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Shariah screening discards the firms that belong to impermissible business sectors (or sin industries) and follow capital structure with high debt and current assets. This study tests whether the firms passing Shariah screening have better (or worse) governance quality as compared to firms not subjected to Islamic screening. The screened firms may have lesser governance quality as they cannot use debt to discipline managers or achieve optimal capital structure. On the contrary, they may be better governed as these firms get higher presence of institutional investors and better analyst coverage. This paper provides comparison of governance quality of Shariah compliant (SC) firms in United States by using proprietary dataset of Dow Jones US Indices. The screened firms offer ground for a natural experiment as they pass negative ethical screening and meet financial criteria for the inclusion in the index. The findings suggest that the SC firms have lesser governance quality than Shariah Non-Compliant firms. The lower level of governance can be attributed to lower Size, lower Profitability, higher Dividend Payout, higher Total Risk and lower Free Cash Flow. Various robustness tests are performed to validate the findings and the results remained robust. These findings provide useful insights about the governance mechanism of SC firms that are emerging as an important alternative investment class in the last two decades.

The Covid-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the mental health and well-being of individuals around the world, including special children. In Pakistan, the pandemic has exacerbated existing financial and home-bound challenges faced by special children and their families. This qualitative study aimed to examine the psychological effects of the Covid-19 pandemic on special children in Pakistan and the ways in which financial and home-bound challenges have impacted their mental health. In-depth interviews and observation were used to gather data from participants. The findings revealed that the pandemic has resulted in increased stress and anxiety among special children, as well as decreased access to support and resources. The study highlights the importance of addressing the unique needs of special children and their families during times of crisis and provides insights into the strategies and support that can be implemented to mitigate the negative impacts of financial and home-bound challenges on their mental health. The results of this study contribute to the ongoing conversation about the impact of the pandemic on vulnerable populations and the need for targeted support during crisis situations.

Dental abrasion (DA) is an erosive activity that wears away the surface of teeth. Due to the use of abrasive dentifrices and incorrect brushing techniques, it is a multifactorial phenomenon. Objective: To assess the severity of dental abrasion in association with oral hygiene behaviors. Methods: A total of 278 undergraduate students aged 18 to 25 years were enrolled in this study who were having abrasion of permanent dentitions. Mouth mirror and CPITN probe were used to detect abrasion on the labial surface of front teeth and conducted a questionnaire. The Smith and Knight's Tooth Wear Index was used to measure the severity and frequency of dental abrasion in the patients. SPSS version-22 was used to analyze the data. Results: From 278 participants, females were 163 (58.6%) and males were 115 (41.4%). Majority 132 (47.5%) were using medium type of brush, most of the cases 122 (43.9%) brushing twice a day. About 107 (38.5%) using brushing methods in combination, 137 (49.3%) were using brush for 1-2 minutes. Tooth sensitivity was reported in 133 (47.8%) of the cases. Out of all, DA was found in 160 (58%) of the cases. According to severity, minimum loss of surface characteristics was in 220 (79.1%). A highly significant association (p=

The swift and extraordinary change in the world has left people with no surprise. Countries around the globe are working hard to maintain relevancy by reshaping themselves, and for doing so, they are adopting such policies that help them keep up with this ever-evolving change of the VUCA (volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous) world. It is essential to consider the implications this has for the education system. This new age of information demands that the education system evolve accordingly and face severe disruption. Hence, the critical skills required by 21st-century students to thrive in the professional world must be identified. The education system needs to focus on inculcating these skills into the students effectively. Researchers have accredited that, engaging students in the learning and innovating process with the help of enhancing creative and critical thinking has become an integral part (Trilling & Fadel, 2009, p.50). This research aims to aid this process by identifying the top five (05) skills required by 21st-century students. To evaluate those five skills, this research has incorporated a diversified sample size, which has included professional students (Business Graduates, Engineers, Doctors, and others) and the affiliated faculty to these areas of study for achieving the set target. The findings of the study have summarised that for preparation for the 21st century, today's students need more than just education. They are keener to learn skills that can help cater to the requirement of the coming time. These high skills not only help them during their studies, but they will also become lifelong partners in their success both academically and professionally. In coming times, those who recognize high in-demand skills are meant to serve as a possible benchmark for our education systemto reconfigure its broader policy framework and delivery mechanism. Additionally, students can benefit from these skills to prioritize the required skill set to increase their employability. The study's finding indicates that it has become inevitable for the education system of Pakistan to reorient, reorganize, and restructure the overall education system to meet the needs and requirements of the 21st century needs and demands.

The objective of this study is to look into the impact of remittances on economic growth in Pakistan. Pakistan came in tenth in terms of remittances collected. Policymakers can benefit from a better understanding of this link. For the purposes of this study, Pakistan data was obtained from the World Bank's Economic Data website between 2001 and 2019. Economic growth is proxies by the independent variable (IV), GDP per person growth, and remittances. According to the test known as the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF and the least squares approach, remittances have both immediate and long-term significant effects on the growth of the economy. Policymakers might use the outcomes of this study to design future migrant labor management measures. Over time, Pakistani foreigners have sent more money home as remittances. Money transfers to Pakistan grew from a value of $19.9 billion in 2020 to a total of $31.9 billion in 2021, based on data from the State Bank of Pakistan, suggesting a considerable increase in foreign exchange intake. The remittances have been essential in helping improve the country's balance of payments, supporting the local currency, and increasing levels of consumption and investment. The funds sent back home have supported the local currency's power, improved the country's balance of payments, and stabilized its currency reserves. This has had a favorable impact on the nation's economic development, resulting with increased investment, greater amounts of consumption, and better living conditions for those who live there. The governing body should keep establishing measures that encourage foreigners to send money home to Pakistan in order to help with the flow of remittances.

To deal with the ambiguity in real-world problems, researchers strive to obtain extensions to classical set theory. They introduced ideas like fuzzy set theory, spherical, intuitionistic, and Pythagorean fuzzy sets. In comparison to fuzzy sets, spherical fuzzy sets are more realistic at handling uncertainty. Fundamentals are classified in Spherical Fuzzy Set according to an attribute, and each feature has a variety of criteria. In this study, we have created a new extended algebraic structure called Confidence Spherical Fuzzy Aggregation Operators by applying the idea of Confidence Levels to the already-existing Spherical Fuzzy Aggregation Operators. We have created a Confidence Spherical Fuzzy Aggregation Operators-based end-product. We demonstrated various intriguing characteristics of Confidence Spherical Fuzzy Aggregation Operators, including operational laws. The study is validated by addressing the decision-making processes.

Objective: To assess the vertical forces produced during canal shaping by the Reciproc Blue (RB) and Reciproc (R) systems. Place and Duration: In the Operative Dentistry Department, Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine Karachi for one-year duration from January 2022 to December 2022. Methods: A total of 32 maxillary premolar teeth were selected, each with two distinct constricted and straight canals. Every tooth was positioned in a standing position on a platform attached to a force analysing device after access cavity preparation (M5-20 Advanced Digital Force Gauge; Mark-10 Corporation, NY, USA). Until the K file size was up to 15, the glide route was prepared manually. Then, using an R25/RB25 file, all of the groups' canals were completely shaped (0.08 taper, size 25). The canal was shaped with a mild and steady pressure on the file that produced a gradual, 2 mm amplitude "in-and-out" movement. It took three attempts for the file to successfully reach the WL. The canal was irrigated and recapitulated with sodium hypochlorite (1%) solution following each insertion. The Student's t-test was used to analyze the shaping time. The Mann Whitney test was applied to analyse the upward and inward peak forces. With a 95% level of confidence, SPSS software was used for all statistical analyses. Results: A single file was inserted into each root canal successfully three times for shaping till the WL achieved. With each additional file insertion, the overall real-time force increased in each group grew. The R group displayed lower peak forces in comparison to the RB group in the 3 insertions, and both groups inward peak forces varied from 1.76 to 8.64 N. (P0.05). During canal shaping in this experiment, no file fracture occurred. Conclusion: The forces generated during canal shaping were influenced by the blue heat treatment. Higher inward peak forces were higher in the RB file than the R file. Keywords: Root canal preparation, Endodontics, vertical force and shaping time.

To determine the role of the serial portable chest X-ray in the diagnosis and quantification of patients with confirmed COVID-19 admitted to a tertiary care hospital.A retrospective study was conducted at Dow Institute of Radiology, Dow University of Health Sciences. Confirmed positive cases of COVID-19 from November 2020 to January 2021 were retrospectively studied. Patients' demographics and clinical characteristics, chest X-ray findings, and outcomes were retrieved through electronic medical records. Baseline and final follow-up chest X-rays findings were compared by using chest X-ray severity score. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the relationship between patients' characteristics and patient outcomes.The study included 329 patients with a mean age of 56.43 ± 13.10 years (range 16-85 years). Peripheral consolidation and ground glass opacities (89.4%) were the most common X-ray findings followed by bilateral lung involvement (79.0%) and perihilar consolidation/ground glass opacities (69.9%). Among the patients who were admitted, 61.4% were discharged, 49.5% had prolonged length of stay ≥10 days, and 37.7% died. After adjustment of all patients' characteristics, the multivariate model showed no significant difference in chest X-ray severity score in relation to the patient's outcome. Patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit, and received oxygen support, bilevel positive airway pressure, and a ventilator were significantly associated with the outcome of being discharged, prolonged hospital stay, and death.Peripheral consolidation and ground glass opacities were the most common chest X-ray findings in admitted COVID-19 patients. No significant difference in chest X-ray severity score was noted in the primary outcome of being discharged, prolonged hospital stay, and death. There is no requirement for daily chest X-rays in hospitalized patients until required in the condition of worsening symptoms or significant intervention such as endotracheal intubation.لتحديد دور الأشعة السينية المحمولة التسلسلية في التشخيص والتقدير الكمي لمرضى كوفيد-19 المؤكدين المنومين في مستشفى الرعاية الثالثية.تم إجراء دراسة استعادية في معهد داو للأشعة، جامعة داو للعلوم الصحية. تمت دراسة الحالات الإيجابية المؤكدة لكوفيد-19 من نوفمبر 2020 إلى يناير 2021 بدراسة استعادية. تم استرداد معلومات البيانات حول التركيبة السكانية للمرضى والخصائص السريرية ونتائج الأشعة السينية على الصدر والنتائج من خلال السجل الطبي الإلكتروني. تمت مقارنة خط الأساس ونتائج الأشعة السينية للصدر للمتابعة باستخدام درجة شدة الأشعة السينية على الصدر. تم استخدام الانحدار اللوجستي متعدد المتغيرات لتقييم العلاقة بين خصائص المرضى ونتائج المرضى.اشتملت الدراسة على 329 مريضا بمتوسط عمر 56.43 ± 13.10 سنة (المدى 16-85 سنة). كان الدمج المحيطي وعتامة الزجاج الأرضي (89.4٪) أكثر نتائج الأشعة السينية شيوعا تليها مشاركة الرئة الثنائية (79.0٪) والاندماج المحيط/عتامة الزجاج الأرضي (69.9٪). من بين المرضى الذين تم إدخالهم، خرج 61.4 ٪ من المرضى، و 49.5 ٪ من المرضى لديهم مدة إقامة مطولة ≥10 أيام، وتوفي 37.7 ٪ من المرضى. بعد تعديل خصائص جميع المرضى، أظهر النموذج متعدد المتغيرات عدم وجود فرق كبير في درجة شدة الأشعة السينية للصدر فيما يتعلق بنتائج المريض. ارتبط المرضى الذين تم إدخالهم في وحدة العناية المركزة، ودعم العلاج بالأكسجين، وضغط إيجابي ثنائي المستوى في المسالك الهوائية، وجهاز التنفس الصناعي بشكل كبير بنتيجة الخروج من المستشفى، والإقامة المطولة في المستشفى، والوفاة.كان الاستصحاف المحيطي وعتامة الزجاج الأرضي أكثر اكتشافات الأشعة السينية للصدر شيوعا في مرضى كوفيد-19 المقبولين. لم يلاحظ أي اختلاف كبير في درجة شدة الأشعة السينية للصدر في النتيجة الأولية للخروج، والإقامة المطولة في المستشفى، والوفاة. ليس هناك حاجة لإجراء أشعة سينية يومية للصدر في المرضى في المستشفى حتى يتم طلبها في حالة تفاقم الأعراض أو التدخل الهام مثل التنبيب الرغامي.

Background: Treatment of a pulseless pediatric supracondylar humeral fracture is controversial and varies from closed reduction percutaneous pinning to Surgical Exploration. Present study aimed to analyze outcome of Irreducible pulseless supracondylar fractures treated with Open reduction and exploration via anterior approach. in this prospective study of 7 patients Method: with pulseless Supracondylar fracture, 2 were treated by Close reduction percutaneous pinning and the other 5, irreducible on table by Open intervention. The later 5 cases were followed up at 3 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months and functionally assessed using MEPS. 3 cases Results: showed immediate return of pulse, 2 recovered within 6 hours. All cases at 3 months showed MEPS >90. Anterior approach is excellent Conclusion: for surgical decompression of the neurovascular bundle.

Researchers have found various families of two-dimensional (2D) materials and associated heterostructures through detailed theoretical work and experimental efforts. Such primitive studies provide a framework to investigate novel physical/chemical characteristics and technological aspects from micro to nano and pico scale. Two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) materials and their heterostructures can be obtained to enable high-frequency broadband through a sophisticated combination of stacking order, orientation, and interlayer interactions. These heterostructures have been the focus of much recent research due to their potential applications in optoelectronics. Growing the layers of one kind of 2D material over the other, controlling absorption spectra via external bias, and external doping proposes an additional degree of freedom to modulate the properties of such materials. This mini review focuses on current state-of-the-art material design, manufacturing techniques, and strategies to design novel heterostructures. In addition to a discussion of fabrication techniques, it includes a comprehensive analysis of the electrical and optical properties of vdW heterostructures (vdWHs), particularly emphasizing the energy-band alignment. In the following sections, we discuss specific optoelectronic devices, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), photovoltaics, acoustic cavities, and biomedical photodetectors. Furthermore, this also includes a discussion of four different 2D-based photodetector configurations according to their stacking order. Moreover, we discuss the challenges that remain to be addressed in order to realize the full potential of these materials for optoelectronics applications. Finally, as future perspectives, we present some key directions and express our subjective assessment of upcoming trends in the field.

Arsenic is a highly toxic metal found in surface as well ground water in many areas of South Asia and can affect humans, animals as well as commercial poultry industry. The present study aimed to assess toxico-pathological effects of arsenic on egg production, quality and health of layers. Seventy-five Hy-Line W-36 layers were divided into four treatment groups (B, C, D, E) which were daily given 1mg, 5mg, 10mg, and 20 mg/kg/bw respectively of sodium arsenite in drinking water for three weeks while one group (A) served as control. The groups were examined weekly for determination of body weight. Further, egg production, weight and quality parameters like albumin, yolk, shell weight, thickness and Haugh unit were assessed. Deleterious effects of sodium arsenite were found to be dose and time dependent. There was a significant decrease in egg production, egg weight, albumin weight, yolk weight, shell weight, shell thickness and Haugh unit. There was decreased feed intake, increased water intake and reduced body weight. In conclusion, the sodium arsenite in drinking water produces adverse effects on egg production and quality of layers in time and dose dependent manner.

Glocalization has affected the lives of the Muslim diaspora population in North England.Diaspora communities struggle to live in a new lifestyle with a hybrid cultural and blended religious identity while coping with the problems of displacement as a result of the mixing and overlaying of eastern and western cultures caused by glocalization. Nadeen Aslam's Maps for Lost Lovers captures the sociological structure of the Diaspora and demonstrates how different ways of living inspire new forms of artistic expression. Roland Robertson popularised the idea of glocalization in social discourse.The thesis expressly addresses the problems of cultural displacement and generational gap among the characters of the novel as a result of their disparate responses to glocalization, leading to isolation one way or another. The gap between the first and the second generations of immigrants is brought about by the coexistence of values from both local and global cultures. While the second generation becomes influenced by their local ideals, the first generation tries to fight against global conventions.

Oil price fluctuations have always been controversial and remain significant in how a country's economy develops. It is especially easy for the worldwide price of natural resources to fluctuate, putting developing nations at risk of economic instability. Consider Pakistan's economy, which is very sensitive to changes in oil prices due to its reliance on the commodity. This research analyses the effects of oil prices on several macroeconomic indicators, including inflation, imports, gross savings, domestic lending to the private sector (DCPS), and industrial value-added in Pakistan. The study uses an error-correcting framework known as autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modelling to examine long-term connections between variables and their short-term implications. Additionally, data acquired between 1970 and 2020 was analyzed using Granger causality tests, impulse response functions (IRFs), and variance decomposition analyses (VDAs). The study found that inflation and domestic loans to the private sector hampered economic development in the near run. Conversely, imports, gross savings, industrial value added, and oil rents have a positive effect. A long-term connection between these variables was verified using the boundaries test. A unidirectional link was found in the causality tests between economic growth and imports, inflation and economic growth, and gross saving and domestic credit. An inverse link between domestic credit and inflation was found. The effect of oil rents on economic development in Pakistan is expected to rise during the next four years, according to the forecasts, before levelling out. According to the VDA results, the most critical factor influencing Pakistan's economic development over the next decade would be domestic lending to the private sector. Following these empirical results, the study proposes policy adjustments that might help Pakistan's economy expand more quickly and sustainably.

Proactive and intelligent management of network resource utilization (RU) using deep learning (DL) can significantly improve the efficiency and performance of the next generation of wireless networks. However, variations in wireless RU are often affected by uncertain events and change points due to the deviations of real data distribution from that of the original training data. Such deviations, which are known as dataset drifts, can subsequently lead to a shift in the corresponding decision boundary degrading the DL model prediction performance. To address these challenges, we present hardware-accelerated real-time radio frequency (RF) analytics and drift-awareness modules for robust DL predictions. We have prototyped the proposed design on a Zynq-7000 System-on-Chip that contains an FPGA and an embedded ARM processor. We have used Xilinx Vivado design suite for synthesis and analysis of the HDL design for the proposed solution. To detect dataset drifts, the proposed solution adopts a distance-based technique on FPGA to quantify in real-time the change between the prediction distribution obtained from DL predictions and data distribution of input streaming samples. Using various performance metrics, we have extensively evaluated the performance of the proposed solution and shown that it can significantly improve the DL model robustness in the presence of dataset drifts.

Objective: to evaluate the oral hygiene habits among patients experiencing fixed orthodontic treatment Material and method: The study was conducted in the orthodontic department of Multan medical and dental college, Multan. One hundred and five patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment were included in the study. Duration of study was 5months and 12 days. Patients were asked to fill out a questionnaire about the reason for undergoing treatment, the importance of orthodontic treatment in life, and oral hygiene practice after having fixed orthodontic treatment. Statistical data were analyzed by SPSS version 22 to determine the frequency distribution and percentage ratio for each variable. A Chi-square test was applied to compare gingivitis and frequency of brushing and a p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Results: The mean age of participants was 20± 4.7 years, with females predominant (71%). Most of the patients were undergoing treatment due to a friend’s suggestion (32%) and a dentist’s suggestion (17%). Most patients brushed twice daily (25%) or after every meal (24.4%) and still have gingivitis which represents brushing alone is not enough. Chi- square test was utilized between frequency of brushing and gingivitis and p- value was > 0.05 which is considered insignificant. The most preferred toothbrush was the general toothbrush (28%) and unspecified brush (23%). Which means proper knowledge of the type of brush was lacking. Only 41% of patients were sure about using fluoridated toothpaste which again shows a lack of awareness. 35% of patients were using a toothpick and 22% were using pins to clean their teeth in absence of a brush which again shows a lack of proper knowledge. 37% of patients were using their mouth wash and 24% were using interdental brushes occasionally. Conclusion: orthodontic treatment itself causes plaque retention and gingivitis so in order to maintain good oral hygiene self-motivation and proper knowledge given by the care provider is very necessary to improve gingival outcomes.

Background: Globalization of universe demands the uniform participation of genders as a workforce to accomplish the need of life and development. Women’s health issues are dragging forces in the race of life. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) affects the life periodically in reproductive age group. Globally, the prevalence of this problem is 30-40%, and in Pakistan, up to 55% females suffer from this problem. PMS symptoms include physical, mental and behavioral disturbances. Etiology of the disease is still unclear, but the hormonal impact is formulated. Diagnostic criteria and daily symptoms are used to make the diagnosis. Lifestyle modifications, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), medications and dietary role are recommended to alleviate the symptoms. Method: Review of Articles searched from PubMed and google scholar done. Heterogeneity in studies observed due to limited clinical trials on this issue. Studies from 2000 to 2017 published in journals included in it. Findings of the studies gave following conclusive results. Results: An effective quantity of diet is necessary to have exact amount of calcium, pyridoxine (Vit. B6) and chasteberry fruit which influence more efficiently and others. Quantity of each ingredient is identified in article. Saffron, ginger and high intake of Vitamin D show little benefits comparative to aforementioned. Conclusion: Appropriate dose/quantity of specific diet play role to ameliorate symptoms. Clinicians should counsel the patients that they can get relieved by the diet too. Keywords: Premenstrual syndrome, Dietary effect, Women’s health

This study aims at investigating the language learning strategies used among afghan Post Graduate Students at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia UTM when reading academic texts. Oxford's (1990) strategy inventory language learning questionnaire has been used to collect the data. The respondents of the study are thirty Afghan Post Graduate Students from Teaching English as a Second Language TESL program, including twenty eight male and two female students from the first, second, third and fourth semesters. The finding of the research indicated that Afghan TESL Post Graduate Students are high users of language learning strategies, and their most preferable strategies are metacognitive, social, cognitive affective compensation, and memory strategies.

Background: In medicinal chemistry, searching for new therapeutic entities to treat diabetes mellitus is of great concern. The piperidinyl-substituted chalcone scaffold has piqued our interest as a potential antidiabetic agent. Methods: A variety of piperidinyl-substituted chalcones 2–28 were synthesized and tested for α-amylase inhibitory and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino- bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical-scavenging activities. Results: Compared with the standard acarbose, all compounds inhibited α-amylase, with IC50 values of 9.86–35.98 μM. Docking studies revealed an important binding interaction with the enzyme’s catalytic site. The compounds also demonstrated promising radical-scavenging potential against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2′-azino- bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radicals. Conclusion: This study has identified potential lead candidates for further advanced research searching for antidiabetic agents.

Apnea (breath-holding) elicits co-activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, affecting cardiac control. In situations of autonomic co-activation (e.g., cold water immersion), cardiac arrhythmias are observed during apnea. Chronic endurance training reduces resting heart rate in part via elevation in parasympathetic tone, and has been identified as a risk factor for development of arrhythmias. However, few studies have investigated autonomic control of the heart in trained athletes during stress. Therefore, we determined whether heightened vagal tone resulting from endurance training promotes a higher incidence of arrhythmia during apnea. We assessed the heart rate, rhythm (ECG lead II), and cardiac inotropic (speckle-tracking echocardiography) response to apnea in 10 endurance trained and 7 untrained participants. Participants performed an apnea at rest and following sympathetic activation using post-exercise circulatory occlusion (PECO). All apneas were performed prior to control (CON) and following vagal block using glycopyrrolate (GLY). Trained participants had lower heart rates at rest ( p = 0.03) and during apneas ( p = 0.009) under CON. At rest, 3 trained participants exhibited instances of junctional rhythm and 4 trained participants developed ectopy during CON apneas, whereas 3 untrained participants developed ectopic beats only with concurrent sympathetic activation (PECO). Following GLY, no arrhythmias were noted in either group. Vagal block also revealed increased cardiac chronotropy (heart rate) and inotropy (strain rate) during apnea, demonstrating a greater sympathetic influence in the absence of parasympathetic drive. Our results highlight that endurance athletes may be more susceptible to ectopy via elevated vagal tone, whereas untrained participants may only develop ectopy through autonomic conflict.

Mitral valve translocation (MVT) is a novel procedure that was developed to treat patients with severe, symptomatic, secondary mitral regurgitation (MR). MVT enhances leaflet coaptation by insertion of an autologous pericardial patch interposed between the mitral annulus and the native mitral leaflets. The patch substantially increases total leaflet surface area and creates supranormal coaptation. In addition, it relieves leaflet tethering by transposing the native valve deeper into the ventricle and decreases the circumference of the annulus. The enhanced coaptation produced by MVT may protect against recurrent MR in patients with continued adverse left ventricular remodeling. The procedural steps include detachment of the intact native mitral valve at the annulus, placement of interrupted pledgeted sutures around the annulus to secure the proximal aspect of the patch, and attachment of the native valve to the distal aspect of the patch using running suture. Follow-up of patients who have undergoing MVT is ongoing, with satisfactory short-term results, including sustained MR grades of ≤mild and 14 mm coaptation at 12 months.

The T-DNA insertional mutant assemblies of genes of Arabidopsis thaliana are making a significant contribution toresearch in plant biology since past two decades. A broad-spectrum of problem in plant biology intended at in-vivo genecharacterization for various functions were being studied by these mutant alleles. The study was undertaken to appraisethe regulatory role of ascorbate oxidase gene in plant development to see its role in reactive oxygen species. To evaluatethe functional role of ascorbate oxidase a mutant lacking AO was compared to the wild-type. For this purpose, a salk-linehomozygous for an insertion in the AO coding sequence was used and verified for the presence of the insertionalmutagenesis. Much effort needs to complete this picture, and ultimately fulfill the present-day gap in our judgement ofsuch potential instigator of plant responses.