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The advancement of technology and the accomplishments of Industry 4.0 have expanded the possibilities for research in the vision system of the industrial inspection sector, which are intelligent, widely connected, fully adaptable, autonomous, and fully accessible based on the IoT environment. This advancement precisely bridges the gap between machine vision and object dimension measurements. The main goal is to develop the system of the 3SMVI in the milling machine based on the camera system and lighting system to ensure the quality of the product. This study proposes the development of an automated smart system-based interpreter STEP-NC information for a machine vision inspection (3SMVI) for detecting and measuring the surface feature of Example 1 Part 21 of ISO 14649 standard. This presents a 3SMVI development architecture that will guide the advancement with 3SMVI of the current Intelitek proLIGHT CNC milling machine. A standardised architectural 3SMVI platform is created. On that basis, machine tools, physical processes, real database range, operating units, and intelligent computer technologies are interconnected through a broad range of networks, including Wi-Fi and wireless connections. Machine vision inspection system (MVIS) is suggested as the digital model of the cyber domain physical tool. The OpenCV library developed a system platform that becomes cloud connectivity between the Raspberry Pi 4 board and the USB microprocessor on camera range. As a result, the machine vision inspection system is operated based on an algorithm designed for automatic measuring on a standard model. The primary outcome is developing a system prototype capable of inspecting the surface feature of a workpiece in real-time operation. Nonetheless, connectivity between machines can be carried out through Cyber Digital Twins (CDT). The obtained MVIS and prototype structure is appropriate for online surface measurement, and the system implementation has been designed and realised for automated measurement.

Cyber-Physical Machine Tools (CPMT) is currently recognized as a new generation of machine tools that align with Industry 4.0 needs as a smart, well-connected, advanced accessibility and more adaptive and autonomous solution. It can be achieved through standardized design method and communication protocols. This article presents a case study on monitoring and inspection based on Internet of Things (IoT) for milling process toward CPMT. The proposed solution is capable to work in both G-code and Standard for Product Data Exchange Compliant with Numerical Control (STEP-NC)-based controller. The proposed case study demonstrated the controller’s capabilities. An IoT-based monitoring architecture was implemented for milling process monitoring. This approach is suitable for both standard. The interpreted machining information will be utilized to enable the machining parameter update and enable monitoring and machining integration and finally extendable for control activity. The monitoring and inspection approaches can achieve high accuracy of machining process condition detection and enable measurement of machined parts to fulfil CPMT needs and I4.0. The case study validated that the developed monitoring approach performed well and was highly sensitive to any changes during the machining process, specifically on the tool condition. While in the inspection approach, the reliability of the machined model was 99.97%. Based on the results of both the approaches, it is confirmed that both tasks can be designed and support digital factory and other manufacturing process stages in the future such as preventive maintenance, inspecting, sizing, assembling and others.

Future manufacturing systems will need to be versatile, intelligent, adaptable, and long-lasting. Current systems cannot meet those criteria due to limitations in the data interface model and controller architecture. The Standard for the Exchange of Product Data-Numeric Control (STEP-NC) data interface model and open architecture control technology have the potential to enable the features of the next-generation manufacturing system. Three different programming approaches were used to implement the STEP-NC technology: indirect, interpreted and adapted. This study used open-architecture control, virtual component, and microcontroller technologies to develop an interpreted STEP-NC programming approach-based CNC system. The computer, Arduino microcontrollers, and custom boards were used to connect the system to the three-axis CNC milling machine. The STEP-NC implementation, on the other hand, has been done using a virtual component technology-based software system. The STEP-NC Part 21 programme file is read, parsed, interpreted, simulated, managed, and executed by the developed software. The paper’s content discusses system development as well as experimental validation. Finally, the study’s future directions are highlighted.

Computer Numeric Control (CNC) is a significant pillar of manufacturing for decades. These systems are an essential part of future manufacturing. In the urge towards the development of next-generation manufacturing systems, various technologies have been introduced. Moreover, based on those technologies, numerous systems have been developed all around the world. In order to assist in future research, the related major technologies and developments are discussed in this content. This paper presents the review of basics CN), Computer-Aided Design (CAD), Computer-Aided Process Planning (CAPP), Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM), G codes (ISO 6983), Standard for the Exchange of Product (STEP) model data (STEP), STEP-numeric control (STEP-NC), and open architecture control (OAC) technologies. The in-depth discussion on the development and implementation of the STEP and STEP-NC technologies is also addressed. The review also highlights the benefits and role of the open architecture control technology in the CNC system development. Apart from that, the paper also presents the last 17 years of embedded CNC systems development in tabular form, which shows the cocktail of various technologies and ISO data interface models. Finally, the paper concludes with future directions and recommendations.

This study focuses on the parasites in Dascyllus trimaculatus fish in Bidong Island. Though D. trimaculatus is a common reef fish, there is lack on parasites studies of this fish in Malaysia. The objectives of this study are to identify metazoan parasites and analyse the prevalence and mean intensity the parasites in D. trimaculatus. Sampling was randomly conducted on a coral colony of 100 meters within a 15m depth at Pantai Pasir Cina, Bidong Island. This research resulted in the identification of a copepod Lernaeocera branchialis and a nematode from the family Camallanidae. The copepods collected in this study infected 20 out of 42 D. trimaculatus specimens, whereas the nematode-like parasites collected infected 18 of out of 42 D. trimaculatus. All copepods found in the gills of D. trimaculatus had a prevalence of 4.95 and mean intensity of 47.62%, while the nematode-like parasite, which were found in the brain, had 2.72 prevalence and 42.86% mean intensity. This elucidates that both parasites are categorised as having light level but common frequency of infection, and the current IUCN status of D. trimaculatus has not been reported to be harmed by parasites. Though the mean intensity of both parasites is not harmful, the prevalence are concerning and might increase in the future, with further incorporation and monitoring of climate change factors that may affect the damselfish.

This research aims to propose an innovative framework using ISO14649 standard to detect defects in manufactured shaped objects or geometric surfaces of non-linear products of the CNC machine. The significant importance in order to recognize the potential to improve industry product quality inspection and encourage the waste of timing machines and product rejection. Open Computer Vision (Open CV) offers a smart, non-contact measurement and cost-effective technique to fulfil the requirements. The framework depends on the new technique of Open CV, which includes two parts: an intelligent selection of work-piece capturing the image for a particular inspection of the planar interfaces such as the hole, rectangular, pocket one, and the symmetric lighting model comparison approach for measurement of defects in the matched images. The contribution of this study is to build a structure in the computer vision method with a convolution neural network that predicts the classification of the feature for better accuracy and emphasizes the significant characteristics of the image processing technique coupled with experimental data on demanding image datasets and quality inspection measures.

The halaqah method was practiced in Islamic education since the period of Prophet Muhammad PBUH in order for convey knowledge and education to the Muslims. Continuity in applying the halaqah method in Islamic education has been continued as a legacy in Islam to continue the culture of knowledge established by the Prophet Muhammad PBUH. The establishment of pondok institutions, especially in the state of Kelantan, has demonstrated the application of the halaqah method in the teaching and learning system. Hence, the objective of this study is to study the history of halaqah method in education practised by Rasulullah SAW and also the applications of halaqah method in selected pondok’s, Pondok Pasir Tumbuh, Kota Bharu and Pondok Lubuk Tapah, Pasir Mas, Kelantan. This study uses a qualitative method based entirely on document analysis, interviews and observations to compile the data needed. The results of the study show that the halaqah method is still being used in pondok’s institutions eventhough the current globalization have changed the education system including the Islamic education. The halaqah method is still releven for improved knowledge among the Muslim community especially in pondok’s institutions in Kelantan. For conclusion, the applications of the halaqah method is important in Islamic education especially in pondok’s institutions as a model for practicing the Prophet's PBUH sunnah.

In recent years, significant advancements have been achieved in the domain of machine monitoring as witnessed from the beginning of the new industrial revolution (IR) known as IR 4.0. This new revolution is characterized by complete automation, and an increase in the technological deployments and advanced devices used by various systems. As a result, considerable advancement has been reported by researchers and academia around the world by adopting and adapting the new technology related to the machine condition monitoring problem. For these reasons, it is important to highlight new findings and approaches in machine condition monitoring based on the wireless sensor solution and machine learning signal processing methodology that are relevant to assist in advancing this new revolution. This article presents a comprehensive review on tool condition monitoring (TCM), tool wear, and chatter based on vibration, cutting force, temperature, surface image, and smart label monitoring parameters from signal acquisition, signal processing methodology, and decision-making, particularly for the milling process. The paper also provides a brief introduction to the manufacturing industries and computer numerical control (CNC) machine tool demand and a review of machine monitoring and countries involvement in machine monitoring, as well as the approaches and a survey of machine monitoring. The aim is to contribute to this rapidly growing field of machine condition monitoring research by exploring the latest research findings on the solution approach for milling machine process monitoring, to help expedite future research, and to give some future direction that needs to be considered as a path to produce a standardized CNC machine platform.

Closed-loop inspection manufacturing (CLIM) and computer-aided inspection planning (CAIP) have increasingly been evolved into a size method that can be used to look at fashions in the industrial area with a number of methods. CAIP is hastily carried out in the gadget and will become an indispensable phase of the production system. Numerous scientific findings that tackle the theme from exclusive perspectives are accompanied by CLIM and CAIP in the measuring process. A systematic overview of these heterogeneous methods can be considered vital for CLIM to become aware of the ways in which CAIP can be used in your personal context. Thus, this systematic review of literature aims to analyze current inspection article and use of CLIM in CNC machines, assess heritage research to create a steady taxonomy, and provide a framework for forthcoming CLIM lookup in accordance with CAIP in the desktop gadget to enhance product quality. The consequences of this study provide a comprehensive taxonomy and a define in terms of the advanced features of this emerging technology. Articles on CAIP and CLIM, system-based technology, implementation of STEP/STEP-NC, and feature-based technology were discussed. As a result, various CLIM lookup findings regarding the machining machine tended to the center of attention rather on the VISION/aspects of the ISO14649-based computing device and further on inspection process planning perspectives, as well as factors indicating CLIM in technologies. This review paper will strengthen this study by supplying a deep analysis of the present facts to shut down the hole and lengthen the current literature.

With the recent evolution of additive manufacturing (AM), accurate cost prediction models are of increasing importance to assist decision-making during product development tasks. Estimating the cost is a challenging task in that it requires a vast amount of manufacturing knowledge that has to be synchronised with many aspects from design to production. As a result, various AM cost models have been developed. This review is performed with the aim of providing an overview of the costing models being developed and utilised associated with the additive manufacturing product development phases. For a better understanding in this field, it is required to become familiar with the various terminologies, perspectives, concepts, techniques, and approaches used in developing these models. It was observed that the contexts and views described during the development of the models were often targeted at specific applications as well as technologies and were classified in many ways. Accordingly, the paper compiles different aspects of the cost estimation classification technique and provides definitions of some of the key terminologies. The main motivation is to provide broad and in-depth reviews of the estimation models developed over the past three decades using a systematic classification approach. From the review, a visualisation of future insights into the AM cost-oriented estimation framework from the perspective of various AM users can be better understood.

Computer technology has become a very important element in an advanced manufacturing system. The good and systematic data model for the exchange of manufacturing information between different stages of development of product life cycle is paramount to ensure the product is manufactured and delivered to the market successfully. As a result, ISO 10303, an international standard, or well known as Standard for Exchange of Product Model Data (STEP) is not just for providing a neutral data format within the heterogenous CAD systems, its functionality has extended to the whole life cycle of product. STEP Part 21 is the first implementation method from EXPRESS modelling language and implemented successfully as neutral product data to integrate heterogeneous CAD platform. However, this CAD STEP Part21 text file is hardly to be applied in manufacturing processes since it consists of purely geometrical and topological data. In this research, a nonprocedural approach is presented to translate the EXPRESS language model of STEP CAD data into a new product database system model. A new nonprocedural approach of data enrichment and automated machining feature recognition is proposed and implemented on this newly developed product database system and provide a solution for the interrelated tasks of automated machining feature recognition: (1) extraction of geometrical feature from STEP CAD model data of the part (2) formation of part representation suitable for form feature identification (3) matching of form features. This paper proves the validity of this newly developed product database system by translating STEP Part21 file from a commercial CAD system to database system format, data enrichment, performing automated machining feature recognition and lastly generating STEP standard data according to AP224 for supporting STEP based process planning and manufacturing applications.

Pondok is the earliest traditional Islamic education institution established in Malaysia in the 19th century. Kelantan is one of the states in Malaysia with many pondoks until it’s known as "Serambi Mekah" (the veranda of Mecca). However, the pondok system has experienced a drastic decline since the 20th century and some were closed. Among the factors that led to the fall of this institution are the challenges from modern educational institutions such as the schools and madrasah, the death of teachers and the dependence on the traditional system of studies. So, the pondok system needs to be modernised with the purpose to spread Islamic education and knowledge to the Muslim community in Malaysia today. Hence, the objective of this study is to review the development of Pondok Sungai Durian and to study the modernisation of the education system practiced by this pondok. To achieve this objective, this study used qualitative method of study, which were the library research and field studies based on document analysis, interviews and observations at Pondok Sungai Durian to obtain research data. The findings show that the transformation of Pondok Sungai Durian has created harmonisation between traditional learning system based on the halaqah, talaqqi and the use of turath kitab with the modern system based on a classroom system with a more contemporary syllabus. In addition, this system encourages and enhances students' knowledge as they are exposed to the traditional and modern studies at the same time, and this is important in generating the culture of knowledge and producing authoritative `ulama’ in this era of globalisation. Hence, the survival of Pondok Sungai Durian as a centre of Islamic education that retains the elements of traditional and modern studies is very relevant today. The development of the pondok system, especially Pondok Sungai Durian, has contributed to the development of charismatic characters among the `ulama’ (Islamic scholars), the intellectual development, da'wah and the growth of Islamic knowledge among Muslim community.

Smart factories are focusing on bridging the gap between physical to cyber-physical systems through software applications. This article proposed an efficient and sufficient data acquisition, storing and processing real-time monitoring information, response, and feedback in milling process monitoring. A methodology to enable integration between service oriented IoT based monitoring with interpreted information for open Architecture CNC system was presented. The proposed system comprises four main layers: the perception layer, communication layer, application layer, and CNC machine. The developed system was validated through two case studies. First, the developed system successfully enabled data flow through the validation, from CNC machine back to CNC machine. Secondly, the reading of temperature, vibration and electric current monitoring is higher for the worn cutting tool than the new cutting tool. Third, the percentage difference between new and worn cutting tools for temperature monitoring is up to 3.38 %, and for vibration monitoring, it is up to 78.93 %. Fourth, the electric current reading is proportional to cutting force as the reading of electric current on cutting insert is higher than reading before cutting tool insert with percentage differences more than 8.33% up to 20%. Based on the findings, it was summarized that the developed integrated monitoring system is feasible enough based on the performance and highly sensitive to any changes that occurred during the machining process, specifically on the cutting tool condition. In the future, this integrated monitoring system could be applied to other Open CNC machine-based plug and play.

Manufacturing technology has reached to a point where there is a need for online platform for users’ easy access. Essentially, the trend for Industry 4.0 towards automation and Cyber Physical System (CPS) has become a compulsory addition to any system, manufacturing is not an exception to the need of that technological improvement. With the number of mobile users growing by the day, open CNC system has risen to merge the idea of controlling, monitoring, and utilizing the mobile platform to its advantage. This paper proposes the implementation of an Augmented Reality (AR) based mobile application for guiding users to improve CNC machining operation as well as remotely control the system from mobile phone. The CNC system is developed from conventional PROLIGHT 1000 Milling CNC machine from Light Intelitek based on novel controller established as UTHM Open CNC Controller (UOCC) under the ISO 14649 of STEP-NC environment. The UOCC have efficient ability to operate and monitor the CNC machine from a distance which would reduce the risk of accidents and hazards from occurring while eliminating the use of paper and increasing machining efficiency.

The use of kaolin as a source of silica and alumina for synthesis of zeolite has been widely reported with various compositions and processing routes. However, since kaolin is highly influenced by geological origin and geographical formation, coupled with the processing method, two different crude kaolin were obtained at various locations in Peninsular Malaysia to serve as precursor for synthesis of zeolite. Hydrothermal treatments were made at reasonable low temperature of 90°C in an oven. The synthesized product was then analyzed using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, to evaluate the potentials of the process and the product. The outcome of the analysis suggested that the breaking down of the clay structure and the armophization process can improve raw material reactivity. However, the crystallinity and composition of the crude kaolin together with appropriate incubation time can greatly influence the synthesis process and the product.

The religious extremism ideology has gained the support of a small number of Muslim women. The increased participation of these groups is due to various internal and external factors. In regard of this, this study focuses on Islamic ruling issues related to the fiqh of women’s jihad in the doctrine of religious extremism, such as combatant and jihad marriage. This study applies the library approach by examining the materials of religious group extremism and classical also contemporary clerics discussing about the involvement of women in fiqh jihad. Qualitative data are collected and the content were analyzed based on deductive and comparative methods. The findings suggest that the religious extremism group uses a hard interpretation of Islamic ruling and is contrary to classical and contemporary clerics, for example in the issue of allowing women to take up arms as well as in the issue of jihad marriage that degrade women’s dignity. As a result the victims who were involved directly or indirectly will be discriminated involved in sexual exploitation and tyranny. Hence, the approach of discourse that offers women-friendly fiqh is greatly needed

Cyber-Physical Machine Tools (CPMT) is currently recognized as a new generation of machine tools that align with Industry 4.0 needs as a smart, well connected, advanced accessibility, more adaptive and autonomous solution. It can be achieved through standardized design method and communication protocols. This article presents a case study on monitoring and inspection based on Internet of Things (IoT) for STEP-NC data model toward a CPMT. More specifically, the monitoring approach utilizing an IoT based monitoring architecture for machining process monitoring, while the inspection approach using a coordinate measuring machine for machined part inspection. The monitoring and inspection approaches can achieve high accuracy of machining process condition detection and enable measurement of machined parts to fulfil CPMT needs and I4.0. The case study validated that the developed monitoring approach performed well and was highly sensitive to any changes during the machining process, specifically on the tool condition. As per the inspection approach, the reliability of the machined model was 99.97%. Based on the results of both the approaches, it is confirmed that both tasks can be designed and support digital factory and other manufacturing process stages in the future such as preventive maintenance, inspecting, sizing, assembling, and others.

Malaysia government committed to reduce greenhouse gas emission by 45{%} by 2030. This target was set with 35{%} on unconditional basis and 10{%} on conditional basis upon receipt of climate finance funding, technology transfer and capacity building developed countries. This paper demonstrate how cogeneration district cooling power plant helped to mitigate greenhouse gas emission by comparing fuel efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions of the cogeneration district cooling plant and a conventional electrical chiller plant which electricity was imported from the power grid. The GT Pro simulation is used to estimate the efficiency and the carbon dioxide emissions from the power plant. Results and analyses indicate that the cogeneration district cooling plant consumed 30.47{%} less primary energy and emit 44.43{%} less of carbon dioxide as compared to the conventional power plant. Hence, the adoption of cogeneration district cooling plant will definitely help the nation goal to reduce greenhouse emission intensity by 35{%} to 45{%} by 2030.

This article proposes an effective methodology to reduce manufacturing time through the creation of quasi-optimal G command sequences, based on initial machining codes derived from CAD/CAM Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) software. The optimization steps involved minimizing travel path time for CNC manufacturing machine milling and drilling. Also, identifying the optimal order of operation that enabled the shortest travel path for the cutting tool. These steps resulted in consistent enhancements of approximately 10.41% and 16.58% for milling and drilling machining, respectively. Furthermore, high-performing Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithms were used to optimize the travel path time. In the context of automatic NC program production, the optimization of the cutting tool’s travel path could be achieved by integrating the ACO algorithm and the Open Architecture Control (OAC) into commercial CAD/CAM. In this paper, a new optimized generation of CNC systems, based on combining the Open Architecture Control (OAC) technology supported by the G-code data model and the optimization algorithm are presented.

The performance of a gas turbine is dependent on the ambient air temperature. The gas turbine’s power output is reduced and heat rate is increased as a result of higher air temperature. The warm and humid climate in Malaysia, with its high ambient air temperature, has an adverse effect on the performance of gas turbine generators. Turbine Inlet Air Cooling is a power augmentation technology for gas turbines, which reduces the turbine inlet air temperature thereby improving the power output and heat rate of the machine. In this paper the effect of Turbine Inlet Air Cooling using electric chillers, on the performance of the LM6000PD Gas Turbine Generator (43.5MW ISO rating) is evaluated in the context of the Malaysian climate. GT Pro software is used to evaluate the performance of the gas turbine generator with ambient air temperature cooled to 12°C. The ambient design points used for the sizing of the chillers are the 0.4% Evaporative (Design Point A) and the 0.4% Cooling (Design Point B) design points for Sitiawan, Perak as published by ASHRAE. It is observed that Design Point A results in a chiller capacity of 1950RT which is sufficient to satisfy the cooling demand of the Turbine Inlet Air Cooling system for approximately 98% of the operating hours in a year, while Design Point B yields a smaller chiller size of 1700RT which is capable of meeting the Turbine Inlet Air Cooling requirement for approximately 72% of the annual operating hours. In terms of Gas Turbine performance, the net power output is increased by 27.5% and 32.11% while the net heat rate is reduced by 2.8% and 3.74% for Design Points A and B respectively. The substantial improvement in gas turbine net power output and heat rate as predicted by the GT Pro demonstrate that Turbine Inlet Air Cooling using electric chillers is effective as a power augmentation technology in Malaysia.

This study discusses how Islam became the most important episode in the history of the Malay World. The arrival of Islam that had modified the world view of Arab communities in the Arab World brought about the same changes to the Malay World. The Islamisation process resulted in knowledge development which produced paradigms vialable for Malay society. The basic traditions formulated by Islamic theologians in the 16th-18th centuries has become the core foundation for the Islamic Malay World until today. This is a theory from Middle East fiqh that has been changed to suit the culture and identities of the Malay World and as the guidance of life for the Malay community. The various Malay World fiqh sources have made it to become unique and very special and this study pays particular reference to the Malay World Fiqh. Thus, this version of Fiqh is analyzed based on the history of the Malay World with its abundant Islamic knowledge that emerged from the process of Islamisation. The analysis shows that Islamisation has produced a Malay World version of fiqh as an important channel in the creation of knowledge and characteristics of the community and has contributed to the rapid development of Islam.

A combined cycle power plant produces power and steam which the steam is used to generate additional power. The main source of the power and steam was the fuel entering the gas turbine. Hence the power and the steam being produced are related to the temperature inlet of the gas turbine. This study is to investigate the performance and economic effect of with and without using turbine inlet air cooling at the combined cycle power plant. The techno-economic formulations were used for evaluating the performance and the cost rates. Results indicate that with using of turbine inlet air cooling, the performance of gas turbine increased while the performance of steam turbine decreased. However, the power output of the power plant in Malaysia climate is increased due to contributed by performance of aero-derivative gas turbine. The results also demonstrate that the used of turbine inlet air cooling in combined cycle power plant is more profitable due to higher Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return compared to without turbine inlet air cooling.

Advanced manufacturing is making its mark on the world with continuous development on its system whether hardware or software transformation. The manufacturing machine like Computer Numerical Control (CNC) or other cutting machinery is undergoing various improvements from every corner of the world. CNC has been manipulated to even works on a variety of operating platform such as Androids, Linux and Windows. The machines now perform not only better, but it can also be controlled from the other parts of the world through the e-manufacturing. The aim of this review is to provide a better view on advanced manufacturing, and how it evolved from conventional manufacturing, especially on CNC machining. The problems that occurred on ISO 6983 is highlighted which leads to ISO 10303 and several other improvements which is patented throughout the world. The patents focus mainly on recent manufacturing machining. This review includes brief introduction on CNC, with brief discussion on conventional and advanced manufacturing, patents and conclusions.

Recently, machine process domain is archiving significant advancement in term of sensing technology. The technology has a powerful impact on enabling self -monitoring and results in high quality of final product. The aim of this paper is to propose a new method on machine process condition monitoring by 3MP. 3MP (Modern Machine Monitoring Process) works wirelessly to integrate between machine, computer and 6 type of sensory device.

Fatwa has proven to play a significant role in the history of Islamic law. From the legal view of a personal matter until it is formalized, the role of fatwa is crucial to the community as it has either positive or negative impacts.There is no exception to religious extremism, the fatwa of certain figures has influenced individual psychology and beliefs or groups committed to acts of terrorism. As for the opposing parties, various fatwa have also been issued to deal with such extremism. Based on these facts, this study examines the weakness of fatwa as a medium of counter religious terrorism. By using a full qualitative methodology, documentation data related to the theme of the study are analyzed inductively, deductively and comparative. The findings show that extremist groups have used fatwa methods to develop their ideology and influence. In addition, various parties including Western scholars have realized the importance of fatwas as counter-ideological tools, but the study found that there is still room for fatwa improvement such as more detailed ideological justification, consistency in fatwa and even justice in its contents.

Computer numerical control (CNC) software is the “brain” of a machine tool as it controls the machine tool’s movement. The development of open CNC controller systems is one of the most popular topics in the last three decades due to the current CNC remains exclusive and costly. However, there is no open-source system that can use with an open CNC controller. In this developed system, the drilling G-code was analyzed to extract the points before simulating and sending it to any open CNC controller machine. Among the machining processes used most extensively is drilling. The used modules and functions are created by LabVIEW. The results show the system’s extracted points are similar to the draw drilling point in Solid work.

Modern computer numerical control (CNC) is intended to be more flexible, interoperable, adoptable, open, and intelligent. In realisation of such a CNC system, an ISO standard known as STEP for numeric control (STEP-NC) or ISO 14649 was developed in 2004 to alleviate a number of challenges associated with the widely used CNC standard (ISO 6983). Implementation of STEP-NC was initially carried out on some commercial CNC systems via an indirect STEP-NC programming approach. However, this approach failed to meet all the requirements of a modern CNC system, due to the translation of data from the high level to low level, which is vendor-specific and machine tool dependent, thus detrimental to the basic resource independent philosophy of STEP-NC. This paper presents a new generation of CNC systems, based on the Open Architecture Control (OAC) technology supported by STEP-NC data model to fundamentally solve these challenges. The developed system employs a new set of techniques for STEP-NC data interpretation, graphical verification, execution, monitoring, and report generation that supersede the exiting techniques in scope and capability. Using these techniques, the proposed system provides a flexible, intelligent, and adaptable manufacturing platform that can provide unprecedented levels of scalability and resource allocation agility in modern manufacturing enterprises. A prototype implementation of the proposed model is based on STEP-NC interpretation, 3D simulation, machine motion control, and live video monitoring with automatic document generation modules has been used to verify and validate the system in conjunction with industrially inspired test components.

In the manufacturing sector, the CNC machine plays a significant role for the last five decade. In this paper, a new method for the development of sustainable CNC system based on OAC and STEP-NC technologies is introduced. OAC technology provides a reconfigurable, reusable software and hardware platform. The STEP-NC data interface model introduced flexibility, interoperability, adoptability and intelligence into the CNC. The system has been implemented on an old 3 axis CNC milling machine and found to be quite satisfactory in performance.

The world today stands at the threshold of a new revolution, the fourth in the history of mankind. It is imperative to study the effects of Industrial Revolution 4.0 (also known as IR 4.0) to understand the benefit that it will provides for the affected groups majority. This paper consists of review for mostly on manufacturing sector in United Kingdom, Singapore, European Union, United States and China which reveals the rapid growth and the effect of Industrial Revolution 4.0 towards these countries and consequently the world. Manufacturing has increased economy in Singapore, where incomes for employed residents in manufacturing exceed others by 0.4 percent. Meanwhile in United Kingdom and European Union, manufacturing has accounted for 8% and 24% respectively for their national jobs. However, United States shows slow increase in manufacturing employment sector and still below 18 million (before recession in 2009). Nonetheless, the employment could be affected by vast use of automated machine, unlike China which has ratio of 40 machines to 10,000 workers.

Dissemination of Islam is an honourable act that requires a concept or medium which is education. Currently, the higher education institutions has been invated bu Salafi Jihadis ideology which impacted Islam negatively where eventually led to Islamophobic escalation. This research is conducted through literay methodology which analysing this previous research, manuscripts and casa studies that occurred within the society. This research finds that the higher education institutions has been the platform for disseminating salafi jihadis ideology which contributing to Islamophobia. Keyword: Higher Education Institutions, Salafi Jihadis, Islamophobia

Religious extremism at present, is a critical issue that threatens global peace especially the congruous image of Islam. The engrossments of some Muslim societies to salafi jihadi’s extreme ideology, where Muslim scholars inversely disagree, however have exposed weakness in contemporary Islamic education system. Accordingly, this study concentrates on education analysis of Salafi jihadi’s radical movement as to apprehend their thought. Due to the application of inductive, deductive and comparative methods, researcher analyzes correlation between Khawarij extremism in the early days of Islam to Salafi jihadi, as well as development of contemporary extremism. The findings suggest, since failure to understand Islamic teachings within Islamic education discipline, subsequently has possess to extremism, thus it requires revaluation of education system in order to counteract from early stage.

This paper presents the results of heat and compression effects on moisture content and water absorption properties in the manufacturing of disposable plate made from Pineapple Leaf Fiber-based material (PALF). The plate was made of PALF and sugarcane bagasse waste as an alternative to polystyrenes, designed to promote the green technology effort on food packaging material. Two different specimens were produced with different compositions of PALF/sugarcane bagasse series N2T8 ( 20 wt% of Pineapple leaf fiber and 80 wt% of sugarcane bagasse ) and series N8T2 ( 80 wt% of Pineapple leaf fiber and 20 wt% of sugarcane bagasse). The specimens were produced using a hot press machine set at compressing temperatures of 50°C, 100°C and 150°C with constant pressure of 0.024 MPa for 10 minutes. Moisture content and water absorption tests were carried out on the specimens to determine the moisture content and water absorption properties. The lower water absorption was obtained for specimen N8T2 because PALF potential to water resistance. This range of properties is expected to be good enough for the requirement of disposable plate and it has the potential as a suitable raw material for strength and lightweight in the manufacturing of disposable plates.

ISO 14649 standard, commonly recognized as STEP-NC is a data model interface for computer numerical controllers. STEP-NC goes much further that G codes and has a more comprehensive data model that overcomes the lack of process information in ISO 6983 files (G codes programming). The STEP compliant approach brings the possibility to integrate the machine controller to the overall enterprise information network, with the intention of having bi-directional data flow. This will provide the novel capability for upstream feedback of information from the numerical controller to the design and process areas in the process planning and manufacturing. This paper presents the key concepts of the proposed STEP Convertor of the STEP-CNC Mapping System. The objective of the main system is to take a generic STEP file as the input to drive a CNC machine tool. The main system is broken down into two main sub-systems, STEP Convertor and STEP-NC Translator. This paper will focus solely on the information structure and conceptualization of the STEP Convertor.

Coral and converted coralline hydroxyapatites have been widely used in biomedical application as orbital implant and bone graft substitute. The aim of this study was to characterize the physical and chemical properties of various corals found in Bidong Island and determines their potential for development of bone graft substitute. Five species of coral which is commonly found in Bidong Island, Terengganu was collected and identified. The physical properties of corals such as density and porosity were determined using the Archimedes Principle, whereas a mechanical strength was determined using a universal testing machine. The structure of corals such as pore sizes and shape, distribution and pore connectivity was observed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Chemical properties of corals were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive x-ray (SEM-EDX). Five species of coral were identified as Leptoria, Porites, Platygyra, Acropora and Pocillopora. The densities of corals range from 2.00 to 19.00 g/cm3 while the porosity range from 15 to 60%. The corals structure consists of interconnected open pores with mean pore sizes in range of 100 to 600μm. Their compressive strengths are in the range of 4.92 to 27 MPa, which is higher than the reported strength for cancellous bone. SEM-EDX analysis shows the elements calcium carbonate (C, O and Ca) found in Platygyra. This result was supported by XRD analysis, which shows the calcium carbonate phase in form of aragonite presence in Platygyra. Aragonite phase was suitable for transforming coral to hydroxyapatite via hydrothermal treatment. Based on this finding, coral species in Bidong Island, Terengganu has been great potential to be used as bone graft substitutes.

Computer numerical control (CNC) technology is a key technology in machine tools and is also the base of industrial unit computerization. CNC machines are operated by controllers, which have a software module inside known as interpreter. The function of an interpreter is to extract data from computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) system-generated code and convert it to controller motion commands. However, with the development of numerical control technology, existing CNC systems are limited with interpreter lacking in expandibility, modularity, and openness. In order to overcome these problems, open architecture technology (OAC) was employed in CNC controller. In this paper, a new technique is presented for the interpretation of the International Standards Organization (ISO) 6983 data interface model. The proposed technique is able to interpret ISO 6983 data and translate it to the internal structure required by the CNC machine. It takes an input file in text format and extracts position, feed rate, tool, spindle, and other data. It is also able to generate output in text and EXtensible Markup Language (XML) files as per user defined file structure. The use of .txt and .xml files enables shop floor data modification and internet accessibility facilities in CNC system. The paper includes an introduction, brief description of the architecture, algorithm design, operational pattern, and validation of the system through experimental studies. The output of these experiments illustrated satisfactory performance of the interpreter with an OAC CNC system.

Computer numerical control CNC controller is the termination organiser, which is located at the end of the manufacturing process chain. The CNC controller is composed of two modules: software and hardware. The software module of the controller is known as interpreter that translates International Standards Organization ISO data interface model instructions to the hardware parts of the controller in the required structure of the machine. The aim of next-generation CNC is to be portable, interoperable, flexible, open, intelligent and adoptable. In the progression towards the development of next-generation CNC systems, the problems of current ISO data interface model limitation and CNC machine vendor dependency were faced. In order to overcome these issues, the ISO standard ISO 14649 and open architecture control OAC technology were introduced. In this paper, a new technique for the interpretation of both ISO data interface models has been presented. The developed module is specially designed for the OAC-based CNC systems that translate the ISO 14649-21 and ISO 6983 information to the CNC machine in required structure. The module also provides a shop floor editing facility and is also able to generate the physical file output in user-defined structure of.txt and.xml formats.

CNC technology is the key technology of the machine tools, which are the base of industrial unit computerization. CNC machines are operated by controllers, each of which has a software module inside known as interpreter. The function of interpreter is to extract data from CAM system generated code and convert to controller motion commands. However, with the development of numerical control technology existing CNC systems are limited with the interpreter lacking in expansibility, modularity and openness. In order to overcome these problems open architecture control was introduced. In this paper, a conceptual module of new software system is presented. The developed system is able to interpret ISO 14649 and 6983 code and translate as per internal structure required by the CNC machine. It interprets position, feed rate, tool, spindle etc data and translates to CNC machine. At the mean time it is also able to generate output in text and XML files as per user defined file structure.