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Two new Ag(I) coordination polymers, namely [Ag(bpp)]·0.5 n(1,5-NDSA)·n(H

As one of the important secondary metabolites, proanthocyanidins (PAs) are not only a defense mechanism for plants to cope with biotic and abiotic stresses, but also a key factor affecting the development and quality of plants. Although the biosynthetic and metabolic pathways of proanthocyanidins have been basically clarified in the model plants, the regulatory mechanism in cotton has not been fully elucidated. In this work, a transcription factor gene GhTT2 (transparent testa 2) was cloned from Gossypium hirsutum. Its gene structure, expression pattern, subcellular localization, and function were further analyzed. The results show that the GhTT2 has a typical MYB domain and is predominantly expressed in fibers. Its transcription level was negatively correlated with anthocyanin content. The GhTT2-GFP fusion protein is located in the nucleus. Moreover, yeast transformation results show that GhTT2 has obvious transcriptional activation characteristics. Furthermore, the content of proanthocyanidins in GhTT2-silenced cottons is significantly reduced, indicating that GhTT2 may be involved in regulation of the proanthocyanidins biosynthesis in Gossypium hirsutum. These results provide a reference for further elucidating the molecular mechanisms of MYB transcription factors involved in the regulation of the biosynthetic pathway of PAs.原花青素作为植物重要的次生代谢产物,是植物应对生物和非生物胁迫的一种重要防御手段,也是影响植物发育和品质的重要因素。原花青素作为花青素生物合成的一条末端通路在模式植物中已有研究,但是具体代谢和调控机制尚不明确;原花青素作为棕色棉纤维呈色的主要物质,其棉纤维呈色的生化与分子机制仍未完全阐明。本研究从陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum)中克隆了一个MYB类转录因子基因GhTT2 (transparent testa 2),并对其基因结构、表达模式、亚细胞定位及功能进行了分析。结果表明：GhTT2转录因子具有典型的MYB结构域,在纤维中优势表达,其转录水平随花青素含量增加而降低;该基因可被原核诱导表达;与GFP融合的重组蛋白定位在细胞核;酵母转化结果表明GhTT2具有转录激活功能;在棉花中沉默GhTT2基因的表达,导致原花青素含量显著降低,表明其可能参与调控陆地棉原花青素的生物合成。本研究结果为深入阐明MYB类转录因子参与调控植物原花青素生物合成途径的分子机制提供参考。.

Exogenous enzymes, including protease, lipase, carbohydrate enzyme and phytase, are widely used as additives in fish feed worldwide. The chemical effects of these enzymes are well understood; however, their benefits to fish remain controversial. This review aimed to explore the current state of knowledge on the impacts of exogenous enzymes on finfish aquaculture, and demonstrate the application of exogenous enzymes as a safe and efficient bio‐additive to regulate growth performance, digestibility, feed utilization, whole‐body composition and immune performance of fish, and reduce phosphorus pollution into environment. Overall, based on the current knowledge and information gathered in this review, it is clear that the research on exogenous enzyme supplementation in finfish aquaculture is not extensive. It may be significant to increase research on this subject in future because it could broaden the application of exogenous enzyme use in diets where they cannot be applied currently.

// Zubin Zhou 1, * , Zhengliang Xu 1, * , Feng Wang 1 , Ye Lu 1 , Peipei Yin 1 , Chaolai Jiang 1 , Yingjie Liu 1 , Hua Li 2 , Xiaowei Yu 1 , Yuqiang Sun 1 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China 2 State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China * These authors contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Xiaowei Yu, email: yuxw@sjtu.edu.cn Yuqiang Sun, email: sunyq@21cn.net Keywords: osteogenesis, mesenchymal stem cell, oxidative stress, vitamin C, graphene foams Received: July 18, 2016 Accepted: September 29, 2016 Published: October 04, 2016 ABSTRACT To rescue the oxidative stress induced inhibition of osteogenesis, vitamin C (VC) was chemically modified onto three-dimensional graphene foams (3D GFs), then their regulation on osteogenesis of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) was studied. Combined action of VC + GF significantly decreased H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress, and rescued H 2 O 2 -inhibited cell viability, differentiation and osteogenesis of BM-MSCs in vitro . Further studies revealed that Wnt pathway may be involved in this protection of osteogenesis. Furthermore, an in vivo mouse model of BM-MSCs transplantation showed that VC + GF remarkably rescued oxidative stress inhibited calcium content and bone formation. The combination of VC and GF exhibited more pronounced protective effects against oxidative stress induced inhibition of osteogenesis, compared to monotherapy of VC or GF. Our study proposed a new strategy in stem cell-based therapies for treating bone diseases.

Background The minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis procedure has been widely applied for long-bone fixations; however, this technique is not commonly used for clavicular midshaft fractures. In this study, we introduced this technique for midshaft clavicular fractures using superior anatomic locking plates and evaluated its clinical and radiographic outcomes. Materials and methods From June 2013 to July 2014, 15 patients with acute midshaft clavicular fractures were treated with the minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis technique using a 3.5-mm clavicular superior anatomic locking plate. Anteroposterior plain X-ray images of the clavicle were taken at 4-week intervals until union was observed. The last clinical follow-up assessments were performed postoperatively at a mean of 16.54 months (range, 10-23 months). In addition, for clinical evaluations, the Constant score and the Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score were assessed. Results The average operative time was 60.2 ± 20.1 minutes (range, 40-80 minutes), with blood loss of 25 ± 5 mL (range, 20-30 mL) during the operation. The mean union time for the patients was 10.1 ± 1.4 weeks (range, 8-12 weeks), and no delayed union or nonunion was observed. There were no major complications, including infections, plate breakages, or neurovascular injuries. No skin irritation was observed, and only 2 patients felt local incision numbness. All patients obtained satisfactory shoulder functions. The mean Constant score was 99 ± 1.8 (range, 95-100), and the mean Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand score was 3.8 ± 2.9 (range, 0-10) at the last control visit. Conclusion The minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis procedure that was introduced in this study for midshaft clavicular fractures with superior anatomic locking plate is a reproducible procedure and an alternative to conventional operative methods.

Hymecromone is an important coumarin drug, and carprofen is one of the most important nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The present study aims to determine the influence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) on the carprofen-hymecromone interaction. The inhibition of carprofen enantiomers on the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 2B7-catalyzed glucuronidation of hymecromone was investigated in the UGTs incubation system with and without BSA. The inhibition capability of increased by 20% (P < 0.001) of (R)-carprofen after the addition of 0.5% BSA in the incubation mixture. In contrast, no significant difference was observed for the inhibition of (S)-carprofen on UGT2B7 activity in the absence or presence of 0.5% BSA in the incubation system. The Lineweaver-Burk plot showed that the intersection point was located in the vertical axis, indicating the competitive inhibition of (R)-carprofen on UGT2B7 in the incubation system with BSA, which is consistent with the inhibition kinetic type of (R)-carprofen on UGT2B7 in the incubation system without BSA. Furthermore, the second plot using the slopes from the Lineweaver-Burk versus the concentrations of (R)-carprofen showed that the fitting equation was y=39.997x+50. Using this equation, the inhibition kinetic parameter was calculated to be 1.3 μM. For (S)-carprofen, the intersection point was located in the horizontal axis in the Lineweaver-Burk plot for the incubation system with BSA, indicating the noncompetitive inhibition of (S)-carprofen on the activity of UGT2B7. The fitting plot of the second plot was y=24.6x+180, and the inhibition kinetic parameter was 7.3 μM. In conclusion, the present study gives a short summary of BSA's influence on the carprofen enantiomers-hymecromone interaction, which will guide the clinical application of carprofen and hymecromone.

Land resource is an important part of environmental resources. In order to make better use of limited land resources, we should strengthen the evaluation of sustainable utilization of land resources. Firstly, This paper constructs land resource sustainable utilization evaluation index system of primary from two angles of quantity and quality . Secondly, we uses the AHP method to filter the index. Finally, we constructs the sustainable use of land resources final evaluation index system .

This paper introduces the Changes in agricultural production of Hebei Province from 1949 to 2011,firstly.Then We analyzed the factors that influence the sustainable development of Agriculture.Finally, we put forward some development proposals.We hope to have reference to the other provinces of the sustainable development of agriculture .

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is considered as a prime mediator of angiogenesis and has been implicated in carcinogenesis and metastasis. Various studies examined the relationship between VEGF overexpression with the clinical outcome in patients with osteosarcoma but yielded conflicting results. Electronic databases updated to April 2013 were searched to find relevant studies. A meta-analysis was conducted with eligible studies which quantitatively evaluated the relationship between VEGF overexpression and survival of patients with osteosarcoma. Survival data were aggregated and quantitatively analyzed. We performed a meta-analysis of eight studies that evaluated the correlation between VEGF overexpression and survival in patients with osteosarcoma. Combined hazard ratios suggested that VEGF overexpression had an unfavorable impact on overall survival (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.75, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21-2.28) in patients with osteosarcoma for overall populations, 2.37 (1.35-3.39) in Asian studies but not in non-Asian studies (HR = 1.51, 95% CI: 0.89-2.14). No significant heterogeneity was observed among all studies. VEGF overexpression indicates a poor prognosis for patients with osteosarcoma. However, the prognostic value of VEGF on survival in osteosarcoma patients still needs further large-scale prospective trials to be clarified.

Fractures of the pubic rami due to low energy trauma are common in the elderly, with an incidence of 26 per 100,000 people per year in those aged more than 60 years. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical application of this minimally invasive technique in patients with pubic ramus fractures combined with a sacroiliac joint complex injury, including its feasibility, merits, and limitations. Fifteen patients with pubic ramus fractures combined with sacroiliac joint injury were treated with the minimally invasive technique from June 2008 until April 2012. The quality of fracture reduction was evaluated according to the Matta standard. Fourteen cases were excellent (93.3 %), and one case was good (6.7 %). The fracture lines were healed 12 weeks after the surgery. The 15 patients had follow-up visits between four to 50 months (mean, 22.47 months). All patients returned to their pre-injury jobs and lifestyles. One patient suffered a deep vein thrombosis during the peri-operative period. A filter was placed in the patient before the surgery and was removed six weeks later. There was no thrombus found at the follow-up visits of this patient. The minimally invasive technique in patients with pubic ramus fractures combined with a sacroiliac joint complex injury provided satisfactory efficacy.

Purpose To discuss surgical technique, operative efficacy and clinical outcome of intramedullary fixation in the treatment of subtrochanteric femur fractures. Methods From February 2011 to February 2013, 76 cases of subtrochanteric femur fractures were treated by intramedullary fixation in our hospital, including 53 males and 23 females, with the age range of 37–72 years (mean 53.5 years). According to Seinsheimer classification, there were 2 cases of type I, 7 type II, 15 type III, 23 type IV and 29 type V. Firstly, all patients underwent closed reduction with the guidance of C-arm fluoroscopy in a traction table. Two cases of type I and 3 cases of type III fractures had ideal closed reduction followed by internal fixation. The others needed additional limited open reduction. Radiographic examination was used to evaluate callus formation and fracture healing in postoperative 1, 3, 6 and 12 months follow-up. Functional recovery was evaluated by Harris Hip Scoring (HHS) system. Results Patients were followed up for 6–12 months. All fractures were healed except one patient with delayed union. The average bone union time was 4.5 months. According to HHS system, 65 cases were considered as excellent in functional recovery, 8 good, 2 fair and 1 poor. The proportion of the patients with excellent and good recovery was 96.05%. Conclusion Intramedullary fixation is feasible for the treatment of subtrochanteric femur fracture. The accuracy of intraoperative reduction and surgical skill are important for the clinical outcome and the patients' prognosis.

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical outcomes and complications following minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) with the proximal humeral internal locking system (PHILOS) for treating proximal humeral shaft fracture through the deltopectoral approach.

Lipotoxicity plays an important role in the underlying mechanism of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Prolonged exposure of pancreatic β-cells to elevated concentrations of fatty acid is associated with β-cell apoptosis. Recently, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have been reported to have direct beneficial effects on β-cells, such as anti-apoptotic effects, increased β-cell mass, and improvement of β-cell function. The mechanism of GLP-1 receptor agonists' protection of pancreatic β-cells against lipotoxicity is not completely understood. We investigated whether the GLP-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 promoted cell survival and attenuated palmitate-induced apoptosis in murine pancreatic β-cells (MIN6). Exposure of MIN6 cells to palmitate (0.4mM) for 24h caused a significant increase in cell apoptosis, which was inhibited by exendin-4. Exposure of MIN6 cells to exendin-4 caused rapid activation of protein kinase B (PKB) under lipotoxic conditions. Furthermore, LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, abolished the anti-lipotoxic effect of exendin-4 on MIN6 cells. Exendin-4 also inhibited the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis and down-regulated Bax in MIN6 cells. Exendin-4 enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the presence of palmitate. Our findings suggest that exendin-4 may prevent lipotoxicity-induced apoptosis in MIN6 cells through activation of PKB and inhibition of the mitochondrial pathway.

Models of Computer Network Anti-collision can’t be used in the area of RFID Anti-collision Algorithm, because the limit of tag’s structure. The paper discusses the anti-collision model of computer network----Token Ring Network Model, which lets the orthogonal codes act as token, proposed a strategy for RFID Anti-collision. Currently, the popular RFID Anti-collision Algorithms are based on the idea of random access, when collision happens, the reader tells the collision tags to send ID, waiting for any time. When the number of tag is large, two or more tags will be waiting for the same random time, then collision will be happen again, the contents of this paper can effectively solve these problems.

With the view of the phenomenon that different test modules have significant differences in the assembly test system, and there is some dependence between these modules, through the dependence theory of the parallel technology, there is the possibility of parallelization used in the integrated test system. In this paper, we analyses various control flows of each program or relation between the modules, and then gets all kinds of dependency between these modules, at the same time transforms the dependency into control flow graph, lastly gets the dependency of actual test cases. On this basis, according to the former implementation plan in parallel research, we can arrange parallel orders of modules the integrated test system, it can effectively improve the efficiency of software testing, and greatly saves the test time.

In virtue of fuzzy matrix and fuzzy linear transformation, not only the fuzzy comprehensive ability’s quantitative value is got, but also single fuzzy ability’s quantitative value is got. The type of software personnel can be distinguished by comparing the fuzzy integrated ability assessing value of software personnel with pre-set threshold, pointed out statistic improvement for project in the process of confirming factors, in order to enhancing the accuracy of the estimate results. And an analysis of specific application instance of improved COCOMO model verified the validity of the improved model.

How to speed up Web Server is one important problem to increase the speed of accessing information and knowledge effectively. Through analyzing the structure and content of the website, using User Browse Trend (referred to as UBT) algorithm, predicting the webpage most likely to be visited in next step by users, combining webpage pre-delivery technology, the web sever acceleration technique is implemented.

With the severe competition in the market, the risk that enterprises are faced with is more and more big. But so far, the development of the risk early-warning management system of enterprises in China is relative laggard. Based on this background, the theory of integrate risk early-warning system is studied and applied in Enterprise. The author hopes that it can offer some use to researching on enterprise integrated risk early-warning management.

A parallel checking method is proposed in the paper, in order to improve the speed of sequential circuit checking. The graph form of sequential circuits is isomorphic to finite state machine; a parallel sequential circuit equivalence checking method is designed using parallel minimization method of finite state machine. At last, the effectiveness and feasibility of the method is proved with an instance.

Visualization is the main form of human-computer interaction. The grammar formal description of visual language opens and explores the s application cope and theoretical research field of grammar. At present, graph grammar describing visual language is one of the best the formal methods. In the paper, formal parsing method of RGG grammar is studied deeply, a parsing algorithm about RGG grammar is described, and its application on Petri net is discussed.

In the paper, Using Petri net to a component-based reuse-driven software model for parallel engineering is proposed. The model applies Petri net to analyze parallelism in the entire software process. The model excavates fully Parallelism during software life cycle, supports various parallel of different particle size coarse and fine. The model can greatly enhance the software development, software productivity and shorten the development cycle.

Combining the current situation of China's domestic software enterprises, the cost driving factors of COCOMO model is improved to enhance the the accuracy of the estimate results by the fuzzy matrix method in this paper. In virtue of fuzzy matrix and fuzzy linear transformation, not only the fuzzy comprehensive ablity’s quantitative value is got, but also sigle fuzzy ability’s quantitative value is got. The type of software personnel can be distinguished by comparing the fuzzy integrated ability assessing valur of software personnel with pre-set threshold, enhancing the the accuracy of the estimate results.

The present work describes the plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis in two wild cotton species belonging to G genome: Gossypium nelsonii Fryx and Gossypium australe F Muell. The role of plant hormones and carbohydrates was also evaluated for somatic embryogenesis and somatic embryo development. Normal plants were obtained from G. nelsonii Fryx; abnormal plants and somatic embryos were obtained from G. australe F Muell. The best medium for callus induction for these G genome wild cotton species was MSB5 supplemented with 0.1 mg L−1 KT and 0.1 mg L−1 2,4-D. For embryogenic callus proliferation, the best medium used was MSB5 supplemented with 0.2 mg L−1 KT and 0.5 mg L−1 IBA. The medium MSB5 supplemented with 0.15 mg L−1 KT and 0.5 mg L−1 NAA was used successfully for root initiation and plant growth. In addition, adding CuSO4 and AgNO3 in the callus-inducing and proliferation medium resulted in a number of somatic embryos. Glucose and maltose, the carbon sources in somatic culture, were used for callus induction, but maltose worked even better than glucose for proliferation of embryogenic callus and development of somatic embryos.

Background Hook plate (HP) is popularly used for acute and severely displaced acromioclavicular (AC) dislocations. However, subacromial impingement and acromion osteolysis induced by transarticular fixation are notorious. The current case–control study was to compare transarticular fixation by HP to coracoclavicular (CC) stabilization by single multistrand titanium cable (MSTC). Methods Between January 2006 and August 2009, 24 patients with acute AC dislocations were surgically treated by open reduction and transarticular fixation with HP. These patients were matched to a series of 24 patients, who were managed by CC stabilization with MSTC in the same period. All AC dislocations were graded as Rockwood type V. Implant was removed 8 -- 12 months after the primary operation in all patients, and 12 months at least were needed to assess the maintenance of AC joint. Functional results were evaluated before implant removal as well as in the last follow-up based on Constant-Murley criteria. Results There were no differences of demographic data including age, dominant gender and side, injury-to-surgery interval, operation time and follow-up period. In terms of functionality, Constant score was 95.8 ± 4.1 in MSTC group, while 76.7 ± 8.0 in HP group before implant removal (P

Our aim is to investigate the efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) combined with respiratory failure. Electronic and manual searches were applied to retrieve published studies relevant to CPAP, COPD, and respiratory failure. The retrieved studies were screened based on stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria to identify high-quality clinical studies for meta-analysis. Comprehensive meta-analysis 2.0 was conducted to statistical analysis. Initially, we retrieved 958 studies based on stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria, 10 studies, containing a total of 372 patients with COPD combined with respiratory failure, were selected for meta-analysis. The result of our meta-analysis revealed that partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) in patients with COPD combined with respiratory failure was significantly lower 24 hours after CPAP treatment, and partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and pH were markedly higher 24 hours after CPAP treatment in the same patient group, indicating statistically significant differences as a result of CPAP treatment. Subgroup analysis based on ethnicity demonstrated that PaCO2 in patients with COPD combined with respiratory failure is evidently lower 24 hours after CPAP treatment among whites, but no such statistical correlation was observed among Asians. The results of this meta-analysis indicate that CPAP can effectively improve the respiratory function of patients with COPD combined with respiratory failure, and CPAP can be an effective way of treating COPD.

To evaluate the application of inferior vena cava filter (IVCF) in prevention of peri-operative pulmonary embolism in patients with bone fracture combined with deep venous thrombosis (DVT).From July 2007 to April 2011, 572 cases of bone fractures consequent with DVT that confirmed by Duplex were deployed IVCF to avoid fatal pulmonary embolism in the para-operative period. There were 318 male and 254 female patients with a mean age of (51±23) years (ranging from 16 to 94 years).All the operations of deployment of the IVCFs were successfully. There were 174 permanent and 399 temporary IVCFs deployed. In all 399 temporary filters, 389 filters were taken out successfully. The mean station time in the IVC of the temporary filters was 22.8 days (7 to 60 days), among which, 118 were found of captured thrombus. After the follow-up of mean 16 months (3 to 40 months) of 566 patients, no pulmonary embolism occurred, but symptomatic DVT were revealed in 15 patients, and the conditions were improved after anticoagulation treatment. No serious complication of post thrombotic syndrome occurred.IVCF deployment can prevent the trauma patients with deep vein thrombosis of fatal pulmonary embolism in the peri-operative period, which may also offer a safe condition to the orthopedic operations.

Paraquat (PQ) poisoning induces many physiological and histological changes in the human body, but PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis is most often associated with death. The signaling pathway associated with pulmonary fibrosis is reliant on transforming growth factor-beta 1 (tgf- β1) activation of Smad3, as evidenced by Smad3-deficient mice being resistant to tgf- β1-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, we sought to determine whether targeted silencing of Smad3 gene expression could inhibit PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice. We developed an RNA interference (RNAi) method using short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting Smad3. The shRNA expression cassettes capable of effectively silencing Smad3 in L929 mouse fibroblasts were transferred to an adenovirus vector and intratracheally administered into mouse lung. Treated mice presented with inhibited Smad3 mRNA and protein and were resistant to PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis, as evidenced by suppressed expressions of procollagen type I mRNA and hydroxyproline amino acid. Thus, silencing of Smad3 appears to be a promising alternative strategy for the treatment of PQ-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

The molecular aetiology of steroid-induced osteonecrosis (ON) is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the femoral head blood supply and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein levels following steroid-induced ON of rabbit femoral heads in the early stage of the disease, and to investigate a possible mechanism for ON. Using a classic protocol, ON was induced in 30 male 28-week old New Zealand white rabbits. An additional 15 untreated rabbits served as controls. Change of blood supply in the proximal femur was assessed by dynamic magnetic resonance imaging and microangiography. The VEGF protein and mRNA levels were assessed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. After 6 weeks, the results indicated that VEGF protein and mRNA levels were significantly lower and femoral head blood supply had also decreased significantly in ON+ rabbits compared with controls. The down-regulation of VEGF may play a critical role in the disease process of ON.

The purpose of this study was to review the radiographs of symptomatic femoral head osteonecrosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to assess the results of treatment using free vascularised fibular grafting. We retrospectively reviewed 50 patients (80 hips) with SLE who underwent free vascularised fibular grafting for osteonecrosis of the femoral head. All patients were followed up for at least 2 or more years (average, 4.3 years). The mean Harris hip score improved from 72 to 88. At the latest follow-up, we found improved or unchanged radiographs in 12 of initially Stage II hips and in 60 of 64 Stage III or IV hips. No hips failed treatment and underwent total hip arthroplasty. The data suggest that free vascularised fibular grafting was successful in maintaining joint function and in delaying the need for joint replacement procedure.

To evaluate the contribution of the deep circumflex iliac arterial vascularized iliac bone grafting to the reconstruction of the blood supply of the femoral head through the digital subtraction angiography (DSA) or computied tomographic scanning angiography (CTA) of the both deep circumflex iliac artery and ECT, MRI judgement.Forty-five patients with the intracapsular fracture of femoral neck included 30 males and 15 females with an average age of 36.5 years ranging from 16 to 50. The course was from 6 to 25 days(means 10.2 days). There were 20 cases of sub-headfractures, 10 cases of head-neck, 15 cases of trans-neck. All patients were treated by 3 titanium alloy cannulated screws and deep circumflex iliac arterial vascularized iliac bone grafting. A follow-up for an average of 3 years and 6 months was performed. The engorging of the artery and reconstruction of the blood supply of the femoral head was viewed dynamicly,using digital subtraction angiography (DSA) or computied tomographic scanning angiography (CTA) of the both deep circumflex iliac artery and ECT, MRI judgement of the femoral head.Three weeks after operation, 38 transferred arteries were engorging via DSA, 2 of 7 not via CTA, but engorging via DSA. One year later after operation, all arteries were engorging via DSA or CTA. ECT examination in 3, 6, 12 months after operation displayed nuclide enriching in the femoral head and distributing uniformity. The region of interest (ROI) ratios of the fractured head of femur to contralateral counterpart (D/N) in all cases1.0. The average D/N after 3 months was (2.12 +/- 0.21), (2.04 +/- 0.14) after 6 months, (l1.71 +/- 0.11) after 12 months. There was statistical differation between D/N after 12 months and 3 or 6 months (P0.05), but not between 3 and 6 months (P0.05), and MRI examination in all cases no founded decreasing of the density and changing of the form of the femoral head.DSA, CTA, ECT, MRI confirmed that the deep circumflex iliac arterial vascularized iliac bone can provide effective blood supply and is profit to the reconstruction of the blood supply of the femoral head after the fracture of the femoral neck.

The minimization of finite Automata model is deeply analyzed, and a parallel algorithm of minimization based on distinguishable state table is proposed. The parallel processing of algorithm is described in detail with an example, and its feasibility is verified.

The morphological neural network models, including morphological associative memories (MAM), fuzzy morphological associative memories (FMAM), enhanced morphological associative memories (EFMAM), etc., are extremely new artificial neural networks. They have many attractive advantages such as unlimited storage capacity, one-short recall speed and good noise-tolerance to erosive or dilative noise. Although MAM, FMAM and EFMAM are different and easily distinguishable from each other, they have the same morphological theory base. Therefore in this paper a unified theoretical framework of them is presented. The significance of the framework consists in: (1) It can help us find some new methods, definitions and theorems for morphological neural networks; (2) We have a deeper understanding of MAM, FMAM and EFMAM while having the unified theoretical framework.

The technique of promoter trapping was developed to investigate its viability in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) functional genomics. 141 independent transformants of cotton were generated via Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation, of which 97% showed positive by PCR detection. The reporter, GUS gene, was expressed to different extent in different organs, with a frequency of 48% in roots, 9.2% in vascular bundles of stem, 5.2% in leaves, and 51% in flowers. Meanwhile, we discovered that there existed great differences in expression patterns among different transgenic lines. Their GUS expression patterns were organ- or tissue-specific or ubiquitous in all of the plants. The promoter trapping system developed here was characterized as an effective method for creating mutants with diverse reporter gene expression patterns, which laid a solid foundation for further research of functional genomics in cotton.

Dear Editor, We are grateful for the insightful comments on the PHILOS plating technique for proximal humeral fractures from Nicholas Clement. He has collected prior published data for pooling analysis, found obvious heterogeneity of these studies and revealed marked variations of Constant scores following PHILOS stabilisation. The epidemiological study by Court-Brown and Caesar showed that the mean age of patients suffering proximal humeral fractures is 65 years [1]; however, pooling of data yields an average age of 62 years. We believe the latter might be more representative, for inclusion in the latest studies from more regions. Moreover, we should realise that the population of adults suffering fractures has become younger in past decades due to industrialisation and high-speed transportation. Of course, we have noted that the indications for the PHILOS plating technique might have been broadened. However, we also know all treatment protocols are individualised, and patients should be informed about full consideration of previous outcome, potential risks and prospective results. It is certain that the PHILOS plate can be given priority for use in young active patients. Indeed, the post-operative Constant score varies greatly in these studies even though the variation of age has been adjusted. It might not be difficult to find answers to the question. First, surgical techniques using the PHILOS plate for proximal humeral fractures are currently not consistent. For pooling analysis, the effect of the surgical approach on functional results should be taken into consideration. Moreover, intra-operative repair of concomitant rotator cuff injuries contributes greatly to functional recovery. Second, apart from the age, potential factors, including fracture patterns, dislocation, smoking, reduction quality, systemic diseases and iatrogenic impingement, might affect early and mid-term clinical results [2]. Third, some unrevealed factors might exist, such as psychogenic status, lifestyle and so on. The high incidence of complications has attracted great attention when PHILOS is employed for the elderly [3]. For the majority of stable and extra-articular fractures of the proximal humerus, conservative treatment can yield satisfactory results. However, shoulder arthroplasty cannot resolve all complicated fractures due to the inherent limitation of current shoulder prostheses [4]. Therefore, internal fixation using a plating technique currently seems reasonable and indispensable for proximal humeral fractures in the elderly. Improvement of orthopaedic implants and surgical techniques (such as minimally invasive surgery) continues to be attractive [5]. It is also valuable to reveal and avoid potential risk factors to decrease post-operative complications.

Background Fractures of the intertrochanteric hip are common and the treatment of unstable fractures generally requires an operative approach. In elderly patients, osteoporosis makes internal fixation problematic and frequently contributes to failed fixation and poor clinical results. We have attempted to apply the Less Invasive Stabilization System (LISS) in reverse position for the repair of intertrochanteric hip fractures in elderly patients with osteoporotic bones. A retrospective review is presented of the cases of 28 elderly patients with stable and unstable fractures of the intertrochanteric hip treated using the reverse LISS. Methods We treated 28 elderly patients with a mean age of 82.3 years. According to the Evens classification, there were 2 Type I fractures, 2 Type II fractures, 3 Type III fractures, 13 Type IV fractures, 6 Type V fractures and 2 Type R fractures. All fractures were treated using the reverse LISS. Radiographic and clinical evidence of functional outcome and complications were evaluated. Results Mean perioperative blood loss was 92.4 milliliters (range 35 to 245 milliliters), and the mean postoperative hospital stay was 8.7 days (range 3 to 14 days). Complications included one minor wound hematoma. Radiographically, no collapses, screw cutouts, or head penetrations were seen. All surviving patients (28 of 28; 100 percent) had uneventful fracture healing with union achieved by six months in all patients. Conclusions Use of the Reverse LISS plating for intertrochanteric hip fractures resulted in event-free fracture healing.