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The article discusses the history and highlights the events in Balochistan during the colonial time and the post-partition era. The focus is on the insurgencies of the Baloch against the state including the present one. It discusses the characteristics of the province along with the social set-up and the political and economic situation of the Baloch. It is necessary to acknowledge the perception of the Baloch regarding their 'exclusiveness'. The Baloch maintain that their culture, traditions and language are not similar to the otherethnicities in Pakistan and therefore they claim that they are entitled to a special type of treatment. The Balochmind set also centres around their identity. The current Baloch insurgency also highlights the dynamics of the province and the factors which have forced the militants to rebel against the state. The role of the international factors behind the insurgency is also highlighted.

This paper is an attempt to explore the federal structure(Center-Province Relationship) of Pakistan from a historical perspective and spotlight on how it underwent from a strong centralized federation to a decentralized federal structure after the 18th amendment, which was made in the 1973 constitution during the year 2010. In addition, the focus is made on the controversies on the 18th amendment, although the majority of provinces are of the opposite opinion.The last portion of this piece is devoted to the concept of Cooperative federalism, its evolution and its pros and cons, as is evident in certain countries like USA, Mexico, India and Canada. Can it be a fit model for a polity like Pakistan is a question that invites debate at all levels, especially by political leadership,policymakers, civil society and academia.

The Panama Papers, which number nearly 11.5 million pages, were leaked in private. This paper revisited the Panama papers leaks and the connection of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif from PML (N) in it. As a result of the leaks, Pakistan's Supreme Court heard a significant case against Nawaz Sharif, the country's prime minister, and the opposition parties responded to the case in different ways. This paper particularly revealed the reaction of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) as a major opposition party in the Parliament of Pakistan towards the PML (N) Government. This paper presented the views of major PPP leaders and legislatures about the Panama Leaks Case. This study uses the qualitative technique and is based on the collection of both primary and secondary data. Selected interviews of politicians, held in 2021 conducted as primary data, and journal publications and largely trustworthy newspaper articles were selected as secondary data.

In this paperwork, we at first presented the basic introduction to the Kashmir issue and then tried to shed light on its current scenario, especially after 05th August 2019, by answering a series of-questions in the explanation section, such as why India claims Kashmir to be its integral part? Why does Pakistan reject the Indian claim? Why does India call Kashmir to be its internal matter while Pakistan denies it? What was Kashmir's Special Status? Or what were Articles 370 and 35 (A) of the Indian Constitution?Why did India revoke the special status of Kashmir? Or why did India revoke Articles 370 and 35 A in 2019?What is the legal status of 'Instrument of Accession'? Why was the revocation of Special Status of Kashmir thought to be a violation of certain legal provisions? Or what laws have been violated by India? What makes Kashmir a nuclear flash point or a time bomb? Or what are the implications or consequences of revocation?What this paper argues is that revocation of articles 370 and 35A is a violation of the Indian constitution itself, UN resolutions and other provisions of the international law and must be taken notice of by the international community as the region is a nuclear flashpoint and the issue of Kashmir may be a triggering point for anything that can threaten the peace of the region.

This paper is about how and for what purpose NATO as an organization for collective security was established. To begin with, this paper says that NATO was established to counter and contain the communist threat in the shape of Russia. This was an era of the cold war. However, once the cold war was over and Russian disintegration happened in 1989, NATO didn't disappear but defined for itself a changing role in the changing world. It was because of this newly defined role that NATO survived and outlived its primary purpose. However,since the terrorists' attack on the twin towers on 9/11, NATO has further transformed to undertake military operations in areas that fall beyond its scope of operations. It has been seen as involved not only in military operations but also in humanitarian assistance in countries hit by natural calamities. Data for the paper was collected through secondary sources, including research papers and other collectable materials.

Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah Aga Khan III, a renowned Muslim leader, was instrumental in the freedom movement in Pakistan and provided significant support for Muslims in India. He was ideally positioned to play a big role in the international affairs of his time because of his extensive understanding of several cultural traditions, and his long public career had numerous facets. This study examines the contributions of Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah, Agha Khan III with particular attention to the social reforms and political achievements of his life. The article sheds light on his role in the Pakistan Movement as well as his social services for the boost up of Indian Muslims. This study is basically qualitative in nature and a descriptive method with a historical approach is applied.

This paper explores the nexus between governance crisis,militancy and how people resort to different migration patterns in order to cope with the unwanted situation. It suggests that the transition from one system of governance to another was not only incomplete but full of confusion and lacunas. This resulted in people's reduced trust in the state institutions. As the vacuum was created,non-state forces in the shape of the Taliban emerged who smoothly established control over the entire region, and people welcomed such a change in the hope of a better governance alternative. However, as the situation worsened and law and order deteriorated, the Pakistan army launched a full scale military operation. People were forced to migrate to safer places, preferably to the nearby districts where they took refuge temporarily. Once normalcy returned and miscreants were eliminated, people immediately returned to their places of origin.It is found that very few families opted to settle in the camps while the majority of the people stayed with their relatives and friends and those financially well off took houses for rent to live.

The Panama Papers, which number nearly 11.5 million pages, were leaked in private. This paper revisited the Panama papers leaks and the connection of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif from PML (N) in it. As a result of the leaks, Pakistan's Supreme Court heard a significant case against Nawaz Sharif, the country's prime minister, and the opposition parties responded to the case in different ways. This paper particularly revealed the reaction of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) as a major opposition party in the Parliament of Pakistan towards the PML (N) Government. This paper presented the views of major PPP leaders and legislatures about the Panama Leaks Case. This study uses the qualitative technique and is based on the collection of both primary and secondary data. Selected interviews of politicians, held in 2021 conducted as primary data, and journal publications and largely trustworthy newspaper articles were selected as secondary data.

The paper elucidates the conflict zone ‘Afghanistan’ fundamentally divided in two high land and low land climate. from internal perspective and elaborates the inherent issues and internal dynamics of the state that are tormenting its stability. The unit of analysis is state structure and its changing dynamics due to sudden and abrupt shift of power and change in internal dynamics. The recent takeover of government by the Taliban group and its impact on the external and internal dynamics remains the core enquiry of the instant paper. The exploratory analysis is furthered extrapolated with the empirical findings arrived through qualitative method to infer at findings regarding the question of why the country remained as conflict zone and failed to emerge as stable state and viable sate in comity of nations. The public perception about their socio-economic issues and socio- political issues is measured statistically to draw inferences about recommending policy option to the state machinery and reconciliation process

Objective: To assess the post operative wound complication after opencholecystectomy for uncomplicated Cholelithiasis. Design: Cross sectional descriptive. Setting:Surgical unit of Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar Pakistan. Patients: 223 patients underwentelective open cholecystectomy January 2011 to July 2012. Results: 90% patients had normalhealing (grade 0 or I) ,7.5% had minor complications (grade II or III), 2.5% patients had majorcomplication (grade IV or V) recorded during hospital stay. On follow-up in out-patientdepartment 81%patients found to have normal healing (grade 0 or I), 15% patients had minorcomplications (grade II or III) and 4% patients had major complications (grade IV or V). There wasan increase noted in wound grades during follow up for surgical site infections as compared totheir record during hospital stay. Conclusions: Southampton wound scoring system is a usefultool for detection of surgical site infection and standardization. Auditing of surgical site infectionby Southampton wound scoring will help the patient, surgical team and sterilization protocol tobe improved.