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Hamdi Yılmaz, Gonca Karakuş, Lut Tamam, Mehmet Emin Demirkol, Zeynep Namlı, Caner Yeşiloğlu Department of Psychiatry, Çukurova University School of Medicine, Adana, TurkeyCorrespondence: Lut Tamam Mehmet Emin DemirkolDepartment of Psychiatry, Çukurova University School of Medicine, Adana, TurkeyTel + 90 533 6306006; +90 535 5849684Fax +90 322 3386204Email ltamam@gmail.com; emindemirkol@gmail.comPurpose: The term orthorexia nervosa is used to describe the pathological fixation associated with consuming healthy food. It is assumed that orthorexia nervosa shares some phenomenological features with anorexia nervosa, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and other mental disorders. Individuals with orthorexic tendencies may have high physical activity as well as a healthy diet. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of orthorexia nervosa with obsessive-compulsive symptoms, eating attitudes, and several sociodemographic features.Patients and Methods: We included 63 patients diagnosed with OCD, 63 healthy volunteers who perform physical exercises at least three days a week, at least 30 minutes a day, and 63 healthy volunteers who do not perform physical exercises regularly. Sociodemographic data form, Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, ORTO-11 Scale, Eating Attitude Test, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders (SCID-5 CV) were administered to all participants. OCD data form was also applied to patients with OCD diagnosis.Results: We found a statistically significant relationship between current order-symmetry obsessions and orthorexic tendencies in patients with OCD (p< 0.05). There was no relationship between the severity of the disorder and orthorexia nervosa in patients with OCD (p> 0.05). Orthorexic tendencies were found to increase as impaired eating attitudes increased in participants who regularly performed physical exercises and patients with OCD (p< 0.05). The orthorexic tendencies of participants who regularly performed physical exercises were higher than those diagnosed with OCD and healthy individuals who did not perform physical exercises.Conclusion: The absence of a significant relationship between disorder severity and orthorexia nervosa in patients diagnosed with OCD and the increase in orthorexic tendencies as the deterioration in eating attitudes increases in both patients with OCD and the participants who regularly perform physical exercises suggest that orthorexia nervosa may be closer to the eating disorders group than obsessive-compulsive spectrum. Studies with large samples and different diagnoses are needed to determine the place of orthorexia nervosa in diagnosis and classification systems.Keywords: orthorexia nervosa, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating attitudes, exercise

Objective: Pneumocystis jirovecii (P. jirovecii) is an opportunistic pathogen in humans. Early diagnosis and optimal treatment of patients with P. jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) remains a key priority. This study investigated P. jirovecii in patients with lung cancer using the nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method and examined the relationship between P. jirovecii and clinical findings. Methods: The study included 60 patients with lung cancer and 30 patients without lung cancer. The bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid samples of these 90 individuals were taken for diagnostic purposes in the University of Health Sciences Turkey, Van Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Chest Diseases. Patient information was recorded. After DNA isolation from the BAL fluid samples taken from patients, the nested-PCR protocol for amplification of mtLSUrRNA in P. jirovecii was performed. Results: P. jirovecii DNA was detected in 40 (66.67%) of the lung cancer patients included in the study and in six (20%) patients without lung cancer, that is, in 46 (51.11%) patients. The rate of nested-PCR positivity in the lung cancer group was significantly higher than that in the non-lung cancer group (p=0.0001). Additionally, a statistically significant correlation was found between anorexia and weight loss, fever and sputum P. jirovecii positivity in patients with lung cancer (p

Mehmet Emin Demirkol,1 Zeynep Namlı,1 Özge Eriş Davul,2 Mahmut Onur Karaytuğ,3 Lut Tamam,1 Hamdi Yılmaz1 1Deparment of Psychiatry, Çukurova University School of Medicine, Adana, Turkey; 2Department of Psychiatry, Hatay State Hospital, Hatay, Turkey; 3Department of Psychiatry, Dr Ekrem Tok Hospital for Mental and Nervous Disease, Adana, TurkeyCorrespondence: Lut Tamam; Mehmet Emin DemirkolDepartment of Psychiatry, Çukurova University School of Medicine, Adana, TurkeyTel + 90 533 6306006; +90 535 5849684Fax +90 322 3386204Email ltamam@gmail.com; emindemirkol@gmail.comPurpose: Suicide is an important cause of death in patients diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) as well as other psychiatric disorders. Early determining of risk factors provides an opportunity for intervention. The mediating effect of psychological pain (also known as psychache) on suicide has been shown in various disorders but has not been investigated in patients with OCD. In this study, we aimed to show the relationship between psychological pain and other clinical variables and suicide in OCD patients.Patients and methods: This cross-sectional study consisted of 67 patients diagnosed with OCD according to DSM-5 criteria with no comorbid psychiatric diagnosis who applied to the psychiatric outpatient clinic of Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine and 63 healthy controls. Among the OCD patients, 12 had previous suicide attempts. In addition to the sociodemographic data form, participants filled out the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS), the Psychache Scale (PS), the Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSIS), and the Hamilton Depression Scale (HDS).Results: OCD group’s median obsession, compulsion, and the total scores of YBOCS, and the mean PS scores were higher than the control group. There was no difference between the sociodemographic variables of OCD patients with and without previous suicide attempts such as age, gender, years of education, place of residence, marital, and occupational status. The median scores of obsession, avoidance, global severity, and indecisiveness subdimensions of YBOCS, the mean BSIS and PS scores, the rates of current aggressive, current contamination, and the past religious obsessions were higher in the suicidal group. There were moderately significant relationships in the same direction between the PS, BSIS, and total YBOCS scores. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that only the PS scores predicted previous suicide attempts.Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that current aggressive, current contamination, past religious obsessions, and the higher psychological pain are related to previous suicide attempts in OCD patients. Our regression analysis supports Shneidman’s hypothesis: there would be no suicide without psychache. Relieving psychache in OCD patients may reduce suicide attempts even if there is no diagnosis of comorbid depression.Keywords: obsessive compulsive disorder, suicide, psychological pain, psychache

PURPOSE: In this study, we aimed to describe the real-life practice outcomes of pertuzumab-trastuzumab-taxane (PTT) combination in visceral organ metastatic, trastuzumab-naive breast cancer (BC) patients. METHODS: This study was conducted by Turkish Oncology Group and included 317 patients' data from 36 centers. RESULTS: Median age was 51 (22-82). Median PFS was 28.5 months, while median OS was 40.3 months. Patients with brain metastases (n: 13, 4.1%) had worse PFS (16.8 m vs. 28.5 m; p = 0.002) and OS (26.7 m vs. 40.3 m; p = 0.009). Patients older than 65 years of age (n: 42, 13.2%) had significantly lower OS results (19.8 m vs. 40.3 m; p = 0.01). Two hundred sixty-eight patients (86.7%) received docetaxel while 37 patients (11.7%) received paclitaxel. PFS and OS were similar between taxane groups. In eight patients (2.5%), 5-40% ejection fraction decrement from baseline was detected without any clinical sign of heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: Our RLP trial included only visceral metastatic, trastuzumab-naïve BC patients including cases with brain involvement who received PTT combination in the first-line treatment. Regardless of negative prognostic characteristics, our results are in parallel with pivotal trial. Further strategies for brain metastasis should be developed to improve outcomes despite encouraging results with PTT treatment. Taxane selection can be personalized and endocrine maintenance may further improve outcomes after taxanes were discontinued. To our knowledge, this is the largest scale real-life clinical practice study of pertuzumab-trastuzumab-taxane therapy to date.

Objective: In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the relationship between vitamin D level and pain severity, localization and duration in atients with non-specific musculoskeletal pain.Materials and Methods: Patients who applied to physical medicine and rehabilitation outpatient clinics due to non-specific muscle pain in 19centers in Turkey were retrospectively screened. Three thousand four hundred fourpatients were included in the study, whose pain level wasdetermined by visual analog scale (VAS) and the painful region, duration of pain and vitamin D level were reached. D group was found to beD deficient (group 1) when 25 (OH)D level was 20 ng/mL or less and group D 2 (vitamin D deficiency) was higher than 30 ng/mL (group 3).The groups were compared in terms of pain duration, localization and severity. In addition, the correlations of pain localization, severity andduration with vitamin D levels were examined.Results: D vitamin deficiency was detected in 2202 (70.9%) of 3 thousand four hundred and four registered patients, and it was foundthat vitamin D deficiency in 516 (16.6%) and normal vitamin D in 386 (12.4%). The groups were similar in terms of age, body mass index,income level, duration of complaint, education level, family type and working status between groups in terms of VAS, pain localization and duration scores (p>0.05). Conclusion: Our study shows that vitamin D deficiency in patients with nonspecific musculoskeletal pain is not associated with the severity and duration of pain. © Copyright 2017 by the Turkish Osteoporosis Society.

OBJECTIVE: A methodological type of study was conducted for the purpose of investigating the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Clinical Learning Environment, Supervision and Nurse Teacher (CLES+T) evaluation scale of the clinical learning environment of students, clinical nurses, and educators. METHODS: Sample was comprised of 602 Turkish nursing students with clinical practice experience at the hospital. The CLES+T, developed by Saarikoski, was used for data collection. Language equivalency, internal consistency, item-total correlation, and structure validity were conducted within the scope of the validity and reliability study on the CLES +T scale. RESULTS: It was determined that item-total correlations of four items were lower than 0.30, and those items were removed from the scale as a result of item analysis. The Cronbach's alpha value of the scale was 0.93-0.99; item total point correlations of the scale varied between 0.45 and 0.66; six factors were identified in the CLES+T factor analysis study, with a total variance explained by these six factors of 64%. CONCLUSION: According to the findings of the research, the CLES+T Turkish version was found to be a valid and reliable scale, which can be used to evaluate satisfaction of nursing students with their clinical education in Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Currently, the measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) has been offered as a possible indicator of intracranial pressure (ICP). Increased ICP is observed during intracranial injury. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between increased ONSD and positive intracranial findings from multislice computed tomography (CT) of the brain. METHODS: In total, CT scans of 161 patients were retrospectively reviewed. The image that showed the largest ONSD was magnified five times. RESULTS: The CT scan revealed intracranial lesions in 54 patients and no intracranial lesions in 107 patients. A significant relationship was observed between positive CT findings and increased ONSD: 5.60±0.75 mm vs. 5.35±0.75 mm (p=0.038). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.600 (95% confidence interval, 0.508–0.692; p

This study aims to develop a reliable and valid measurement instrument of emotional intelligence based on mixed model. Mixed model of emotional intelligence and literature on it were investigated, and then an item pool with 53 items was developed. 14 expert of emotional intelligence examined 53 items. In order to make the expert’s judgments standardized, Lawshe Content Validity Ratio was used. As a result of the ratio analysis, 18 items were discarded from initial draft of the scale. Data were collected from 492 children for the exploratory factor analysis (EFA). EFA results indicated the scale includes unidimensionality. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) yielded good model fit indices. Results indicated that the scale is reliable and valid instrument in measuring emotional intelligence., This study aims to develop a reliable andvalid measurement instrument of emotional intelligence based on mixed model.Mixed model of emotional intelligence and literature on it were investigated,and then an item pool with 53 items was developed. 14 expert of emotionalintelligence examined 53 items. In order to make the expert’s judgmentsstandardized, Lawshe Content Validity Ratio was used. As a result of the ratioanalysis, 18 items were discarded from initial draft of the scale. Data werecollected from 492 children for the exploratory factor analysis (EFA). EFAresults indicated the scale includes unidimensionality. Confirmatory FactorAnalysis (CFA) yielded good model fit indices. Results indicated that the scaleis reliable and valid instrument in measuring emotional intelligence.

Every year, railways are inspected periodically to examine the status of rail tracks and ensure the safety of train operations of the railroad networks in Turkey. These inspection projects must be performed by several specialized machines with large and expensive equipment. Finding the optimum route of inspection machines that control through travelling all lines is critically important in terms of cost and distance. In current practice, determining the route of these machines is largerly manual and primarily relies on the knowledge and judgment of experts. This paper proposes Chinese Postman Problem (CPP) to solve the inspection machine routing problem. The objective is to minimize the total travel distance on the railroads by finding the shortest route. The proposed model is applied to a large-scale real world problem. Compared to the current practice the proposed approach significantly outperforms the reduced objective value by 20, 76%. © 2017, Strojarski Facultet. All rights reserved.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the genetic association between single nucleotide mutation in mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase and a Behçet's disease (BD) population by using molecular techniques.Patients and methods: Ninety-three BD patients (45 males, 48 females; mean age 33.15±8.99 years; range 17 to 65 years) and 125 controls (58 males, 67 females; mean age 28.33±7.31 years; range 18 to 62 years) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. The genotypic distributions in BD patients and controls were consistent with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.Results: Significant differences were observed between BD patients and controls in terms of genotypic distribution. Frequencies of alanine (Ala)/Ala, Ala/valine (Val), and Val/Val were 14.0% (n=13), 45.2% (n=42), and 40.9% (n=38) in BD patients and 21.6% (n=27), 53.6% (n=67), and 24.8% (n=31) in controls, respectively (p=0.033).Conclusion: The Val/Val genotype of the manganese superoxide dismutase gene is associated with the physiopathology of BD in a group of Turkish patients.

Objective of the study is to determine the effects of different liquid-manure doses and manure-chemical fertilizer combinations on yield and quality parameters of silage corn grown as second crop after vetch + barley combination. Experiments were carried out in randomized block design with 4 replications during the years 2010 and 2011 in Turkey. Totally, 12 treatments consisting of different doses of liquid manure alone and combinations of liquid manure with chemical fertilizers were tested in the experiment. Two year average indicated that green herbage yield, plant height, plant diameter, cob ratio, stem ratio, crude protein ratio, NDF and ADF ratios varied between 35396.7-44610.0 kg ha-1; 193.13-237.07 cm; 13.25-17.30 mm; 30.52-33.75 %; 20.20-24.61 %; 42.45-49.05 %; 3.96-8.46 %; 65.01-69.77 % and 33.51-35.85 %, respectively. Research results showed that 15 ton liquid manure + 30 kg ha-1 chemical nitrogen combination (L1.5N3) had higher green herbage yield (44610.0 kg ha-1) than 120 kg ha-1 chemical nitrogen treatment (N12). However, crude protein ratio of N12 treatment (8.46 %) was higher than L1.5N3 (5.55 %) and the difference between them was found to be significant. The first study on sustainable second crop silage maize production under Central Anatolian highlands conditions demonstrated that chemical nitrogen use can significantly be reduced by using liquid manure as an alternative to chemical fertilizers without any negative effects on soil chemical characteristics.

PubMed: 26787795, Background: Transfusion of allogeneic blood influences outcome after surgery. Despite widespread availability of transfusion guidelines, transfusion practices might vary among physicians, departments, hospitals and countries. Our aim was to determine the amount of packed red blood cells (pRBC) and blood products transfused intraoperatively, and to describe factors determining transfusion throughout Europe. Methods: We did a prospective observational cohort study enrolling 5803 patients in 126 European centres that received at least one pRBC unit intraoperatively, during a continuous three month period in 2013. Results: The overall intraoperative transfusion rate was 1.8%; 59% of transfusions were at least partially initiated as a result of a physiological transfusion trigger- mostly because of hypotension (55.4%) and/or tachycardia (30.7%). Haemoglobin (Hb)- based transfusion trigger alone initiated only 8.5% of transfusions. The Hb concentration [mean (sd)] just before transfusion was 8.1 (1.7) g dl-1 and increased to 9.8 (1.8) g dl-1 after transfusion. The mean number of intraoperatively transfused pRBC units was 2.5 (2.7) units (median 2). Conclusions: Although European Society of Anaesthesiology transfusion guidelines are moderately implemented in Europe with respect to Hb threshold for transfusion (7-9 g dl-1), there is still an urgent need for further educational efforts that focus on the number of pRBC units to be transfused at this threshold. © 2016 The Author. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Journal of Anaesthesia.

Amaç Depresyon ve umutsuzluk kişinin verimliliğini kaybetmesine, yaşam kalitesinin bozulmasına neden olan önemli problemlerdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinde depresyon ve umutsuzluk sıklığını ve sosyodemografik özelliklerle arasındaki ilişkiyi araştırmaktır. Materyal ve Metod Kesitsel-analitik tipte olan bu çalışma 02–04 Mart 2009 tarihleri arasında yürütüldü. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi birinci, ikinci ve üçüncü sınıf öğrencileri çalışmaya dahil edildi. Çalışmaya 330 öğrenciden 226’sı (% 68,5) katıldı. Öğrencilere, sosyodemografik özelliklerini saptamaya yönelik anket formu, Beck Depresyon Ölçeği, Beck Umutsuzluk Ölçeği gözlem altında uygulandı. Beck depresyon ölçeğine göre 17 ve üzeri puan alanlar olası depresif olarak sınıflandırıldı. Veriler istatistiksel olarak değerlendirildi. Bulgular Öğrencilerin Beck umutsuzluk ölçeği puan ortalamaları 5,3±4,6 bulundu. Beck depresyon ölçeğine göre 64’ü (%28,3) olası depresif bulundu. Olası depresif olanlarda Beck umutsuzluk ölçeği puan ortalaması normal olanlara göre daha yüksekti (p=0.00). Birinci sınıf öğrencilerinde diğer sınıflardaki öğrencilere göre (p=0.03), kızlarda erkeklere göre (p=0.02), yurtta kalan öğrencilerde ise yurtta kalmayanlara göre (p=0.001) depresyon puanları daha yüksek bulundu. Öğrencilerin yaşları, ailenin aylık gelir düzeyleri, ebeveynlerinin öğrenim durumları ile umutsuzluk ve depresyon oranları karşılaştırıldığında aralarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmadı. Sonuç Sonuç olarak, temel tıp öğrencilerinde depresyon oranı yüksek olmakla birlikte, olası depresif öğrencilerde umutsuzluk puanları da yüksek bulunmuştur. Tıp öğrencilerine rehberlik ve danışmanlık hizmetlerinin verilmesi, mezuniyet sonrası depresyon ve umutsuzluğun mesleki yaşantılarına olabilecek etkilerini azaltmaya yönelik etkili önleme ve izleme programlarının geliştirilmesi uygun olacaktır. Aim Depression and hopelessness, cause impairment in the quality of life and leads to the loss of one's efficiency are important problems. The purpose of this study is to search the frequency of depression and hopelessness and its relations with socio-demographic characteristics among medical students. Materials and Methods This is a cross sectional analytical study. It was conducted 2-4 March 2009 between. 1st, 2nd, and 3rd year students from the Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University were included in the study. 236 of a total 330 students (68.5 %) participated in the study. A questionnaire which aims to determine the students’ socio-demographic characteristics, Beck depression inventory and Beck hopelessness scale were applied under observation to the participants. According to the Beck depression inventory, those who scored 17 and over were classified as possible depressive. Data were evaluated statistically. Results The average score of the students according to Beck hopelessness scale was found 5.3±4.6. According to Beck depression inventory 64 of the students (28.3%) were found to be possible depressive. The average Beck hopelessness scale score was higher for possible depressive students compared to the others (p=0.00). Depression scores was higher among the first year students compared to the others (p=0.03), higher among the females compared the males (p=0.02) and higher among dwelling in dorm compared to not dwelling in dorm (p=0.001). When the age of students, monthly income of family, the educational status of the parents were compared with hopelessness and depression rates there was no statistically significant relation. Conclusion As a result, depression rates were high in basic medical students, furthermore hopelessness scores were found high among possible depressive students. Medical students should be given guidance and counseling service. Effective monitoring and prevention programs should be developed in order to lower the possible effects of depression and hopelessness on their future professional lives.

Yersel fotogrametride kullanılan metrik ve metrik olmayan dijital veya analog kameraların kalibre edilmesi fotogrametrik değerlendirme için çok önemlidir. Son zamanlarda, metrik olmayan dijital kameraların, yersel fotogrametri amaçlı değerlendirme çalışmalarında kullanımı oldukça yaygınlaşmıştır. Bu tip kameraların yersel fotogrametri amaçlı metrik kameralara göre fiyatlarının çok daha düşük olması kullanıcıların ilgisini çekmekte ve birçok projede yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada metrik olmayan kameralar için uygulamada kullanılan distorsiyon modelleri açıklanmış ve Nikon Coolpix-950 dijital kamerasının farklı test alanlarında ve farklı uluslararası yazılımlarla gerçekleştirilen kalibrasyon sonuçları değerlendirilmiştir., The calibration of metric and non-metric digital and analogue cameras is an important issue in close-range photogrammetry. Recently, non-metric cameras have been widely used for photogrammetric restitution and map compilation in close-range applications. They are cost-effective in comparison to metric cameras. Therefore, many users choose them in a variety of applications. In this study; the distortion models used for non-metric cameras are introduced, and the calibration results obtained for Nikon Coolpix 950, a non- metric camera, with different software products are discussed in detail.

Bu çalışma "Öğretmen ve Öğrenci Bakış Açısıyla Tablet PC ve Etkileşimli Tahta Kullanımı: FATİH Projesi Değerlendirmesi" paralel adıyla Türkçe de yayınlanmıştır., The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the early implementation results of the “Movement of Enhancing Opportunities and Improving Technology”, abbreviated as FATIH project from the perspectives of participating teachers and students. Specifically, to investigate (a) whether or not Interactive Boards (IB) and Tablet Computers distributed to teachers and students in the pilot schools were used, (b) the effectiveness of those technologies in teaching and learning, and (c) the problems and issues emerged with regard to use of IB and Tablet computers. To accomplish these goals, 11 schools from 4 different cities were selected. Different data collection instruments (teacher and student questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, in-class observations, and focus groups) were used. The collected data were analyzed using the techniques and procedures of mixed method approach. The results revealed that although there is a promising use of IB, there is limited, in some cases no, use of Tablet computers. Both teachers and students were in favor of IBs, but were also skeptical about Tablet computers. In addition to technical problems, some pedagogical and professional development issues were found to be important results.

Ülkemizde Milli Eğitim Bakanlığının belirlediği merkezden oluşturulan resmî öğretim programları uygulanmaktadır. Bu programlar öğrencilerin davranışlarından, öğrenme-öğretme etkinliklerine ve bunların değerlendirilmesine rehberlik etmektedir. Programlar, bir ülkedeki sosyal ve kültürel bütünleşmeyi ve sürekliliği sağlayan en önemli dokümanlardır. Özellikle ikibinli yıllardan itibaren hızla yok olmaya doğru giden değerlerimizi korumak, çocuklarımıza daha yaşanılabilir bir dünya bırakmak için Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı yeni geliştirdiği öğretim programlarına doğrudan değerlerimizle ilgili konuları yerleştirmiştir. Bu çerçevede, öğretim programlarında, özellikle ilköğretim Din Kültürü ve Ahlak Bilgisi, Sosyal Bilgiler, Hayat Bilgisi ve Düşünme Eğitimi derslerinde değerler ayrıntılı bir şekilde yer almaktadır. Bu araştırma ile ilköğretim Din Kültürü ve Ahlak Bilgisi, Sosyal Bilgiler ve Hayat Bilgisi öğretim programları içerisinde yer alan evrensel nitelikteki bazı değerlerin (hoşgörü, saygı, yardımseverlik, kültürel değerleri koruma ve geliştirme, doğruluk, dürüstlük ve özsaygı) Samsun İlinde sosyo-ekonomik düzey bakımından farklı ilköğretim okullarında öğrenim gören 5. sınıf öğrencilerinin kazanım düzeylerini karşılaştırmalı olarak ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmaya konu olan değerlere ilişkin geliştirilen senaryolar öğrencilere uygulanmıştır. Yapılan araştırma sonunda elde edilen verilere göre, öğrencilerin araştırma kapsamında ele alınan değerlere yüksek seviyede sahip oldukları ve bu değerlerden en düşük düzeyde kazanılan değerin dürüstlük, en yüksek düzeyde kazanılan değerlerin ise doğruluk ve özsaygı olduğu görülmüştür. Değer kazanım düzeyleri cinsiyet değişkeni açısından incelendiğinde kazanım düzeyi en yüksek olan değerin kızlarda doğruluk, erkeklerde saygı, en düşük değerin ise kızlarda saygı erkeklerde ise özsaygı değeri olduğu görülmüştür. Değer kazanım düzeyleri sosyo-ekonomik durum değişkeni açısından incelendiğinde, sosyo-ekonomik düzey yükseldikçe özsaygı düzeyinin de yükseldiği, sosyo-ekonomik düzey arttıkça saygı ve dürüstlük düzeyinin azaldığı söylenebilir. Düşük gelirli ailelere sahip öğrencilerin doğruluk değer kazanımı orta ve yüksek gelirli ailelerin öğrencilerinden daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. When globalization and progress of entering European Union are considered, it is important how to train global values to system of turkish education. Turkey renewed the program of the primary education in 2005 that brought some innovation of the method about national, moral, cultural and global values. The ministry of national education has included the subjects related to moral values in its recent curricula in order to support and maintain the moral values of the society which have been deteriorating rapidly especially in the last decades.In the lessons such as Primary Knowledge of Life, Turkish, Social Knowledge, Science and Technology,Education of Thinking, Citizenship and Education of Democracy and especially Culture of Primary Religion and Knowledge of Ethic, values are taken up as either seperated title or in the main aims of the program. The genaral aims of Turkish education system focus on to raise students who accept the national, moral and cultural values and can think scientific, respect to the human rights and aware of responsibilities. Between 2000 and 2011, the 157 master thesis over values belong to thelogy field in percent of %10. In this study we have tried to explore the acquisition level of some universal moral values (tolerance, respect, helpfulness, protection and development of cultural values, truthfulness, honesty and self-respect) included in the curriculum of Religious and Moral Studies for Primary Schools, Social Studies, Knowledge of Life in primary schools in the Province of Samsun which differ from each other in terms of socio-economic status. Therefore it is aimed to display whether students gain the values in the primary education program or not. The scenarios developped in accordance with the selected moral values have been used in the study. The scenarios developped in accordance with the selected moral values have been used in the study. By the form of construction of the values level determination, the datas are transfered to the computer and analysed. Ki-kara and Mann-Whitney U test are used in Analysing of datas. The results revealed that in general students have acquired the moral values focused in this research. The least acquired moral value is honesty and the mostly acquired one is truthfulness and self respect. When we studied the level of acqusition of the moral values in terms of gender variable, we have also found out that while the highest level of acquisition is truthfulness among girls, it is respect among boys. On the other hand that variable turns out to be th least acquired moral value among girls, and self respect was the least acquired one among boys. When we studied the level of acquisition of the moral values in terms of socio-economic status variable we can state that as the socio-economic status increases the self respect also increases. However, as the socio-economic status increases the level of respect and honesty decrease. We have also found out that the level of acquisition of truthfulness among the students whose families have low income levels is higher than that of the students whose families have high income levels. The sample as a part of this research, is made up of from 8 different primary schools in the center provinces of Samsun.In all, there are 222 male students and 190 female students and 7 students who didnt define sexual status. The results revealed that in general students have acquired the moral values focused in this research. The least acquired moral value is honesty and the mostly acquired one is truthfulness and self respect. When we studied the level of acqusition of the moral values in terms of gender variable, we have also found out that while the highest level of acquisition is truthfulness among girls, it is respect among boys. On the other hand that variable turns out to be th least acquired moral value among girls, and self respect was the least acquired one among boys. When we studied the level of acquisition of the moral values in terms of socio-economic status variable we can state that as the socio-economic status increases the self respect also increases. However, as the socio-economic status increases the level of respect and honesty decrease. We have also found out that the level of acquisition of truthfulness among the students whose families have low income levels is higher than that of the students whose families have high income levels. In accordance with the datas of the research, it is suggested that the existing primary education program should be restructured, altarnative determination of value levels should be developed, new materials should be prepared for the teachers by MEB, communal sensivity about protecting, internalizing and administering values should be provided.

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The aim of this study was to determine the possible protective role of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and erdosteineon testicular toxicity of radiocontrast media (RCM) in rats.A total of thirty-five male Wistar albino rats were included in this study. All animals were equally and randomlydivided into four groups as follows: Controls (n=10), RCM-treated (n=8), RCM + erdosteine-treated (n=7) andRCM + CAPE-treated (n=10) groups. RCM was intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered at 10 ml/kg dose. CAPE wasadministered i.p. at a dose of 10 μmol/kg once daily for two days. Erdosteine was orally administered at 25 mg/kgdose once daily for two days. At the end of the study, all animals were sacrificed. Testis tissues and blood sampleswere collected for histopathological and biochemical analysis. Catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)enzyme activity levels and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in order to investigate the extent ofoxidative stress in testicular tissues. Histopathological examination was also performed on tissue samples stained withhematoxyline-eosin by using light microscope.In RCM treated group, the mean testicular CAT activity was significantly decreased when compared with the controlgroup (p < 0.01). It was observed that the co-administration of CAPE to RCM treated group significantly increasedthe mean CAT activity in testes tissues when compared with only RCM given group (p < 0.009). Co-administrationof erdosteine to only RCM given group did not significantly increase the mean CAT activity level in testis tissues whencompared with only RCM administered group (p>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between thestudy group and controls by means of testicular SOD and MDA levels (p > 0.05). We have observed that CAPEand erdosteine exhibited protection against RCM-induced toxicity / oxidative stres and histopathological changes intesticular tissues in histopathological aspect.Taken together, current data suggest that RCM leads to oxidative stress in rat testicular tissues and CAPE may haverelatively more protective effect than erdosteine in RCM-induced oxidative stress via antioxidant defence mechanisms.

Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is known to result from both tissue hypoxia and the consequences of reperfusion of ischemic tissues. In addition, ATP stores are depleted during ischemia because of the relatively inefficient production of ATP by glycolysis. In this study, the effect of melatonin on some important metabolic enzymes hexokinase (HK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) responsible for generation of energy was investigated. Melatonin was determined to cause a distinct regulation of these enzymes. While the activity of the enzyme HK of the first step of glycolysis was significantly higher in pre-melatonin treated I/R group than group I/R animals, the activities of LDH and G6PD were decreased markedly with melatonin application. Although, the MDH levels of pre-melatonin treated I/R group were higher than the sham control group, this might not be a result of melatonin application, since both I/R and I/(Mel/R) groups also showed even higher MDH activity than the control group.

Bu tezde, süpersimetrik kuantum mekaniği tanıtılarak, en düşük mertebeli süpersimetrik Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (SWKB) yaklaşım yöntemi detaylarıyla incelendi. Bu yöntemin birçok fiziksel uygulama için verdiği sonuçlar araştırıldı ve şekil invaryant potansiyeller için tam bağlı durum spektrumlarının elde edilebileceği gösterildi. Ayrıca seçilen bazı q deforme potansiyellerin ve V (x)=C tanh2 (αx)-D/cosh2 (αx) potansiyelinin enerji özdeğerlerini elde etmek için denenen bu yöntemin, bu potansiyeller için doğruluğu kanıtlandı.

Gastrointestinal sistemin en sık rastlanan konjenital anomalisi olup %1–3 oranında görülür. Bu çalışma ile kliniğimizde on sekiz yıllık dönemde karşılaşılan Meckel divertikül komplikasyonlarına bağlı takip ve tedavisi yapılan olgular tartışıldı. Bu çalışmada 1987–2005 yılları arasında Dicle Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Genel Cerrahi Kliniğinde Meckel divertikülüne bağlı komplikasyonlar nedeniyle takip ve tedavi edilen 27 olgunun bilgileri retrospektif olarak incelendi. Yaş, cinsiyet, Meckel divertikülünün yerleşimi ve büyüklüğü, komplikasyon tipi, preoperatif tanı yöntemleri, uygulanan ameliyat ve insizyon tipi, postoperatif komplikasyonlar, hastanede kalış süreleri ve patoloji sonuçları kaydedildi. Olguların, 12’ i erkek, 15’ i kadındı. Ortalama yaş, 30,7±12.39 idi. Meckel divertikül komplikasyonu olarak olguların 14’ünde (%50) divertikülit, 12’sinde (%46,2) intestinal tıkanıklık, birinde (%3,8) ise alt gastrointestinal kanaması ile karşılaşıldı. Ameliyatta 17 olguya wedge rezeksiyon-primer sütür, on olguya ise ince barsak rezeksiyonu gerçekleştirildi. Bir olguya ise mevcut genel peritonit tablosu nedeniyle rezeksiyon ve stoma uygulandı. Divertikülün uzunluğu ortalama 2,93±0,71 cm idi. Histopatolojik incelemede ektopik dokuya rastlanılan olgu olmadı. Genel morbidite oranı %18,5 idi. Genel mortalite oranı ise: %3,7 idi. Bu çalışmada Meckel divertikülü komplikasyonları, literatür verilerin aksine her iki cinste eşit ağırlıkta görüldü. Ayrıca alt gastrointestinal kanaması daha düşük oranlarda rastlanıldı. Ameliyat öncesi tanının sıklıkla mümkün olmaması ve ameliyatta gecikilmesi ciddi sorunlara neden olabilmektedir. Bu nedenle adından sıkça söz edilmesine rağmen nadir görülen Meckel divertikülünün ileus, akut karın ve alt gastrointestinal kanaması ile başvuran olgularda göz önünde bulundurulması erken tanı ve tedaviyi sağlayarak olası komplikasyonları önleyebilecektir. It is the most common congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract which is seen 1–3%. With this study, the cases of Meckel’s diverticles which had been followed and cured in our clinic in a period of 18 years. In this study, the data of 27 cases with Meckel’s diverticle related complications which had been followed and cured in Dicle University, Medical Faculty, General Surgery Department from 1987 to 2005 retrospectively investigated. The age, gender, the size and the location of the Meckel’s diverticle, type of complication, preoperative diagnosis techniques, performed operation and type of incision, postoperative complications, hospitalization periods and the pathology results had been recorded. 12 of the patients were male and 15 of them were women. Mean age was 30,7+/-12.39. There were 14 patients with diverticulitis (50%), 12 patients with intestinal obstruction (46,2%), 1 with lower gastrointestinal bleeding (3,8%) presented as the complications of the Meckel’s diverticle. Wedge resection-primary suturing in 17 cases, and small intestinal resection in 10 cases had been performed. And in one case resection and stoma had been performed due to general peritonitis. The diverticle lenghth was 2,93+/- 0,71 cm. There was no ectopic tissue in histopathologic examination. General morbidity rate was 18,5%. Meckel’s diverticle complications’ rates were equal in both genders in this study, although the literature data suggests the reverse of the situation. Furthermore, lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding ratio was also lesser. It may be troublesome because of its very hard suggested preoperative diagnosis and deciding to the operation might be late. For that reason, we should remember that the patients presenting with the ileus, acute abdominal pain and lower gastrointestinal tract bleeding might have Meckel diverticle even if it is a rare condition and this could let us prevent possible complications by the early diagnosis and treatment.

URL: http://sujest.selcuk.edu.tr/sumbtd/article/view/137, Kültürel Mirasın Korunması ile ilgili çalışmalarda birinci ve en önemli aşama, çeşitli ölçek ve nitelikte belgelerine çalışmalarının tamamlanması ve üretilen bilgilerin koruma çalışmalarında bulunacak farklı uzmanlar tarafından anlaşılır ve kullanılabilir biçimde düzenlenmesidir. Metrik, yazılı ve görsel belgeleme, kültürel mirasın mevcut durumu ve sorunlarının tespiti ile bu sorunların çözümüne ilişkin her türlü koruma çalışmalarında temel veri olarak kullanıldığı gibi kültürel mirasın gelecek nesillere iletilmesinin ve topluma tanıtılmasının da önemli bir yoludur. Günümüzde Kültürel Mirasın belgelenmesinde farklı teknikler kullanılmakta ve bu konu teknolojik gelişmelere paralel olarak hızla gelişmektedir. Bu çalışmada kültürel miraslarımızdan biri olan Konya'daki bulunan Horozlu Hanın Fotogrametrik yöntemle ölçümü ve belgeleme çalışması yapılmıştır.

Özellikle termal yaralanma, travma ve cerrahi girişimler sonrası, hayatı tehdit eden ciddi bir morbidite olarak ortaya çıkabilecek sepsis, çoğu zaman geleneksel tedavilere cevap vermeyerek mortalite ile sonuçlanır. Bu nedenle, yeni tedavi metodlan arayışı sürecinde immunomodülatör ajanlar gündeme gelmiştir. Bu deneysel çalışmada 54 adet Sprague-Dawley cinsi rat üzerinde intraabdominal sepsis oluşturularak immunomodülatör ajanlardan G-CSF ve GM-CSF gibi hemapoietik büyüme faktörlerinin tedavideki yeri ve makrofaj fagositik aktivitesi üzerine olan etkinliği araştınldı. Sonuç olarak, G-CSF verilen ratlarda periferik kanda nötrofılik lökositoz gelişti. Buna karşın, peritoneal ve âlveölâr makröfajlâriri fagositik aktiviteleriride bir değişim olmadı. GM-CSF ise sepsiste makrofajlann fagositik "aktivitesi üzerine positif etki gösterip lökosit sayısını değiştirmeksizin periferik kanda nötrofıli, monositoz ve lenfopeniye yol açtı. G-CSF, GM-CSF ve kontrol grubunda 7. günde sağkalım oranı sırasıyla % 71.4, % 28.5 ve % 42.8 bulundu. G-CSF ortalama yaşam suresini uzatırken, GM-CSF'nin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmasa da azalttığı tespit edildi. Sepsis continues to be a critical morbidity that threatens life especially after trauma, thermal injury and major surgical procedures. Generally, there is no response to the conventional theraphies, so mortality rate is high as % 50. Therefore some researchers have advocated immunomodulatory drugs in the treatment of overwhelming sepsis. By this experimental study, consist of 54 Sprague-Dawley rats, we tried to observe the effectiveness of haemopoietic growth factors such as G-CSF and GM-CSF in treatment of sepsis and see if they have any effects on phagocytic activity of macrophages when are administered after establishment of sepsis. As a result, we saw that G-CSF has no effect on the phagocytic activity of macrophages, while increases the survival by enhancing the count and probably the function of neutrophils. GM-CSF fails to increase, while effects the phagocytic activities of macrophages positively and enhances the peripheral neutrophil and monosit counts without changing the total number of leukocytes. The seventh day survival rates in control, G-CSF, GM-CSF groups were as; 42.8 %, 71.4 %, 28.5 % respectively.

Nüks, noduler guatr ameliyatından sonra önemli bir problemdir. Nükse bağlı retroidektomiler teknik açıdan zordur ve komplikasyon oranı daha fazladır. Bölgesel yapışıklık ve anatomideki değişiklikler bu ameliyatı zor kılan unsurlardır. Bu çalışma ile nüks nodüler guatr olgularının genel özellikleri ve postoperatif görülen komplikasyonları primer nodüler guatr nedeniyle opere edilen olgularla karşılaştırılması hedeflenmiştir. Bu çalışma ile 1998–2005 yılları arasında kliniğimizde nüks nodüler guatr nedeniyle ameliyat edilen 56 olgunun dosya ve ameliyat bilgileri retrospektif olarak inceldi Kliniğimizde 2006 yılının ilk dört ayında nodüler guatr nedeniyle opere edilen ardışık 54 olgu kontrol grubu olarak belirlendi. Yaş, cinsiyet ve komplikasyonlar değerlendirildi. Nüks noduler guatr grubunda 49 kadın ve yedi erkek olmak üzere 56 olgu mevcuttu. Ortalama yaş 42,28±10.89 idi. Nüks süresi ortalama 11,5±6.54 yıldı. Reoperasyondan sonra toplam 25(%50) olguda komplikasyon ile karşılaşıldı ve bu komplikasyonların üçü(%5.4) kalıcı komplikasyondu. İkinci grupta 12 erkek, 42 kadın olmak üzere 54 olgu mevcuttu. Ortalama yaş 42,9±12,1 idi. Kalıcı komplikasyon oranı % 3,7 idi. Ortalama hastanede kalış süresi 4,1 gündü. Nüks nodüler guatr, troid cerrahisindeki mevcut sinir hasarına bağlı ses kaybı ve paratroid hasarına bağlı geçici-kalıcı hipokalsemi gibi komplikasyonların görülme şansını, yaygın yapışıklıklar ve fibrosis nedeniyle daha fazla taşımaktadır. Bu özelliklerin bilinmesi nedeniyle sıklıkla deneyimli cerrahlarca bu işlemin gerçekleştirilmesi komplikasyon oranını azaltmaktadır. Ancak yinede ilk ameliyatta optimal cerrahinin uygulanması önemlidir. Bu şekilde nüks oranının azalması hem nükse bağlı komplikasyonlardan korunma sağlayacak hem de re-operasyona bağlı maliyeti azaltacaktır. Recurrence is a very important problem after nodular goiter operation. Re-thyroidectomies after relapses are technically difficult operations and complication rates are high. The regional adhesions and the anatomical variations complicate the operation. The aim of this study was to compare the general features and the postoperative complications in the groups of patients who underwent troidectomy for primary or recurrent nodular goıter. In this study, the records of 56 patients who underwent surgery due to recurrent nodulary goiter between the years 1998–2005 were examined, retrospectively. A control group including 54 patients who were operated on for primary nodular goıter in first 4 moths of 2006 was added. Age, sex and complications were the data being evaluated. In re-troidectomy group there were 49 women and 7 men. The mean age was 42,28 ±10,89 years. The average recurrence time was 11,5±6.54 years. Of 25 patients developed complications (%50) and 3 of these complications (%5.4) were permanent. The control group was consist of 12 men 42 women. Because of the fibrosis and diffuse adhesions recurrent nodular goıter carries a higher risk of voice loss due to nerve damage and temporary or permanent hypocalsemia secondary to parathyroid damage in thyroid surgery. Since these features are well known and most of these procedures are being performed by experienced surgeons, the rate of complications decreases. For this reason it is important to use optimal surgery at the first operation. Thus decreases in the rate of recurrences prevent the development of complications and diminish the cost due to recurrence.

In this study, native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Native-PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) were applied to the serum proteins of Leuciscus cephalus, Acanthobrama marmid and Chondrostoma regium (Cyprinidae) fish taken from) the Karakaya Dam (Malatya, Turkey). The electrophoregrams showed that there were similarities and differences in the molecular weight (MW) of the serum proteins among the three species. In the Native-PAGE, the total number of serum protein bands of L. cephalus, A. marmid and C. regium were 5, 8, 7, respectively. In the SDS-PAGE, 13 protein bands were obtained in L. cephalus, 11 in A. marmid and 11 in C. regium. In the electrophoregrams obtained from native-PAGE, the MW of the protein bands were found to be different in the fish species except the 80.3 kD protein band which was detected in the three fish species. In the SDS-PAGE, the protein band of 21.7 kD was observed in the three fish species. Protein bands of 63.4, 52.3 and 49.5 kD were present only in L. cephalus and C. regium. On the other hand, it was seen that other protein bands had similar molecular weights., Bu çalışmada, Karakaya Baraj Gölü (Malatya)'nden yakalanan Leuciscus cephalus, Acanthobrama marmid and Chondrostoma regium ( Cyprinidae)'nin serum proteinleri dogal poliakrilamid gel elektroforez (Native-PAGE) ve Sodyum dodeosil sulfat-poliakrilamid jel elektroforezine (SDS-PAGE) uygulandı. Elektroforegramlar üç türün serum proteinlerinin molekuler ağırlıkları arasında benzerlik ve farklılıkların varligini gostermistir. L. cephalus, A. marmid and C. regium'un total serum protein bandlari Native-PAGE'de sirasiyla 5, 8, 7 ' dir. SDS-PAGE'de L. cephalus icin 13, A. marmid icin 11 ve C. regium icin 11 protein bandı elde edildi. Native- PAGE'den elde edilen elektroforegramlarda protein bandlarinin molekuler ağırlıkları 80.3 kD protein bandı hariç, üç balık türünde farkli bulundu. Üç balık türünde protein bandlarının molekuler agırlıkları SDS-PAGE'de 21.7 kD olarak belirlendi. 63.4, 52.3 and 49.5 kD protein bandlari sadece L. cephalus ve C. regium'da mevcuttu. Diğer taraftan, diğer protein bandlarının molekuler ağırlıklarına yakın olduğu görüldü.

İdari olarak Konya iline bağlı bir ilçe olan Çeltik, İç Anadolu Bölgesi’nin Yukarı Sakarya Bölümü’nde yer almaktadır. İlçe yönetim alanındaki kır konutlannda gelişen ekonomik koşullara bağlı olarak, yeni değişmeler ortaya çıkmaktadır. Özellikle eski konutlarda, kullanılan yapı malzemesi yönünden çevrenin etkisi daha etkin bir şekilde görülmektedir. Diğer yandan meskenlerin şekillenmesinde gelenek ve göreneklerin etkileri dikkati çekmektedir. Ekonomik gelir seviyesinin artmasına bağlı olarak konut yapımında doğal çevre faktörlerinin etkisinin azaldığı ve modem yapı malzemesi kullanımının yaygınlaştığı gözlenmektedir. Araştırma sahasında yurt dışına göç eden aileler tarafından yaptırılmış konutlar da bulunmakta ve modernleşmeyi hızlandırmaktadırlar. Ancak bu faaliyet yöre ekonomisine fazla bir katkı sağlayamamaktadır. Sahada bulunan bazı köylerdeki tarımsal sulama yetersizliği bu köylerde göçleri arttırmış, nüfus ve ekonomiyi olumsuz etkilemiştir. Çeltik is a town of Konya. It is located in Yukarı Sakarya part of İç Anadolu region. Recently, there have been some changes in the construction of steppe houses in the town due to the improving economical conditions. The impact of the immediate environment on materials used in the construction of the old houses is more obvious. On the other hand, customs and traditions have also an impact on the design of households. Parallel to the economical development the impact of natural environment in construction of the houses is diminishing while the usage of modem construction materials is rising. In the Region there were houses which were built by immigrants and this accelerates the modemization but these activities did little help to the economy of region. Some of the villages found in the Region gave immigration because of the scarcity of agricultural irrigation and this villages population and economy negative affected.

In this study, native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Native-PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) were applied to the serum proteins of Leuciscus cephalus, Acanthobrama marmid and Chondrostoma regium (Cyprinidae) fish taken from) the Karakaya Dam (Malatya, Turkey). The electrophoregrams showed that there were similarities and differences in the molecular weight (MW) of the serum proteins among the three species. In the Native-PAGE, the total number of serum protein bands of L. cephalus, A. marmid and C. regium were 5, 8, 7, respectively. In the SDS-PAGE, 13 protein bands were obtained in L. cephalus, 11 in A. marmid and 11 in C. regium. In the electrophoregrams obtained from native-PAGE, the MW of the protein bands were found to be different in the fish species except the 80.3 kD protein band which was detected in the three fish species. In the SDS-PAGE, the protein band of 21.7 kD was observed in the three fish species. Protein bands of 63.4, 52.3 and 49.5 kD were present only in L. cephalus and C. regium. On the other hand, it was seen that other protein bands had similar molecular weights.

Bu çalışmada, bitki özütlerinin stres, hiperglisemi, hiperlipidemi ve hiperkolesterolemiüzerine etkilerini araştıran çalışmaları derlemek ve biyodeney ünitemizden elde ettiğimiz tecrübeleri sunmak amaçlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak birçok bitki özütünün stres, hiperglisemi, hiperlipidemi ve hiperkolesterolemi tedavilerinde kullanılan ilaçlar kadar etkili olduğu belirlenmiştir., The aim of this study was to review the articles which investigate the effect of herb extracts on stress, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia levels and to present our experience of bioexperiment unit. As a result, many herb extracts found that effect on treatment of stress, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia as pharmacological drugs.

Objective : The aim of the present study is to compare the vaginal and cesarean section births with respect to maternal and umbilical cord serum lipid levels. Method : Totally 64 pregnant women, 20 vaginal deliveries and 44 cesarean sections are included for the study. Serum lipid levels are investigated in maternal and cord blood. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels are determined and compared between the groups. Results : The groups are not different with respect to maternal age, gestational week and birthweights. There was a positive correlation between the HDL levels of maternal and umbilical venous samples (p, Amaç : Bu çalışmanın amacı, normal vajinal doğum ile elektif sezaryen olan gebelerde maternal ve umblikal kord serum lipid düzeylerinin karşılaştırılmasıdır. Yöntem : Yirmi normal vajinal doğum ve 44 elektif sezaryen olan toplam 64 gebe incelendi. Gebelerden eş zamanlı olarak maternal ve umblikal venden kan örnekleri alınarak serum total kolesterol (TK), trigliserid (TG), yüksek dansiteli lipopretein (HDL) ve düşük dansiteli lipoprotein (LDL) düzeyleri çalışıldı. Elde edilen değerler birbiri ile ve iki grup arasında karşılaştırıldı. Bulgular : Çalışmamızda, iki grup arasında (normal vajinal ve sezaryen) maternal yaş, gestasyonel hafta ve doğum kiloları açısından anlamlı fark gözlenmedi. Sezaryen ile doğum yapan grupta, maternal ve umblikal vende sadece HDL düzeyleri arasında karşılıklı pozitif ilişki saptandı (p

Amaç: Daha önceden yaptığımız çalışmada sisplatin nefrotoksitesi üzerine kafeik asit fenetil ester'in (CAPE) koruyucu etkisi olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, daha önceki çalışmamızda kullanılan sıçanların böbrek dokuları yeniden analiz adildi ve sisplatinin böbrek dokusunda hekzokinaz (HK), glukoz-6-fosfat dehidrogenaz (G6PD), laktat dehidrogenaz (LD1I) ve m a la t dehidrogenaz (MDH) enzim aktiviteleri üzerine etkisi ve buna CAPE'nin koruyucu etkisi araştırıldı. Metod: 22 adet sıçan üç gruba ayrıldı. Grup-I (n=6): sadece intraperitoneal izotonik NaCl; Grup-II (n=9): tek dozda 7 mg/kg sisplatin ve Grup-III (n=7): sisplatin uygulamasından 2 gün önce başlamak üzere CAPE lOfimol/kg 1x1 intraperitoneal yolla 7 gün verildi. Yedinci gün anestezi altında dekapite edilerek öldürülen sıçanların böbrek dokuları alındı. Böbrek dokusunda hekzokinaz (HK), glukoz-6-fosfat dehidrogenaz (G6PD), laktat dehidrogenaz (LDH) ve malat dehidrogenaz (MDH) aktiviteleri spektrofotometrik olarak ölçüldü. Bulgular: Sisplatin böbrek dokusunda HK ve G6PD aktivitelerinde kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı bir artmaya neden oldu (p0.05). CAPE verilen sıçanlarda kontrol ve sisplatin grubuna göre LDH aktivitesinde anlamlı bir artma bulundu (Sırasıyla, p0.05). Üç grupta da MDH aktivitesi değişmedi (p>0.05). Sonuç: Sisplatinle hasarlanmış böbrek dokusunda, HK ve G6PD enzimi gibi karbonhidrat metabolizmasında rolü olan enzimlerin aktivitelerinin artabileceği gösterilmiştir., Aim: In a former study, we have showed that CAPE has preventive effect on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. In this study we re-analyzed the renal tissues of the rats used formerly and investigated whether cisplatin has any effects on hexokinase (UK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) enzyme activities in renal tisssues, and the possible preventive role of CAPE on this effect. Methods: The study was performed with 22 rats in 3 main groups: group I (n=6): 0.9% saline solution was applied to the rats intraperitoneally (i.p.); group II (n=9): 7 mg/kg single dose cisplatin was administered i.p.; and group III (n=7): 10/umol/kg from lOftmol/ml CAPE solution was administered daily 1x1 begining 2 days before cisplatin administration. At the /7th day of treatment, the rats were killed by decapitation under anesthesia, autopsied and their kidney tissues were removed. Spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the activities of above-mentioned enzymes in the kidney tissue. Results: The results of the experiment demonstrated that HK and G6PD activities were increased significantly in the cisplatin group compared with the control group (p0.05). LDH activity was increased significantly in the CAPE group compared with cisplatin group or the control group (p0.05). There was no significant difference in the LDH activity between cisplatin and control groups, and nor in the MDH activities among cisplatin, CAPE, and control groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: From these results, it can be concluded that the activities of enzymes playing role in carbohydrate metabolism like HK and G6PD may increase in the course of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity process.

Amaç: Sisplatin (CDDP) geniş spekturumlu platin türevi bir antineoplastik ajandır. Kuvvetli nefrotoksisite riskinden dolayı tedavide kullanımı oldukça kısıtlıdır. CDDP’nin böbrek dokusunda yaptığı hasarın altında yatan mekanizma büyük oranda reaktif oksijen ürünleri (ROS)’ne bağlıdır. Ginkgo biloba ekstraktı (GBE)= Egb 761, birçok organ ve dokunun birbirinden farklı ama ortak olarak serbest radikallerin öncelikli rol oynadığı patolojilerinde kullanılmakta olup tedavide faydalı etkisi olduğu görülmüştür. Bu çalışma GBE’nin sisplatin nefrotoksisitesine karşı koruyucu etkisinin olup olmadığını tespit etmek amacıyla planlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Bu çalışmada erkek Sprague Dawley sıçanlar (60 günlük) kullanıldı. Hayvanlar rastgele seçilerek 4 gruba ayrıldı: Kontrol grubu (n= 7), IP 7 mg/kg’dan tek doz CDDP (Cisplatin, Ebewe) uygulanan grup (n= 8), CDDP ile birlikte IP 10 mg/kg E-vit (Evigen-Aksu) verilen grup (n= 9), CDDP ile birlikte oral 100 mg/kg GBE uygulanan grup (n= 7). Deneysel işlemlerden 10 gün sonra hayvanların kanları alınarak uygulanan ajanların plazma oksidan/antioksidan sisteme olan etkileri araştırıldı. Bulgular: Veriler istatistiksel olarak incelendiğinde; CDDP alan sıçanların plazma glutatyon peroksidaz (GSH-Px) aktivitesinde azalma söz konusu iken, adenozin deaminaz (ADA) aktivitesinde ve nitrik oksit (NO) değerlerinde artışa rastlanmıştır. Plazma süperoksit dismutaz (SOD) aktivitesinde, gruplar arasında herhangi bir değişiklik olmamıştır. CDDP + E-vit verilmesi ile GSH-Px ve ADA aktivitelerinde kontrole yakın olmak üzere NO değerlerinde de bir düzelme gözlenmiştir. CDDP + GBE alan grubun GSH-Px aktiviteleri sadece CDDP alan gruba göre anlamlı derecede artmıştır (p< 0.014). GBE aynı zamanda CDDP ile artmış olan ADA ve NO değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmayan belirgin bir azalma sağlamıştır. Sonuç: Bu sonuçlara göre CDDP ile oluşturulan nefrotoksisitenin temelinde hücre savunma sisteminin bozulması söz kosudur. Antioksidan özelliği olan GBE, burada kısmen koruyucu bir etkinlik göstermiştir. CDDP nefrotoksisitesinde GBE’nin kesin tedavi edici bir ilaç olarak değerlendirilebilmesi için henüz çok erkendir. Bu nedenle farklı doz, farklı süre ve farklı denek sayılarıyla yeni çalışmaların yapılması uygun olacaktır., Objective: Cisplatin (CDDP), derived from platinium, is a broad-spectrum antineoplastic agent. It has not commonly been used as a therapeutic agent because of its nephrotoxicity risk. The underlying mechanism in nephrotoxi-city has been attributed to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Gingko biloba extract (GBE, Egb 761) has been shown to be effective on some organ and tissue pathologies induced by ROS. The aim of this experimental study was to determine whether antioxidant GBE has a preventive effect on nephrotoxi-city induced by CDDP through oxidative damage. Material and Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats (60 days old) were used in the experiments. Rats were randomly assigned to one of four groups: control or untreated rats (n=7); rats treated with i.p. injection in a single dose of 7 mg/kg body wt CDDP (Cisplatin, Ebewe) (n=8); rats treated with CDDP plus i.p. injection of 10 mg/kg body wt vitamin E (Evigen-Aksu, Turkey) (n=9); and rats treated with CDDP plus oral administration of GBE in a dosage of 100 mg/kg body wt (n=7). After 10 days of experimental procedure, animals were euthanized by bleeding, kidneys were removed and oxidant and antioxidant parameters were examined to determine the effects of agents as applied to the rats. Results: In treated rats, the activity of plasma glutathion peroxidase (GSH-Px) was decreased, but adenosine deaminase (ADA) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were increased with CDDP. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) remained unchanged in all study groups. Upon treating the rats with CDDP + vit E, the activities of GSH-Px and ADA, and the level of NO were improved. In the case of CDDP + GBE application, we determined an increased activity of GSH-Px in comparison with the rats treated with CDDP (p

Amaç: Sisplatin insanlarda baş, boyun, akciğer, testis, ovaryum gibi bir çok solid tümörde etkili bir antitümör ilaç olarak kullanılmaktadır. Tedavi esnasında serbest oksijen radikalleri üreterek başta böbrek olmak üzere bir çok organda toksisiteye neden olduğu için doz kısıtlamasına gidilmektedir. E vitamini (E vit) serbest radikal süpürücü bir antioksidandır. Bu çalışmada sıçanlarda sisplatine bağlı akut renal yetmezlik modelinde E vitamininin koruyucu etkilerinin olup olmadığı araştırıldı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Sıçanlar 3 gruba ayrıldı; Grup-I (n=7), 3. gün serum fizyolojik intraperitoneal (i.p.) olarak uygulandı. Grup-II (n=8), 3. gün tek doz 7 mg/kg sisplatin i.p. olarak uygulandı. Grup-III (n=9), sisplatin+E vit, deney süresince (toplam 7 gün) her gün i.p. olarak E vit 10 mg/kg 1x1 dozunda ve 3. Günde 7 mg/kg sisplatin tek doz halinde i.p. olarak verildi. Sisplatin verilişinden 5 gün sonra sıçanların böbrekleri genel anestezi altında alındı. Doku homojenize edildi ve supernatant elde edildi. Süpernatantdan hekzokinaz (HK), glukoz-6-fosfat dehidrogenaz (G6PD), laktat dehidrogenaz (LDH) ve malat dehidrogenaz (MDH) aktiviteleri spektro-fotometrik olarak ölçüldü. Bulgular: Tek doz olarak verilen sisplatinin kontrol grubuna göre diğer iki grupta, MDH dışındaki diğer enzimlerin aktivitelerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı artışa neden olduğu görüldü. Sisplatin grubu ile sisplatin+E vit grubu karşılaştırıldığında, E vit uygulanmasının HK, G6PD enzim aktivitelerinde istatistiksel olarak artışa neden olurken MDH aktivitesinde azalmaya neden olduğu görüldü. Sisplatin uygulanan grupların böbrek dokusu LDH aktiviteleri arasında anlamlı bir değişme gözlenmedi. Sonuç: Sisplatinin böbrek dokusunda oluşturduğu hasar esnasında glikoliz ve pentoz fosfat metabolitik yollarının hasarı sınırlamak amacıyla aktive olduğu ve E vit'in bu durumu daha da artırmasıyla korumaya çalıştığı gözlendi. Bu sonuçlar sisplatinin istenmeyen yan etkilerinin daha etkili, ekonomik ve kolay uygulanabilir ilaçlarla önlenebileceği veya azaltılabileceği konusunda alternatifler bulmada yol gösterici olabilir., Purpose: Cisplatin is used as an effective antitumor agent for treatment of many solid tumors such as head, neck, lung, testis, ovaryum in human. Its usage is limited due to its toxicity to many organs including kidneys via free oxygen radicals. Vitamin E (Vit E) is an antioxidant agent. The aim of this study was to investigate whether Vit E is a protective agent against cisplatin induced acute renal failure or not. Materials and Methods: Rats were divided into three groups: Group-I, %0.9 Nad solution was injected every day during the experimental procedure (n=7); Goup-II, cisplatin was administrated single i.p. dose of 7 mg/kg at 3rd day os the experimental procedure (n=8); Group-Ill, Vit E was injected every day i.p. dose of 10 mg/kg in addition to cisplatin injection (n=9). The kidneys were removed under anesthetized 5 days after the cisplatin administration. Tissue was homogenized and supernatant was sepa-rated. The activities of hexokinase (HK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), lactate dehydro-genase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were measured spectrophotometrically from super-natant. Results: Single dose cisplatin in two study group caused statistically increase activities of all enzymes except MDH in comparison with control group. Vit E treatment resulted in higher activities of HK and G6PD, but lower activity of MDH than only cisplatin administration. There was no significant difference in LDH activity between groups. In conclusion, glycolisis and pentose phosphate metabolic ways were activated during cisplatin induced renal injury and Vit E was try to protect the tissue from injury-by increasing the activities much more. Conclusion: These results may help to show that cisplatin induced undesired toxicities may be preven-ted or decreased by cheapest ways.

Amaç: Daha önceden yaptığımız çalışmada sisplatin nefrotoksitesi üzerine kafeik asit fenetil ester'in (CAPE) koruyucu etkisi olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, daha önceki çalışmamızda kullanılan sıçanların böbrek dokuları yeniden analiz adildi ve sisplatinin böbrek dokusunda hekzokinaz (HK), glukoz-6-fosfat dehidrogenaz (G6PD), laktat dehidrogenaz (LD1I) ve m a la t dehidrogenaz (MDH) enzim aktiviteleri üzerine etkisi ve buna CAPE'nin koruyucu etkisi araştırıldı. Metod: 22 adet sıçan üç gruba ayrıldı. Grup-I (n=6): sadece intraperitoneal izotonik NaCl; Grup-II (n=9): tek dozda 7 mg/kg sisplatin ve Grup-III (n=7): sisplatin uygulamasından 2 gün önce başlamak üzere CAPE lOfimol/kg 1x1 intraperitoneal yolla 7 gün verildi. Yedinci gün anestezi altında dekapite edilerek öldürülen sıçanların böbrek dokuları alındı. Böbrek dokusunda hekzokinaz (HK), glukoz-6-fosfat dehidrogenaz (G6PD), laktat dehidrogenaz (LDH) ve malat dehidrogenaz (MDH) aktiviteleri spektrofotometrik olarak ölçüldü. Bulgular: Sisplatin böbrek dokusunda HK ve G6PD aktivitelerinde kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı bir artmaya neden oldu (p0.05). CAPE verilen sıçanlarda kontrol ve sisplatin grubuna göre LDH aktivitesinde anlamlı bir artma bulundu (Sırasıyla, p0.05). Üç grupta da MDH aktivitesi değişmedi (p>0.05). Sonuç: Sisplatinle hasarlanmış böbrek dokusunda, HK ve G6PD enzimi gibi karbonhidrat metabolizmasında rolü olan enzimlerin aktivitelerinin artabileceği gösterilmiştir. Aim: In a former study, we have showed that CAPE has preventive effect on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. In this study we re-analyzed the renal tissues of the rats used formerly and investigated whether cisplatin has any effects on hexokinase (UK), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) enzyme activities in renal tisssues, and the possible preventive role of CAPE on this effect. Methods: The study was performed with 22 rats in 3 main groups: group I (n=6): 0.9% saline solution was applied to the rats intraperitoneally (i.p.); group II (n=9): 7 mg/kg single dose cisplatin was administered i.p.; and group III (n=7): 10/umol/kg from lOftmol/ml CAPE solution was administered daily 1x1 begining 2 days before cisplatin administration. At the /7th day of treatment, the rats were killed by decapitation under anesthesia, autopsied and their kidney tissues were removed. Spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the activities of above-mentioned enzymes in the kidney tissue. Results: The results of the experiment demonstrated that HK and G6PD activities were increased significantly in the cisplatin group compared with the control group (p0.05). LDH activity was increased significantly in the CAPE group compared with cisplatin group or the control group (p0.05). There was no significant difference in the LDH activity between cisplatin and control groups, and nor in the MDH activities among cisplatin, CAPE, and control groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: From these results, it can be concluded that the activities of enzymes playing role in carbohydrate metabolism like HK and G6PD may increase in the course of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity process.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada deneysel olarak i.t. BLM uygulanması ile sıçan akciğerinde oluşturulan fibrozisde E vitamini (E vit) ve erdosteinin hekzokinaz (HK), glukoz-6-fosfat dehidrogenaz (G6PD), laktat dehidrogenaz (LDH) ve malat dehidrogenaz (MDH) enzim aktiviteleri üzerine etkilerinin araştırılması planlandı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Sıçanlar I. kontrol (n=8), II. BLM (i.t. tek doz, 7.5 ü/kg) (n=9), III. BLM + E vit (intra peritoneal, 10 mg/kg, 16 gün) (n=9), IV. BLM + erdostein (oral, 10 mg/kg, 16 gün) (n=10) şeklinde 4 gruba ayrıldı. Bulgular: Kontrol grubu ile BLM grubu karşılaştırıldığında, akciğer dokusu HK, G6PD, LDH ve MDH aktivitelerinde BLM grubunda önemli artış olduğu bulundu. BLM grubu ile BLM + E vit ve BLM + erdostein grupları karşılaştırıldığında bütün enzim aktivitelerinde kontrol grubuna yakın önemli bir azalma olduğu gözlendi.Sonuç: BLM diğer dokulara kıyasla çok fazla etkilediği akciğer dokusunda, glukozun girdiği ana metabolik yolların enzimlerini olumsuz yönde etkilediği, E vit ve erdosteinin çalışılan enzim aktiviteleri üzerine daha çok koruyucu yönde etki gösterdiği söylenebilir. Bununda muhtemel sebebinin, BLM'nin akciğer dokusu hasarı oluştururken serbest oksijen radikallerini oluşturması, buna karşılık uyguladığımız antioksidan karakterli E vit ve erdostein maddelerinin serbest radikal süpürücü etkileri ile kısmen hücre ve doku bütünlüğünü koruyarak stabilizasyon sağlaması olduğu söylenebilir., Purpose: In this study the effect of vitamin E and erdosteine on the activity of hexokinase (HK), glu-cose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) has been assessed in BLM induced lung fibrosis in rats. Materials and Methods: Rats were divided into fourgroups; I-Control (n=8), II- BLM (i.t. one dose 7,5 u/kg) (n=9), III- BLM + vitamin E (intraperitoneal, 10 mg/kğ, 16 day ) (n=9), IV- Blm + erdostein (oral, 10 mg/kg, 16 day) (n=10). Results: The activities of HK, G6PD, LDH and MDH were measured in lung tissue. There was significant increase in enzyme activities in treated rats compared to controls. All of the enzyme activities significantly decreased nearly to the levels of controls in both of the treatment groups (BLM + vitamin E and BLM + erdosteine). The reduction in enzyme activities were similar between treatment groups (BLM + vitamin E and BLM + erdosteine). Conclusion: BLM alters the enzyme activities of main metabolic pathway (especially on lung tissue). It may be suggested that there were preventive effects of vitamin E and erdosteine on the activities of HK, G6PD, LDH and MDH in lung tissue. These results indicate that erdosteine may be a promising drug for protection against bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis.

Amaç: Formaldehit (FA) irrite edici ve zehirli bir gazdır. Aldehit ailesinin en önemli üyesidir. FA anatomi, patoloji ve histoloji laboratuvarlarinda tahnit ve dezenfeksiyon işlemlerinde kullanılır. Bu çalışmada, subakut ve subkronik periyotlarda solunan FA'in akciğer dokusu enzim aktiviteleri ile MDA ve NO düzeylerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Gereç ve yöntem: 60 adet erkek sıçan herbirinde 10 sıçan olmak üzere 6 gruba ayrıldı. Sıçanlar subakut (4 hafta) ve subkronik (13 hafta) olarak 0, 10 ve 20 ppm dozunda formaldehit gazına maruz bırakıldı Deneylerin sonunda sıçanlara eter anestezisi yapılarak dekapite edildi ve akciğer dokuları çıkarıldı. Homojenize edilerek biyokimyasal analizlerde kullanıldı. Bulgular: Akciğer dokusunda total SOD, CAT ADA, XO aktiviteleri ile MDA ve NO seviyeleri ölçüldü. Kontrol grubuna göre, subakut 10 ppm grubunda, SOD aktivitesinde anlamlı bir azalma saptandı. Subakut 20 ppm grubunda, CAT ve SOD aktivitelerinde belirgin bir azalma, MDA ve NOdüzeylerinde ise anlamlı bir artış vardı. Subkronik 10 ve 20 ppm gruplarında XO aktivitelerinde ve subkronik 20 ppm grubunda ise MDA ile NO seviyelerinde anlamlı artma tespit edildi. Sonuç: Sıçanların inhalasyon yoluyla formaldehite maruz bırakılması akciğerin enzimatik antioksidan sistemini olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. MDA düzeylerinde ki artış, FA dozunun lipit peroksidasyonu üzerinde ve NO düzeylerindeki artış da, FA maruziyet süresinin oksidatif stres üzerinde etkili olduğunu düşündürmektedir., Purpose: Formaldehyde (FA) is an irritating and toxic gas. It is the most important member of aldehydes. FA is used in anatomy, pathology and histology laboratories, embalming and deselection procedures. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of FA on the activities of the lung enzymes and MDA and NO levels in lung tissues exposed to subacute and subchronic FA inhalation. Methods: Sixty male rats were divided into six groups each included ten rats. The rats exposed to subacute (4 weeks) and subchronic (13 weeks) 0,10, 20 ppm FA. At the end of the exposure period, rats were decapitated under ether anesthesia. The lung tissues were extracted and homogenized and used in biochemical analyses. Results: The total activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), adenosine deaminase (ADA), xanthine oxidase (XO) and levels of MDA, NO in lung tissue were measured. A significant decrease in SOD activity was found in subacute 10 ppm group compared to control group. There was a significant decrease in CAT and SOD activities in subacute 20 ppm group and significant increase in MDA and NO levels was found. We found significant XO activity increase at subchronic 10 and 20 ppm groups. Conclusion: We suggest that enzymatic antioxidant system of rat lungs were affected adversely from inhalation of FA. MDA levels suggests the importance of FA dosage on lipid peroxidation and NO levels suggests the importance of. FA exposure period on oxidative stress of lung tissue.

Bu araştırmada; 3 yaşındaki Cyprinion macrostomus' lar 10 ve 35 gün boyunca o/o2,5' lik tekstil fabrikası atığı içinde yaşatıldılar. Sonuçta; 35 günlük grupta karaciğer ve böbrek glutatyon (GSH) konsantrasyonları kontrole göre anlamlı şekilde azalırken 35 günliik grubun karaciğer ve böbrek malondialdehit (MDA) konsantrasyonlan kontrole göre anlamlı şekilde artmıştı. 35 günlük grubun karaciğer dokusunda vakuolcr dejcnerasyon şeldinde nekrozların oluşması gibi histopatolojik değişimler gözlendi. Mikronukleus sayısında anlamlı bir artış aynı grupta da gözlendi.

Ankara : The Graduate School of Business Administration of Bilkent Univ., 1996. Thesis (Master's) -- Bilkent University, 1996. Includes bibliographical references. This study tests the weak-foim efficiency in Istanbul Stock Exchange by forming portfolios of randomly selected stocks and applying moving averages methodology on these portfolios. Differing moving average rules are applied on random portfolios for the time period 1/1/1988-30/9/1995. Finally, returns of the selected strategies are compared with naive buy hold policy by computing excess returns and t ratios. This study shows that Istanbul Stock Exchange is not weak-form efficient. The returns of certain strategies brought returns significantly higher than the naive buy-hold policy. Yılmaz, HSerkan M.B.A

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Url: http://usad.selcuk.edu.tr/usad/article/view/33