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Background Educational leadership is one of the most demanding skills for healthcare staff to enhance the quality of health care. There is a need for a scale to evaluate the educational leadership levels of nurses. The objective of this study was to develop and examine the validity and reliability of the Education Leadership Scale for Nursing Students. Methods Data were collected from 280 Turkish nursing students. The validity and reliability of the tool were confirmed with exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha and Pearson correlation. The scale was developed in five stages (reviewing the literature, developing items, sending scale items to the experts for content validity index, piloting test with students, performing the validity and reliability analysis of the tool). Results The Educational Leadership Scale for Nursing Students consisted of 19 items and a three factor structure. Confirmatory factor analysis results showed that there was a sufficient model fit. Construct validity was verified, and Cronbach’s α level of all factors was found to be greater than 0.70. Conclusions The currently developed scale can measure the educational leadership characteristics of nursing students.

Personal branding has become an important notion in health care management literature in the current era. The healthcare staff should be recognized as members of the team who provide quality care to patients. The present research examines the impact of personal branding of radiologists on perceived service quality placing particular emphasis on the health care sector in Pakistan. A convenience sampling method was used. The variables of personal branding are communication, behaviour and appearance and the variables of Perceived Service quality are responsiveness and reliability. The results of the study indicate that Communication is significantly correlated to responsiveness and reliability. Behaviour was significantly correlated to responsiveness while appearance significantly correlated to reliability. The finding of the study affirms the significance of personal branding as one of the crucial components in improving Perceived Service quality by health care units.

Fluconazole is a subclass of triazole antifungal agents, is available as oral tablets, powder or for oral suspension, and as a sterile solution for intravenous administration. Fluconazole is designated chemically as 2,4-difluoro-α,α1 -bis benzyl alcohol in the form of white crystalline solid which is slightly soluble in water and saline. Fluconazole oral suspension contains 350 mg or 1400 mg contains sucrose, citric acid anhydrous, sodium benzoate, sodium citrate, colloidal, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, xanthan gum, and natural orange flavor. After reconstitution with 24 ml of distilled water or purified water each ml of reconstituted suspension contains 10 mg or 40 mg of fluconazole. Animals are divided into 4 groups. The rats of group A were taken as control group. In group B rats are kept nil per orally at 12 hours prior to induction of septic shock produce by Candida albicans s. Group C animals are administrated with fluconazole at doses of 3mg/kg, 10mg/kg and 30mg/kg after the septic shock produce by Candida albicans s. Since fluconazole at a higher dose had clearly shown to decrease tissue injury. We decided to keep fluconazole dose as constant and vitamin E would be administered in dose of 10mg/100gm of body weight in group D. Both the drugs are administrated after inducing septic shock. After the study, animals sacrificed and lungs obtained within 8 hours of septic shock. Lungs are taken out from sacrificed animals and then fixed with paraffin and then sectioned and stained by eosin and haemotoxylin. With the help of cardiac puncture blood samples were taken to estimate the infectious markers. Study of CBC and CRP was done. The levels were estimated and compared with control and correlated with histologic findings. The lung histology is determined by mucosal thickening and inflammatory cells. All these results were in favor of group D fluconazole along with vitamin E that shows significant results in all parameters. There was significant corre- lation between control and fluconazole along with vitamin E treated group because vitamin E reduces the histopathological changes in lungs parenchyma. It is concluded from the study that vitamin E when treated with combination of fluconazole it decreases the lung tissue injury and oxidative stress.

A Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is an inexpensive noninvasive ultrasonography technique that helps provide a rapid real time measure of blood flow from the basal intracerebral vessels, which may be used for the diagnosis and follow-up of cerebrovascular disease. By placing the ultrasound probe on the scalp; it utilizes low frequency soundwaves to record cerebral blood flow velocity, and its change in multiple conditions. Technology offers several diagnostic tests available in the evaluation and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases (CVD). Transcranial ultrasonography may represent a valuable tool for patients with CVD in neurocritical care unit. However due to geographic, financial or patient tolerance of procedures, physicians may be limited to the tools they can utilize.

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) first broke out in Wuhan (China) and subsequently spread worldwide. Coronaviruses (CoVs) primarily cause zoonotic infections in birds and mammals however, in the last few decades have shown to be capable of infecting humans as well. The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 and more recently, Middle-East respiratory syndrome, (MERS) has demonstrated the lethality of CoVs when they cross the species barrier and infect humans. Coronavirus (CoV) is a large family of viruses that cause afflictions ranging from the common cold to more severe pathologies such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). A novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a new strain that has now been identified in humans. The recognition of a new coronavirus identified in December 2019, named CoVID-19 are common for coronavirus researchers. Detailed investigations found that SARS Coronavirus-2 was initially transmitted from civets to humans and MERS-CoV from dromedary camels to humans. Advances in biology have resulted in a greater understanding of coronavirus, including them to adapt to new environments, trans-species infection and the emergence of new subtypes. New tools of cell and molecular biology have led to an increased understanding of intracellular replication and viral cell biology. Along with the advent of reverse genetic approaches in the past five years; it is now possible to begin to define the determinants of viral replication, trans-species adaptation, and human disease. The most progress has been made on SARS-CoV 2, highlighting specific structural requirements for its functions in the CoV life cycle as well as mechanisms behind its pathogenesis. In this review, we will provide a through insight to the life cycle of CoV, its genetics, replication process and reverse genetic applications to SCoV along with advances in its research. This review aims to establish the current knowledge on CoV-2 by highlighting the recent progress that has been made and comparing it to previous knowledge. We also conclude with a brief discussion on practices to decrease risk factors for transmission and treatment options., İlk olarak Wuhan'da (Çin) patlak veren Şiddetli Akut Solunum Sendromu Koronavirüs 2 (SARS-CoV-2), sonrasında dünyaya yayılmıştır. Koronavirüsler (CoVs) başlarda kuşlarda ve memelilerde zoonotik enfeksiyonlara neden olurken, son birkaç yılda insanları da enfekte edebildiği gösterilmiştir. 2003 yılında Şiddetli Akut Solunum Sendromu'nun (SARS) ve son zamanlarda Orta Doğu Solunum Sendromunun (MERS) patlak vermesi, CoV'lerin tür bariyerini geçip insanları enfekte ettiklerinde ölümcül olduklarını göstermiştir. Koronavirüs (CoV), soğuk algınlığından Orta Doğu Solunum Sendromu (MERS-CoV) ve Şiddetli Akut Solunum Sendromu (SARS-CoV) gibi daha şiddetli patolojilere kadar çeşitli rahatsızlıklara neden olan büyük bir virüs ailesidir. Yeni koronavirüs (nCoV), insanlarda daha önce tanımlanmamış yeni bir suş türüdür. Aralık 2019’da tanımlanan yeni koronavirüs, araştırmacılar tarafından genel olarak CoVID-19 olarak adlandırılmıştır. Yapılan ayrıntılı araştırmalarda, SARS Coronavirus-2'nin başlangıçta misk kedilerinden, MERS-CoV'un ise tek hörgüçlü develerden insanlara bulaştığı bulunmuştur. Biyoloji alanındaki gelişmeler koranavirüsün, yeni ortamlara adaptasyonu, trans-tür enfeksiyonu ve yeni alt tiplerinin ortaya çıkması da dahil olmak üzere daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlamıştır. Hücre ve moleküler biyolojide kullanılan yeni araçlar, hücre içi replikasyon ve viral hücre biyolojisinin daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlamıştır. Son beş yılda ters genetik yaklaşımların ortaya çıkmasıyla birlikte; artık viral replikasyonun, trans-tür adaptasyonunun ve insan hastalığının belirleyicilerini tanımlamaya başlamak mümkündür. Bu derlemede, CoV'nin yaşam döngüsü, genetiği, replikasyon süreci ve SCoV'ye ters genetik uygulamalarının araştırılması ile ilgili ilerlemelerle ilgili bilgi verilecektir. Bu derleme, yakın zamanda kaydedilen ilerlemeyi vurgulayarak ve önceki bilgilerle karşılaştırarak CoV-2 hakkındaki mevcut bilgileri oluşturmayı amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca, bulaşma ve tedavi seçenekleri için risk faktörlerini azaltmaya yönelik uygulamalar hakkında kısa bir tartışma ele alınmıştır.

Introduction: University academicians face stress and their profession is burdensome and this job stress has catastrophic effect on their performance. High level of Emotional Intelligence maintains positive emotions which enhances confidence to accept and face difficult situations. Emotional intelligence works as a buffer in stress and individual can easily make out the situation. Thus the present study aims to explore the soak up effect of emotional intelligence in job stress in terms of self appraisal and others, regulation and utilization of emotions in the academicians of Pakistan and Turkey.Method: The data was collected from 18 universities of Pakistan and Turkey through online distribution of Google survey form via email correspondence. The Quantitative approach was adapted with the cross sectional study design. The data was gathered through self-administered questionnaire. The first section of questionnaire consisted of demographic while the remaining part of questionnaire was adopted from two valid and reliable questionnaires (Schutte et al., EI questionnaire and Job stress questionnaire), being analyzed by Smart PLS software using construct reliability, construct validity i.e. convergent and Discriminate validity and Structural model assessment Results & Conclusions: 261 academicians filled out the questionnaires. Results showed an inverse correlation among the factors of EI: AP, RE and Utilization scores with the level of Job Stress(r=-0.235, p=0.005).Appraisal has negative relation with job stress AP (p < 0.01 and t >2.67 at significant level of 0.05 ).RE ( P value 2.67) and Utilization( P value 1.96) supported the hypotheses that all facets of emotional intelligence reduce the job stress and have significant relation to absorb job stress .So, it is recommended that EI short-term training courses should be designed and scheduled in the universities.

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) first broke out in Wuhan (China) and subsequently spread worldwide. Coronaviruses (CoVs) primarily cause zoonotic infections in birds and mammals however, in the last few decades have shown to be capable of infecting humans as well. The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 and more recently, Middle-East respiratory syndrome, (MERS) has demonstrated the lethality of CoVs when they cross the species barrier and infect humans. Coronavirus (CoV) is a large family of viruses that cause afflictions ranging from the common cold to more severe pathologies such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). A novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a new strain that has now been identified in humans. The recognition of a new coronavirus identified in December 2019, named CoVID-19 are common for coronavirus researchers. Detailed investigations found that SARS Coronavirus-2 was initially transmitted from civets to humans and MERS-CoV from dromedary camels to humans. Advances in biology have resulted in a greater understanding of coronavirus, including them to adapt to new environments, trans-species infection and the emergence of new subtypes. New tools of cell and molecular biology have led to an increased understanding of intracellular replication and viral cell biology. Along with the advent of reverse genetic approaches in the past five years; it is now possible to begin to define the determinants of viral replication, trans-species adaptation, and human disease. The most progress has been made on SARS-CoV 2, highlighting specific structural requirements for its functions in the CoV life cycle as well as mechanisms behind its pathogenesis. In this review, we will provide a through insight to the life cycle of CoV, its genetics, replication process and reverse genetic applications to SCoV along with advances in its research. This review aims to establish the current knowledge on CoV-2 by highlighting the recent progress that has been made and comparing it to previous knowledge. We also conclude with a brief discussion on practices to decrease risk factors for transmission and treatment options., İlk olarak Wuhan'da (Çin) patlak veren Şiddetli Akut Solunum Sendromu Koronavirüs 2 (SARS-CoV-2), sonrasında dünyaya yayılmıştır. Koronavirüsler (CoVs) başlarda kuşlarda ve memelilerde zoonotik enfeksiyonlara neden olurken, son birkaç yılda insanları da enfekte edebildiği gösterilmiştir. 2003 yılında Şiddetli Akut Solunum Sendromu'nun (SARS) ve son zamanlarda Orta Doğu Solunum Sendromunun (MERS) patlak vermesi, CoV'lerin tür bariyerini geçip insanları enfekte ettiklerinde ölümcül olduklarını göstermiştir. Koronavirüs (CoV), soğuk algınlığından Orta Doğu Solunum Sendromu (MERS-CoV) ve Şiddetli Akut Solunum Sendromu (SARS-CoV) gibi daha şiddetli patolojilere kadar çeşitli rahatsızlıklara neden olan büyük bir virüs ailesidir. Yeni koronavirüs (nCoV), insanlarda daha önce tanımlanmamış yeni bir suş türüdür. Aralık 2019’da tanımlanan yeni koronavirüs, araştırmacılar tarafından genel olarak CoVID-19 olarak adlandırılmıştır. Yapılan ayrıntılı araştırmalarda, SARS Coronavirus-2'nin başlangıçta misk kedilerinden, MERS-CoV'un ise tek hörgüçlü develerden insanlara bulaştığı bulunmuştur. Biyoloji alanındaki gelişmeler koranavirüsün, yeni ortamlara adaptasyonu, trans-tür enfeksiyonu ve yeni alt tiplerinin ortaya çıkması da dahil olmak üzere daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlamıştır. Hücre ve moleküler biyolojide kullanılan yeni araçlar, hücre içi replikasyon ve viral hücre biyolojisinin daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlamıştır. Son beş yılda ters genetik yaklaşımların ortaya çıkmasıyla birlikte; artık viral replikasyonun, trans-tür adaptasyonunun ve insan hastalığının belirleyicilerini tanımlamaya başlamak mümkündür. Bu derlemede, CoV'nin yaşam döngüsü, genetiği, replikasyon süreci ve SCoV'ye ters genetik uygulamalarının araştırılması ile ilgili ilerlemelerle ilgili bilgi verilecektir. Bu derleme, yakın zamanda kaydedilen ilerlemeyi vurgulayarak ve önceki bilgilerle karşılaştırarak CoV-2 hakkındaki mevcut bilgileri oluşturmayı amaçlamaktadır. Ayrıca, bulaşma ve tedavi seçenekleri için risk faktörlerini azaltmaya yönelik uygulamalar hakkında kısa bir tartışma ele alınmıştır.

Background: Covid-19 emerged as a global pandemic and its catastrophic effects have been felt throughout the world. The pandemic has caused a serious impact on mental health and loneliness of the people. The aim of the present research was to analyze the impact of the Covid-19 on the psychological health of residents of Karachi during the second lockdown. Method: It was a cross-sectional study conducted during the second wave of corona virus via an online survey, in which 380 persons participated. The survey consists of questions for the assessment of symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress by using DAAS-21 scale and for the questions related to loneliness, the UCLA-3 Item Loneliness Scale was used. Participants were selected by convenient and snow ball sampling method. Results: The results revealed that the psychological health was affected by the lockdown. It is also highlighted that women experienced more stress, anxiety, and depression than men and there is also significant difference between men and women in terms of loneliness. Conclusion: During the second lock down in Karachi the residents suffered from moderate level of depression, severe level of stress and mild level of anxiety. It is also evident that men have experienced less psychological impact of COVID 19 pandemic and with low level of loneliness than women. The outbreak of this pandemic indicates the need to pay greater attention to this issue to prevent and reduce the psychological outcomes of the pandemic.