Search

Circumplanetary disks are regarded as birthplaces of large moons. While Jupiter has four large satellites known as Galilean moons, Titan is the only large moon around Saturn. N-body simulations using a simple power-low disk suggest a system tend to have multiple moons or loses all the moons due to inward migration. Thus, forming a single satellite system in a disk is known to be difficult. The orbits of moons are continuously affected by the interaction with the disk, and the direction and speed of the migration depend on the disk structures, i.e., surface density and temperature. Therefore, the final configuration of the moon system is determined during the dissipation of the disk. We studied the orbital evolution of moons in various circumplanetary disks to find a way of configuring a single-large-moon system. We model dissipating circumplanetary disks with taking the effect of opacity into account when we calculate the temperature structure. Because of this, our disk has multiple slopes, and thus, the migration speed of a moon varies with the orbital location. Then, we calculate the orbital evolution of Titan-mass moons in the final evolution stage of the disks. We performed N-body simulations with initially many satellites to see whether single-moon systems can form at the end. We found that the radial slope of the temperature structure characterized by the dust/ice opacity produces a patch of orbits where the Titan-mass moons resist inward migration with a certain range of the viscosity. We call such a patch as “safety zone.” The safety zone assists moons initially located in the outer orbits to remain in the disk, while those in the inner orbits migrate toward the planet. When the satellite formation is not very efficient in the outer radii of circumplanetary disks, the system can end up with a single large moon at a distant from the planet while the inner orbits are cleared out. Smaller moons may stay in the inner orbits as their migration speed is slower compared to the Titan-mass ones. We demonstrated the formation of systems with single large moon around gas giants for the first time.

O presente artigo pretende analisar a formação escolar nos centros socioeducativos, em particular na área de matemática, principalmente em relação à utilização das Tecnologias de Comunicação e Informação – TICs –, entre os adolescentes privados de liberdade no estado do Paraná. O objetivo é refletir e evidenciar a real necessidade de capacitação técnica e profissionalizante dos adolescentes privados de liberdade com intuito de facilitar sua recolocação social e profissional. A ideia é trabalhar alguns conceitos e aplicações práticas na disciplina de matemática por meio do uso de algumas tecnologias voltadas para a educação com o intuito de facilitar o processo do ensino-aprendizagem na formação escolar e capacitação profissional desses adolescentes. Considero que a aprendizagem de conceitos por meio de ferramentas tecnológicas matemáticas inclusas nas medidas socioeducativas tem um papel muito importante na vida profissional desses jovens e adolescentes, pois irá contribuir no processo de ressocialização.

Background Although fever is a common symptom in pediatric practice, its origin is often unknown in pediatric patients. Psychogenic fever is a stress-related, psychosomatic disease observed especially in young women. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of psychogenic fever in pediatric patients with fever of unknown origin by surveying the medical records of school-aged children and adolescents. Methods The study subjects included 47 patients aged 6–15 years who visited the Department of Pediatrics in Kansai Medical University Medical Center between January 2006 and December 2020 with fever of unknown origin. Data on age, sex, final estimated diagnosis, and comorbid psychosocial issues were collected from the medical records. Results The study was composed of 47 patients, including 22 male and 25 female patients (male/female ratio, 1:1.36). The mean age was 10.1 (standard deviation, 2.4) years for boys and 11.6 (standard deviation, 2.7) years for girls (p = .047). The final estimated diagnoses were psychogenic fever, physical disorder, infection of unknown origin, and miscellaneous in 18, 12, 12, and 5 patients, respectively. The most common comorbidity in these pediatric patients with psychogenic fever was postural tachycardia syndrome. Conclusion Psychogenic fever was a common cause of fever of unknown origin in pediatric patients, and postural tachycardia was prevalent among children with psychogenic fever. Enhanced sympathetic response to stress might play an important role in both psychogenic fever and postural tachycardia.

Chronic pain is a common problem in pediatric practice. The prevalence of chronic pain in children is >30%. Because pain indicates emotional expression as well as the physiological reaction toward infection, injury, and inflammation, both physiological and psychological assessments are essential to determine primary interventions for chronic pain. The Japanese Society of Psychosomatic Pediatrics Task Force of clinical practice guidelines for chronic pain in children and adolescents compiled clinical evidence and opinions of specialists associated with the primary care of pediatric chronic pain in the Japanese 'clinical guidelines for chronic pain in children and adolescents' in 2009, which are presented herein. The guidelines consist of three domains: general introduction to chronic pain; chronic abdominal pain; and chronic headache. Each section contains information on the physiological mechanism, psychological aspects, assessment methods, and primary interventions for pediatric chronic pain. These guidelines are expected to help disseminate knowledge on primary interventions for chronic pain in children and adolescents.

Aims: Orthostatic dysregulation (OD) is common in adolescents. This study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of the measurement of the diameter of the inferior vena cava (IVC) for objective assessment of patients with OD. Methods: Twenty children with OD (median 14 years, range 9–15 years) and 23 age-matched healthy children (median 12 years, range 10–15 years) were enrolled. A diameter of IVC was measured by an abdominal echogram before and after a head-up tilt table testing (HUT). Changes in IVC was assessed by an arbitrary parameter, collapse index (CI) as the following equation: [(maximal IVC diameter in the supine position − maximal IVC diameter in the standing position)/(maximal IVC diameter in the supine position)]× 100. CI was evaluated 4 weeks after treatment with an adrenergic agent. Results: Children with OD demonstrated either higher CI or lower CI compared to that in control children: CI was more than 50 (range 50–71) in 12 patients with OD while that was equal to or less than 0 (range −225 to 0) in eight out of 20 patients. In contrast, CI was between 0 and 50 (range 1–26) in 23 healthy children. Pharmacological treatment induced the normalization in the CI in both higher and lower CI group. Conclusion: OD can be classified into two subtypes: by HUT, one is characterized by an increase of IVC diameter while another is characterized by its decrease. Measurement of IVC diameter by HUT is useful to understand the pathophysiology and to assess the efficacy of treatment.

Microgravity due to prolonged bed rest may cause changes in cerebral circulation, which is related to brain function. We evaluate the effect of simulated microgravity due to a 6° head-down tilt bed rest experiment on executive function among 12 healthy young men. Four kinds of psychoneurological tests—the table tapping test, the trail making test, the pointing test and losing at rock–paper–scissors—were performed on the baseline and on day 16 of the experiment. There was no significant difference in the results between the baseline and day 16 on all tests, which indicated that executive function was not impaired by the 16-day 6° head-down tilting bed rest. However, we cannot conclude that microgravity did not affect executive function because of the possible contribution of the following factors: (1) the timing of tests, (2) the learning effect, or (3) changes in psychophysiology that were too small to affect higher brain function.

Date Presented 3/31/2017 Life goals related to activities and participation had a more positive effect on frail older people’s health and quality of life than did life goals related to physical function and structure. The setting of meaningful goals may help to improve the effectiveness of preventive care programs. Primary Author and Speaker: Yoshimi Yuri Additional Authors and Speakers: Shinichi Takabatake, Yoko Tsuji, Yuri Fujii, Toshikatsu Kaneda, Yasuhiro Higashi, Hiroko Hashimoto, Kazuyo Nakaoka, Mari Oka

Incorporation of sodium [1,2- 13 C 2 ]acetate confirmed that sorokinianin is, except for the C 3 portion, a sesquiterpene and indicated that the C 3 portion is derived from the acetyl CoA-related metabolic pathway. Results of replacement culture experiments suggested that the precursor of sorokinianin is prehelminthosporol, a major metabolite of B. sorokiniana OB-25-1, and a TCA cycle intermediate. Incorporation of [2,3- 13 C 2 ]succinic acid confirmed that the origin of the C 3 portion is a TCA cycle intermediate.

Chronic pain is a common problem in pediatric practice. The prevalence of chronic pain in children is30%. Because pain indicates emotional expression as well as the physiological reaction toward infection, injury, and inflammation, both physiological and psychological assessments are essential to determine primary interventions for chronic pain. The Japanese Society of Psychosomatic Pediatrics Task Force of clinical practice guidelines for chronic pain in children and adolescents compiled clinical evidence and opinions of specialists associated with the primary care of pediatric chronic pain in the Japanese 'clinical guidelines for chronic pain in children and adolescents' in 2009, which are presented herein. The guidelines consist of three domains: general introduction to chronic pain; chronic abdominal pain; and chronic headache. Each section contains information on the physiological mechanism, psychological aspects, assessment methods, and primary interventions for pediatric chronic pain. These guidelines are expected to help disseminate knowledge on primary interventions for chronic pain in children and adolescents.

A new and short process has been developed for the preparation of 1,1,3-tri- and 1,1,3,3-tetra-substituted 1,3-dihydroisobenzofurans (phthalanes) from α-substituted 2-bromostyrenes. The method involves addition of α-substituted 2-lithiostyrenes, generated by the bromine-lithium exchange between α-substituted 2-bromostyrenes and butyllithium, to aliphatic aldehydes or ketones, followed by hydriodic acid catalyzed cyclization of the resulting 2-vinylbenzyl alcohols.

Orthostatic dysregulation (OD) is common in adolescents. This study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of the measurement of the diameter of the inferior vena cava (IVC) for objective assessment of patients with OD.Twenty children with OD (median 14 years, range 9-15 years) and 23 age-matched healthy children (median 12 years, range 10-15 years) were enrolled. A diameter of IVC was measured by an abdominal echogram before and after a head-up tilt table testing (HUT). Changes in IVC was assessed by an arbitrary parameter, collapse index (CI) as the following equation: [(maximal IVC diameter in the supine position - maximal IVC diameter in the standing position)/(maximal IVC diameter in the supine position)]× 100. CI was evaluated 4 weeks after treatment with an adrenergic agent.Children with OD demonstrated either higher CI or lower CI compared to that in control children: CI was more than 50 (range 50-71) in 12 patients with OD while that was equal to or less than 0 (range -225 to 0) in eight out of 20 patients. In contrast, CI was between 0 and 50 (range 1-26) in 23 healthy children. Pharmacological treatment induced the normalization in the CI in both higher and lower CI group.OD can be classified into two subtypes: by HUT, one is characterized by an increase of IVC diameter while another is characterized by its decrease. Measurement of IVC diameter by HUT is useful to understand the pathophysiology and to assess the efficacy of treatment.

Incorporation of sodium [1,2- 13 C 2 ]acetate confirmed that sorokinianin is, except for the C 3 portion, a sesquiterpene and indicated that the C 3 portion is derived from the acetyl CoA-related metabolic pathway. Results of replacement culture experiments suggested that the precursor of sorokinianin is prehelminthosporol, a major metabolite of B. sorokiniana OB-25-1, and a TCA cycle intermediate. Incorporation of [2,3- 13 C 2 ]succinic acid confirmed that the origin of the C 3 portion is a TCA cycle intermediate.

We evaluated the usefulness of measurements of the inferior vena cava (IVC) diameters on abdominal echograms as an indicator of changes of venous return in subjects with orthostatic intolerance (OI) induced by simulated microgravity. We performed a standing test and recorded the IVC diameters on abdominal echograms in 12 subjects placed on a 20-day 6° head-down-tilt bed-rest experiment. We found that different patterns of changes in IVC diameter occurred in the standing test on day 10 of the experiment; in five subjects with a marginal decrease in pulse pressure, IVC diameters in the upright position were markedly decreased compared with those in the supine position. In five subjects with feelings of discomfort, the IVC diameters in the upright position distended or did not decrease from those in the supine position. These results suggested that the changes in IVC diameter on the standing test indicated the presence of various types of hemodynamic responses of OI caused by simulated microgravity. In this study, we also evaluated changes in body-water compartments by conducting multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Longitudinal data analysis showed that the total body-water-to-fat-free mass and extracellular fluid-to-fat-free mass ratios decreased during the experimental period and recovered thereafter, and that the ratio of intracellular fluid to fat-free mass decreased during the experiment. No significant difference in changes in body-water compartments was seen among subjects with different patterns of changes in IVC diameters. Measurement of IVC diameter was useful to estimate hemodynamic changes in subjects with OI.

A new and short process has been developed for the preparation of 1,1,3-tri- and 1,1,3,3-tetra-substituted 1,3-dihydroisobenzofurans (phthalanes) from α-substituted 2-bromostyrenes. The method involves addition of α-substituted 2-lithiostyrenes, generated by the bromine-lithium exchange between α-substituted 2-bromostyrenes and butyllithium, to aliphatic aldehydes or ketones, followed by hydriodic acid catalyzed cyclization of the resulting 2-vinylbenzyl alcohols.