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By an easy protocol in ambient conditions, novel copper telluride nano-bacterial hunters were prepared, resembling grape clusters, with very potent intrinsic anti-bacterial efficacy.

Camptothecin-loaded nanoemulsion (CPT/NE), sodium alginate, carbomer and calcium chloride were chosen to prepare camptothecin-loaded nanoemulsion / hydrogel (CPT/NE/HG) pellets. The optimal formulation of CPT/NE/HG pellets was composed of a mixture of the CPT/NE to hydrogel (1:1, w/w) followed by solidification with 15.0% CaCl2 solution, and the hydrogel consisted of a mass ratio of 1:1 of sodium alginate (1.92 %, w/v) and carbomer 934P (2.20 %, w/v). The reconstitution of pellets showed that there were nanoemulsions, microemulsions or mixed micelles existed together in simulated colonic fluid (SCF). The camptothecin releasing from the CPT/NE/HG pellets was less than 20 % in simulated gastric fluid while more than 40% loaded camptothecin released in SCF, and the release process was conformed to be first-order kinetics. The in vivo imaging indicated that the CPT/NE/HG pellets were firstly aggregated in the stomach while the most pellets were destructed after reaching the colon. The inhibitory effect of CPT/NE/HG pellets on LoVo cell growth was significantly stronger than that of CPT solution.

Figure S1. (A) Strategy for plasma detection of oncogenic mutations. The exonic positions and nature of the hotspot mutations are shown. Two sets of bidirectional reverse primers (arrows) were positioned to robust sequences on either side of each mutation site to target and amplify each allele by inverse PCR. For detection of ALK fusions, targeting primers were progressively spaced across exon 19, intron 19, and exon 20, spanning the known ALK breakpoint region. (B) Hot Spot Gene Mutations and Diagnostic cSMART Primers. Figure S2. Comparison of the distributions of driver mutations identified in 26 matched tDNA and plasma ctDNA samples. Thirty-two mutations were detected in the plasma at time A, including 14 TP53 mutations, 8 EGFR mutations, 6 PIK3CA mutations, 3 KRAS mutations and 1 ALK mutation. Five patients had two mutations simultaneously in the plasma ctDNA: case 3 had PIK3CA and EGFR mutations; case 6 had EGFR and TP53 mutations; case 15 had two different TP53 mutations, namely, a base substitution mutation in exon 5 and a base substitution mutation in exon 8; case 17 had EGFR and TP53 mutations; and case 20 had KRAS and PIK3CA mutations simultaneously. A single mutation was detected in the other 21 cases. For the corresponding tumor tissues, a total of 29 gene mutations were detected: 14 TP53 mutations, 8 EGFR mutations, 5 PIK3CA mutations and 2 KRAS mutation. More than one mutation was detected in the tumors of 5 patients, which was completely consistent with the ctDNA results. (A) Numbers of gene mutations in tDNA vs. plasma ctDNA from matched sample pairs. (B) The inner circle shows the distribution of gene mutations, and the outer ring shows specific alterations in amino acids. Figure S3. Excluded two positive plasma A patients with CHIP validated by normal lung tissue and white blood cell. Figure S4. The plasma ctDNA concentration at each time point during the perioperative period (from time A to time P2). The X-axis represents the logarithmic value of time. Figure S5. Longitudinal ctDNA profiles of non-relapse or non-progression cases. Red curve represents the fluctuation of ctDNA concentration over time. The X-axis represents the days of post-operation. The Y-axis represents the ctDNA MAF (%). In this figure, rectangular frames represent the treatment that patients have received, as shown at the bottom, green frame: surgical treatment; yellow frame: chemotherapy; blue frame: radiotherapy and red frame: target therapy. Figure S6. The RFS (left) and OS (right）between different ctDNA statuses at time P3 (Three cases with no blood samples at this time point were excluded). Figure S7. The RFS between patients who received postoperative therapy or not based on different strategy. (A) Patients with stage II, III and above lung cancer according to TNM stage in our study. (B) Patients with positive MRD detection in our study. (C) Patient with positive ctDNA at time P2.

Supplementary Legend

Table S1. Clinical features of 26 enrolled patients. Table S2. The linear regression formula, slope K and coefficient of correlation R2 for each curve. Table S3. The plasma ctDNA concentrations from time A to time D in the half-life analyzed patients. Table S4. Correlation between clinical characteristics and the plasma ctDNA concentration at times P1, P2 and P3. Table S5. The exact time interval from tumor resection to the series of scheduled time point (Time B to Time P2). Table S6. Plasma DNA metrics and ctDNA content analysis at each time point for 26 patients. Table S7. Adjacent normal tissue and Tumor tissue DNA metrics for 26 patients. Table S8. Detailed gene mutation informations for all tumors and each time point plasmas. Table S9. White blood cell DNA metrics for 26 patients.

Purpose:No study has investigated the precise perioperative dynamic changes in circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in any patients with early-stage cancer. This study (DYNAMIC) investigated perioperative dynamic changes in ctDNA and determined the appropriate detection time of ctDNA-based surveillance for surgical patients with lung cancer.Experimental Design: Consecutive patients who underwent curative-intent lung resections were enrolled prospectively (NCT02965391). Plasma samples were obtained at multiple prespecified time points including before surgery (time A), during surgery after tumor resection (time B–time D), and after surgery (time P1–time P3). Next-generation sequencing–based detection platform was performed to calculate the plasma mutation allele frequency. The primary endpoint was ctDNA half-life after radical tumor resection.Results:Thirty-six patients showed detectable mutations in time A. The plasma ctDNA concentration showed a rapid decreasing trend after radical tumor resection, with the average mutant allele fraction at times A, B, C, and D being 2.72%, 2.11%, 1.14%, and 0.17%, respectively. The median ctDNA half-life was 35.0 minutes. Patients with minimal residual disease (MRD) detection had a significant slower ctDNA half-life than those with negative MRD (103.2 minutes vs. 29.7 minutes, P = 0.001). The recurrence-free survival of patients with detectable and undetectable ctDNA concentrations at time P1 was 528 days and 543 days, respectively (P = 0.657), whereas at time P2 was 278 days and 637 days, respectively (P = 0.002).Conclusions:ctDNA decays rapidly after radical tumor resection. The ctDNA detection on the third day after R0 resection can be used as the baseline value for postoperative lung cancer surveillance.

The use of bone tissue-engineered scaffolds for repairing bone defects has become extremely common. Bone tissue-engineered scaffolds should have good mechanical properties, a pore structure similar to that of natural bone, appropriate biodegradability, and good biocompatibility to provide attachment sites for growth factors and seed cells. They also need to exhibit special functions such as osteoconductivity and osteoinduction. In this study, the mechanical, degradation, and biological properties of bredigite were studied by using a triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) model structure. Pressure tests on bone tissue-engineered scaffolds showed that the mechanical properties of TPMS scaffolds were significantly better than those of open-rod scaffolds with the same porosity. By analyzing the biological properties, we found that the TPMS model had better protein adsorption ability than the open-rod model, the cells could better adsorb on the surface of the TPMS scaffold, and the proliferation number and proliferation rate of the TPMS model were higher than those of the open-ended rod model.

This study was undertaken to determine if coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) can help to assess patent foramen ovale (PFO) with high accuracy and reproducibility when compared to transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).In total, 75 suspected PFO cases (31 men, 44 women; mean age, 45 ± 9 years) were evaluated by coronary CTA and TEE. PFO tunnel length (TL) and the opening diameter of the left atrial entrance (ODLAE) and right atrial entrance (ODRAE), as well as contrast shunt (if present due to PFO), were measured by both modalities.PFO was detected in 68 patients with TEE. The sensitivity for the detection of PFO with CCTA was 85.3%; specificity, 71.4%; positive predictive value, 96.7%; and negative predictive value, 33.3%. Both modalities demonstrated good agreement in measuring TL and ODLAE of PFO. However, the ODRAE of TEE was different from that of CCTA (1.14 ± 0.4 mm and 1.45 ± 0.5 mm, respectively, p = 0.04). The intra-observer and inter-observer variability and agreement for TL, ODRAE, and ODLAE of PFO were excellent between the two measurements.CCTA provided a method for detection of PFO with high accuracy and reproducibility compared with TEE. Therefore, CCTA is a practical and efficient alternative to TEE for PFO diagnosis.

Bone resection is a common technique in modern surgery, which can be divided into contact (such as mechanical osteotomy and ultrasonic osteotomy) and non-contact (such as laser osteotomy). Irrespective of the excision method, it causes processing damage to natural bone material, thus affecting bone healing. To reduce the machining damage in bone resection, different machining variables (cutting fluid temperature, feed rate, rotational speed, and ultrasonic frequency) were considered to explore the selection of various cutting conditions. This paper reviews the excision of natural bone materials including mechanical osteotomy, laser osteotomy, and ultrasonic osteotomy, especially traditional drilling and ultrasonic cutting, which represent the traditional and prospective methods of bone excision technology, respectively. Finally, the differences between methods are emphasized and the future trends in osteotomy technology and condition control during osteotomy are analyzed.

The interface regulation of lithium metal anodes (LMAs) is considered one of the most critical issues in the pursuit of high energy density for lithium metal batteries. As a key physical characteristic, the dielectric feature of the interface overlayer decides the electric field and charge-current distribution within the interface region and directly influences the Li deposition behavior of LMAs. Herein, a high-dielectric artificial solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) is designed to regulate the electric field distribution and Li

Background A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin-like motifs (ADAMTS) is involved in inflammation and fertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This study aims to assess the role of ADAMTS level in the outcomes of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) in women with PCOS, using a meta-analytic approach. Methods We systematically searched Web of Science, PubMed, EmBase, and the Cochrane library to identify potentially eligible studies from inception until December 2021. Study assess the role of ADAMTS levels in patients with PCOS was eligible in this study. The pooled effect estimates for the association between ADAMTS level and IVF-ET outcomes were calculated using the random-effects model. Results Five studies involving a total of 181 patients, were selected for final analysis. We noted that ADAMTS-1 levels were positively correlated to oocyte maturity (r = 0.67; P = 0.004), oocyte recovery (r = 0.74; P = 0.006), and fertilization (r = 0.46; P = 0.041) rates. Moreover, ADAMTS-4 levels were positively correlated to oocyte recovery (r = 0.91; P = 0.001), and fertilization (r = 0.85; P = 0.017) rates. Furthermore, downregulation of ADAMTS-1, ADAMTS-4, ADAMTS-5, and ADAMTS-9 was associated with elevated follicle puncture (ADAMTS-1: weighted mean difference [WMD], 7.24, P P P P P P = 0.004; ADAMTS-5: WMD, 3.63, P = 0.004; ADAMTS-9: WMD, 3.20, P = 0.006), and Germinal vesicle oocytes levels (ADAMTS-1: WMD, 2.89, P P P P P > 0.05). Conclusions This study found that the outcomes of IVF-EF in patients with PCOS could be affected by ADAMTS-1 and ADAMTS-4; further large-scale prospective studies should be performed to verify these results.

An increasing number of studies have shown that exposure to particulate matter with a diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) could affect the onset and development of cardiovascular diseases. To explore the underlying mechanisms, the studies conducted in vitro investigations using different cell lines. In this review, we examined recently published reports cited by PubMed or Web of Science on the topic of cardiovascular toxicity induced by PM2.5 that carried the term in vitro. Here, we summarized the suggested mechanisms of PM2.5 leading to adverse effects and cardiovascular toxicity including oxidative stress; the increase of vascular endothelial permeability; the injury of vasomotor function and vascular reparative capacity in vascular endothelial cell lines; macrophage polarization and apoptosis in macrophage cell lines; and hypermethylation and apoptosis in the AC16 cell line and the related signaling pathways, which provided a new research direction of cardiovascular toxicity of PM2.5.

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) mixed with poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is considered as one of the most valuable conductive polymers due to its high conductivity, transparency and mechanical flexibility. Many experiments have proved that H2SO4 post-treatment is an effective way to enhance the electrical conductivity of PEDOT:PSS films. Here we reported a method for the fabrication of PEDOT:PSS films with conductivity as high as 6323.9 ± 364.5 S/cm, based on a two-step H2SO4 post-treatment. This very high conductivity is, as far as we know, the highest reported value for PEDOT:PSS films by solution preparation. The removal of PSS and redox reaction are the keys to enhance the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS films.

BackgroundOsteosarcoma remains to be the most devastating malignant tumor in children and teenagers. Mitochondria have also been proven to play critical roles in osteosarcoma. However, a mitochondria-related signature has been established in osteosarcoma to comprehensively evaluate the pathogenic roles and regulatory roles of mitochondria in osteosarcoma.MethodsIn this study, osteosarcoma samples' transcriptome data and clinical information were collected from Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases. A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis was performed on the samples at the bulk RNA sequencing level and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) level. EdU, Transwell, and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were performed on PCCB.ResultsA mitochondria-related signature was constructed in osteosarcoma patients. The prognostic value of the mitochondria-related signature was explored. The predictive value of the mitochondria-related signature in the immune microenvironment and chemotherapy agents was explored. The association between mitochondria and immunity in the tumor microenvironment of osteosarcoma at the scRNA-seq level was investigated. The tumorigenic role of the critical mitochondria-related gene, PCCB, was verified by in vitro validation.ConclusionIn conclusion, a mitochondria-related signature was developed in osteosarcoma with solid predictive values in the immune microenvironment, chemotherapy agents, and prognosis.

BACKGROUND: Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is a noninvasive imaging modality to detect and diagnose coronary artery disease. Due to the limitations of equipment and the patient’s physiological condition, some CCTA images collected by 64-slice spiral computed tomography (CT) have motion artifacts in the right coronary artery, left circumflex coronary artery and other positions. OBJECTIVE: To perform coronary artery motion artifact correction on clinical CCTA images collected by Siemens 64-slice spiral CT and evaluate the artifact correction method. METHODS: We propose a novel method based on the generative adversarial network (GAN) to correct artifacts of CCTA clinical images. We use CCTA clinical images collected by 64-slice spiral CT as the original dataset. Pairs of regions of interest (ROIs) cropped from original dataset or images with and without motion artifacts are used to train the dual-zone GAN. When predicting the CCTA images, the network inputs only the clinical images with motion artifacts. RESULTS: Experiments show that this network effectively corrects CCTA motion artifacts. Regardless of ROIs or images, the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity (SSIM), mean square error (MSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) of the generated images are greatly improved compared to those of the input data. In addition, based on scores from physicians, the average score for the coronary artery artifact correction of the output images is higher. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the dual-zone GAN has the excellent ability to correct motion artifacts in the coronary arteries and maintain the overall characteristics of CCTA clinical images.

Wounds affect various functions of the skin, and treating them has always been a challenge for humans. Skin grafts have been traditionally used to treat wounds; however, they have certain shortcomi...

Recently conducted biomedical studies have shown that the drug diffusivity of hyaluronic acid hydrogel plays an important role in the treatment of joint diseases. The drug diffusivity is closely related to the water content of hydrogel. In addition, different water content will not only affect its mechanical and tribological properties, but also change the effect of drug release.In this work, a Molecular dynamics simulation was used to investigate the effect of water content on spatial distribution, tribological and mechanical properties of a hyaluronic acid hydrogel network. This paper focuses on the analysis and calculation of the radial distribution function of 20, 40, 60, and 80% water content model and the friction force and mechanical parameters under the influence of different load and friction speed.The results show that at 20 and 40% water content, the spatial distribution is loose and the intermolecular force is not strong, resulting in a major lack in tribological and mechanical properties; whereas at 60 and 80% water content, the spatial distribution becomes gradually compact and the intermolecular force is gradually increased. The tribological and mechanical properties manifest a marked improvement.The calculations reveal that the hydrogel model has the best wear resistance, pressure resistance, and plastic deformation resistance at 80% water content. In the range of 20-80% water content, the mechanical properties and friction properties of hydrogels become better and better with the increase of water content.

An increasing number of scaffold materials are available for repairing alveolar bone defects. As each material has its own advantages and disadvantages, these characteristics should be carefully considered. This paper presents a review of the currently available materials for repairing alveolar bone defects, including artificial ceramics, polymers, and metals. The combination of seed cells or growth factors with these materials is the future trend for the treatment of alveolar bone defects. In this study, a comprehensive analysis of the advantages, disadvantages, and development status of various materials is carried out, providing a basis for future material selection.

Oats (Avena sativa L.) with similar amylose content were used to investigate the effects of ultra-high pressure treatment (UHPT) on the eating quality of steamed oat and oat protein structure. Water absorption and texture of steamed oat were evaluated and taste analysis was conducted by electronic tongue after a series of UHPT (400–600 MPa; holding time 5–15 min). The oat protein was extracted from the oat and treated with the same UHPT as the steamed oat (400–600 MPa; holding time 5–15 min). The oat protein structure was scanned by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The water absorption rate of oat rice was increased by UHPT. Hardness values of steamed oat were reduced while springiness and cohesiveness were increased by UHPT. The UHPT samples showed significant differences in electronic tongue profiles from that of the original samples. The SEM results indicated that the structure of the protein was greatly affected by UHPT. The impact on protein structure significantly increased with an increasing level of pressure and treatment time. In general, the UHPT has strong potential to improve the texture and flavor of oat and change the structure of oat protein during industrial production.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) coatings are known for their ultralow friction coefficient (0.005) due to the appearance of tribofilms with a lamellar structure. Nevertheless, the dynamics of MoS2 shee...

Sea buckthorn leaves have been used for tea making in food field gradually. This study was carried out to characterize the bioactive polyphenols and volatile compounds in sea buckthorn leaves (SL), sea buckthorn leaves green tea (SGT), and sea buckthorn leaves black tea (SBT) by using high-performance liquid chromatography with an UV detector (HPLC-UV), the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), and headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), in combination with multivariate analysis. A total of 48 non-volatile metabolites and 295 volatile metabolites were identified. Then, the total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents in SL, SGT, and SBT were also analyzed. Moreover, SL and SGT showed greater antioxidant activities based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) results. At the concentration of 0.1 mg/ml, their DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging ratios were 66 to 95%, while SBT exhibited lower antioxidant activity of 26 to 44%. SL, SGT, and SBT displayed moderate α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Objective. To explore the pharmacological mechanism of a Chinese patent drug (Kunling Pill (KLP)) on improving diminished ovarian reserve based on proteomic analysis. Methods. A total of 18 patients divided into three groups (the normal ovary reserve (NOR), diminished ovary reserve (DOR), and KLP groups) undergoing assisted reproductive technology by standard ovarian stimulation protocols were recruited to collect follicular fluid. Data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry was used to identify differentially expressed proteins by nano-LC-MS/MS. Bioinformatic analysis was conducted to predict the functions and pathways of the identified proteins. Clinical, hormonal, and biochemical parameters were also analyzed in the three groups. Results. A total of 144 differentially expressed proteins were screened out, including 56 proteins that were downregulated and 88 proteins that were upregulated in the DOR group compared with the NOR group, while 27 proteins were shared in the KLP-treated group. Among them, 10 proteins were upregulated and 17 proteins were downregulated in the KLP-treated group compared with the DOR group. The most enriched biological processes accounted for 28 GO terms, including cellular process, biological regulation, metabolic process, and regulation of biological process. Significant pathways were associated with fatty acid elongation, fatty acid degradation, fatty acid metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, and valine, leucine, and isoleucine degradation. Conclusion. Our study provides the proteome profiles of human follicular fluid from DOR patients treated by KLP. Functional analyses of proteome datasets revealed that core proteins (SAA1, MIF, and PRDX5) and related pathways (fatty acid metabolism, nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, and tyrosine and purine metabolism) are possible pharmacological mechanisms through which KLP improves DOR. Therefore, these findings may help better understand the complex mechanisms through which DOR is treated by the Chinese patent drug KLP.

Therapeutic efficacy against cancer relies heavily on the ability of the therapeutic agents to reach their final targets. The optimal targets of most cancer therapeutic agents are usually biological macromolecules at the subcellular level, which play a key role in carcinogenesis. Therefore, to improve the therapeutic efficiency of drugs, researchers need to focus on delivering not only the therapeutic agents to the target tissues and cells but also the drugs to the relevant subcellular structures. In this review, we discuss the most recent construction strategies and release patterns of various cancer cell subcellular-targeting nanoformulations, aiming at providing guidance in the overall design of precise nanomedicine. Additionally, future challenges and potential perspectives are illustrated in the hope of enhancing anticancer efficacy and accelerating the translational progress of precise nanomedicine.

Appropriate scaffolds for tissue-engineered bone not only require mechanical strength, but also conditions that promote new bone growth. Bone tissue engineering scaffolds should establish the internal pore structure of the scaffolds and promote new bone growth. Additive manufacturing technology is widely used in the field of bone tissue engineering because it can directly and accurately construct the pore structure in 3D space, ensure internal connectivity of the scaffolds, and directly use biological materials. This paper reviews the development of additive manufacturing technology for bone tissue engineering. The differences between various additive manufacturing technologies are reviewed, with emphasis on the application of new technologies and materials. This paper also reviews the modeling processes used in bone tissue engineering, with emphasis on the optimization of the architectural design to achieve gradient structure and improved porosity and mechanical properties. Finally, this paper summarizes the 3D bioprinting technology that has fluid containing nutrients, matrix, and cells as constituent materials. Current problems and directions for the future development of additive manufacturing technology in the field of bone tissue engineering are also discussed.

Although superlubricity is highly desirable for many engineering applications, its implementation has so far been seriously restricted due to limitations in contact size, environmental adaptability and life time. By designing superlattice films with alternating molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and tungsten carbide (WC) layers, we show that long-term macroscale superlubricity (friction coefficient of 0.006) in low vacuum (~10-3 Pa) after a short running-in period in air. Such unusual behavior is enabled when the fine structure of the bilayer unit is rationally controlled to yield incommensurate contacts between MoS2 and metal oxides nanoparticles produced spontaneously during tribological sliding. Our analysis indicates that the WC phase is critical for superlubricity by helping stiffen the film, facilitate preferential growth of crystalline MoS2 along (002) plane parallel to substrate, and produce lubricous nanoparticles. We further demonstrate the superlattice design is generally applicable for MoS2/ceramics materials to achieve long life-time macroscale superlubricity with easy self-rejuvenation capability.

Hot stamping components with tailored mechanical properties have excellent safety-related performance in the field of lightweight manufacturing. In this paper, the constitutive relation and damage evolution of bainite, martensite, and mixed bainite/martensite (B/M) phase were studied. Two-dimensional representative volume element (RVE) models were constructed according to microstructure characteristics. The constitutive relations of individual phases were defined based on the dislocation strengthening theory. Results showed that the damage initiation and evolution of martensite and bainite phases can well described by the Lou-Huh damage criterion (DF2015) determined by the hybrid experimental–numerical method. The calibrated damage parameters of each phase were applied to the numerical simulation, followed by the 2D RVE simulations of B/M phase under different stress states. To study the influence of martensite volume fraction (Vm) and distribution of damage evolution, the void nucleation and growth were evaluated by RVEs and verified by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Three types of void nucleation modes under different stress states were experimentally and numerically studied. The results showed that with the increase of Vm and varying martensite distribution, the nucleation location of voids move from bainite to martensite.

Bone defects are the second most common tissue grafts after blood. However, bone grafts face several problems, such as bone scaffolds, which have low bioactivity and are prone to corrosion. Much of the current research on bone scaffolds is focused on the mechanical aspects such as structure and strength. Surface modification of the bone scaffold is carried out in terms of the mechanical structure or structural design of the bone scaffold with reference to a bionic structure. However, with the development of mechanical designs, materials science, and medicine, many studies have reported that promoting bone growth by modifying the structure of the scaffold or coating is not possible. Therefore, the application of a bioactive coating to the surface of the bone scaffold is particularly important to generate a synergistic effect between the structure and active coating. In this article, we present several perspectives to improve the bioactivity of bone scaffolds, including corrosion resistance, loading of bioactive coatings or drugs on bone scaffolds, improved adhesion to the surface of the bone scaffolds, immune response modulation, and drawing on bionic structures during manufacturing.

Three-dimensional 3D printing binders are important in the modern industry. Several types of binders and printing materials are used. Thus, printing binder requirements differ considerably depending on the printing methods utilized. In this study, the characteristics and research status of biomimetic materials and polymer binders used in Selective Laser Sintering-based printing (SLS), Spray molding technology (such as, solid inkjet printing [3DP] and Metal binder jet printing (MBJ), and extruded bio-printing technology (EBP) are reviewed.

Some chemotherapy can damage tumor cells, releasing damage-related molecular patterns including ATP to improve immunological recognition against the tumor by immunogenic cell death (ICD). However, the immune-stimulating ATP may be rapidly degraded into immunosuppressive adenosine by highly expressed CD39 and CD73 in the tumor microenvironment, which leads to immune escape. Based on the above paradox, a liposome nanoplatform combined with ICD inducer (oxaliplatin) and CD39 inhibitor (POM-1) is designed for immunochemotherapy. The liposomes efficiently load the phospholipid-like oxaliplatin prodrug, and the cationic charged surface could adsorb POM-1. Rationally designed DSPE-PEG

Fine particulate matter (PM

Stage I non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) presents diverse outcomes. To identify molecular features leading to tumor recurrence in early-stage NSCLC, we perform multiregional whole-exome sequencing (WES), RNA sequencing, and plasma-targeted circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) detection analysis between recurrent and recurrent-free stage I NSCLC patients (CHN-P cohort) who had undergone R0 resection with a median 5-year follow-up time. Integrated analysis indicates that the multidimensional clinical and genomic model can stratify the prognosis of stage I NSCLC in both CHN-P and EUR-T cohorts and correlates with positive pre-surgical deep next generation sequencing (NGS) ctDNA detection. Increased genomic instability related to DNA interstrand crosslinks and double-strand break repair processes is significantly associated with early tumor relapse. This study reveals important molecular insights into stage I NSCLC and may inform clinical postoperative treatment and follow-up strategies.

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic progressive disease with an extremely high mortality rate and is a complication of COVID-19. Inhalable microspheres have been increasingly used in the treatment of lung diseases such as PF in recent years. Compared to the direct inhalation of drugs, a larger particle size is required to ensure the sustained release of microspheres. However, the clinical symptoms of PF may lead to the easier deposition of microspheres in the upper respiratory tract. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the effects of PF on the deposition of microspheres in the respiratory tract.In this study, airway models with different degrees of PF in humans and mice were established, and the transport and deposition of microspheres in the airway were simulated using computational fluid dynamics.The simulation results showed that PF increases microsphere deposition in the upper respiratory tract and decreases bronchial deposition in both humans and mice. Porous microspheres with low density can ensure deposition in the lower respiratory tract and larger particle size. In healthy and PF humans, porous microspheres of 10 µm with densities of 700 and 400 kg/m³ were deposited most in the bronchi. Unlike in humans, microspheres larger than 4 µm are completely deposited in the upper respiratory tract of mice owing to their high inhalation velocity. For healthy and PF mice, microspheres of 6 µm with densities of and 100 kg/m³ are recommended.The results showed that with the exacerbation of PF, it is more difficult for microsphere particles to deposit in the subsequent airway. In addition, there were significant differences in the deposition patterns among the different species. Therefore, it is necessary to process specific microspheres from different individuals. Our study can guide the processing of microspheres and achieve differentiated drug delivery in different subjects to maximize therapeutic effects.

Abnormal lipid accumulation in macrophages may lead to macrophages foaming, which is the most important pathological process of atherosclerosis. Atmospheric PMMacrophages derived from THP-1 cells were exposed to PMThe survival rate of macrophages was reduced by PMPM

An increasing number of studies have shown that exposure to particulate matter with a diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM

This study was undertaken to determine if coronary computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) can help to assess patent foramen ovale (PFO) with high accuracy and reproducibility when compared to Transesophageal Echocardiography (TEE). In total, 75 patients (31 men, 44 women; mean age, 45 ± 9 years) with suspected PFO were evaluated using coronary CCTA and TEE. PFO tunnel length (TL) and the opening diameter of the left atrial entrance (ODLAE) and right atrial entrance (ODRAE), as well as contrast shunt (if present due to PFO), were measured by both modalities. PFO was detected in 67 patients with TEE. The sensitivity for the detection of PFO with CCTA was 85.3%; specificity, 71.4%; positive predictive value, 96.7%; and negative predictive value, 33.3%. Both modalities demonstrated good agreement in measuring TL and ODLAE of PFO. However, the ODRAE of TEE was different from that of CCTA (1.14 ± 0.4 mm and 1.45 ± 0.5 mm, respectively, p = 0.04). The intraobserver and interobserver variability and agreement for TL, ODRAE, and ODLAE of PFO were excellent between the two measurements. CCTA provided a method for detection of PFO with high accuracy and reproducibility compared with TEE. Therefore, CCTA is a practical and efficient alternative to TEE for PFO diagnosis.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Danggui Buxue Decoction (DBT) is classical prescriptions, which contains two Traditional Chinese Medicines of Angelicae sinensis radix and Astragali radix. According to the preliminary work of our laboratory and numerous studies, it has been found that DBT has a therapeutic effect on diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the mechanisms underlying its action remain unclear. Aim of the study The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of DBT on kidney disease in diabetic mice and further explore its protective mechanism. Methods DN mice model was induced by high-fat fodder and streptozotocin (STZ). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of 6 compounds in DBT was carried out by HPLC, including calycosin-7-glucoside, ferulic acid, ononin, calycosin, formononetin, and levostilide A. Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) staining was used to determine the degree of kidney pathological damage. The UPLC-Q Exactive MS technique was used to analyze the lipids metabolism profile of kidneys samples and multiple statistical analysis methods were used to screen and identify biomarkers. Transcriptomics analyses were carried out using RNAseq. The possible molecular mechanism was unraveled by network pharmacology. Results Thirty-one significantly altered lipid metabolites were identified in the model group comparing with the control group. DBT improved aberrant expression of several pathways related to lipidomics, including glycerophospholipid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism. Comprehensive analysis indicated that DBT intervention reduced the content of Cers, phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines in mouse kidneys by downregulating the transcription level of Degs2 and Cers, reducing lipid accumulation and promoting Akt phosphorylation by upregulating the expression of Acers and Pdk1. Network pharmacology analysis showed that components in DBT, such as kaempferol, ferulic acid and astragaloside IV, could be responsible for the pharmacological activity of DN by regulating the AGE-RAGE, PI3K/Akt, MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways in diabetic complications. Conclusions These results showed that DBT may improve DN by affecting insulin resistance, chronic inflammation and lipid accumulation.