic sampling technique was used. The identified drug-related problem was recorded and classified using Cipolle, and adverse drug reaction was assessed using Naranjo algorithm of adverse drug reaction probability scale, and Medscape was used for drug-drug interaction. Data were analyzed by using STATA software version 14.1. Logistic regression was used, and results were reported as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% Confidence intervals with P value < 0.05 statistically significant. Result: A total of 389 study participants were included in the study. About 266 (68.4%) of the participants had at least a single drug-related problem. About 503 drug-related problems were identified with a mean of 1.32 (CI: 1.27-1.36) drug-related problem per patient. The three-leading categories of drug-related problems were dose too high 108 (21.5%), nonadherence 105 (20.9%), and adverse drug reaction 96 (19.1%). Alcohol use ( AOR = 2.2 , 95CI%: 1.23-3.94), source of the drug ( AOR = 2.85 , 95CI%: 1.63-4.98), length of hospitalization ( AOR = 2.32 , 95CI%: 1.37-3.95), number of comorbidities ( AOR = 1.48 , 95CI%: 1.09-1.99), and polypharmacy ( AOR = 3.06 , 95CI%: 1.72-5.46) were important risk factors for drug-related problems. From the intervention provided, 84.7% were accepted by prescribers. Among the total drug-related problems 67.4% of the problem was totally solved. Conclusion: This study revealed that DRPs were high among elderly patients admitted to medical ward of Northwest Ethiopia. Comorbidity, length of hospitalization, ploy-pharmacy, payer, and alcohol drinker were more likely to developed drug-related problems. Treatment optimizations were also done by clinical pharmacists and interventions were well accepted by prescribers.