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Additional file 2. Supplementary methods.

Additional file 1. The Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Etiology of Diarrhea Surveillance Study Team.

Additional file 2. Supplementary methods.

Background To combat the COVID-19 pandemic, nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPI) were implemented worldwide, which impacted a broad spectrum of acute respiratory infections (ARI). Methods Etiologically diagnostic data from 142 559 cases with ARIs, who were tested for eight viral pathogens (influenza virus, IFV; respiratory syncytial virus, RSV; human parainfluenza virus, HPIV; human adenovirus; human metapneumovirus; human coronavirus, HCoV; human bocavirus, HBoV, and human rhinovirus, HRV) between 2012 and 2021, were analyzed to assess the changes of respiratory infections in China during the first COVID-19 pandemic year compared to pre-pandemic years. Results Test positive rates of all respiratory viruses decreased during 2020, compared to the average levels during 2012−2019, with changes ranging from -17·2% for RSV to -87·6% for IFV. Sharp decreases mostly occurred between February and August when massive NPIs remained active, although HRV rebounded to the historical level during the summer. While IFV and HMPV were consistently suppressed year round, RSV, HPIV, HCoV, HRV HBov resurged and went beyond historical levels during September, 2020−January, 2021, after NPIs were largely relaxed and schools reopened. Resurgence was more prominent among children younger than 18 years and in Northern China. These observations remain valid after accounting for seasonality and long-term trend of each virus. Conclusions Activities of respiratory viral infections were reduced substantially in the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, and massive NPIs were likely the main driver. Lifting of NPIs can lead to resurgence of viral infections, particularly in children.

The China GAVI Project (CGP) was initiated in 2002 to provide hepatitis B (HB) vaccine to infants born in the less developed areas of China including the Western provinces and poverty counties of Middle provinces, to prevent the consequences of hepatitis B virus infection. By 2009, the project areas had raised coverage of 3 doses of HB vaccine and timely birth doses to almost 90% among infants, comparable to those in wealthier Eastern provinces, and reduced HBV prevalence to

This thesis studies a user interest model which can correspond with every user by collecting some personal information of users and optimize the retrieval results by search the original query expansion automatically. After putting the inquiry keyword into the search engine, the system will filter and sort the retrieval results according with the relevant of the user's interest model and finally present it to users. The experiments show that using this method can improve the precision ratio and recall ratio and realize the personalized service of the information index for users.

This paper explores the factors affecting project competence within firms producing complex products and systems (CoPS). We developed a research framework for the analysis of factors affecting the project competence in CoPS innovation. Literature review and Nominal Group Technique were used to identify these factors and to assist in developing a questionnaire to identify and rank their associated measured variables, five key factors were identified and extracted by using factor analysis, and these resulting factors were related to the overall project competence in CoPS by using a multiple regression analysis method, then the results of factor analysis and multiple regression analysis were valuated and confirmed by using structural equation modeling, in which corresponding tentative model was constructed and tested quantitatively. The proposed model identified five building blocks of project competence in CoPS innovation, namely project environment, technology, innovation, organization management and operation process. The paper argues that these firms are only able to effectively harness and reproduce their project competence by integrating these five building blocks within the firm.

BackgroundPopulation health attributes (such as disease incidence and prevalence) are often estimated using sentinel hospital records, which are subject to multiple sources of uncertainty. When applied to these health attributes, commonly used biased estimation techniques can lead to false conclusions and ineffective disease intervention and control. Although some estimators can account for measurement error (in the form of white noise, usually after de-trending), most mainstream health statistics techniques cannot generate unbiased and minimum error variance estimates when the available data are biased.Methods and findingsA new technique, called the Biased Sample Hospital-based Area Disease Estimation (B-SHADE), is introduced that generates space-time population disease estimates using biased hospital records. The effectiveness of the technique is empirically evaluated in terms of hospital records of disease incidence (for hand-foot-mouth disease and fever syndrome cases) in Shanghai (China) during a two-year period. The B-SHADE technique uses a weighted summation of sentinel hospital records to derive unbiased and minimum error variance estimates of area incidence. The calculation of these weights is the outcome of a process that combines: the available space-time information; a rigorous assessment of both, the horizontal relationships between hospital records and the vertical links between each hospital's records and the overall disease situation in the region. In this way, the representativeness of the sentinel hospital records was improved, the possible biases of these records were corrected, and the generated area incidence estimates were best linear unbiased estimates (BLUE). Using the same hospital records, the performance of the B-SHADE technique was compared against two mainstream estimators.ConclusionsThe B-SHADE technique involves a hospital network-based model that blends the optimal estimation features of the Block Kriging method and the sample bias correction efficiency of the ratio estimator method. In this way, B-SHADE can overcome the limitations of both methods: Block Kriging's inadequacy concerning the correction of sample bias and spatial clustering; and the ratio estimator's limitation as regards error minimization. The generality of the B-SHADE technique is further demonstrated by the fact that it reduces to Block Kriging in the case of unbiased samples; to ratio estimator if there is no correlation between hospitals; and to simple statistic if the hospital records are neither biased nor space-time correlated. In addition to the theoretical advantages of the B-SHADE technique over the two other methods above, two real world case studies (hand-foot-mouth disease and fever syndrome cases) demonstrated its empirical superiority, as well.

ObjectiveTo compare the effect of extensive duraplasty and subsequent early cranioplasty on the recovery of neurological function in management of patients with severe traumatic brain injuries received decompressive craniectomy.MethodsThe computer-aided designation of titanium armor plate was used as a substitute for the repair of skull defect in all the patients. The patients were divided into three groups. Twenty-three patients were in early cranioplasty group who received extensive duraplasty in craniectomy and subsequent cranioplasty within 3 months after previous operation (Group I). Twenty-one patients whose cranioplasty was performed more than 3 months after the first operation were in the group without duraplasty (Group II); while the other 26 patients in the group with duraplasty in previous craniotomy (Group III). Both the Barthel index of activity of daily living (ADL) 3 months after craniotomy for brain injuries and 1 month after cranioplasty and Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS) at least 6 months after cranioplasty were assessed respectively.ResultsThe occurrence of adverse events commonly seen in cranioplasty, such as incision healing disturbance, fluid collection below skin flap, infection and onset of postoperative epilepsy was not significantly higher than other 2 groups. The ADL scores at 3 months after craniotomy in Groups I-III were 58.9±26.7, 40.8±20.2 and 49.2±18.6. The ADL scores at 1 month after cranioplasty were 70.2±25.2, 50.8±24.8 and 61.2±21.5. The forward KPS scores were 75.4±19.0, 66.5±24.7 and 57.6±24.7 respectively. The ADL and KPS socres were significantly higher in group I than other 2 groups.ConclusionThe early cranioplasty in those with extensive duraplasty in previous craniotomy is feasible and helpful to improving ADL and long-term quality of life in patients with severe traumatic brain injuries.