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Mastitisi su zapaljenski procesi u mlečnoj žlezdi prouzrokovani mikroorganizmima i predstavljaju bolest sa posledično velikim ekonomskim štetama zbog smanjenja količine i kvaliteta mleka, troškova lečenja i odbacivanja mleka tokom lečenja. Mastitisi i etiologija mastitisa kod koza su u osnovi slični kao kod krava. Mogu da se pojave u akutnom ili perakutnom obliku sa teškim opštim stanjem praćenim mortalitetom i supkliničkom obliku bez simptoma i uginuća, ali sa održavanjem infekcije u vimenu i kliconoštvom u stadu. Koagulaza negativne stafilokoke (KNS) imaju najveću prevalenciju i mogu izazvati perzistentne infekcije, praćene povećanjem broja somatskih ćelija u mleku i slabo izraženim oblikom sa rekurentnim kliničkim epizodama. Incidencija intaramamarnih infekcija kod koza izazvanih sa Staphylococcus aureus je niska (

Giardia spp. are flagellates that are found in the intestinal tract of humans and other mammals, birds and amphibians. Infections with giardia have been reported widely in livestock and companion animals in different parts of the world. Evidence of infection in humans and animals of Giardia duodenalis. especially of assemblage A and B has firmly established giardiasis as a zoonotic disease. At ruminants giardiasis usually result with diarrhea, especially in young animals, which in turn adversely affect production resulting in economic loses. So far, no research has been done related to giardiasis in small ruminat and cattle in Serbia, and here we present the results of the first studies of the presence of giardiasis in ruminants in our country.

Intenzivna proizvodnja svinja na komercijalnim farmama nastoji da proizvede što veći broj odbijene prasadi odnosno tovljenika po krmači godišnje. Za postizanje ovakvih proizvodnih rezultata neophodno je uspostaviti visoku reproduktivnu efikasnost priplodnih životinja. Potrebna je adekvatna zdravstvena zaštita sa dobrom organizacijom proizvodnje. Cilj rada je utvrđivanje reperoduktivne efikasnosti nerastova. Na jednoj komercijalnoj farmi smo pratili proizvodne rezultate nerastova rase jorkšir, durok i holandski landras. U intenzivnom uzgoju svinja, više je validnih parametara kojima se može iskazati uspešnost odnosno profitabilnost proizvodnje, kao što su: broj živorođene ili odlučene prasadi, dnevni prirast, dužina trajanja tova, broj neproduktivnih dana plotkinja i sl. Danas je uobičajeno da se proizvodnja svinja na komercijalnim farmama prezentuje brojem odgajene prasadi odnosno isporučenih tovljenika po krmači u toku kalendarske godine. Intensive production of pigs on commercial farms strives to produce the largest possible number of weaned piglets or fattening pigs per sow per year. To achieve such production results, it is necessary to establish a high reproductive efficiency of breeding animals. We need adequate health care with good organization of production. The aim of the article is to determine the reproductive efficiency of boars. On a commercial farm, we monitored the production results of boars of the Yorkshire, Duroc and Dutch Landrace breed. In intensive pig breeding, there are several valid parameters that can be used to show the success or profitability of production, such as: the number of live births or weaned piglets, daily gain, duration of fattening, number of non-productive days of sows, etc. Today, it is customary to present pig production on commercial farms by the number of piglets raised, i.e. delivered fatteners per sow during the calendar year. Zbornik predavanja

Since the late years of the 20th century, listeriosis has been considered a major public health concern. In the past years, Listeria monocytogenes has been connected to more outbreaks of food-borne disease in humans with a significant increasing trend in 2008. While it has been established that foodborne transmission constitutes the main acquisition route of listeriosis. Little is known about L. monocytogenes antimicrobial resistance, especially for non-human-origin isolates (Granier, 2011). Literature findings are that the most of healthy humans are not significantly affected by the intake of L. monocytogenes in foods. The aim of the paper is to show an antimicrobial susceptibility of L. monocytogenes isolates in the Veterinary Institute of Serbia in the last 2 years. In a total of 7 isolates of L. monocytogenes in general bacteriology laboratory mainly origin from abortions of cattle, and others are from various sources. Isolates have been isolated and identified following specific protocols by selective broth enrichment and agar isolation procedure by OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals chapter 3.10.5 or similar ISO 11290 standard for food chain isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility has been done by standard Kirby Bauer method ISO 20776. In general, all isolates have been susceptible to penicillins (alone or with beta lactamase inhibitor), tetracyclins, enrofloxacine and florfenicol. Some isolates showed resistance to cephalosporins (28.57%), streptomycin (43.86%) and sulfonamides (14.29%). It seems that L. monocytogenes isolates from pathological processes in animals and animal origin food still don’t exibit increased antimicrobial insusceptibility in Serbia. Although Listeria spp. has been generally reported susceptible to almost all antimicrobials, we still don’t agree with foreign consideration that the emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant Listeria spp. has been attributed to the overuse of antibiotics in disease treatments in domestic livestock. Од касних година 20. века, листериоза се сматра главним проблемом јавног здравља. Последњих година, Listeria monocitogenes је била повезана са више избијања болести које се преносе храном код људи са значајним трендом раста у 2008. Док је установљено да пренос путем хране представља главни пут стицања листериозе. Мало се зна о антимикробној резистенцији L. monocitogenes, посебно за изолате који нису људског порекла (Граниер, 2011). Литературни налази показују да већина здравих људи није значајно погођена уносом L. monocitogenes у храну. Циљ рада је да се прикаже антимикробна осетљивост изолата L. monocitogenes у Ветеринарском институту Србије у последње 2 године. У укупно 7 изолата L. monocitogenes у општој бактериолошкој лабораторији углавном потичу из абортуса говеда, а остали су из различитих извора. Изолати су изоловани и идентификовани према специфичним протоколима селективним обогаћивањем бујона и процедуром изолације на агару према ОИЕ приручнику за дијагностичке тестове и вакцине за копнене животиње, поглавље 3.10.5 или сличан стандард ISO 11290 за изолате ланца исхране. Антимикробна осетљивост је одређена стандардном Кирби Бауер методом ISO 20776. Генерално, сви изолати су били осетљиви на пеницилине (сам или са инхибитором бета лактамазе), тетрациклине, енрофлоксацин и флорфеникол. Неки изолати су показали резистенцију на цефалоспорине (28,57%), стрептомицин (43,86%) и сулфонамиде (14,29%). Чини се да изолати L. monocitogenes из патолошких процеса у животињама и храна животињског порекла још увек не показују повећану антимикробну неосетљивост у Србији. Иако Listeria spp. је генерално пријављено да је подложан скоро свим антимикробним средствима, наше искуство није у корелацији мишљењем да је појава и ширење Listeria spp. се приписује прекомерној употреби антибиотика у лечењу болести домаћих животиња. Zbornik radova i kratkih sadržaja

Veliki broj muznih krava na malom prostoru, stalni kontakt mlečne žlezde sa površinama koji su potencijalni nosioci patogena i visoki standardi koji se odnose na kvalitet i higijensku ispravnost mleka uslovljavaju potrebu da se kontinuirano primenjuju biosigurnosne mere u farmskim objektima za uzgoj muznih krava. Količina, kvalitet i higijenska ispravnost mleka kao ključni faktori uspešnosti farmskog uzgoja krava, pored genetskog potencijala i ishrane, zavise od smeštajnih uslova, tj. higijenskih mera koje se primenjuju u objektu. Jedna od najvažnijih mera koje se kontinuirano sprovode je i higijena muže u okviru koje se posebna pažnja obraća na: higijenu muzača, higijenu vimena pre muže, higijenu papila posle muže, kao i higijenu opreme za mužu. Higijena muže je jedan od ključnih faktora za dobar zdravstveni status mlečne žlezde. Velike ekonomske štete uzrokovane mastitima zahtevaju posebnu pažnju u izradi i sprovođenju planova kontrole mastitisa, u kojima ključno mesto ima dezinfekcija vimena pre i posle muže. Razvoj novih dezinficijensa i tehnologija njihove aplikacije, sa dobrim efektom na zdravlje vimena je jedan od budućih ključnih faktora prevencije bolesti mlečne žlezde. The presence of a large number of dairy cows in a small space, the constant contact of the mammary gland with surfaces that are potential carriers of pathogens and high standards related to the quality and hygienic correctness of milk, create a constant need for applying biosecurity measures in farm facilities for breeding dairy cows. The milk production, quality and hygienic correctness of the milk, in addition to the genetic potential and nutrition as the key factors in the success of cows breeding, primarily depend on housing conditions, i.e. hygiene measures applied in the facility. One of the most important measures that are continuously implemented is milking hygiene procedures, within which special attention is paid to: hygiene of milkers, hygiene measures before milking, hygiene measures after milking, as well as hygiene of milking equipment. The milking hygiene practices is one of the key factors in maintaining the health status of the mammary gland. The great economic losses that mastitis cause to the dairy industry requires particular focus in the development and implementation of mastitis control plans, in which disinfection of udders before and after milking plays a key role. The development of new disinfectants and their application technologies, with a good effect on the health of the udder, is one of the future key factors in the prevention of mammary gland diseases. Zbornik predavanja

During our research we examined flocks of small ruminant originated from 23 villages from city districts Mladenovac, Lazarevac, Obrenovac, Grocka, Zemun, Surčin, Palilula, Vozdovac and Zvezdara. In more than 80 percent of the herds, sheep and goats were breed together at same pasture. Using standard coprological methods we examined 273 faecal samples from 41 herds. Determination of parasites we performed by morphological characteristics. Molecular detection of Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp. we not performed. Coccidiosis was found at 27 herds. We usally occured mixed infection with 2-3 coccidia species. At sheep most abundant coccidia were E faurei, followed by E.ovinoidalis, E. pallida and E.ahsata. At goats most abundant species were E.arlongy, folwed by E.nina-kohl-yakimovae, E. hirci and E. caprina. Clinical signs of disease were present only at young animals but oocysts were found at both, adult ant young animals. Cryptosporidium spp. was found at 19 herds Clinical signs of cryptosporidiosis were established only at young animals. They had moderate morbidity and mortality rate. Infection with Giardia duodenalis was found only at 2 herds. Giardia-infected animals generally had no clinical symptoms.

Bronchopneumonia is one of the most important respiratory diseases in pigs in intensive breeding. Bronchopneumonia rarely occurs and passes as a monoinfection, and therefore mixed infections are the most common finding. Isolated microorganisms include, for example, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Influenza virus, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Pasteurella multocida, Bordetella bronchiseptica. Of particular importance in the development of bronchopneumonia in pigs are non-specific factors, such as transport, low temperature, inadequate nutrition, environmental conditions in the boxes, overcrowding and other stressors. Pulmonary pasteurellosis is the result of a lung infection with the bacterium Pasteurella multocida. It most often occurs as the last stage of enzootic pneumonia or a complex of respiratory diseases in pigs. The complex of respiratory diseases is one of the most common and economically most expensive diseases of pigs, especially if the pigs come from commercial farms. Pulmonary pasteurellosis is present in different housing conditions of pigs. P. multocida as a frequent resident of the nasal flora of pigs is difficult to eradicate since it can interact with many other pathogens. The aim of our study was to examine the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates originating from pigs in intensive production.

Zbornik radova

Na komercijalnim faramama svinja, zdravstvena zaštita pojedinačnih životinja sve više gubi na značaju. U današnjim uslovima, kada je prusutna velika koncentracija životinja na relativno malom prostoru, takvo stanje zahteva zdravstvenu zaštitu na nivou cele farme. Poznata je važnost biosigurnosnih mera u svinjarstvu, koje imaju za cilj da spreče unošenje patogena na farmu i širenje infekcije unutar same farme. Naime, prisutnost različitih uzgojnih bolesti, baketrijske ili virusne etiologije, dovodi do pada proizvodnih rezultata i zahteva dodatni napor zaposlenih na farmi, uz povećan utrošak lekova, što posledično umanjuje ekonomsku dobit farme. Prihvaćeno je da ključni element, u sprovođenju biosigurnosnih mera, predstavlja spremnost zaposlenih na farmi da sprovedu mere koje će sa visokom sigurnošću obezbediti zaštitu od unošenja i širenja patogena na farmi. Sprovođenje ovih mera zahteva poznavanje zdravstvenog statusa svinja. Jedan od najčešćih faktora rizika je kupovina nerastova, nazimica ili odlučene prasadi nepoznatog zdravstvenog statusa. Stabilizovanju zdravstvenog statusa svinja, pored već pomenutih mera, doprinose i programi vakcinacije. Promocija dobrog zdravlja svinja na komercijalnim farmama obuhvata primenu sistema profilaktičkih mera, pored dobrog odabira rase, osmišljenosti veličine zapata i načina primene biotehnoloških mera u procesu proizvodnje. On commercial pig farms, the health care of individual animals is losing importance. In today’s production conditions, a large concentration of animals is relatively present in a small area. This situation requires health care at the farm level. It is well known that biosecurity measures in pig farming are necessary and aimed to prevent introduction of pathogens on a commercial farm and also for preventing spreading the infection within the farm itself. Namely, the presence of different breeding diseases of bacterial or viral etiology leads to a decrease in production. That requires additional efforts of farm employees and the use of medicines, and this situation ultimately reduces the economic profit of the farm. It is recognized that key elements in implementing biosecurity are the willingness of farm employees to implement measures that will provide high security with protection against the introduction and spread of pathogens on the farm. Implementation of the measures requires knowledge of the pigs’ health status on the farm. One of the most common risk factors on the farm is purchasing boars, sows or piglets raised with unknown health status. The promotion of good pig health on commercial farms involves usage of different prophylactic measures, in addition to the good breeding selection, the sense of the size of plot, and the way how biotechnological measures are applied in the pig production process. Zbornik predavanja

Долазак телади у товилишта повезан је са значајним променама у исхрани и утицајем различитих фактора средине што се често манифестује појавом здравствених проблема. Најчешће су ти проблеми везани на поремећаје дигестивног и респираторног тракта. Услед интеракције вируса, бактерија и стресогених фактора долази до појаве дијареја и пнеумонија код телади. Бројни предиспонирајући фактори као што су прелазак са млечне исхране на чврсту кабасту храну, гладовање, жеђ, неадекватни микроклиматски услови, неподесни и дуги транспорт, исцрпљеност, нагла промена исхране и пренатрпаност у објектима погодују брзом развоју болести код већег броја јединки у товилиштима. Наша истраживања спроведена су у 3 услужна товилишта у Колубарском округу током месеца марта 2022. године. Укупно је у сва три товилишта било смештено 185 мушке телади, сименталске расе, просечне старости од 2 до 4 месеца и телесне масе између 120-160 кг. Промене здраственог стања телади праћене су првих 15 дана након доласка у товилишта. У том периоду регистровани су симптоми поремећаја дигестивног тракта, и то дијареја код 56/185 (30.3%) и надун код 3/185 (1.62%) телета. Појава кашља је забележена код 95/185 (51.3%) грла, при чему је код 18/185 (9.73%) телади дошло до поремећаја општег здраственог стања, праћено повишеном телесном температуром, носним исцетком и присутним абдоминалним дисањем. Угинућа нису забележена. Обезбеђивање постепеног преласка млечне исхране на концентровану кабасту храну, минимизирање стресогених фактора и спровођење превентивних имунопрофилактичких мера представљају кључни корак у заштити здравља телади и смањењу економских губитака. The arrival of calves in fattening grounds is associated with significant changes in diet and the influence of various environmental factors, which are often manifested by the appearance of various health problems. Most often, these problems are related to disorders of the digestive and respiratory tract. Diarrhoea and pneumonia in calves occur due to the interactions between viruses, bacteria and stressors. Numerous predisposing factors such as the transition from milk to solid feed, starvation, thirst, inadequate microclimatic conditions, unsuitable and long transport, exhaustion, sudden changes in diet and overcrowding in facilities affect the rapid development of the different diseases in calves. This research was conducted in 3 service fattening farms in Kolubara’s district, Republic of Serbia, during March 2022. A total of 185 Simmental male calves, with an average age of 2 to 4 months and bodyweight between 120-160 kg, were housed in three different fattening facilities. Changes in the health status of calves were monitored for the first 15 days after arrival at the fattening grounds. During this period, the symptoms of digestive tract disorders were monitored and recorded. Namely, diarrhoea was registered in 56/185 (30.3%) and flatulence in 3/185 (1.6%) calves. The occurrence of cough was noticed in 95/185 (51.3%) calves, while in 18/185(9.7%) calves there general health disorders, followed by fever, nasal discharge and abdominal breathing were present. No deaths were reported. Ensuring a gradual transition from milk to concentrated feed, minimizing stressors and implementing preventive immunoprophylaxis measures are key steps in protecting calf health and reducing economic losses. Zbornik radova i kratkih sadržaja

U vezanom sistemu držanja krava, bolest bele linije i čir papka se izdvajaju kao vodeći zdravstveni problemi vezani za njihove ekstremitete. U većini slučajeva, čir papka se pojavljuje na zadnjim ekstremitetima, a retko na prednjim, Cilj ove studije je bio da se analizira frekvenca pojave čira papka na prednjim ekstremitetima kod krava simentaske rase. U našoj studiji je utvđeno da se čir papka na prednjm ekstremiretim pojavio kod 4 od 45 krava (8,9%). Ove lezije su zapažene i na zadnjim nogama kod 8 od 45 krava (17,8%). Ukoliko su promene kod iste jedinke bile i na prednjim i na zadnjim nogama, uglavnom su bile kontralateralne. Predisponirajući faktor za nastanak čira papka je bila vlažna prostrka od slame. Redovno i pravilno obrezivanje papaka, uz korekciju ambijentanih uslova su ključ za prevenciju pojave oboljenja papaka. : In a tied holding systems, white line disease and sole ulcers stand out as prominent health problems of the cows limbs. The most often sole ulcers occur on the hind limbs, rarely on the fore limbs. The aim of this study was to provide information on the frequency of sole ulcers on the fore limbs in Simmental cows. In our study, sole ulcers were on the fore limbs found in 4/45 cows (8.9%). The lesions were also present on the hind limbs 8/45 (17.8%) of examined cows. The distribution of sole ulcers on the same animal were mostly contralateral. The presence of the humid straw bedding has proven to be a predisposing factor for sole ulcers. Regular management of hoof trimmings, with improved ambient conditions, has key role in preventing occurrence of the hoof disease. Zbornik predavanja

Ukupno 415 uzoraka sireva proizvedenih od sirovog ili kuvanog mleka, prikupljenih sa pijaca ispitano je na prisustvo koagulaza pozitivnih stafi lokoka. U 80 (20,48%) uzoraka je dokazano prisustvo koagulaza pozitivnih stafi lokoka. Za ispitivanje sposobnosti koagulaza pozitivnih stafi lokoka da stvaraju enterotoksine (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE) i dokazivanje enterotoksina u uzorcima sireva korišćena je ELFA tehnika VIDAS SET 2 (BioMerieux, Francuska). Broj koagulaza pozitivnih stafi lokoka u zorcima sireva se kretao od 1-5,79 log CFU g-1. Od 85 izolata koagulaza pozitivnih stafilokoka 26 (30,59) je stvaralo enterotoksine. Prisustvo gena za sintezu enterotoksina (SE) u dobijenim ekstraktima DNK iz 26 enterotosogenih izolata je dokazano konvencionalnom multipleks PCR tehnikaom (za gene sea i seb), dok je za genes sec, sed i see korišćena Real-Time PCR tehnika. Kod svih 26 izolata koagulaza pozitivnih stafi lokoka (poreklom iz sireva proizvedenih od sirovog ili kuvanog mleka, koji su stvarali enterotoksine) dokazano je prisustvo sea, i kod 24 izolata pored sea gena dokazan je i seb. Nijedan izolat nije imao gene za sintezu C (SEC), D (SED) i E (SEE). Od 26 uzoraka sireva pozitivnih na prisustvo enterotoksogenih koagulaza pozitivnih stafi lokoka,enterotoksin je dokazan u 2 (7,69%) uzorka kiselo-koagulišućeg sira u kojima je broj enterotoksogenih koagulaza pozitivnih stafi lokoka bio više od 5 log CFU g-1. U kiselo-koagulišućim sirevima u kojima je broj koagulaza pozitivnih stafi lokoka veći od 5 log CFU g-1 i pH viši od 5, enterotoksin može biti prisutan u količini dovoljnoj da izazove intoksikaciju. A total of 415 cheese samples produced with raw or cooked milk collected from local markets were analysed for the presence of coagulase-positive staphylococci. In 85 (20.48%) samples the presence of coagulase positive staphylococci was detected. The ELFA technique VIDAS SET2 (BioMerieux, France) was used for testing coagulasepositive staphylococci strains to produce classical enterotoxins (SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE), and to determine the enterotoxins in cheese samples. The number of coagulasepositive staphylococci in cheese samples ranged from 1-5.79 log CFU g-1. Out of 85 coagulase-positive strains 26 (30.59%) produced enterotoxins. The presence of genes for the synthesis of staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) in the obtained extracts of DNA from 26 enterotoxigenic strains was detected by conventional multiplex PCR technique (for genes sea and seb) i.e. the Real-Time PCR technique for genes sec, sed and see. In all 26 strains of coagulase-positive staphylococci (originating from cheeses produced from raw or cooked milk, which were enterotoxin producers) sea was present, and in 24 strains in addition to sea gene, seb was detected. None of the isolates possessed genes for the synthesis of enterotoxin C (SEC), D (SED) and E (SEE). Out of 26 tested cheese samples positive for enterotoxigenic coagulase-positive staphylococci, enterotoxin was detected in 2 (7.69%) samples of sweet-coagulating cheese, in which the number of enterotoxigenic coagulase-positive staphylococci exceeded 5 log CFU g-1. In sweetcoagulating cheeses in which the number of coagulase-positive staphylococci exceeds 5 log CFU g-1 and the pH value was higher than 5.0, enterotoxins may be present in amounts suffi cient to cause intoxication.

A new approach to the protection against infections caused by bacteria and various viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 is described. In concrete example, protective filters and ALBO nanosilver masks showed extraordinary efficiency in protection against Staphylococcus aureus. These results show that it highly overcomes the efficiency of ordinary surgical masks. Besides, systematic meta-analysis given for ordinary surgical masks and filters N95 for masks and respirators, showed no statistical difference between them in the case of SARS-CoV-2. On the base our experimental data and systemic meta-analysis given in this paper, it can be concluded that ALBO nanosilver masks have significant advantages, and show a very perspective concept of developing new protective gear.

The study about gastrointestinal helminthes of sheep at central parts of Šumadija region - Pomoravski and Rasina district was started in March 2016 and finished in October 2018. During our research 937 fecal samples originated from 62 sheep flocks were collected individual at monthly intervals. A total of 57 animals we were analyzed by post-mortem examination. Determination of parasites eggs we performed by keys given by Euzeby (1981). We occured next parasite species: Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta, Ostertagia trifurcata, Ostertagia ostertagi, Ostertagia occidentalis, Marshallagia marshalli, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Nematodirus filicoliis, Nematodirus spathiger, Nematodirus abnormalis, Cooperia curticei, Cooperia oncophora, Cooperia punctata, Cooperia zurnabada, Skrjabinema ovis, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Oesophagostomum venulosum and Chabertia ovina. Most prevalence species of nematode are Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus and Nematodirus,species. Although most of the gastro-intestinal species appear to follow this general pattern of seasonal distribution, some variations in intensively and duration of these characteristics with different worm species occurred. Thus with Trichostrongylus and Ostertagia species infection at mature goats the spring peak was more pronounced that the autumn infection. Poliparasitismus and infection were established at all examined animals. The intensity of infection and polyparasitsm was monitored in relation to the age of sheep. It was found that in younger animals intensity of infection was lower than that of older animals.

During 2018-2019. we were examined parasitic fauna of sheep in spread Belgrade area (Serbia). Coprological, and post-mortem examination revealed the following helminth species: Teladorsagia (Ostertagia) circumcincta in 75,23%, Ostertagia trifurcata 71,53%, O.ostertagi 21.99%, Trichostrongylus axei 62,23%, T.colubriformis 69,57%, T.vitrinus 62,85%, Nematodirus spathiger 77,43%, N,filicolis 33,31%, Haemonchus contortus 58,95%, Marshallagia marshalli 27,77%, Skrjabinema ovis 11,31%, Bunostomum trigonocephalum 13,28%, Chabertia ovina 63.85%, Oesophagostomum venulosum 27.91%,Cooperia curticei 60.52%,C.oncophora 28,39% and C.punctata 13,28%. The obtain results was compares with the results of research from 2009-2010 and the impact of changes in microlimatic and environmental conditions on the biodiversity of GI heminate sheep in this area.

Lameness as a consequence of hoof disorders is gaining significance in animal health considerations with a particular impact in tie-hold systems. Preventive hoof trimming becomes an important zootechnic measure and procedure for the health and welfare improvement of cows. The objective of our study was to demonstrate findings of sole ulcers and white line diseases of cattle on smallholder farms. Another aspect was to display our observations on hoof trimming within the perspective of sole ulcers and white line disease in the examined herds. A total of 108 Simmental cows from 14 small noncommercial farms located in the Mačva district, Western Serbia, from March to October in 2020 were observed. The trimming procedure was performed by the Dutch method with cows fixed in a mobile chute for hoof trimming. Also, medical treatment of the hoof was provided as needed, using orthopedic foot blocks (wooden and rubberized blocks). Before treatment the white line disease and sole ulcers were present in 12 herds (85.7%). After treatment, there was a decrease in the frequency of sole ulcers positive herds (from 85.7% to 78.5%), while the frequency of white line disease in herds remained unchanged. Regarding cows, a frequency of white line disease of 25.0% was reduced to 18.5%, showing a significant difference (p

Antimicrobial therapy is important tool in fighting infectious diseases. The significance of the role of antimicrobials in nature remains vastly uninvestigated. Plants produce secondary metabolites for, among other functions, natural protection against microbial infection. The aim of this research was to investigate antimicrobial effects of 5 different essential oils and 5 main constituents of plant essential oils toward some of the common veterinary microbial pathogens. Plant etheric oils (EO) of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), black caraway (Nigella sativa L.), sandalwood (Santalum album L.), peppermint (Mentha balsamea Wild.) and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus obliqua L'Hér.) and active components of etheric oils: D-limonene, D-α pinene, thymol, carvacrol and cynamaldehyde were tested for antimicriobial activity against referent strains of: Staphylococcus aureus, Methicilin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli; as well as against clinical isolates of: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and yeast Candida sp. For each etheric oil and active compound minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) are observed by method of broth microdilution. Results of these investigations have shown that active components of the EO have stronger antimicrobial effect than complete formulation of essential oils used in the study. Among tested EOs the most potent was the peppermint etheric oil, while carvacrol showed the strongest antimicrobial effect among active components of EO. Interesting finding is that there was almost no difference among MICs between referent S. aureus and MRSA. Antimikrobna terapija je važno sredstvo u borbi protiv zaraznih bolesti. Značaj uloge antimikrobnih sredstava u prirodi ostaje neistražen zbog prilagođavanja patogena različitim oblicima rezistencije. Biljke proizvode sekundarne metabolite, između ostalog i za prirodnu zaštitu od mikrobne infekcije. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je istražiti antimikrobne efekte 5 različitih esencijalnih ulja i 5 glavnih sastojaka biljnih etarskih ulja na neke od uobičajenih veterinarskih mikrobnih patogena. Biljna eterična ulja (EO) origana (Origanum vulgare L.), crnog kima (Nigella sativa L.), sandalovine (Santalum album L.), nane (Mentha balsamea Wild.) i eukaliptusa (Eucalyptus obliqua L'Hér.) kao i aktivnih komponenti: Dlimonen, D-α pinen, timol, karvakrol i cinamaldehid testirani su na antimikrobnu aktivnost protiv referentnih sojeva: Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus rezistentne na meticilin (MRSA), Escherichia coli kao i protiv kliničkih izolata: Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa i kvasca Candida sp. Za svako eterično ulje i aktivno jedinjenje dobijene su minimalne inhibitorne koncentracije (MIK) mikrodilucionom metodom u bujonu. Rezultati su pokazali da aktivne komponente EO imaju jači antimikrobni efekat od EO sa istom odgovarajućom dominantnom komponentom. Među testiranim EO najmoćnije je bilo eterično ulje nane, dok je karvakrol pokazao najjači antimikrobni efekat među aktivnim komponentama EO. Zanimljiv nalaz je da gotovo nije bilo razlike među MIK između referentne S. aureus i MRSA.

Background. The traditional knowledge about herbal use in veterinary medicine in Serbs is voluminous. However, that wealth is threatened to oblivion because new times give modern methods of treatment. Hence, the aim of this report was to present the collected data about folk methods of treatment and nutrition by the help of available plants related to the animals in Serbs what could be applied in up to date veterinary pharmacy. Methods. The questionnaire of 28 questions was prepared regarding the breeding, nutrition and medical treatment of domestic animals as well as the herbal list of medicinal plants to use. The study is based on the ”Show-and-Tell Technique” from the groups people without veterinary or medical education, with preference to people living in the remote settlements without resident veterinary services. Results. Interviewed persons were in the age range of 30-90 years. Plant interviewee were asked to show the plant species in a fresh or dried condition (for adequate identification). The 1120 filled inquiry sheets were analysed. Ninety two herbs were presented, of whom the most frequent noted were Carlina acaulis, Asteraceae (6 times) and Geum urbanum, Rosaceae (5 times). The most frequent treated diseases were of digestive (47%) and pulmonary system (25%), skin (hair, hoof) (8%) and urinary system (7%). Among “other” cathegory answers like “generaly good for helath” are included. Conclusion. It is still open question for the scientific branches of veterinary pharmacology to find out active ingredients, mechanism of action and application of some plants in the scope of veterinary pharmacology, phytochemistry and phytopharmacology. In that way the listed herbs in this work, which are still not in use nowadays, could be recognized as commercially available.

Enteral protozoan infection was of great importance to health status of small ruminants and its performances. This was parasitic infection caused by protosoas from genus Eimeria, Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Lamb and kids infection had moderate morbidity and low mortality rate. Clinical sign of infection is usually presented in animals at 4-10 days old. The study about parasitic fauna - protozoa helminths, and arthropods of small ruminant at south part of Serbia, with emphasis to North Kosovo were performed during 2017. The study included the examination in total of herds flocks of goats and sheep from Zvečan and Leposavić district (villages Ceranja, Majdevo, Zemanica, Mure, Rudine, Žitkovac, Oraovica, Mošnica, Donji Krnjin, Belo brdo, Mioliće, Drenova and Beliće. Colected faeces samples were examined using routine coprological methods. Determination of parasites we performed by morphological characteristc. Infection with protosoa occurred at and on 46.14% of examined sheep and 29.42% of examined goat herds. Coccidiosis was found at 43 sheep and 27 goat herds. We usally occured mixed infection with 2-3 coccidia species. At sheep most abundant species were E faurei, followed by Eimeria ahsata, E.ovinoidalis, E. intricata and E. pallida. At goats most abundant species were E.arlongy, folwed by infection with E. hirci, E.nina-kohlyakimovae, E. christenseni and E. caprina. Oocyst were found at adult ant young animals, but clinical sign of disease were present only at young animals. During our examination Cryptospoidium spp. was found at 29 sheep and 23 goat herds. Determination of subspecies we not performed. Lambs between five and twenty-one days were the most susceptible for infection. Lambs cryptosporidiosis has high morbidity and mortality rate. Symptoms of acute cryptosporidiosis include inapetence, and weight loss. Infection with Giardia duodenalis was found at 2 sheep herd. Determination of subspecies we not performed

An intensive cattle breeding encompasses a whole range of procedures that should enable continuous production and optimal utilization of production capacities. In such conditions, newborn calves must adapt to a variety of environmental factors, including housing, care, and feeding conditions. Inappropriate rearing conditions favour the emergence of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases, as the most common health problems for calves. The same factors, and especially the unbalanced diet, have a major impact on the health of dairy cows and the incidence of diseases such as ketosis, fatty liver syndrome, puerperal paresis, rumen acidosis, and laminitis. This review paper is based on monitoring results of the health of calves and adult cows on dairy farms in Serbia, from 2011 to 2019. Also, some procedures in nutrition that can prevent the occurrence of metabolic diseases of cows are discussed.

Background Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) is a genus of small biting midges (also known as “no-see ums”) that currently includes 1368 described species. They are proven or suspected vectors for important pathogens affecting animals such as bluetongue virus (BTV) and Schmallenberg virus (SBV). Currently little information is available on the species of Culicoides present in Serbia. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine species diversity, host preference and the presence of BTV and SBV RNA in Culicoides from the Stara Planina Nature Park in south-eastern Serbia. Results In total 19,887 individual Culicoides were collected during three nights of trapping at two farm sites and pooled into six groups (Obsoletus group, Pulicaris group, “Others” group and further each group according to the blood-feeding status to freshly engorged and non-engorged). Species identification was done on subsamples of 592 individual Culicoides specimens by morphological and molecular methods (MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and PCR/sequencing). At least 22 Culicoides species were detected. Four animal species (cow, sheep, goat and common blackbird) as well as humans were identified as hosts of Culicoides biting midges. The screening of 8291 Culicoides specimens in 99 pools for the presence of BTV and SBV RNA by reverse-transcription quantitative PCR were negative. Conclusions The biodiversity of Culicoides species in the natural reserve Stara Planina was high with at least 22 species present. The presence of C. imicola Kieffer was not recorded in this area. Culicoides showed opportunistic feeding behaviour as determined by host preference. The absence of SBV and BTV viral RNA correlates with the absence of clinical disease in the field during the time of sampling. These data are the direct outcome of a training programme within the Institutional Partnership Project “AMSAR: Arbovirus monitoring, research and surveillance-capacity building on mosquitoes and biting midges” funded by the programme SCOPES of the Swiss National Science Foundation.

Use of plant extracts is considered to be natural and effective preservation strategies for meat and dairy products since different essential oils (EOs) and their compounds exhibited strong antibacterial activity against pathogenic and spoilage bacteria in food model systems. Essential oils are volatile mixtures of different compounds and a number of these compounds exhibited significant antimicrobial properties when tested separately. Nevertheless, there are no sufficient data about the combined effect of these compounds. In the present study cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, p-cymene, oregano essential oil and their combinations were evaluated for antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Antibacterial activity was determined by measuring the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Both active compounds carvacrol and cinnamaldehyde exhibited great antibacterial activity against bacteria used in this test, while p-cymene did not exhibit antibacterial effect (MIC>5000 g/ml). The MlC of carvacrol was same for both bacteria (320 g/ml) while the MIC of cinnamaldehyde was 320 and 160 g/ml for E. coli and S. aureus. The antibacterial actir.ity of oregano EO shows an inhibition effect against E. coli and S. aureus with MIC of 320 and 640 g/ml. Although generally EOs are more effective against Gram-positive bacteria the results of the present study showed that both bacteria were equally sensitive to tested antibacterial agents with an exception of cinnamaldehyde that showed stronger antibacterial activity against S.aureus than against E. coli. However, mixtures of cinnamaldehyde with carvacrol did not show synergistic effects against E. coli and S. aureus. When used in combination of cinnamaldehyde 3% and carvacrol 2% antagonistic effect was observed (MIC=640 g/ml), while the combination of cinnamaldehyde in higher concentration (4%) and reduced levels of carvacrol (1%) had the same antibacterial effect as when tested separately (MIC=320 g/ml). The same was observed when combination of 4% of cinnamaldehyde and 1% of OEO was used. Upotreba etarskih ulja predstavlja prirodnu i efikasnu strategiju za konzerviranje proizvoda od mesa i mleka. Različita etarska ulja, kao i njihove aktivne komponente pokazala su antimikrobnu aktivnost prema velikom broju patogenih i bakterija uzrokovača kvara. Etarska ulja su volatilne smeše hemijski različitih jedinjenja. Veliki broj ovih jedinjenja poseduje antimikrobe osobine. Međutim, nema dovoljno podataka u literaturi o njihovom kombinovanom efektu. U ovom eksperimentu ispitavan je uticaj cinamaldehida, karvakrola, p-cimena, etarskog ulja origana i njihovih mešavina na Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 i Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Za ispitivanje antimikrobne aktivnosti etarskih ulja korišćena je metoda mikrodilucije i određene su minimalne inhibitorne koncentracije (MIC). Karvakrol i cinamaldehid pokazali su snažnu antibakterijsku aktivnost, dok pcymene nije ostvario antimikroban efekat (MIC>5000 g/ml). MIC karvakrola bila je ista za obe testirane bakterije (320 g/ml) dok je MIC cinamaldehida iznosila 320 g/ml za E. coli i 160 g/ml za S. aureus. Iako su Gram-pozitivne bakterije generalno osetljivije na dejstvo etarskih ulja, rezultati ovog ogleda pokazuju da su obe bakterije bile jednako osetljive na dejstvo svih ispitanih supstanci, sa izuzetkom cinamaldehida koji je ispoljio jaču antimikrobnu aktivnost prema S. aureus. Ipak, mešavine cinamaldehida i karvakrola nisu ispoljile sinergistički efekat prema testiranim bakterijama. Kombinacija 3% cinamaldehida i 2% karvakrola ispoljila je antagonistički efekat (MIC=640 g/ml), dok je kombinacija cinamaldehida u višoj koncentraciji (4%) i karvakrola u nižoj koncentraciji (1%) imala isti MIC kao ove supstance testirane zasebno (MIC=320 g/ml). Isti rezultati dobijeni su i kada je korišćena smeša 4% cinamaldehida i 1% etarskog ulja origana Zbornik kratkih sadržaja

Background/Aim. The main task of endodontic treatment is to eliminate pathologically altered tissue, to disinfect root canal space and to obtain its three-dimensional hermetic obturation.The main purpose of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial activity of new endodontic nano-structured highly active calcium silicates based materials albo-mineral plyoxide carbonate aggregate (ALBO-MPCA) and calcium silicates (CS) in comparison to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA+) and UltraCal XS (CH). Methods. The antimicrobial activity of materials was tested against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 14506) strains, and following clinical isolates: Rothia dentocariosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus anginosus and Streptococcus vestibularis using a double layer agar diffusion test. The pH measurements were performed using the pH meter. Total amount of released ions was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Results. All tested materials showed the best antibacterial potential after 1 h of incubation. After 3h and 24h of the incubation period, the antibacterial potential of all tested materials were similar. The Agar diffusion test showed that ALBO-MPCA, CS and MTA+ had similar inhibition zones (p > 0.05), except in the activity against Staphylococcus aureus where ALBO-MPCA showed better antimicrobial properties than MTA+ in 3h and 24h of the incubation period (p < 0.05). Following 24h of the incubation, the inhibition zones were the strongest with CH against Staphylococcus aureus (16.67 ± 2.34 mm) followed by ALBO-MPCA (14.67 ± 1.21 mm) and the weakest with CS against Enterococcus faecalis (6.50 ± 1.76 mm). CH showed the highest pH, followed by ALBO-MPCA, CS and MTA+. Conclusion. The expressed antibacterial effects indicate that materials based on nano-structured highly active calcium silicates represent effective therapeutic agents for root canal obturation in one-visit apexification treatment, therefore they are recommend for further examination and clinical trials as they are proposed for MTAsubstitution. Uvod/Cilj. Osnovni cilj endodonskog lečenja je eliminacija patološki izmenjenog tkiva, eliminacija infekcije korensko kanala i njegovo hermetičko trodimenzionalno zatvaranje. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se proceni antibakterijska aktivnost novih endodontskih nano-strukturiranih materijala na bazi visoko aktivnih kalcijum silikata albo-mineral polyoxide carbonate aggregate (ALBO-MPCA) i calcium silicates (CS) u odnosu na mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA+) i UltraCal XS (CH). Metode. Testirana je antibakterijska aktivnost materijala protiv Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) i Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 14506), kao i kliničkih izolata: Rothia dentocariosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus anginosus i Streptococcus vestibularis pomoću agar difuzionog testa. Merenja pH vrednosti obavljena su korišćenjem pH metra. Ukupan iznos oslobođenih jona određivan je pomoću ICP-OES. Rezultati. Svi testirani materijali pokazali su najbolji antibakterijski efekat nakon 1 h od inkubacije. Nakon 3 h i 24 h od inkubacije, antibakterijski efekat svih testiranih materijala bio je sličan. Agar difuzioni test pokazao je da materijali ALBOMPCA, CS i MTA+ ispoljavaju slične zone inhibicije rasta (p > 0.05) osim u slučaju Staphylococcus aureus, gde je materijal ALBO-MPCA pokazao bolje antibakterijsko dejstvo nego MTA+ nakon 3 h i 24 h od inkubacije (p < 0.05). Nakon 24 h od inkubacije, zone inhibicije su bile najizraženije u slučaju materijala CS protiv Staphylococcus aureus (16.67 ± 2.34 mm), zatim ALBO-MPCA (14.67 ± 1.21 mm), a najslabije u slučaju CS protiv Enterococcus faecalis (6.50±1.76 mm). Materijal CH ispoljio je najveću pH vrednost, zatim ALBOMPCA, CS i MTA+. Zaključak. Ispoljeni antibakterijski efekti ukazuju na to da materijali na bazi visoko aktivnih kalcijum silikata mogu da predstavljaju efikasnu zamenu za MTA u terapiji zuba sa nezavršenim rastom korena u jednoj poseti, te se stoga preporučuju za dalja klinička ispitivanja.

Проналазак антимикробних лекова сврстава се у десет највећих подухвата људског рода XX века. На тему лечења инфекција интересовање за одабир адекватних активних супстанци за спровођење терапије не јењава од овог историјског почетка, а нажалост, врло брзо након увођења нових препарата описивана је и резистенција према истим. Заправо, интересовање за сазнањима и распрострањеношћу резистентних бактерија је повећано увођењем система једног здравља и организованог надзора на осетљивост и резистенцију према антимимикробним лековима. Адекватна примена лечења и одабира лекова у терапији почиње од тумачења антибиограма. Антибиограм представља профил антимикробне осетљивости одређеног изолата, на основу кога се у сваком појединачном случају, врши избор антибиотика за терапирање. Избор антибиотика за оређени изолат најчешће је приказан у стандардима за антимикробну терапију. Најпознатији стандари проистичу из великих комитета као што су Европски (EUCAST) или Амерички (CLSI) а постоје и други, национални стандарди одређених држава (нпр. Француска или Велика Британија). На основу резултата већег броја истраживања долази се до тога који антибиотици се у датом случају могу проценити као повољан а који као неповољан избор на основу изолата и патолошког материјала достављеног на анализу. Најчешће грешке при емпиријском лечењу инфекција најчешће леже у примени неадекватног лека који не делује на узрочника инфекције или делује незадовољавајуће. Из овог разлога је потребно скренути пажњу на адекватно тумачење антибиограма. The finding of antimicrobials is ranked among the ten greatest achievements of the human race of the 20th century. Since historical beginning, the interest in selecting adequate active substances for the implementation of infection therapy and unfortunately, very soon after the introduction of new principles, the resistance to them was described. In fact, the interest in the knowledge and the prevalence of resistant bacteria has been increased by the introduction of a OneHealth system and the organized monitoring of susceptibility and resistance of bacteria toward antimicrobial drugs. Adequate application of treatment and selection of drugs in therapy begins with the interpretation of antibiotibigram. Antibiogram is the profile of the antimicrobial sensitivity of a particular isolate, based on in each individual case, antibiotic therapy is chosen. The selection of antibiotic for particular isolate is most often shown in the standards for antimicrobial therapy. The most well-known standards come from large committees such as European (EUCAST) or American (CLSI), and there are other, national standards of certain countries (e.g. France or Great Britain). Based on the results of a large number of studies, it comes to what antibiotics can be administered in the given case and which are an unfavorable choice based on isolates and pathological material submitted for analysis. The most common mistakes in the empirical treatment of infections are most often found in the use of an inadequate drug that does not act on the cause of the infection or its action is unsatisfactory. For this reason, it is necessary to pay attention to the adequate interpretation of the antibiogram. Zbornik kratkih sadržaja

Биофилм представља заједницу бактеријских ћелија, које су адхериране за површину и уроњене у екстрацелуларну полимерну супстанцу, коју саме синтетишу. Коагулаза позитивне стафилококе, узрочници субклиничких и клиничких маститиса, имају способност да стварају биофилмове, који су препознати као важан фактор вируленције стафилокока. Механизми стафилокока за стварање биофилмова су сложени и обухватају учешће различитих врста протеина и великог броја гена. Способност стварања биофилма je jедан oд разлога неуспеха терапије маститиса због немогућности да антимикробни лек продре до узрочника, који су везани за подлогу, на тај начин доприносећи настанку перзистентних инфекција млечне жлезде. Циљ овог рада је био да се испита способост изолата коагулаза позитивних стафило- кока да стварају биофилмове. Материјал је представљало 37 изолата коагулаза позитивних стафилокока из млека од којих је 29 изоловано током рутинског прегледа млека у току лактације и 8 изолата, који су изоловани бактерио- лошким прегледом млека на узрочнике маститиса. Идентификација изолата је вршена испитивањем фенотипских карактеристика (макромор-фологија, микроморфологија, стварање хемолизе и пигмента) и коагулаза теста. За испитивање способности изолата да ставарају биофилм су коришћене Congo Red Agar метода и Crystal Violet метода на микротитар плочама. Oд 37 изолата коагулаза позитивних стафилокока 33 (89%) је показало способност стварања слузи, од којих су 24 (65%) позитивни продуценти, а 9 (24%) изолата су сумњиви због одсуства суве морфологије колонија, док 4 (11%) изолата нису стварала слуз на CR агару. Мерењем екстинкције највећи број 19 (49%) изолата су били јаки продуценти, 8 (22%) изолата осредњи, 6 (16%) изолата су били изузетно јаки продуценти биофилма, а само 4 (11%) изолата није стварало биофилм. Ниједан од изолата негативних на стварање слузи није дао екстинкције на микротитар плочама, односно није имао способност стварања биофилма. Мониторинг способности стафилокока, узрочника маститиса, да стварају биофилм може да нам да нове идеје, или стратегију за превенцију или ефикаснију терапију маститиса крава. Biofilm represents a community of bacterial cells, which are attached to a surface and aggregated by an extracellular polymer substance, which they alone synthetise. Coagulase positive staphylococci, causative agents of sub-clinical and clinical mastitis, have the ability to produce biofilms, which are recognized as an important virulence factor of staphylococci. The mechanisms of staphylococci to form biofilms are complex and involve the participation of different types of proteins and a large number of genes. The ability to form biofilm is one of the reasons for unsuccessful mastitis therap, because of the inability of antimicrobial drugs to penetrate to the causative agents which are attached to a surface, thereby contributing to the occurrence of persistent mammary gland infections.The aim of this study was to examine the ability of coagulase positive staphylococci isolates to produce biofilms. The material represented 37 isolates of coagulase positive staphylococci from milk, of which 29 were isolated during routine examination of milk during lactation and 8 isolates, isolated by bacteriological examination of milk on mastitis causative agents. Identification of the isolates was carried out by examining the phenotypic characteristics (macromorphology, micromorphology, hemolysis and pigmentation) and the coagulase test. The Congo Red Agar method and the Crystal Violet method on the microtiter plates were used to test the ability of the isolates to form biofilm. Out of 37 coagulase-positive staphylococci isolates, 33 (89%) showed the ability to produce slime, of which 24 (65%) were positive producers, and 9 (24%) isolates were suspicious due to the absence of dry morphology of colonies, while 4 (11%) isolates did not produce slime on the CR agar. The measuring of extinctions showed that the largest number 19 (49%) isolates were strong producers, 8 (22%) isolates were intermediate, 6 (16%) isolates were extremely strong biofilm producers, and only 4 (11%) isolates did not produce biofilm. None of isolates naegative slime producers did not show extinctions on microtiter plates, ie showed the biofilm forming ability. Monitoring the biofilm forming ability of staphilococci causing mastitis may provide new ideas or strategy for the prevention or more efficient treatment of bovine mastitis. Zbornik kratkih sadržaja

U proizvodnji mleka oboljenja mlečne žlezde imaju veliki značaj. Mastitisi nastaju kao odgovor vimena na infekciju mikroorganizmima, a predstavljaju jednu od najčešćih i najskupljih bolesti stada muznih grla širom sveta. Bakterije roda Pseudomonas su normalno rasprostranjene u vodi, zemljištu i spoljašnjoj sredini. Kao infektivni agens mastitisa mogu da izazovu infekcije u klinički izraženom ili supkliničkom obliku. Obično se javljaju sporadično, ali mogu da izazovu i ozbiljne probleme u stadu. Stepen infekcije sa Pseudomonas aeruginosa u stadima muznih krava se kreće oko 1%, retko preko 3%, dok tok infekcije varira od iznenadnih, akutnih, životno ugrožavajućih kliničkih slučajeva do nekliničkih infekcija, a moguć je i slučajan nalaza u mleku usled kontaminacije iz spoljne sredine i nepravilnog uzorkovanja. Većina sojeva P. aeruginosa poseduje tip III sekrecioni sistem (TTSS), koji dovodi do povećanja broja somatskih ćelija u mleku i ponovljeno izlaganje malom broju bakterija može da izazove hronične, nekliničke infekcije. Minimalni nutritivni zahtevi P. aeruginosa, sposobnost da lako raste u tlu i vodi, kao i intrizična otpornost na hemijska sredstva za dezinfekciju i antimikrobne lekove, doprinose stanovištu da je eliminisanje ovog mikroorganizma iz sredine praktično neizvodljivo. Kontrolisanje Pseudomonas spp. sa druge strane predstavlja ozbiljan izazov, jer ima sposobnost da stvara biofilmove čime se održava u kontaminiranoj sredini opremi za mužu, a posebno je bitno naglasiti da se značajno umanjuje efikasnost antibiotika pri terapiji mastitisa. Cilj ovog rada da se ukaže na značaj bakterija roda Pseudomonas i najznačajnijeg predstavnika P. aeruginosa kao uzročnika mastitisa, izvore infekcije u stadima muznih životinja, kao i mere kontrole i prevencije nastajanja infekcija. Proceedings

The genus Pseudomonas includes gram-negative bacilli, not requiring nutrient compounds necessary for growth and due to its relatively large genome and flexible metabolic capabilities, this organism exploits numerous environmental niches. They are often isolated from food, soil, manure and animal skin. It is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause acute, or chronic infections of various mammalian hosts and their organs due to the ability to form a wide spectrum of virulence factors.. Pseudomonas species grow well on bacterial media and often produce pigments, such as P. aeruginosa-thermostable blue-green pigment (pyocyanin) and P. flurescens-greenish-yellow pigment fluorescin. From the view point of milk hygiene the importance of this psychotrophic organism is, even it is destroyed by the pasteurization process, ability to synthesize thermostable metabolic products and enzymes that cause spoilage of milk products. As an infectious agent, can cause mastitis in a clinically expressed or subclinic form in cows. Usually they occur sporadically, but they can cause serious problems in the herd. Since, the ability to form biofilm presents a significant virulence factor for the establishment of persistent mammary gland infections, and a biofilm protects the bacterial community from antimicrobial drugs reducing the success of antimicrobial therapy, presenting a constant source of contamination, we decided to examine the biofilm abbility in Pseudomonas spp. from milk. A total of 59 isolates from bulk tank milk (

Производња и потрошња конзумних јаја и меса живине је у сталном порасту како у Републици Србији тако и у свету. Микробиолошко испитивање приплодних и конзумних јаја спроводи се ради усмеравања ветеринарских и зоотехничких мера у производњи са циљем заштите здравља животиња и људи. Контаминација снесених јаја различитим врстама микроорганизама настаје најчешће из спољне средине. Јаја су због свог хемијског састава добар медијум за развој различите микрофлоре укључујући патогене микроорганизме. Контаминација приплодних јаја гљивицама има директан утицај на контаминацију инкубатора, развој и виталност ембриона, проценат лежења пилића и развој болести у јатима. До контаминација јаја долази како у објектима са живином тако и током транспорта и лагеровања јаја. Извори гљивица у живинарском објекту су различити: простирка, храна, ваздух, амбалажа и сл. У живинарским објектима могуће је наћи 104-1012 спора у m3 ваздуха у зависности од начина смештаја, старости јата густине насељености, врсте, облика (брашно, пелете) и квалитета хране. Материјал за рад је представљало 288 узорака прикупљених у периоду од 2016- 2017. године. Гљивице су изоловане класичним микробиолошким засејавањем на Sabouraud агар уз идентификацију на основу морфолошких и фенотипских особина. Резултати су показали да је од 288 збирних узорака позитивних на испитивање присуства гљивица највише било узорака лешева јенодневих пилића (46,96%) а затим: јаја (15,79%), подлошки (17,77%), органа (12,96%), брисева (10,12%) и простирки (0,40%). По врстама је најзаступљенија домаћа кокош са 93% узорака, а затим следе фазани (7,30%), лабудови (1%) и ћурке (0,7%). Описано је 159 изолата од којих је за 135 (84,91%) изолата извршена идентификација само до нивоа рода Aspergillus, а 9 (5,66%) изолата је идентификовано каоA.niger, 6 (3,77%) изолата као A.flavus, 8 (5,03%) изолата као Mucor sp. и 1 (0,63%) изолат као Penicillium sp. Због могућих последица услед присуства патогених гљивица у инкубаторским објектима, које се огледају у низу симптома, од смрти ембриона, смањења отпорности до ширења инфекције у ваљаонику треба интензивно примењивати зоотехничке мере, које утичу на смањење контаминације. The production and consumption of eggs and poultry meat is in the constant growth both in the Republic of Sebia and in the world. The microbiological load of breeding and table eggs is carried out in order to direct veterinary and zootechnical measures in framing with the aim of protecting the health of animals and humans. Contamination of the eggs originates from various types of microorganisms, and occurs most often from the environment. Due to eggs chemical content they represent an ideal medium for the development of different microflora including pathogenic microorganisms. Contamination of breeding eggs with fungi has a direct relationship with the pollution of the incubator, the development and vitality of embryos, the percentage of laying chickens and the development of diseases in flocks. Contamination of eggs occurs in flock surrounding,as well, during the transport and storage of eggs. The sources of fungi are various such as mats, food, air, packaging, etc. In poultry farms it is possible to find up to 104-1012 spores in m3 of air depending on the way of accommodation, age of flock, population density, quality and type of food (powder, pellets). Мaterial represented samples colected during the period from 2016 – 2017 year. The fungi were isolated by classical microbiological procedure on the Sabouraud agar followed by identification based on morphological and phenotypic characteristics. Our results showed that 288 group samples were positive for the presence of fungi and the highest number of samples were one day chicks corpses (46.96%), followed by eggs (15.79%), transport plates (17.77%), organs (12.96%), swabs (10.12%) and floor samples (0.40%). By species, the most common were domestic chickens with 93% of the samples, followed by pheasants (7.30%), swans (1%) and turkeys (0.7%). Of the total number of positive group samples, 159 isolates were described and amoung them in 135 (84.91%) isolates, identification was performed only up to the Aspergillus genus., 9 (5.66%) isolates were identified as A. niger, 6 (3.77%)isolates were identified as A. flavus, 8 (5.03%) isolates as Mucor sp. and 1 (0.63%) isoalte as Penicillium sp. Since the consequences of the presence of pathogenic fungi in the incubatory objects can be followed by series symptoms, from the death of embryos, reduction in resistance to spreading infection in the roller, zootchnical measures should be intensively applied reduceing the contamination. Zbornik kratkih sadržaja

Učestalost pojave mastitisa zavisi od načina držanja, eksploatacije muznih grla i higijene postupka dobijanja mleka. U tehnologiji držanja muznih životinja svi faktori imaju podjednak značaj. Loša nega, neizbalansirana, nepravilna ishrana i nepravilna muža, tehnički neispravna oprema za mužu deluju kao stres i utiču na učestalost pojavljivanja i trajanja mastitisa. Odnos kliničkih i subkliničkih mastitisa je 1:4, odnosno 2-3%, što ukazuje na značaj subkliničkih mastitisa. Najčešći uzročnici subkliničkih mastitisa (u 90% slučajeva) su: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae i Streptococcus uberis. Subklinički mastitisi se ne manifestuju vidljivim kliničkim simptomima što otežava dijagnostiku. Dijagnoza subkliničkog mastitisa se postavlja bakteriološkim pregledom mleka na uzročnike mastitisa i određivanjem broja somatskih ćelija. Cilj ovog rada je bio da se ispita učestalost pojave subkliničkih mastitisa na jednoj farmi u Vojvodini gde se krave drže u vezanom sistemu, a muža izvodi mašinski. Materjal je predstavljalo 100 uzoraka mleka iz pojedinačnih četvrti od 25 krava. Uzorci mleka su uzeti aseptično posle indirektnog određivanja broja somatskih ćelija Kalifornija mastitis testom(CMT). Za izolaciju uzročnika mastitisa je korišćena tehnika zasejavanja na krvni agara, a identifikacija izvršena ispitivanjem makromorfoloških, mikromorfoloških i biohemijskih osobina izolata. Rezltati su pokazali da je od 25 krava kod 5 (20%) krava izolovan Staphylococcus aureus iz mleka jedne,ili 2 četvrti, kod 1 (4%) krave Streptococcus agalactiae iz jedne četvrti i kod 1 (4%) krave dokazana je Candida spp. u 1 četvrti. Nalaz Enterococcus spp. u mleku 1, odnosno 2 četvrti kod 2 (8%) krave ukazuje na lošu higijenu, jer se ovi mikroorganizmi mogu naći u organskoj materiji, prostirci, silaži i biljkama, kojom se hrane muzne životinje. Poboljšanjem uslova higijene držanja, muže, dezinfekcijom papila pre i posle muže, higijene ruku muzača i opreme za mužu, kao i lečenjem subkliničkih mastitisa na osnovu antibiograma u periodu zasušenja može se uticati na smanjenje pojave subkliničkih mastitisa i posledično tome ekonomskih gubitaka, koje oni izazivaju. Zbornik radova

This thesis is the result of the project “Norwegian, Bosnian, and Serbian cooperation platform for university and industry ICT R&D – NORBAS”. Industrial wireless networks operate in harsher and noisier environments compared to traditional wireless networks, while demanding high reliability and low latency. These requirements, combined with the constant need for better coverage, higher data rates and overall seamless user experience call for a paradigm shift in communication in regards to the previous generations of technologies used. Cooperative diversity is one such approach. The main focus of this thesis is on the performance analysis of cooperative wireless networks set in industrial environments – where the network, apart from additive white Gaussian noise, is subject to multipath fading and shadowing, and/or temporary random blockage effects. In these scenarios, in order to achieve specific performance metrics such as error rates or outage probabilities, existing cooperative strategies are aided by protocols in the channel between the cooperating nodes. Moreover, pair-wise analysis investigates the correlation of multiple data flows. Building upon existing repetition protocols, outage performance of a network subject to fading and shadowing is observed, and the effects of fading and shadowing severity, network dimension, average signal-to-noise ratio values and packet length are discussed. Special cases are also observed, in which the composite fading channel is reduced to several familiar propagation environments, unifying the analysis. Afterwards, the analysis of more complex protocols is presented, taking into account random blockage in the channels between cooperating nodes. A novel, threshold-based internode protocol is introduced, which improves performance by listening to the transmissions and choosing whether to send a packet immediately or after a waiting period. As these two periods are close, the effect of temporal correlation is also investigated. Apart from the exact outage probability expressions, simpler asymptotic expressions, with and without blockage, are derived as well, giving a better insight on the network behaviour at high average signal-to-noise ratio regimes. Both outage probability and packet error rate can be also improved by adding automatic repeat request schemes in the channel between cooperating nodes, which again utilize the internode channels by re-sending data until it can be successfully decoded. Error-free communication can be achieved, but at a delay cost. Nevertheless, a trade-off between performance gains and delays remains, and can therefore be used for designing wireless networks with different requirements – error-free or low-latency. Finally, joint outage performance is investigated. Using a generic approach, which can be applied to any sort of data where multiple sources are communicating over wireless networks, pair-wise behaviour is investigated. As a result, any multi-route diversity type of scheme will have this sort of behaviour, since particular point-to-point relay links are being shared by source nodes. This in turn means that the performance of those flows will be correlated. For higher layers, there is a difference in the behaviour, meaning that when errors are correlated, data flows start behaving correlated as well. As a result, negative acknowledgements may start to correlate as well. All of this contributes to the network behaving in a correlated way, i.e., when something happens, it tends to happen to more than one data flow. Rezime: Industrijske bežične mreže zahtevaju rad u težim i bučnijim uslovima u odnosu na tradicionalne bežične mreže, dok takođe zadržavaju zahteve visoke pouzdanosti i malog kašnjenja. Ovi zahtevi, zajedno sa konstantnom potrebom za većim propusnim opsegom, boljom pokrivenošću, većom brzinom prenosa podataka i generalno boljom i neprekidnom vezom poziva na promenu paradigme u komunikaciji u odnosu na tehnologije ranijih generacija. Kooperativni diverziti predstavlja jedan pristup kojim je to moguće postići. Glavna tema ove disertacije jeste analiza performansi kooperativnih bežičnih mreža smeštenih u industrijskom okruženju – gde je mreža, pored aditivnog Gausovog šuma podložna i fedingu usled višestruke propagacije, efektima senki i/ili privremenim slučajnim efektima blokade. U ovakvim scenarijima, da bi se postigle određene perfomanse, izražene preko verovatnoće greške ili verovatnoće prekida, postojećim kooperativnin strategijama pomažu i protokoli u kanalu između kooperirajućih čvorova. Takođe, analiza para čvorova govori nam o korelaciji više tokova podataka. Polazeći od postojećih protokola koji koriste ponavljanje paketa, posmatra se verovatnoća prekida čvora u bežičnoj mreži koja je podložna efektima fedinga i senki, i istražuje se uticaj efekata dubine fedinga i senke, dimenzije mreže, srednjeg odnosa signal-šum, kao i dužine paketa na verovatnoću prekida. Posmatraju se takođe i specijalni slučajevi, kada se kompozitni feding kanal svodi na nekoliko poznatih propagacionih modela, i na taj način se analiza upotpunjuje. Nakon toga, predstavljena je analiza kompleksnijeg protokola, koja uzima u obzir blokadu u kanalu između kooperirajućih čvorova. Uveden je novi protokol u komunikaciji između čvorova baziran na pragu odlučivanja, koji poboljšava performanse tako što osluškuje kanal, i na osnovu stanja kanala šalje svoj paket ili odmah, ili posle čekanja. Budući da su ova dva vremenska intervala bliska, efekat vremenske korelacije je takođe razmatran. Pored izvedenih tačnih izraza za verovatnoću prekida, jednostavniji asimptotski izrazi su takođe izvedeni za slučajeve sa i bez blokade, dajući bolji uvid u ponašanje mreže u režimu velikog odnosa signal-šum. Performanse kao što su verovatnoća prekida i verovatnoća greške po paketu se takođe mogu poboljšati uvođenjem procedura automatske retransmisije, tako što se u kanalu između čvorova ponovo šalju paketi dok se uspešno ne dekoduju. Komunikacija bez greške se može ostvariti ali po ceni većeg kašnjenja. U svakom slučaju, kompromis između performansi i kašnjenja se može ostvariti, i može se iskoristiti za projektovanje bežičnih mreža različitih namena – mrežama sa komunikacijom bez grešaka ili sa malim kašnjenjem. Konačno, istražena je istovremena verovatnoća prekida više čvorova. Koristeći jednostavan pristup koji se može primeniti na bilo koji tip komunikacije sa više čvorova unutar bežične mreže, istraženo je ponašanje grupe od dva čvora. Bilo koji tip diverziti šeme sa više putanja pokazaće ovakvo ponašanje, jer više izvorišnih čvorova dele pojedinačne linkove od tačke do tačke. To znači da će performanse tokova podataka koji potiču od ovih izvorišnih čvorova biti korelisane. Na višim slojevima, javlja se promena u ponašanju mreže, jer kada su greške korelisane, onda i tokovi podataka od različitih izvorišnih čvorova postaju korelisani. Sve ovo doprinosi da se mreža ponaša korelisano, tj. kada se nešto desi, desiće se istovremeno za više tokova podataka.

Oksidativni stres se dovodi u vezu sa pojavom poremećaja zdravstvenog stanja muznih krava kao što su mastitisi, zaostajanje posteljice i edem mlečne žlezde. Imajući u vidu da štete usled pojave mastitsa i smanjenja sekrecije predstavljaju oko 70% svih gubitaka u proizvodnji mleka cilj ovog preglednog rada je da ukaže na značaj oksidativnog stresa i pojave mastitisa kod krava. Mastitis može da izazove povećano stvaranja slobodnih radikala u mleku, dovodeći do oksidativnog stresa naročito na početku laktacije. Do pojave oksidativnog stresa dolazi kada je stvaranje reaktivnih oksidativnih matabolita veće od antikosidativnog kapaciteta ćelija, tkiva, ili tela. Prema definiciji slobodni radilkali su atomi, joni, grupa atoma, ili molekula sa jednom, ili više nesparenih elektrona u spoljašnjoj atomskoj, ili molekulskoj orbitali. Ti nespareni elektroni čine slobodne radikale vrlo nestabilnim i rekativnim. Slobodni radikali obuhvataju 3 klase: reaktivne kiseonične grupe (Rreactive Oxyen Species-ROS), reaktivne azotne vrste (Reactive Nitrogen Species-RNS) i nereaktivne radikalske agense. Oba oblika mastitisa, subklinički i klinički se dovode u vezu sa oslobađanjem slobodnih radikala, povećanjem oksidativnog kapaciteta i smanjenjem antioksidativnog kapaciteteta mleka. Jedan od faktora koji doprinose povećanju stvaranja slobodnih radikala u mleku životinja obolelih od mastitisa je povećanje broja somatskih ćelija (neutrofila, makrofaga, limfocita, eozinofila) i epitelnih ćelija poreklom iz mlečne žlezde. Drugi faktor je povećanje citokina i molekula kao što je NO-. Odsustvo adekvatne kontrole nakupljanja slobodnih radikala u metabolički aktivnim tkivima ima za posledicu oksidativni stres i poremećaj zdravstvenog stanja visoko produktivnih muznih krava. Bolje razumevanje i sagledavanje oksidativnog stresa, zatim kako antioksidansi mogu da preveniraju disfunkciju imunološkog sistema i oksidatvna oštećenja tkiva domaćina, mogu da doprinesu efikasnijoj strategiji u borbi protiv mastitisa krava. Zbornik radova

West Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic flavivirus whose transmission cycle in nature includes wild birds as amplifying hosts and ornithophilic mosquito vectors. Bridge vectors can transmit WNV to mammal species potentially causing West Nile Fever. Wild bird migration is a mode of WNV introduction into new areas. The Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve (DDBR) is a major stopover of wild birds migrating between Europe and Africa. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of WNV in the DDBR during the 2016 transmission season in wild birds and mosquitoes. Blood from 68 wild birds (nine different species) trapped at four different locations was analyzed by competitive ELISA and Virus Neutralization Test (VNT), revealing positive results in 8/68 (11.8%) of the wild birds by ELISA of which six samples (three from juvenile birds) were confirmed seropositive by VNT. Mosquitoes (n = 6523, 5 genera) were trapped with CDC Mini Light traps at two locations and in one location resting mosquitoes were caught. The presence of WNV RNA was tested in 134 pools by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). None of the pools was positive for WNV-specific RNA. Based on the obtained results, WNV was circulating in the DDBR during 2016.

taphylococcus aureus predstavlja jednog od najznaĉajnijih uzroĉnika mastitisa krava, koji dovodi do velikih zdravstvenih problema i ekonomskih gubitaka u proizvodnji mleka. Imajući u vidu sve prisutniju rezistenciju prema antibioticima sojeva S. aureus izolovanih kod mastitisa, odnosno zabranjenu ili ograniĉenu upotrebu antibiotika u organskoj proizvodnji, etarska ulja imaju sve veći znaĉaj u terapiji obolelih grla. Cilj ovog istraţivanja je bio da se ispita: antibakterijsko delovanje odabranih komponenti etarskih ulja: karvakrola, eugenola, cinamaldehida i timola na sojeve S. aureus izolovanih u sluĉajevima supkliniĉkih mastitisa krava, njihovo sinergistiĉko delovanje u teĉnoj kulturi, kao i delovanje na biofilm S. aureus. Za ispitivanja na kliniĉkim izolatima, korišćeni su uzorci prikupljeni u toku redovne kontrole sa podruĉija koje obuhvata 8500 mleĉnih grla, holštajn-frizijske rase. Osim kliniĉkih izolata u radu su korišćeni i referentni sojevi S. aureus ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) 25923 i meticilin rezistentni S. aureus ATCC 43300. Kao kontrolni soj za produkciju biofilma korišćen je izolat S. aureus sa Instituta za mikrobiologiju, Medicinskog fakulteta, Univerziteta u Beogradu. Da bi se postigli postavljeni ciljevi korišćene su i klasiĉne mikrobiološke metode izolacije identifikacije S. aureus, kao i PCR metoda molekularne detekcije: nuc gena za proizvodnju termostabilne nukleaze koji se pojavljuje u razliĉitim alelnim formama kod S. aureus, S. intermedius i S. hyicus, na ĉemu se zasniva identifikacija vrste, zatim coa gena za produkciju koagulaze i ica A i D alelne forme gena koji kodira produkciju biofilma. Disk difuzionom metodom ispitivana je osetljivost izolata na antimikrobne supstance, zastupljene u terapiji mastitisa u Srbiji. Metodom odreĊivanja minimalnih inhibitornih i baktericidnih koncentracija antimikrobnih supstanci odreĊema je osetljivost izlata S. aureus prema aktivnim komponentama etarskih ulja karvakrola, eugenola, cinamaldehida i timola u koncentracijama od 2560μg/ml do 1,25μg/ml i kontrolnim antibioticima linkomicinu, neomicinu i kloksacilinu. OdreĊivanje meĊusobnog odnosa na antimikrobno dejstvo aktivnih komponenti u vršeno je modifikovanom metodom šahovske table, dok je odreĊivanje duţine antibakterijskog delovanja izvršeno time – kill metodom u mleku u trajanju od 14 dana uz tri dodatne inokulacije bakterija 2., 4. i 6. dana ispitivanja... Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important causes of cow mastitis that leads to major health problems and economic losses in milk production. Essential oils and their active components are gaining importance in the treatment of mastitis patients due to growing antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus strains, as well as due to prohibited or limited use of antibiotics in organic production. The aim of this study was to examine: antibacterial activity of selected essential oil components: carvacrol, eugenol, thymol and cinnamaldehyde on S. aureus isolated in cases of subclinical mastitis in cows, their synergistic effects, and the effect on the S. aureus biofilm. To achieve these goals, clinical isolates were used, collected during regular checkups in the areas covered by 8500 dairy cattle of the Holstein-Friesian breed. Beside clinical isolates reference strains of S. aureus ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) 25923 and meticillin-resistant S. aureus ATCC 43300 have been used. Control used for the production of S. aureus biofilm was the strain from the Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade. In order to reach the set objectives, classical microbiological methods of isolation and identification of S. aureus were used as well as the PCR methods of molecular genetic detection: nuc gene for the production of thermostable nuclease that appears in different allelic forms in S. aureus, S. intermedius, and S. hyicus, which is used for identification species, then coa genes for the production of coagulase, and ica A and D allelic forms of the gene coding the production of a biofilm. Disk diffusion method was used in testing of the isolates’ sensitivity to antimicrobial substances, present in the treatment of mastitis in Serbia. Determining the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of antimicrobial substances was used to describe S. aureus isolates to the active components of essential oils: carvacrol, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde and thymol in a concentration of 2560μg / ml to 1,25μg / ml and control antibiotics as well lincomycin, neomycin and cloxacillin. Determination of influence between the antimicrobial activities of active components was performed by chessboard modified method, while the length of antibacterial activity was tested by time - kill method in milk for 14 days with three additional reinoculation of bacteria on the 2nd, 4th and 6th days of testing...

Mastitisi koza su u osnovi slični mastitisima, koji se javljaju kod ovaca i krava. Mogu da se jave kao akutni i hronični kataralni galaktoforitiisi i teški akutni oblici (mastitis acuta gravis). Po obliku mogu biti klinički i subklinički. Izvor infekcije mogu da budu obolelo vime i okolina. Uzročnici mastitisa dospevaju u vime galaktogeno, limfogeno i hematogeno. Kao uzročnici mastitisa koza navode se: koagulaza-negativne stafilokoke, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Str.uberis, Str.dysgalactiae, Str. caprae, Mycoplasma capricolum, koliformni mikroorganizmi (E.coli), Pseudomonas aeriginosa i Clostridium spp. Prema podacima iz literature kao najčešći uzročnici subkliničkih mastitisa kod koza navode se koagulaza negativne stafilokoke. U dijagnostici problem može da predstavlja razlikovanje stafilokoka, koje su kod sojeva koagulaza negativne i mikrokoka. Mikroorganizmi iz roda Micrococcus su gram-pozitivne koke u tetradama, katalaza pozitivne, oksidaza pozitivne i koagulaza negativne. Od stafilokoka se razlikuju oksido-redukcionim testom. Mikorokoke su aerobi razlažu šećere iz podloge oksidativno, dok su stafilokoke aerobi i fakultativni anaerobi pa šećere razlažu oksidativno i fermentativno. Materijal je predstavljalo mleko aseptično uzeto iz obe polovine vimena koze, koja se ručno muze. Zasejavanje uzoraka je izvršeno na krvni agar, koji je inkubisan pri 37°C 24-48h. Ispitivanjem makromorfoloških, mikromorfoloških i biohemijskih osobina izolat je identifikovan kao Micrococcus spp. Dijagnoza je postavljena na osnovu bakteriološkog pregleda. Rezultati antibiograma su pokazali da je izolat osetljiv na Augmentin, Orbenin, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin,Tetracicline. Pravilnom higijenom pri muži, načinom držanja i uzgojem koza, mogu izbeći uzroci koji dovode do pojave mastitisa, a posledično tome i ekonomske štete. Mastitis in goats are basically similar to mastitis, which occurs in sheep and cows. They may appear as acute and chronic catarrhal galactophoritis and severe acute forms (Mastitis acuta gravis). According to the form can be clinical and subclinical. Source of infection may be infected udder and the environment. The pathogens pass to the mammary gland via galactogenous, lymphatogenous and hematogenous way. As a causes of mastitis in goat are cited: coagulase-negative staphylococci (including Staphylococcus aureus), Streptococcus agalactiae, Str.uberis, Str.dysgalactiae, Str. caprae, Mycoplasma capricolum, coliform microorganisms (E. coli), Pseudomonas and Clostridium spp. The difficulties in diagnosis may represent differentiation of staphylococci, whose as caprine isolates are coagulase negative from micrococci. The microorganisms of the genus Micrococcus are gram-positive cocci in tetrads, catalase-positive, oxidase-positive and coagulase-negative. From staphylococci differ by oxidation-reduction test. Mikrococci are strict aeorobes, fermenting oxidatively sugars from the substrate, while staphylococci are aerobes and facultative anaerobes, sugars ferment oxidatively and fermentatively. The material were samples aseptically taken from both halves of the goat udder, hand-milking.. Samples were plated on blood agar plates incubated at 37°C 24-48h. By determination of macromorphologicall, micromorphological and biochemical characteristics isolate were identified as Micrococcus spp. The diagnosis was based on bacteriological examination. The results of antibiogram showed that isolate sensitive Augmentin, Orbenin, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin,Tetracicline. Proper hygiene in milking, keeping and breeding goats, can avoid the causes that lead to mastitis, and consequently to economic costs. Zbornik predavanja

Salmonella is a pathogen of public concern causing health and economic problems worldwide. Salmonella Enteritidis and Salmonella Typhimurium are the serotypes most commonly recognized as causes of human salmonellosis, which is why research is mainly dedicated to prevention or inhibition of these frequently reported serotypes, while less attention is dedicated to the uncommon Salmonella serotypes. Outbreaks of salmonellosis caused by rarer subspecies of Salmonella are increasing, which is why their control is needed. Essential oils derived from plants have gained attention mainly due to their antibacterial properties and potential to be used as a replacement for synthetic additives in the food industry. To the best of our knowledge, there are no literature data about the effect of essential oils on Salmonella Give. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of thyme and oregano essential oils and thymol, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and eugenol on Salmonella Senftenberg and Salmonella Give. Results showed that there were no differences between the susceptibility of the examined Salmonella serovars to these essential oils and active compounds. Oregano essential oil, thymol and carvacrol exhibited greater antibacterial activity, followed by cinnamaldehyde, while the Salmonella serovars examined were most resistant to the effect of eugenol.

Sir kao namirnica, zbog svoje hranljive vrednosti,zauzima važno mesto u ishrani ljudi. U Republici Srbiji sirevi se proizvode u industrijskim pogonima,ali značajan deo se proizvodi u zanatskim pogonima, kao i u individualnim domaćinstvima. Na tržištu beogradskih pijaca su svakodnevno zastupljeni sirevi, koji se proizvode u individualnim domaćinstvima i potiču iz različitih geografskih lokaliteta u Republici Srbiji.Cilj rada je bio da se ispitaju fizičkohemijske karakteristike sireva na tržištu beogradskih pijaca.U uzorcima sireva su ispitani sledeći parametri: suva materija, mast u suvoj materiji, voda u bezmasnoj materiji, pH vrednost, aktivnost vode (aw) i sadržaj NaCl. Rezultati su pokazali da su svi ispitani uzorci sireva sa osam beogradskih pijaca pripadali grupi mekih sireva na osnovu sadržaja vode u bezmasnoj materiji(>67%). Od 83 ispitana uzorka najveći broj uzoraka sireva 40 (48,19%) je pripadao grupi punomasnih sireva, 32 (38,55%) grupi ekstramasnih,10 (12,05%) grupi polumasnih i 1 (1,20%) uzorak grupi niskomasnih sireva. Nijedan uzorak sira nije pripadao grupi obranih sireva. U pogledu senzornih karakteristika svi sirevi su odgovarali senzornim karakteristikama za tu vrstu sira. Zbornik radova

Pseudoeksfolijacije (PEH od eng. Pseudoexfoliation) predstavljaju čestu okularnu manifestaciju sistemskog oboljenja i jedan su od vodećih uzrokaa nastanka glaukoma. Pseudoeksfolijativni sindrom je poremećaj organizma koji karakteriše izmenjen sastav ekstracelularnog matriksa sa patološkim nakupljanjem fibrilarnog materijala u intra- i ekstra- ćelijskom tkiva organizma (pluća, jetra, srce, bubreg, žučna kesa, krvni sudovi, moždanice, oko, ekstraokularni mišići). U oku u kome su nastali hemodinamski poremećaji usled nakupljanja pseudoeksfolijacija i poremećaja protoka krvi u krvnim sudovima retine razvija se pseudoeksfolijativni glaukom. Pseudoexfoliation (PEX) is ocular manifestation of the systemic disease and one of themost common cause of glaucoma. PEX syndrome is disorder, characterized with extracellular tissue disorder with abnormal accumulation of fibrilar material in intra and extracellualr tissue of the body (lung, heart, kidney blood vessel , eye, extraocular muscles). PEX can produce hemodinamyc disorder in the eye, as also as in retinal blood vessel, so PEH glaucoma can be developed. Using known contents of the PEX fiber and reachable date of the fibrous tissue production, we explore the production process of the PEX. We measured ascorbic acid and nitric oxide concentrations in the humour aqueousus and sera of thepatients to prove oxidative stress conditions. For explanation of the PEX process production we measured evels of the proinfalmmatory and regulatory cytokines. Aqueous humour level of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-17 are increased in patients with early and late stage of PEX syndrome and PEX glaucoma, while IL-6 levels are increased in early stage of PEX syndrome and PEX glaucoma. Serum level of proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 is increased in patients with early and late stage of PEX syndrome. Aqueous humour level of regulatory cytokine TGF-β is increased in early stage of PEX syndrome. Early and late stage of PEX syndrome show increased level of PDGF. PEX glaucomatous patients have increased level of EGF, IL-8, and ITAC; but IGF levels were detected only in PEX glaucoma. Increased TGF-β level activates fibrous tissue production in early stage of PEX syndrome with later activities of PDGF, EGF and IL-8 in late stage of PEX syndrome. Fibrous tissue production is furthermore controlled with IGF, IL-8 and ITAC in PEX glaucoma stage. We used our results to make sheme for potential PEX production process. In the future, it will be interesting to investigate what the locus minoris of this process is, and where it can be interrupted.