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Background. There is no accurate radiological measurement to estimate the severity of pediatrics acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS). We validated the effectiveness of an adult radiographic assessment of lung edema (RALE) score in PARDS. Aim. To assess the severity and prognosis of PARDS based on a chest radiograph (CXR) RALE scoring method. Methods. Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference (PALICC) criteria were used to diagnose PARDS. General demographics, pulmonary complications, and 28‐day mortality of the patients were recorded. Subgroups were compared by prognosis (survive and death) and etiology (infection and noninfection). Two observers calculated RALE independently. Each quadrant of CXR was scored by consolidation scores 0 (none alveolar opacity), 1 (extent 75%) and density scores 1 (hazy), 2 (moderate), and 3 (dense). Quadrant score equals consolidation score times density score. Total score equals to the sum of four quadrants scores. The ROC curve and survival curve were established, and the optimal cutoff score for discrimination prognosis was set. Results. 116 PARDS (72 boys and 44 girls) and 463 CXRs were enrolled. The median age was 25 months (5 months, 60.8 months) and with a mortality of 37.9% (44/116). The agreement between two independent observers was excellent (ICC = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.97–0.99). Day 3 score was independently associated with better survival ( p < 0.001 ). The area under the curve of ROC was 0.773 (95% CI: 0.709–0.838). The cutoff score was 21 (sensitivity 71.7%, specificity 76.5%), and the hazard ratio (HR) was 9.268 (95% CI: 1.257–68.320). The pulmonary complication showed an HR of 3.678 (95% CI: 1.174–11.521) for the discrimination. Conclusion. CXR RALE score can be used in PARDS for discriminating the prognosis and has a better agreement among radiologist and pediatrician. PARDS with pulmonary complications, day 3 score whether greater than 21 points, have a better predictive effectiveness.

Mowat-Wilson syndrome (MWS) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disease caused by zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) gene mutation and has various clinical manifestations including intellectual disability/global developmental delay, unusual facies and multiple congenital malformations. This article reports the clinical features and gene mutations of three children diagnosed with MWS by ZEB2 gene analysis. All three children had Hirschsprung disease and unusual facies. One child died of severe heart failure and pneumonia at the age of 4 months. Global developmental delay was not discovered by her parents due to her young age. The other two children had severe global developmental delay. All three children carried a de novo heterozygous nonsense mutation in the ZEB2 gene, among which c.756C > A (p.Y252X) had not been reported before. Such mutations produced truncated proteins and were highly pathogenic. MWS is presented with strong clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Clinicians should consider the possibility of MWS when a child has unusual facies of MWS, intellectual disability/global developmental delay and multiple congenital malformations. Gene detection helps to make a confirmed diagnosis.

The connection of atomic clusters has been investigated using molecular-dynamics simulation to explain the splitting of the second peak of the pair-distribution function in amorphous alloys. It is found that the unevenness of the connecting style of atomic clusters results in the splitting of the second peak and the two subpeaks is caused by a three-atom-shared connection and a one-atom-shared connection between atomic clusters. The underlying reason is that metallic glasses have higher density than liquid alloys and a different connecting style of atomic clusters from crystals.

It is necessary to assess network video quality in real-time that depends on network transmission statement to subjective visual without any referenced video sequences.Focusing on distortion of videos caused by network packet loss,it is found that network packet loss in different frames with different decoding types causes different sustained effects of video distortion,and it exists significant association between visual feelings caused by network packet loss and movement activity of lost video content.Hence,a no-reference assessment model for video quality is proposed based on movement activity.This model analyzes the damage caused by the packet loss of the code stream received by client,and marks the damaged macro block to associate the damaged macro blocks′distortion continuing effect and movement activity with videos'quality.Then,it completes the quality assessment of videos without reference of any original video sequence or video decoding.Experimental results show that this method has a small amount of calculation,a high real-time and a high degree of consistency with the subjective assessment results.

Background reconstruction is a fundanmental task of video and image processing.To overcome disadvantages of traditonal backgound reconctruction algorithms,such as complex computation and distortional backgound,a pratical backgound reconstruction algorithm was proposed based on pixel sequence pattern classification.The pixel sequence patterns,extracted through calculating differences between sequential two frames,were classified by means of pixel sequence patterns' charateristics determined by those differences.Furthermore,independent background extraction and background update mechanisms were destined for pixels with different pixel sequence patterns.Simulation results indicate that correct backgrounds of video with moving targets can be reconstructed without the models of background and moving targets.And,the background can be effiently updated when backgound is changed.

EXPRESS is a powerful object-oriented data model descriptive language and independent of any platform. However, it is a kind of descriptive language rather than a programming language. This brings difficulty to implement the EXPRESS data model on a computer and it also undoubtedly brings a big problem with the STEP data model processing so that we have to translate EXPRESS language model into a certain programming language model. In this paper, an approach is presented to translate the EXPRESS language model into the C language model. In addition, this paper proves the validity of this translation theoretically.

Grazing is one of the major human activities which lead to disturbance on grassland ecosystem. Quantifying the effect of grazing on the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration ( Q10 ) is essential for accurate assessment of carbon budget in grassland ecosystem. This study was conducted on the grazing gradients experiment platform in Hulunber meadow steppe. Soil respiration was measured by a dynamic closed chamber method (equipped with Li 6400-09, Lincoln, NE, USA) during the growing season in 2011. The results showed that soil respiration had significant seasonal variation and the maximum occurred in July, which was mainly dominated by temperature. The order of average soil respiration during the period from May to September in different treatments was G1GOG2G3G4G5. Comparing with non-grazing treatment, Q10 under heavy grazing conditions (0. 92 Au hm-2) was reduced by about 10% , and was increased a little under light grazing conditions (0. 23 Au hm-2). There was a significant negative correlation between Q15 and grazing intensities (r = 0. 944, P0. 05) . Grazing could decrease the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration to different degrees. The Q10 under different grazing gradients had positive linear regression relationships with aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, soil organic carbon and soil moisture. They could explain 71.0%-85.2% variations of Q10. It was suggested that the variation of Q10 was mainly determined by the change of biotic and environmental factors due to grazing.

To summarize the chest CT features and outcome of necrotizing pneumonia (NP) caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children and to review the changes of common inflammatory parameters in NP patients to help clinicians understand the proper timing of CT scan.The imaging data from 30 cases of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia in NP group and 24 cases with non-necrotizing Mycoplasma penumoniae pneumonia (control group) were analyzed retrospectively. The changes of common inflammatory parameters in NP group and control group were compared.(1) The chest CT findings of NP (30 cases): 28 cases showed unilateral pneumonia, and 20 cases showed single lobar consolidation, 10 cases had multiple lobes involvement; pulmonary cavities were seen in 27 cases. There were decreased enhancement areas in the consolidation (22 cases). (2) The dynamic changes of CT signs during follow-up: The CT scan performed during the 1 - 2 months after onset of disease (23 cases) showed that pulmonary consolidation in 2 cases (9%) were absorbed, 18 cases (78%)had cavities in lung, 16 cases (70%) had pleural thickening, 2 cases (9%) atelectasis and 1 case (4%) bronchopleural fistula;the CT scan performed during the 2 - 3 months after onset of disease (11 cases) showed pulmonary consolidation in 7 cases (64%) were absorbed, 10 cases (91%) pleural thickness, 7 cases (64%) with cavities in lung, 5 cases (45%) atelectasis, 2 cases (18%) pulmonary lobe cysts and 1 case bronchopleural fistula. The CT scan performed at 3.5 years of disease course (10 cases) showed that there were no pulmonary consolidation in any of the cases, 4 cases had atelectasis, 4 cases had pulmonary cysts, and 1 case had band-like scars. (3) There were significant differences between NP group and control group in the maximum peripheral blood WBC, proportion of neutrophil and C-reactive protein(CRP, mg/L) (P0.01, 0.01, 0.001, respectively), and there was significant difference between the 2 groups in the duration of fever, abnormal WBC(d) and CRP(d) (P0.001).The chest CT features of NP caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children were single lobular consolidation in most cases, NP had decreased parenchymal enhancement and cavity in the consolidation, and recovery was slow, the outcome included recovery, atelectasis or lobar cystic degeneration. The clinicians should pay more attention to the common inflammatory parameters when they suspect the Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia is progressing into necrosis and make correct decision for chest CT examination.

To explore the normal aerification of paranasal sinuses in Chinese children with magnetic resonance imaging.Two hundred and eighty Chinese children aged from 17 days to 14 years without any symptoms related to sinusitis were statistically analyzed in MRI features, including counting the number of paranasal sinus pneumatization and the maximum axial and sagittal area of the left maxillary.The pneumatization rate of maxillary sinus was 85% in children aged from 0 to 1 years. Until 3 years the pneumatization rate of maxillary sinus was 95% and there was no significant difference in boys and girls (χ(2) = 0.741, P = 0.389). The pneumatization rate of maxillary sinus reached 100% after 4 years old. The pneumatization rate of ethmoid sinus was 100% in this study. The pneumatization rate of sphenoid sinus was 0 within 1 year old, 49% within 4 years old and 100% after 7 years old. There was no significant difference in boys and girls on the pneumatization rate of sphenoid sinus (χ(2) = 2.452, P = 0.117). The pneumatization rate of frontal sinus was 0 within 5 years old, 62% within 9 years old and 95% after 10 years old. There was no significant difference in boys and girls on the pneumatization rate of frontal sinus (χ(2) = 0.124, P = 0.724). The axial and sagittal maximum area of maxillary sinus was (689.28 ± 221.79) and (659.76 ± 263.31) mm(2) in girls and (668.13 ± 206.38) and (638.60 ± 207.67) mm(2) in boys. The differences were significant (t = -19.78, P0.001; t = -19.89, P0.001).The study of the development and normal aerification of paranasal sinuses of children can help radiologist make correct diagnosis of paranasal sinuses in children.

To evaluate chest radiographic findings of children with 2009 influenza (H1N1) virus infection.Data of 235 patients who had microbiologically confirmed H1N1 infection and available chest radiograph obtained between May 1(st) 2009 and Jan. 31(st) 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. The final study group was divided on the basis of clinical course [group 1 mild, outpatients without hospitalization (n = 172); group 2 moderate, inpatients with brief hospitalization (n = 49); group 3 severe, ICU admission (n = 14)]. Four pediatric radiologists reviewed all the chest radiographs of lung parenchyma, airway, pleural abnormalities and also anatomic distribution of the disease.No significant sex or age differences were found among the study groups (P0.05). The mean interval between the onset of clinical symptom and the initial chest radiography was (5.91 ± 1.64) days (group 1), (3.60 ± 1.43) days (group 2) and (1.21 ± 0.41) days (group 3), respectively. The differences among the three groups were significant statistically (χ(2) = 13.368, P0.01). The ratio of abnormality presented at initial chest X-ray was 79.7% in group 1, 91.8% in group 2 and 100% in group 3. Radiographically, there were prominent peribronchial markings (group 1, 55.2%; group 2, 83.7%; and group 3, 78.6%), consolidation (group 1, 34.3%; group 2, 69.4%; and group 3, 100.0%), hyperinflation (group 1, 22.1%; group 2, 44.9%; and group 3, 50.0%) and ground glass opacity (group 1, 0.6%; group 2, 2.0%; and group 3, 14.3%) in the chest radiographs. The differences of presenting were statistically significant (P0.01). In the severe group, the lesions distributed diffusely and asymmetrically with multi-lobe involvements.In children with 2009 influenza A H1N1 viral infection, the interval between the onset of clinical symptom and initial chest radiography, the ratio of abnormality presented at initial chest X-ray film and the severity of chest film are parallel to their clinical situation.

This paper presented Independent Component Analysis (ICA) Hard-IP integration in System on Programmable Chip (SOPC) platform. The ICA component can discover the main component for original signal in multiple fetching signal sources, and it has been used in biomedical signal processing such as electroencephalogram (EEG) analysis. The proposed system consists of a programmable CPU, ICA processing units, system bus, communication, and display interface. The experimental results showed that the proposed design implemented on Altera DE2 FPGA development board, can achieve real-time signal separation and display at 100 MHz. The whole design consists of 29,640 logic elements.

It is a significant task to extract market data from different Web pages for prediction and analysis. A prototype decision support system of an agricultural product market is designed and developed in this paper. It can extract online price information of a certain agricultural product from websites of agricultural wholesalse, predict the product price in the future months, and provide further decision support on such issues as which cities the product should be sent to for sale and which cities should be in the transport route. To achieve these goals, an algorithm named MDT-E (Market Data Table Eextraction) is proposed to extract the maximum data table in a Web page. Based on the common practice that “ the price data are usually displayed in the largest table on a Web page with the structure of “” and “” tags”, our market data extraction algorithm detects the largest table on a Web page at first, then transforms the table into a DOM tree, and further obtains the node values of the “” tags. This algorithm can automatically detect market data without an assigned data extraction region. The designed system uses a quadratic forcasting model of linear time series to predict the price, and compares the prediction results by using different time series and different sample data to find the best forecasting model to forecast the price in cites. In addition, it provides the decision support to determine the transport route based on the transport costs and product prices.

To investigate the difference between the results of using two standards(CPI and No.5 sharp probes) in the diagnosis of clinical dental caries during epidemiological survey.The CPI and No. 5 sharp probes were used respectively for the diagnosis of clinical dental caries in the same group of children aged 12 by the two examiners. This group of children were reexamined after 14 days to compare the consistency and the rate of coincidence of the location of teeth and caries average and the prevalence rate of dental caries diagnosed by the two kinds of probes.The difference between the location of teeth with caries examined by the two different standards respectively by the same examiner was not statistically significant. The difference between caries average and the prevalence rate of dental caries examined with the two different standards respectively by the same examiner was also not statistically significant. The difference between the outcomes of the crossover comparison by the two examiners showed no statistical significance.There was no significant difference between the two diagnostic standards for caries. The outcomes of the diagnosis based on both standards shows a similarity. CPI could replace No. 5 sharp probes due to its convenience in large scale of oral health survey.

Human activities have changed the earth surface mostly, which caused many environment issues now. We aimed to detect the process that human activities exert on ecosystem by investigating and analyzing the changes of plant community, especially underground soil and root carbon sequestration under long-term cultivation and grazing in typical steppe area of Nei Monggol, North China. The carbon sequestration on the root and soil in three plots of typical steppe area: 26-year exclosure grassland (E26), continuous grazing grassland (LG) and 35-year cultivated tillage (LC) were measured. The carbon storage in the layer of 0-40 cm showed a trend that E26 (7 307.59 g x m(-2) and 950.32 g x m(-2)) approximately LG (7834.01 g x m(-2) and 843.43 g x m(-2))LC (4537.04 g x m(-2) and 277.35 g x m(-2)), occupied 88.49%, 90.28% and 94.24% of total soil-root carbon respectively. The original composition structure of plant-soil system was completely destroyed by human cultivation, and it also led to sever soil erosion as well. The sand content in soil of LC at layers 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm were increasing by 81% and 39% compared to E26. On the other hand, the root biomass of LG at 0-40 cm decreased by 71%. Cultivation resulted in significant decrease of the carbon storages in soil and root. Therefore, the present cultivation should be ceased and the optimum measurements should be taken to make the tillage restore to natural grassland condition. Continuous grazing led to the significantly changes of the above-ground vegetation characteristics such as community height, coverage and biomass. While the changes of soil organic content and root biomass was not remarkable under grazing. However, the bulk density of surface soil (0-10 cm) exhibited significant increase in LG compared to E26, which indicated that the present grazing pressure have been reaching the threshold of grassland capacity. Therefore, the present grazing pressure should be decreased properly in order to avoid more serious degradation.

An effective and economic process for removing arsenic in waste water which is acuminating in the process of etching, cutting and washing in semiconductor industry has been developed in this paper. The proposed technique of arsenic removal is in three steps: first pretreatment step is to oxidize arsenite to arsenate by potassium permanganate, second key step is precipitation based on arsenic compound solubility with ferric sulfate and slaked lime under pH adjustment, and the last complementary step is followed by the adsorption of the bentonite with enhanced by activated carbon and organic adsorbent. Experimental results show that under the best condition the removal efficiency of arsenic in the waste water is better than 99.99%, or the concentration of arsenic is from its original 100 mg/l reduced to less than 10 mug/l accordingly.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in surface sediment and mussel samples from Jiaozhou Bay were analyzed using HRGC-HRMS (High Resolution Gas Chromatograph-High Resolution Mass Spectrometer) technique. The total PCDD/Fs content was in the range of 100 ~ 910 pg/g dw, and that of total 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs contents was 4.1 ~ 232.4 pg/g dw. The distribution of the total 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/Fs in the sediments formed an east-west pattern under the action of cycle-flow. The highest level occurred near the river mouth was an order of magnitude higher than at other stations which was believed to be pollutant source. Except for the area near the river mouth, the relative contributions of individual 2,3,7,8-substituted congeners at each station were similar, i.e., the lower chlorinated congeners dominated over the higher chlorinated PCDD/Fs., and the source was believed to be the atmospheric deposition from long-range transport. The source of PCDD/Fs was relatively constant as evidenced by the PCDDs/PCDFs ratios and the OCDD %Sigma. The total 2,3,7,8-PCDD/Fs contents in the mussel sample ranged from 5.1 to 2.9 pg/g dw (52.1 ~ 35.4 pg/g lipid). The main sources of TEQ (Toxicity Equivalency Quantity) were 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF (35%), 2,3,7,8-TCDF (30%), and 2,3,7,8-TCDD (30%).

To survey the prevalence of dental caries and the needs for dental treatment in Anhui province.The survey of prevalence of dental caries in group aged 12 and 15 years in Anhui province was conducted using the non-proportional, stratified, cluster sampling method.DMFT in 12-year and 15-year group was 0.58 and 0.95 respectively, and permanent tooth caries prevalence rate was 30.78% and 39.78% respectively, lower than that of same age of other 11 provinces in mainland China (P0.01). The constituent ratio of DMFT was 90.51% (D), 2.48% (M), 7.01% (F) in 12-year group and 86.78% (D), 4.30% (M), 8.92% (F) in 15-year group.When we controlled dental caries in 19.98% 12-years crowd and 22.8% 15-years crowd of Anhui province, we will had controlled the occurrence of 80% caries too in group aged 12 and 15 years.

To study the clinical effects, the merits and shortcomings of the hard palate flap in repairing postoperative defects of oral soft tissue.The whole-palate flap pedicled with the unilateral greater palatine artery was used to repair 25 cases of oral soft tissue defects.Of the 25 cases, 22 flaps survived completely and 2 flaps survived partially. The postoperative appearance and functions were satisfactory.Compared with other flaps, the hard palate flap is easier to harvest and use. It has reliable blood supply and does not harm the patients' appearance and function. It is one of the most desirable methods for repairing the oral soft tissue defect.

Concurrent manipulation control scheme is an important problem for cooperative design. Consistency, responsiveness and concurrency are three important while opposite requirements for concurrent manipulation control. Furthermore, the essence of concurrent manipulation control is to solve manipulation confliction and provide confliction-free manipulation. Hence, the focus of concurrent manipulation control scheme is how to solve manipulation confliction with minimum response time and maximum concurrency under consistency. This paper proposed several design considerations for concurrent manipulation control scheme. Based on these considerations, this paper presented a new entity-centric concurrent manipulation scheme based on a series of formalized concepts. This new scheme implements relax WYSIWIS, and adopts confliction elimination rather than confliction avoidance. The new scheme is divided into three steps: local manipulation, server-side manipulation validation and replica synchronization. Local manipulation improves responsiveness; server-side manipulation validation maximizes concurrency; and replica synchronization guarantees consistency. Moreover, an overall implementation for the new entity-centric concurrent manipulation control scheme is depicted in details.

Combination of kinds of artificial intelligence theories in application area of pattern recognition has become one of the most important ways of research of intelligent information processing. Neural network shows us its strong ability to solve complex problems for patter recognition. But neural network can't tell the redundant information from huge amount of data, which will easily lead to some problems such as too complex network structure, long training time, low converging speed and much computation. Focusing on these problems, this paper proposes a method to combine rough set theory with neural network theory and uses it in pattern recognition. Experiments show the potential of this method.