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Background: The aim of this study is to evaluate the sociodemographic characteristics, clinical conditions, and results of patients who were admitted to the emergency department (ED) due to suicide attempts by self-poisoning intentionally. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted between January 1 and December 31, 2017, in the ED of Istanbul Lutfi Kırdar City Hospital, University of Health Sciences. Patients of only attempted suicide through taking overdose drugs with the intent of self-poisoning and over 12 ages were included in the study, which included 391 cases. Patients who attempted suicide in any different ways than self-poisoning were excluded. Results: Our study is consisted 69.8% (n=273) of female and 30.2% (n=18) of male patients. The mean age of the total cases was 31.01±12.064, which the youngest case being 14 years old and the oldest being 73 years old. The marital status of the cases is as follows: 140 (35.8%) married, 205 (52.4%) unmarried, 42 (10.7%) divorced, and 4 (1%) widow/widower. Istanbul is covering a major population of patients (93.1%) as a living place. The study has resulted in 58.3% ED discharge, 27.1% hospital leaving, and 10.5% Psychiatry unit admission. It can be stated that elderly people aim for death more than young people via their suicide attempts. The reasons for the suicide of the patients included in the study were grouped as a secondary gain, anger, and death. We found that secondary gain was the reason for teens mostly. We divided into categories clinical results as ED discharge, psychiatrist hospitalization, Intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and discharge against medical advice (DAMA). The patients who attempted suicide with the aim of death were hospitalized in the psychiatry unit, and the attempts caused by secondary gain were discharged from the ED. Patients who had taken paracetamol for suicide, which is contain 70.10% of the total cases, were discharged from the ED, after the examination. It was detected that 39.29% of the cases who had Suicidal ideations again, had a psychiatric disease in their medical history. Conclusions: Suicidal behavior is a very comprehensive topic when considering its etiology and risk factors, there are many variables as well. Since it is one of the serious public health issues and causes of death, the risk factors must be identified and preventions to be taken should be determined. In addition, when elderly people attempt suicide, more medical care should be taken during ED, since they are more focused to die and fall into the category of severe cases.

BACKGROUND: Various risk scores were developed to recognize acute stroke easily and to start treatment right away in the emergency departments. Although the Recognition of Stroke in the Emergency Room (ROSIER) score used for this purpose is indicated better than the other scoring systems, it is expressed that it will be able to have social differentiations. In this study, we targeted to research validation of the ROSIER scale and to compare its efficiency with Face-Arm-Speech Test (FAST), another stroke diagnosis method, for the patients who applied to the emergency department with the stroke or transient ischemic attack symptoms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The patients who reported to the emergency department with the suggestive symptoms or findings of stroke and were above 18 years of age were included in the study. The study forms were filled out by the emergency medicine specialist or the senior emergency medical assistant after the patients were evaluated, and then they were consulted by the neurology specialist. The final diagnosis, which was established after the clinical evaluation and necessary imaging done by the neurology specialists, was accepted as a standard reference. RESULTS: A total of 335 patients, including 168 (50.1%) females, were included in the study. The sensitivity was 68.5%, specificity was 79.0%, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) was 78.7%, NPV (Negative Predictive Value) was 68.9%, and test validity was 73.4% for the ROSIER scale. For the FAST scale the sensitivity was 63.5%, specificity was 88.5%, PPV was 86.3%, NPV was 68.1%, and test validity was 75.2%. CONCLUSION: In the present study, it was seen that the ROSIER scale could be used in separating the patients with CVO (cerebrovascular accident) from the patients who applied with the similar clinical findings. However, FAST was superior because its specificity and PPV were higher and its practicability was easier than the ROSIER.

Araştırmamızın amacı kadın futbolcularının içsel ve dışsal motivasyon tutumlarını bazı değişkenler açısından incelemektir. Araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini, Türkiye’nin Akdeniz ve Portekiz’deki Porto bölgelerinde, 2019-2020 sezonunda oynayan amatör, yarı profesyonel ve profesyonel kadın futbolcular oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın örneklemi tesadüfi örneklem yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir ve araştırmaya 205 kadın futbolcu katılmıştır. Yapılan araştırmada, araştırma sahibi tarafından oluşturulmuş kişisel bilgi formu (Türkçe, Portekizce ve İngilizce dillerinde) kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, İngilizce olarak, Pelletier ve ark. (1995) tarafından geliştirilen Sport Motivation Scale (SMS), Türk sporcular için Kazak (2004) tarafından geçerlik güvenirliği yapılan Sporda Güdülenme Ölçeği (SGÖ) ve Portekiz'li sporcular için uyarlanması Bara Filho ve ark. (2011) tarafından yapılan Escala de Motivação Desportiva (EME-BR) olmak üzere üç farklı dilde ölçekler kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilen SPSS 22 paket programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Mann Whitney U testi, Kruskal Wallis H testi ve Spearman Korelasyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Sporda Güdülenme Ölçeği alt boyutları lig değişkenine göre incelendiğinde, Portekiz’de futbol oynayan kadın sporcularının güdülenme düzeyleri Türkiye'deki kadın sporculardan anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu görülmüştür (p

In this work, we have studied the electrical characteristics of Zn/n-Si/Au-Sb Schottky diodes before and after different doses (25, 50 and 75 Gray) of electron-irradiation at room temperature. The ohmic contact has been made on n-Si crystal with Au-Sb alloy. The rectifier contact was sputtered Zinc metal on n-Si by using DC magnetron sputtering. The I–V measurements of these diodes performed by the use of a KEITLEY 487 Picoammeter/Voltage Source and the C–V measurements were performed with HP 4192A (50–13 MHz) LF Impedance Analyzer at room temperature and in dark. Experimental results showed that the values of the ideality factor obtained from I to V measurements increased and the values of the barrier height obtained from I to V and C–V measurements decreased after electron-irradiation.

A Co/phenol red (PR)/n-Si/Al device has been fabricated and its current–voltage (I–V) characteristics measured between 80 K and 460 K. Junction parameters of the device, such as the ideality factor, barrier height, interface state density, and series resistance (Rs), were determined using standard thermionic emission theory, the Cheung function, and the Norde method. The application of these approaches revealed that n varied between 4.66 and 1.70 in the temperature range of 80 K to 460 K, while Φb varied between 0.24 eV and 0.83 eV in the same temperature range. These variations of n and Φb can be attributed to the barrier height inhomogeneity in the device. Although PR is generally used in biological applications such as cell culture, it has been observed that such Co/phenol red/n-Si/Al devices may be critical candidates for use in thermal sensors and photodiode applications due to their photoresponse and low-temperature operation for reverse-bias I–V measurements. Furthermore, PR is an alternative to semiconductor materials commonly used in such applications.

The temperature dependence of the current–voltage and room temperature capacitance–voltage measurements of Co/aniline blue/ n-Si sandwich-type rectifying device was investigated.Furthermore, the effects of the illumination on the current–voltage measurements were tested with 100 mW/cm2 light intensity, and it was seen that Co/aniline blue/ n-Si sandwich-type device showed a clear response to illumination, and it may be a candidate for solar cells or photodiode applications. The rectifying device parameters, such as the barrier height (Ф), the ideality factor ( n), the rectification ratio, and the series resistance ( Rs), were obtained as a function of temperature using thermionic emission, Cheung function, and Norde function. The interface state densities versus energy were obtained. The Richardson constant ( A*) obtained from the In( Io/ T2) versus 1000/ T plot was much less than the theoretical value for n-Si. The mean Schottky barrier height[Formula: see text] and the standard deviation ( σo) were calculated using the apparent Schottky barrier height Фap versus 1/2 kT plot. So, it has been found to be 1.08 eV and 0.15 V (260–460 K) and 0.79 eV and 0.10 V (100–260 K), respectively. The results were discussed based on the presence of two Gaussian distributions of Фb potential in the contact area of Co/aniline blue/ n-Si/Al device.

Orta Doğu’daki en önemli devletlerden biri olan İran, tarihsel kaygıları ve ekonomik çıkarlarını bir araya getirerek dış politikasını şekillendirmektedir. Kuşatılma sendromunun etkisiyle güvenliğini sınırları dışından başlatmayı arzularken ideolojik veya mezhepsel yakınlık duyduğu grupları da yanına çekmek istemektedir. Yemen’de Husiler üzerinden denetim sağlamayı amaçlayan İran, bir yandan Bab’ül Mendep Boğazı’nı kontrol altında tutarak enerji güvenliğini sağlamaya çalışmakta diğer yandan Sünniliğin önemli bir temsilcisi olan Suudi Arabistan’ı devre dışı bırakmak istemektedir. İran’ın güvenlik politikalarında Yemen’in rolünü irdelemek isteyen bu çalışmada; Yemen’in stratejik konumu ve önemi, Husiler ve İran’la ilişkileri, İran’ın güvenlik politikalarında Şiilik ve son olarak Suudi Arabistan-İran rekabetinin Yemen’deki yansımaları tartışılacaktır. Iran, one of the most important states in the Middle East, shapes its foreign policy by bringing together historical concerns and economic interests. While it wants to initiate its security from outside the borders by the influence of the siege syndrome/siege mentality it also wants to gain groups which is close to its ideological or sectarian identity. Aiming to provide control over the Houthis in Yemen, Iran is trying to maintain energy security by controlling Bab el-Mandeb Strait and neutralize the Saudi Arabia, an important representative of Sunni. This study discusses the strategic importance of Yemen, the relations between the Houthis and Iran, Shi’ism in Iran’s security policies and finally the reflections of the Saudi Arabia-Iranian rivalry in Yemen while aiming to analyze the role of Yemen in Iran’s security policies

Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Müslümanlar Arap yarımadasının dışında fetihler gerçekleştirmeye başladıkları andan itibaren farklı dini ve felsefî akımlarla görüşleri ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Bu farklı akımlar karşısında varlıklarını sürdürmek ve fethettikleri bölgelerde kalıcılıklarını sağlamak için bu akımların fikirlerini öğrenip, onlara karşı tez üretmek durumunda kalan Müslümanlar bu akımların eserlerinin birçoğunu tercüme etmişlerdir. İlk başlarda matematik, fizik, tıp gibi alanlarla sınırlı olan çeviri faliyetleri ilerleyen süreçte bu akımların fikri altyapısını öğrenmek ve onlara karşı cevaplar üretmek için felsefe ve düşünce sistemlerini açıklayan kitaplar olarak devam etmiştir. İmam Mâtürîdî’nin yaşadığı bölge olan Semerkant, dünyanın önemli ticaret noktalarından birisi olması sebebiyle bu farklı akımların bol miktarda bulunduğu bir bölgedir. Bölgede ki bu çeşitlilik İmam Mâtürîdî’nin düşünce hayatına da yansımış ve tefsirini tefsir tarihinin özgün bir parçası yapmıştır. Kendisinden önceki tefsirlerden farklı olarak dönemin önemli felsefî akımları olan (Dehriyye, Seneviyye gibi akımlara ve sudûr nazariyesine tefsirinde bolca yer veren İmam Mâtürîdî, Kitâbü’t-Tevhîd’de bu akımlara dair yaptığı eleştirileri tefsirine yansıtmıştır. Biz bu çalışmamız da İmam Mâtürîdî’nin filozoflara dair bakış açısını Te'vîlâtü'l-Kur'ân üzerinden ortaya koymaya çalıştık., Muslims have been confronted with the views of different religions and movements from the moment they started to make conquests outside the Arabian Peninsula. To maintain their existence in the face of these different fictional trends and to ensure their permanence in the regions they conquered, Muslims who had to learn the ideas of these fictional trends and produce thesis against them translated many of the works of these trends. Translation activities, which were initially limited to fields such as mathematics, physics, and medicine, continued with books on subjects like philosophy and thought systems to explain the intellectual infrastructure of these fictional trends and in order to produce answers against them. Samarkand, the region where Imam Maturidi lived, is a region where these different movements are abundant, as it is one of the significant trade points of the world. This diversity in the region was also reflected in the intellectual life of Imam Maturidi and made his tafsir an original part of the history of tafsir. Different from the tafsirs before him, Imam Maturidi gave an extensive elaboration on the views of the significant movements of the period (Dahriyyah, Sanawiyyah, Sudur Theory) in his tafsir. In this research, we tried to reveal the point of view of Imam Maturidi on the philosophers through the Te'vilatu'l-Qur'an.

In this paper, new record distributional data on a rare Heteroptera (Hemiptera) species, Grypocoris syriacus Reuter, 1896 from northern Anatolia (Gerede district, Bolu province) are given.

Dogru ve hizli ilkyardim uygulamalari, sekelsiz sagkalim oranlarini %50’ye kadar arttirabilir. Bu baglamda, sagkalimda, etkili ilkyardimin onemini vurgulayan ve saglik profesyonellerinde bu farkindaligi arttiran guncel kaynaklara ihtiyac vardir. Bu kitapta, ilkyardimin temel ilke ve uygulamalari, temel ve ileri yasam destegi, tibbi acil durumlarda ve diger acil durumlarda ilkyardim ve kanita dayali uygulamalar gibi konular uluslararasi 2020 ilkyardim rehberleri cercevesinde uzmanlar tarafindan ele alinmistir.

We reported the optoelectronic performance of organic/inorganic hybrid junction photodiode based on Eosin y/silicon (Si). For this purpose, we fabricated Eosin y/n-Si and Eosin y/p-Si structures and demonstrated that both devices exhibited strong photodiode characteristics to the increasing light power depending on current–voltage (I–V) measurements. Furthermore, the XRD and SEM analyses of Eosin y film were performed to analyze structural and topographical features of the film. The electrical measurements of Eosin y/n-Si and Eosin y/p-Si photodiodes were carried out in both dark and under various illumination intensities in the range of 100–400 mW/cm2. The main device parameters, such as ideality factor, barrier height, and responsivities of both devices, were determined from the I–V characteristics. The obtained photocurrent values in reverse biases are higher than the dark current at the same reverse bias for both Eosin y/n-Si and Eosin y/p-Si photodiodes. So, this confirmed that light produces photocurrent due to the formation of electron–hole pairs as a result of light absorption in the Eosin y film. Moreover, the C–V measurements were performed on both photodiodes to characterize capacitive performance of the Eosin y films. The fabricated photodiodes based on Eosin y thin films present great promise for future optoelectronic device applications.

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International audience; Silver is a non-essential metal used in medical applications as an antimicrobial agent, but it is also toxic for biological systems. To investigate the molecular basis of silver resistance in yeast, we employed evolutionary engineering using successive batch cultures at gradually increased silver stress levels up to 0.25-mM AgNO(3)in 29 populations and obtained highly silver-resistant and genetically stableSaccharomyces cerevisiaestrains. Cross-resistance analysis results indicated that the silver-resistant mutants also gained resistance against copper and oxidative stress. Growth physiological analysis results revealed that the highly silver-resistant evolved strain 2E was not significantly inhibited by silver stress, unlike the reference strain. Genomic and transcriptomic analysis results revealed that there were mutations and/or significant changes in the expression levels of the genes involved in cell wall integrity, cellular respiration, oxidative metabolism, copper homeostasis, endocytosis and vesicular transport activities. Particularly the missense mutation in theRLM1gene encoding a transcription factor involved in the maintenance of cell wall integrity and with 707 potential gene targets might have a key role in the high silver resistance of 2E, along with its improved cell wall integrity, as confirmed by the lyticase sensitivity assay results. In conclusion, the comparative physiological, transcriptomic and genomic analysis results of the silver-resistantS. cerevisiaestrain revealed potential key factors that will help understand the complex molecular mechanisms of silver resistance in yeast.

Aydoğan, Şakir, Ardahan Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Elektrik Elektronik Mühendisliği Bölümü, Makale, This study focused on the structural, optical and electrical features of chitosan organic layer obtained by spin coating technique both on glass and n-Si substrates. XRD results indicated that chitosan has polycrystalline orthorhombic nature. While optical transmittance spectrum of the chitosan organic layer exhibited an increasing tendency in the visible range, band gap energy value was calculated as 4.23 eV for chitosan by UV–Vis spec trometer. Electrical performance of organic chitosan layer in a Schottky device was studied by fabricating of Au/ n-Si and Au/chitosan/n-Si devices. The suitability of Au/chitosan/n-Si sandwich devices in optoelectronic ap plications were tested under dark and illumination conditions. The Au/chitosan/n-Si sandwich device exhibits good photodiode characteristics. Furthermore, the effect of X-ray radiation doses on the electrical properties of the Au/chitosan/n-Si sandwich device was also investigated. In order to get information about electrical char acteristics as a function of X-ray radiation doses, Au/chitosan/n-Si sandwich device was exposed to X-ray ra diation in same exposure time and various doses. The results highlighted that the performance of the device with chitosan organic interface layer deteriorated with increasing radiation dose. In addition, the transportation mechanism of chitosan based Schottky device was discussed in details.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility. However, they sustained fertility at an advanced age.

Some X-ray irradiation-induced electrical characteristics of the Au/anthraquinone/p-Si and the Au/pyridine/p-Si junction devices have been investigated. The experimental ideality factors increased for both devices with increasing irradiation dose from 25 Gy to 150 Gy. These values ranged from 1.10 to 1.52 for Au/anthraquinone/p-Si and from 1.46 to 1.77 for Au/pyridine/p-Si, respectively. Furthermore, the barrier height of Au/anthraquinone/p-Si increased with increasing irradiation dose from 0.75 to 0.91 eV, whereas it displayed about a constant value for Au/pyridine/p-Si. In addition, the series resistance of both devices increased with x-ray dose too. The increase in the series resistance with x-ray irradiation has been attributed to the decrease in the active dopant densities. It was seen that the ionization damage is effective on most of the junction characteristics. The leakage current of the Au/anthraquinone/p-Si device decreased with x-ray irradiation since the irradiation induced the formation of electron-hole pairs and hydroquinone structure, and thus some of them are trapped by the interface states. The degradation of the I-V curves of Au/pyridine/p-Si/Al device is attributed to the variation of the surface or interface states distribution for the devices. The reverse and forward bias currents relatively increased after x-ray irradiation because of the decrease in bulk lifetime. In addition, ATR-FTIR spectra of anthraquinone and pyridine films showed that pyridine is more stable than anthraquinone under x-ray irradiation.

In this study, the phenol red (PR) dye film has been deposited on n-type silicon wafer and SEM, XRD measurements of the film have taken. Then, the PR/n-Si photodiode has been fabricated and (dark) electrical and photoresponse characterization has been analysed. The current-Voltage (I-V) measurements have been carried out at varied light power ranging from 100 mW/cm2 to 400 mW/cm2. Rectification ratios (RR) have been determined as a function of illumination intensities and they are determined as 115.47 for 100 mW/cm2 and 30.26 for 400 100 mW/cm2, respectively. The ideality factor and the barrier height of the Co/PR/n-Si photodiode have been determined as 2.80 and 0.52 eV, respectively in dark. Therefore, it has been seen that the PR/n-Si photodiode performances are strongly dependent on the incident optical power. Namely, the current density has increased remarkably with the power of light at the same reverse bias voltage and this behavior is explained by strong capability of converting a light signal into an electrical for the PR/n-Si photodiode device. Responsivity (R) and detectivity (D*) of the PR/n-Si photodiode are also plotted as a function of illumination intensities for reverse biases and it is found that both parameters are dependent on the illumination intensity. Finally, the capacitance–voltage (C-V) characteristics of the device have been carried out at various frequencies. Obtained experimental results indicate that the PR dye can be used in various optoelectronic applications.

A poly(phenoxy-imine)/p-silicon rectifying device was fabricated and the current-voltage characteristics of the device were examined as a function of temperature in the 40–300 K range. The temperature dependence of the main parameters, namely, the barrier height (Φb), ideality factor (η), reverse current (I0) and series resistance (Rs), were investigated. It was seen that the Φb and the I0 values of the device increased with increasing temperature, while the η and the Rs values decreased. The temperature dependences of the Φb and the η were interpreted by the assumption of a Gaussian distribution of the barrier heights arising from barrier inhomogeneities that prevailed at the interface of the poly(phenoxyimine)/p-silicon. From ln(I0/T2) vs. 1/ηT plot, the values of the activation energy (Ea) and Richardson constant (A*) were calculated as 0.324 eV and 2.84×10-7 A cm-2K-2, respectively. The experimental value of the Rs from the forward current-voltage plots decreased with an increase in the temperature.

Objective: Osteoporosis (OP) and bone fractures that can result in pain, functional impairment and death are important public health problems for the elderly. The aim of our study was to asses the awareness and the information level about OP in the elderly. Materials and Methods: A total of 250 participants (203 were women, 47 were men) who were 65 years and older who presented to our outpatient clinic were included the study. Demographic data were recorded. A 26 item questionnaire was used in the assessment of information on the OP risk factors in 220 (88%) cases who reported that they are aware about OP. Questionnaires were filled with face-toface interview. Results: There was no significant difference between gender and age groups (

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate gynecological risk factors in patients with and without osteoporosis who are older than 50 years of age.METHODS: One hundred and twenty seven patients with postmenopausal-senile osteoporosis and 53 non-osteoporotic volunteers were included. The subjects were examined in terms of age, body mass index (BMI), risk factors like age at menarche, age at menopause, number of births, numbers of miscarriage and curettage, and history of breast-feeding,RESULTS: The mean age was statistically higher and the mean BMI level was statistically lower in patients (p, AMAÇ: Bu çalışmada 50 yaş üzeri osteoporozu olan ve olmayan olgularda osteoporoz için jinekolojik risk faktörlerini değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır.YÖNTEMLER: Çalışmaya postmenopozal-senil osteoporoz tanısı alan 127 hasta ve 53 osteoporozu olmayan gönüllü alındı. Katılımcılar yaş, vücut kitle indeksi (VKİ), menarş yaşı, menopoz yaşı, doğum sayısı, düşük-küretaj sayısı, emzirme hikayesi gibi jinekolojik risk faktörleri açısından sorgulandı.BULGULAR: Hastaların yaş ortalaması kontrollere göre daha yüksek, VKİ değerleri daha düşüktü (p

The iron oxide (Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized via the organic solution phase method and used for the fabrication of the Au/Fe3O4/p-Si rectifying device. The variation in electrical characteristics of the Au/Fe3O4/p-Si Schottky contacts was investigated as a function of temperature using current–voltage (I–V) measurements in the temperature range of 40 K to 370 K (−233 °C to 97 °C). The I–V characteristics of the contacts indicated extremely strong temperature dependence. The double distribution of barrier heights was found in the Fe3O4/p-Si Schottky diodes from the I–V-T measurements. The Schottky barrier height (Φb) increases with the increasing temperature, while the ideality factor n decreases. The nonlinearity in the activation energy plot was observed, which is attributed to barrier inhomogeneities by assuming a Gaussian distribution of barrier heights at the Fe3O4/p-Si interface. The Richardson constant measured from the temperature-dependent I–V characteristics is 2.99 A/K2 cm2, which is lower than the ideal value.

The Fe 3 O 4 /Si junctions have been fabricated. The Fe 3 O 4 NPs have been characterized by using TEM and XRD. Detailed study of the current–voltage ( I – V ) plots and capacitance–voltage measurements of the device (at f = 500 kHz) has been executed. The characteristic parameters of the structure such as ideality factor, barrier height, and series resistance have been calculated from the I – V measurements. The rectification ratio was determined to be ∼3 × 10 4 . The I – V characteristics clearly reveal the mechanism as ohmic at low voltage and that of trap-filled space charge limited current (SCLC) at higher voltage. The effect of X-ray irradiation on the junction characteristics has been studied using in situ current–voltage measurements. Diode parameters are found to vary as a function of the irradiation dose.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the result of intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycles using gonadotrophins with those of using gonadotrophins combined with letrozole in infertile woman with biopsy-proven endometriosis. STUDY DESIGN: This prospective randomized study was performed at the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Reproductive Center, in Erciyes University. Thirty- three women undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) with gonadotropin or combination of gonadotropin with letrozole were accepted. The patients were grouped as: gonadotropin group (Group 1), and gonadotropin plus letrozole (Group 2). Total and clinical pregnancy ratios, length of cycles, and doses of gonadotropin used were compared. RESULTS: Total doses of gonadotrophins used in group 1, and group 2 were 2700 (1800- 3600) IU and 2100 (1575- 3475) IU, respectively. Total dose of gonadotropin used in group 2 was found to be lower than that of group one and this difference was statistically significant (p= 0.002). Stimulation times in group 1 and 2 were 10 (9- 12) day, and (7- 12) day, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.048). Number of the retrieved oocytes were higher in group 2 than Group 1(p=0.027). There was no statistically significant difference between groups with regard to numbers of embryos, total and clinical pregnancy ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Letrozole has no effect on the results of ICSI success in infertile women with biopsy proven- endometriosis. However, it reduces the gonadotropin dose used, stimulation time and, cost of the therapy.

The elastic scattering of the halo nucleus 6He from heavy targets such as 197Au and 208Pb has been investigated in order to explain the Coulomb rainbow peak due to the Fresnel-type diffraction observed in the experimental data. In order to examine the role of nuclear potential to describe 6He + 197Au and 6He + 208Pb systems, we have used the no-core shell model, few-body and Gaussian-shaped density distributions at various energies. The microscopic real parts of the complex nuclear potential have been obtained by using the double-folding model for each of the density distribution and the phenomenological imaginary potentials have been taken as the standard Woods-Saxon shape. We have observed that fewbody and Gaussian-shaped density distributions have given standard Fresnel-type diffraction results, a classical scattering pattern with Coulomb rainbow peak whereas the nuclear potential obtained by using the no-core shell-model density distribution has provided the reduction at Fresnel peak and has given more consistent results with the experimental data.

We present an alternative approach, the asymptotic iteration method, to solve the two-dimensional radial Schrödinger equation for [Formula: see text] potential in a magnetic field. The energy eigenvalues for arbitrary Larmor frequencies ranging from ωL = 0.1 to 10.0 are obtained and the results are compared with the nonmagnetic field case, ωL = 0, in order to show the effect of the presence of the weak and strong magnetic fields on the energy eigenvalues. It is shown that the method presented in this paper provides the energy eigenvalues in a systematic way not only in the weak magnetic field but also in the strong magnetic field regions with any Larmor frequencies.

Most of the empirical papers researching the validity of Okun’s law have been assumed a symmetric relationship between change of unemployment and real output growth. However, the effect of real output growth on unemployment may be different in growth cycles expansion and contraction periods. This assumption which assumes a asymmetry in Okun’s law has been verified in the recent studies. In the study, whether Okun’s relationship is symmetric or not has been investigated for Turkish economy in the period 1950-2007 using annual time series data. Co-integration analyses including TAR and M-TAR models have been used to test the asymmetric relationship. The findings of the study have shown that Okun’s law is valid in the long run and this relationship is asymmetric for the Turkish economy.

We fabricated 25 Au/[Formula: see text]-GaP/Al Schottky devices and investigated the influence of high electron irradiation, which has 12[Formula: see text]MeV on the devices, at room temperature. The X-ray diffraction patterns, scanning electron microscopic images and Raman spectra of a gallium phosphide (GaP) semiconductor before and after electron irradiation have been analyzed. Furthermore, some electrical measurements of the devices were carried out through the current–voltage ([Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]) and capacitance–voltage ([Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text]) measurements. From the [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] characteristics, experimental ideality factor [Formula: see text] and barrier height [Formula: see text] values of these Schottky diodes have been determined before and after irradiation, respectively. The results have also been analyzed statically, and a gauss distribution has been obtained. The built-in potential [Formula: see text], barrier height [Formula: see text], Fermi level [Formula: see text] and donor concentration [Formula: see text] values have been determined from the reverse bias [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] curves of Au/[Formula: see text]-GaP/Al Schottky barrier diodes at 100[Formula: see text]kHz before and after 12[Formula: see text]MeV electron irradiation. Furthermore, we obtained the series resistance values of Au/[Formula: see text]-GaP/Al Schottky barrier diodes with the help of different methods. Experimental results confirmed that the electrical characterization of the device changed with the electron irradiation.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada Van kedileri ile diğer bazı kedi ırklarındaki mitokondrial DNA (mtDNA) polimorfizmi ortaya koyulmuş, Van kedilerinde elde edilen mtDNA analiz sonuçları ile göz renkleri arasında filogenetik bir ilişkinin varlığı değerlendirilmiştir.Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışılan 65 adet kan örneğinde bölgenin polimorfik olması, literatür bilginin yetersizliği ve farklı yöntemler kullanılması neticesinde örnek sonuçlarından sağlıklı bilgi alınamadığı için çalışmada 39 adet kedinin (25 Van kedisi, 3 İran kedisi, 3 Tekir kedisi, 7 Siyam kedisi ve 1 Ankara kedisi) analiz sonuçları sunuldu. Bazı yayınlardan aldığımız ve kendi dizayn ettiğimiz 15 primer denenmiş, 6 iyi çalışan primer ile çalışma tamamlanmıştır. Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonu ürünleri (PZR) CEQ-8000 Beckman Coulter Genetik Analiz Sistemi kullanılarak kapiller elektroforez ile ayrıştırılmış sekans dizilimleri belirlenmiştir.Bulgular: Van Kedilerinin her biri kendi grubu içerisinde tek gözlülük/çift gözlülük durumlarına göre gruplar arasında istatistiki fark (P0.022) tespit edildi. Elde edilen bu dizi analiz verilerine bakılarak Van kedilerinde %80.00 oranıyla tek gözlülük söylenebilir. MtDNA dizi analizinden seçilen 99 bç lik dar bir bölge değerlendirildi ve az sayıda örneğe rağmen elde edilen istatistiki fark değerlendirildi., Yılmaz Sahin E, Altunok V, Kurar E. Investigation of genetic structure of various cat breeds by using D-Loop polimorphism in Turkey. Aim: In this study, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polymorphism between the Van cats and the other cat breeds is revealed. It is evaluated whether there is any relationship between the result of the mtDNA analyses obtained from Van cats and eye colours.Materials and Methods: Although it is studied with 65 blood samples and different methods, polymorphic of the place and inadequate information of literature lead to unreliable sample results. For this reason, 39 analyses of cats (25 Van cats, 3 Iran cats 3 Tekir cats, 7 siyam cats and 1 Ankara cat) are presented. 15 primers which is designed by ourselves and gained by some publication are experimented. The study is completed with 6 good working primers. The products of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) CEQ-8000 are determined by using the System of Genetic Analysis of Beckman Coulter and sequence of sequences resoluted with capillary electrophoresis are determined.Results: Each of every Van cats were evaluated in their groups according to one eye or double eye and statistical differentiation was found (P

WOS: 000370087700018 PubMed: 26854057 Objective: The aim of this experimental study was to examine the clinical, radiological and histological effects of cilostazol on fracture healing. Methods: A total of 60 Wistar albino male rats were divided into 2 groups: the study group (cilostazol) and the control group. Under general anesthesia, using a blunt-ended guillotine, standard closed shaft fractures were formed on the 3-point principle in the left femurs. Starting on the same day after the fracture was formed until sacrifice, the study group animals were administered with cilostazol (50 mg/kg/day, oral tablet). An equal number of rats from both control and study groups were sacrificed on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days after fracture formation, and the bone union tissue was examined clinically, radiologically and histologically. Results: The use of cilostazol was not determined to have any significant effect clinically or radiologically on fracture healing (p>0.05). According to the histological findings, at the end of the first week, the amount of union in the cilostazol group was observed to be significantly greater (p0.05). Conclusion: In the long term, cilostazol did not show any positive effect on fracture healing clinically, radiologically or histologically.

Periprosthetic fractures are technically challenging problems for orthopaedic surgery, as they require the skills of reconstruction surgery as well as those of revision arthroplasty. Periprosthetic fractures in patients with total hip arthroplasty (THA) were reported to occur at a rate of 0.1%. The same ratio for patients with total knee arthroplasty is 0.3- 5.5%. The patients with periprosthetic fractures have several medical conditions such as osteoporosis, neuropathy, rheumatoid arthritis. Non-operative treatment of periprosthetic femoral fractures in patients with total hip arthroplasty have high complication rates, and is not therefore choiced unless medical comorbidities preclude surgery. Internal fixation methods are the first choice for periprosthetic femoral fractures, it is not possible to apply of these methods in some conditions such as infection, poor quality of bone, the patients with general comorbidities and some configurations of the fracture. In this paper, periprosthetic femoral supracondylar fractures treated with Ilizarov method was presented in 2 cases. J. Exp. Clin. Med., 2013; 30:69-73

Humerus diafiz psodoartrozlarinin tedavisinde uyguladigimiz kilitli intrameduller civileme tekniginin klinik, radyolojik ve fonksiyonel sonuclari degerlendirildi. Calismaya, humerus diafiz psodoartrozu tanisiyla kilitli intrameduller civileme teknigi kullanilarak tedavi edilen 28 hasta (11 erkek, 17 kadin; ort. yas 50,3; dagilim 26-73 yil) alindi. Psodoartrozlu vakalarin 6’si hipertrofik, 22’si atrofik psodoartroz tipinde idi. Psodoartrozlu vakalarin 12’si sag, 16’si sol yerlesimli idi. Psodoartrozlu 28 vakanin 18’i tedavi oncesi ortalama 1,5 (1-3) basarisiz ameliyat gecirmis, 10’u konservatif yontemlerle tedavi edilmeye calisilmistir. Kilitli intrameduller civileme tum vakalarda antegrad, acik ve oymali yontemle uygulandi. Vakalarin hepsine kemik grefti ile grefonaj uygulandi. Fonksiyonel degerlendirme Hunter ve Constant-Murley kriterlerine gore yapildi. Hastalarin ortalama izlem suresi 36,2 ay (dagilim 7-43 ay) idi. Yirmisekiz psodoartroz vakasinin 26’sinda takiplerinde kaynama saglandi. Iki vakada kaynama gorulmedi. Ortalama kaynama sureleri 16,5 (11-25) hafta idi. Hicbir vakada cerrahiye bagli vaskuler problem gorulmedi. Vakalarin birinde ameliyat sonrasi radial sinir lezyonu gozlendi ve sinir lezyonunun kendiliginden iyilesmemesi uzerine hastaya tendon transferi yapildi. Hastalardan hicbirinde on-arka ve yan acilanma yok idi. Radyolojik olarak onemli rotasyonel deformite saptanmadi. Hicbir vakada cerrahiye bagli enfeksiyon gelismedi. Ameliyat sonrasi radyolojik degerlendirmede, uc vakada civi proksimal ucunun yuksekte kaldigi saptandi. Fonksiyonel degerlendirmede Hunter kriterlerine gore 21 vakada mukemmel, 7 vakada iyi; Constant-Murley skoruna gore 22 vakada cok iyi, 6 vakada iyi sonuclar alindi. Humerus diafiz psodoartrozlarinin tedavisinde kilitli intrameduller civileme ile yeterli fiksasyon ve erken hareket saglanmakta, tatmin edici klinik, radyolojik ve fonksiyonel sonuclar alinmaktadir. Locked intramedullary nailing results in treatment of humerus diaphyseal pseudoarthrosis The technique of intramedullary nailing in the treatment of pseudarthrosis of the humeral diaphysis clinical, radiological and functional results were evaluated. The study of pseudarthrosis of the humeral diaphysis were treated with the diagnosis of intramedullary nailing technique in 28 patients (11 males, 17 females; mean age 50.3, range 26-73 years) were included. Six of these cases were hypertrophic type and 22 of them were atrophic type pseudarthrosis. Twelve of the cases were on the right and 16 were on the left. From 28 cases with pseudarthrosis, 18 had a mean of 1.5 (1-3) failed surgeries and 10 receieved conservative methods before treatment. For all locked intramedullary nailing cases antegrad, front and carved techniques were applied. All patients underwent bone grafting. Functional evaluation was made according to the Hunter’s and Constan-Murley’s shoulder scoring system. The mean follow-up was 36.2 months (range 7 to 43 months). Twentysix of these 28 cases were succesfully treated and united. Pseudarthrosis was seen in two cases. The average duration of healing 16.5 (11-25) weeks, respectively. None of the cases had surgery-related vascular problems. Radial nerve palsy was observed in one of the cases after surgery and because nerve lesion did not improve Self-tendon transfer was performed on the patient. None of the patients had no anterior-posterior and lateral angulation. There was no significant rotational deformity radiologically. None of the patients developed surgery-related infection. In postoperative radiological evaluation, the proximal tip of the nail was found high in three patients. Functional evaluation according to the criteria Hunter 21 cases were excellent, 7 cases were good; Constant-Murley score 22 cases were very good, 6 cases were good. In according to treatment of pseudarthrosis of the humeral diaphyseal intramedullary nailing provided adequate fixation and early motion, satisfying clinical, radiological and functional results are obtained. J. Exp. Clin. Med., 2012; 29:286-289

Two dimensional solution of the Schrodinger equation for the Kratzer potential with and without the presence of a constant magnetic field is investigated within the framework of the asymptotic iteration method. The energy eigenvalues are analytically obtained for the absence of the magnetic field case. However, in the presence of a constant magnetic field, the energy eigenvalues are calculated numerically using the same method. The results obtained by using different Larmor frequencies and potential parameters are compared with the results of the absence of the magnetic field case (ω L = 0). Effect of the magnetic field on the energy eigenvalues of the Kratzer potential is precisely presented.

The aim of this study is to assess the mid-term results of Hipokrat 2000 total knee arthroplasty applications in gonarthrosis cases. Between February 2000 and January 2004 in Department of Orthopedics, Medical Faculty, Ondokuz Mayis University, Hipokrat 2000 total knee arthroplasty was applied to 68 knees (31 right, 37 left) of total 54 patients (49 female, 5 male) with the diagnosis of gonarthrosis. The average age of the patients at the time of surgery was 63.5 (distribution 49-80). Etiologic reason was determined to be primary osteoarthritis in 49 patients and rheumatoid arthritis in 5 patients. Patellar component was used in 63 of the cases. The cases were assessed before and after the surgery in accordance with clinical and radiological evaluation and scoring system of the Knee Society. The average follow-up period was 52.6 months (distribution 28-76 months). In accordance with clinical evaluation system of the Knee Society, in 61 of the 68 knees (89.7%) the result was good or excellent, in 5 patients (7.3%) the result was fair, in 2 patients (2.9%) the result was poor. An increase of average 56.7 degrees in knee scores and average 52.1 degrees in function scores was detected. Average 37.5 degrees of increase was detected in the range of movement in comparison to pre-operation. The average alignment angle in the knees was found to be 4.68 degrees valgus. As complications; in one patient patellar subluxation, in one patient superficial infection, in one patient deep infection and in one patient deep vein thrombosis were seen. When studies carried out with other semi constrained, posterior cruciate ligament retaining surface replacement prosthesis brands in literature were reviewed; the fact that the clinical and radiological results of Hipokrat 2000 total knee arthroplasty are good shows that it is an appropriate prosthesis for advanced gonarthrosis cases. J. Exp. Clin. Med., 2012; 29:1-5

Okun kanununun geçerliliğini araştıran ampirik çalışmaların çoğu işsizlikteki değişim ile reel çıktı büyümesi arasında simetrik bir ilişkinin olduğunu varsaymaktadır. Oysa reel çıktı büyümesinin işsizlik üzerindeki etkisi büyümenin daralma ve genişleme dönemlerinde farklı olabilir. Okun kanununda asimetriyi ifade eden bu önerme son dönem çalışmalarda doğrulanmaktadır. Çalışmada, Türkiye ekonomisi için Okun ilişkisinin simetrik olup olmadığı 1950-2007 dönemi yıllık zaman serisi verileri kullanılarak araştırılmıştır. Asimetrik ilişkiyi test etmek amacıyla, TAR ve M-TAR modellerini içeren ko-entegresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın bulguları, Türkiye ekonomisinde Okun kanunun uzun dönemde geçerli ve ilişkinin asimetrik olduğunu göstermiştir. Most of the empirical papers researching the validity of Okun’s law have been assumed a symmetric relationship between change of unemployment and real output growth. However, the effect of real output growth on unemployment may be different in growth cycles expansion and contraction periods. This assumption which assumes a asymmetry in Okun’s law has been verified in the recent studies. In the study, whether Okun’s relationship is symmetric or not has been investigated for Turkish economy in the period 1950-2007 using annual time series data. Co-integration analyses including TAR and M-TAR models have been used to test the asymmetric relationship. The findings of the study have shown that Okun’s law is valid in the long run and this relationship is asymmetric for the Turkish economy.

In a homogeneous magnetic field, we present the solution of the radial Schrodinger equation for V(r)=−Zr + gr + λr2 potential. Within an alternative approach, the asymptotic iteration method, we obtain the energy eigenvalues for any arbitrary magnetic fields. The results obtained by using different Larmor frequencies, wL = 0.1, 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10, are compared with wL = 0 which corresponds to the non‐magnetic field case. We present that this method works for weak and strong magnetic field cases i.e. any Larmor frequencies as well as it gives the energy eigenvalues for any n, m quantum numbers.

A 31 year old woman with 34 weeks of twin pregnancy underwent caserean section for fetal distres. Before the uterine incision, hemoperitoneum was observed and splenic rupture was detected when the origin of the bleeding was sought and primary repair was performed using compression sutures. As splenic rupture is a rare complication that is encountered during pregnancy, there might be a delay in diagnosis but emergency intervention is essential as haemorrhagic shock can easily develop in a short time.

Maternal thyroid function was investigated in 37 preeclamptic and 8 eclamptic patients and 45 normal pregnant women in the third trimester as controls. There were significant correlations between maternal values of total thyroxine (TT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), thyroxine-binding globulin, free thyroxine index and birth weight of newborns in the patients with preeclampsia-eclampsia, but there was no correlation in the controls. Also, the maternal free thyroxine, free triiodothyronine, triiodothyronine uptake and thyroid stimulating hormone values showed no correlation with the birth weights of babies in both groups. The reduced serum concentrations of TT4 and TT3 may reflect the severity of preeclampsia.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of body mass index (BMI) on follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) dose and pregnancy rate in women undergoing ICSI- embryo transfer (ET).Material and Method: This prospective study included 604 women undergoing ICSI-ET between January 2006 and December 2007. Patients were classified into five groups according to their BMI: Group A (BMI 30 kg/m2) required higher dose of gonadotropin for stimulation and they face a lower likelihood of pregnancy after ICSI.

Bu çalışmada amaç, İslami finans sisteminin uygulandığı katılım bankaları ve konvansiyonel bankalar olarak nitelendirilen geleneksel faizli bankalar arasındaki farklılıkları ve katılım bankalarının uyguladığı bu sistemin neticesinde Türkiye üzerinde ekonomik büyümenin ne şekilde etkilendiğini ortaya koymaktır. Banka tercihlerindeki en önemli etkenlerin başında ülke insanının muhafazakâr tutumu ve sisteme bakış açısı gelmektedir. Katılım bankalarının hedef kitlesi öncelikli olarak bu örneklem içindeki insan grubudur ve katılım bankaları bu örneklemdeki insanlara göre aksiyom alarak hareket etmektedirler. Bunun dışında ise sistemin diğer avantajlarına göre farklı yapıdaki müşteri örneklemlerine yönelmekte ve bu şekilde müşteri portföylerini genişletme eğilimi içerisindedirler. Bu çalışmadaki uygulama için kullanılan veriler, TCMB elektronik veri dağıtım sisteminden alınan 2012 yılının ilk çeyreği ile 2021 yılının ilk çeyreği dahil dönemi kapsamaktadır. Bu çalışmada bağımsız değişken, reel ekonomik sektörü temsil etmek için toplam İslami banka finansmanı (IF) iken bağımlı değişken kişi başına reel GSYİH olarak alınmıştır. VAR (Vektör Otoregresyon) analizi neticesinde uygulanılan modelin sonucu olarak İslami finansın büyümeye pozitif yönde etki ettiği gözlemlenmiştir.

Binlerce yıllık bir geçmişe sahip olan İran, sahip olduğu devlet geleneği ile özellikle Ortadoğu'da oldukça önemli bir aktör konumundadır. Bu noktada bölgede yaşanan gelişmeleri etkileyen, aynı zamanda bu gelişmelerden ciddi oranda etkilenen İran'ın dış politika anlayışı ve bu anlayışın sahadaki pratiği, hem İran dış politikasının anlaşılmasına hem de bölgede yaşanan hadiselerin daha iyi bir şekilde kavranmasına neden olmaktadır. Ortadoğu bölgesinden içsel ve dışsal kaynaklı hadiselerin yarattığı istikrarsızlığın İran dış politikasında önemli bir manevra alanı yarattığı görülmektedir. Bu noktada 2003 Irak işgali ile İran lehine dönemeye başlayan bölge jeopolitiği, Arap Baharı sürecinin bölgeyi bir bütün halinde istikrarsızlığa itmesiyle gün geçtikçe İran'ın nüfuzunu arttırdığı bir hal almıştır. Bu noktada özellikle Irak, Suriye ve Yemen Arap Baharı sonrası süreçte ortaya çıkan istikrarsızlık ile İran'ın hâkimiyet alanı kazanabileceği alanlara dönüşmüştür. Iran, which has a history of thousands of years, is a very important actor especially in the Middle East with its state tradition. At this point, Iran's foreign policy understanding and its practice in the field, which affects the developments in the region and is also severely affected by these developments, lead to both understanding of Iran's foreign policy and a better understanding of the events in the region. It is seen that the instability created by internal and external events from the Middle East region creates an important field of maneuver in Iran's foreign policy. At this point, the geopolitics of the region, which began to turn in favor of Iran with the 2003 invasion of Iraq, has gradually increased Iran's influence as the Arab Spring process pushed the region into instability as a whole. At this point, especially Iraq, Syria and Yemen turned into areas where Iran could gain dominance with the instability that emerged after the Arab Spring. 121

Soğuk Savaş dönemine bakıldığında Türkiye Sovyet tehdidi dolayısıyla ABD'nin yanında yer almak istemiştir. Yine bu dönemde ABD, SSCB'nin yayılma politikalarını engelleme adına Türkiye'ye ve topraklarına ihtiyaç duymuştur. Bu sebeple ABD tarafından Türkiye'ye çok da faydası olmayan askeri ve ekonomik yardımlar yapılmıştır. Hatta bu yardımlar sayesinde ABD Türkiye'yi daha çok kontrol altına alma imkânı bulmuştur. Dönemin Türkiye-ABD arasında gerçekleşen Küba Krizi ve Jüpiter Füzeleri Sorunu, 1963-1964 Kıbrıs Krizi ve Johnson Mektubu, Türkiye'de Afyon Ekiminin Yasaklanması ve 1974 Kıbrıs Müdahalesi ve Türkiye'ye Amerikan Ambargosu gibi diğer olaylarına bakıldığında Türkiye'nin çıkarına uygun bir kazanımı olmadığı görülmektedir. Soğuk Savaş sonrası döneme bakıldığında Birinci Körfez Savaşı, 11 Eylül, ABD'nin Afganistan saldırısı, 1 Mart Tezkeresi, Süleymaniye Olayı ve ABD'nin Irak saldırısında Türkiye hep ABD'nin yanında yer almış ve tüm bu olaylardan zararla çıkmıştır. Tüm bu olaylarda göstermiştir ki; Türkiye ve ABD arasındaki ilişkilerde ABD'nin dünyada hâkim bir güç olarak Türkiye'yi istediği gibi yönlendirmeye çalıştığını, yönlendiremediği zamanlarda ise ilişkilerde kriz çıktığını ve aslında Türkiye'nin Amerika'nın çıkarlarına ulaşmak için kullandığı bir araçtır. When the Cold War is viewed, because of the threat of the Soviets Turkey wanted to take part alongside the United States. During this period, the United States was in need of Turkey and its soils in order to prevent the USSR's policies of spread. For this reason, Military and economic aids which were not much profitable for Turkey were provided to Turkey by the USA. In fact, thanks to this aid the US has the opportunity to take more control of Turkey. In this era when the affairs like the Cuban Crisis and Jupiter missiles problem, 1963-1964 Cyprus Crisis and Johnson Letter, prohibition of planting opium in Turkey and the 1974 intervention in Cyprus and American embargo between Turkey and the USA were reviewed Turkey did not have any interest from these affairs. Referring to the period after the Cold War, Turkey always were alongside the United States in all Affairs such as the first Gulf War, September 11, Afghanistan attack, march 1st memorandum, the hood event and the US invasion of Iraq. However in all these affairs Turkey suffered loss. All these events showed that; the United States as a dominant power in the world, Turkey is a tool for the US to achieve the interests of America in relations between Turkey and the US. 145

Geçmişte halkının refah ve huzur içinde yaşadığı, mutluluklar diyarı gibi anlamlara gelen isimlerle anılan Yemen, günümüzde bu sıfatlardan çok farklı olarak tam bir kaos ve kargaşa içinde varlığını sürdürmektedir. Aden Körfezi-Bab'ül Mendeb Boğazı-Kızıldeniz-Süveyş Kanalı suyolunun güneyini kontrol eden stratejik bir mevkide bulunan Yemen'e farklı devletlerin kendi çıkarları için yapmış oldukları müdahaleler, ülkenin kırılgan bir yapıya sahip olmasına ve devlet yönetiminin zayıf kalmasına sebep oldu. Her ne kadar ülkenin kuzey ve güney bölgeleri birleşmiş olsa da otorite boşluğu ile gelen iç çatışmalar Husilerin bağımsızlık yönündeki isteklerini körüklemiştir. Tüm bu karışıklığın faturası klasik olduğu üzere ülkenin halkına yani Yemenlilere kesilmiştir.Bu çalışmada ilk altı bölümde Yemen ve iç dinamikleri esas alınırken, yedinci bölümden itibaren İran'ın Yemen'deki rolü ve bu ülkeye olan etkilerine odaklanılmıştır. İran'ın Yemen'deki rolü doğası, büyüklüğü ve hedefleri konusunda daima tartışmalı olmuştur. Bu rol ile bölgesel güvenlik arasında olumsuz bir ilişki olduğu söylenebilir. Her zamanki alışılagelmiş kurumsal kanalların ve İran ile Yemen arasındaki resmi ilişkilerin ötesine geçen bu müdahaleler zincirinde İran, siyasi düzenlemeleri ve dengeleri değiştirmek için bölünmeyi ve istikrarsızlığı teşvik etmek amacıyla aynı mezhep ve ideolojinin bazı gruplarını yanına çekerek süreç içerisinde Yemen hükümetine güvenmediğini göstermektedir. Yemen topraklarındaki İran'ın rolü, müdahaleleri ve etkileri mutlak değildir. Tüm hedeflerine ulaşma ve bunu başarma ihtimalini azaltan çeşitli engeller ve sınırlamalar ile karşılaşmaktadır. Bu sınırlamalardan bazıları Yemen'deki iç koşullarla, diğerleri ise İran'ın kendi yetenekleriyle ilgilidir. Yemen, whose people lived in prosperity and peace in the past, which is known as the land of happiness, continues to exist in chaos and turmoil very different from these adjectives today. Yemen stands at very strategic location where Aden Gulf, Bab'ül Mendeb Strait, Red Sea, Suez Canal are met. For this strategic location, the intervention of different states for their own interests made the country with fragile structure and the state administration has remained weak. Although the northern and southern regions of the country are united, internal conflicts with the authority gap have fueled the Houthis' desire for independence. The bill of all this confusion was cut to the people of the country, the Yemenis, as it is classic.This study focuses on Yemen and its internal dynamics in the first six chapters, from the seventh chapter it is focusing on the role of Iran in Yemen and its impact on this country. Iranian role in Yemen has always been controversial about its nature, size and goals. It can be said that there is a negative relationship between this role and regional security. In this chain of interventions that go beyond the usual institutional channels and official relations between Iran and Yemen, Iran shows that it does not trust the Yemeni government in the process by attracting certain groups of the same sect and ideology to encourage division and instability to change political arrangements and balances. The role, interventions and effects of Iran in Yemen's territory are not absolute. It faces various obstacles and limitations that reduce the likelihood of achieving all of its goals. Some of these restrictions are related to the internal conditions in Yemen, while others are related to Iran's own capabilities. 79

Bu çalışmanın temel ilgi alanını İran İslam Cumhuriyeti ile Suudi Arabistan Krallığı arasında Basra Körfezi'nde gerçekleşen güç mücadelesi ve rekabetin, 1971 yılı sonrası dönem itibarıyla incelenmesi oluşturmaktadır. Söz konusu iki ülkenin mücadeleci ve rekabetçi yaklaşımlarının incelenebilmesi, günümüzde hâlihazırda yaşanan çatışmaları anlamlandırabilmek ve açıklayabilmek adına yol gösterici olacaktır. Körfez konjonktürünü değiştiren önemli olaylar/savaşlar Tahran-Riyad hattında politika değişikliklerine yol açabilmiş fakat aradaki rekabeti hafifletmemiştir. Çok farklı yansımalara sahip olan bu rekabet anlayışı, İngiltere'nin Körfez'den çekildiği yıl olan 1971 yılından itibaren güç mücadelesini de ihtiva eden bir yaklaşıma dönüşmüştür. İran İslam Devrimi, İran-Irak Savaşı ve nihayetinde Körfez Savaşları, söz konusu güç mücadelesinin daha iyi anlaşılabilmesi için özellikle incelenmesi gereken tarihi dönemeçler olmuştur. Bahse konu rekabet, her biri başlı başına çok önemli bir mücadele aracı olarak gözlemlenen birden çok yaklaşım aracılığıyla kendisini keskin bir şekilde hissettirmiştir. Ekonomi politik, dini retorik, milliyetçilik algısı, rejim çatışması, uluslararası konjonktür, pragmatik dış politika yaklaşımı, silahlanma olgusu ve Filistin davası gibi yansımalar Tahran ve Riyad arasındaki mücadelenin ana hatlarını oluşturmuştur. Son dönemde ise Arap Baharı hareketleri bu mücadelenin en çetin dönemini oluşturmuştur. Retorikten ziyade pratik bir mücadele sahası olarak Arap Baharı, bu rekabetin en somut örneği ve zikredilen yansımaların, politikaları hangi ölçüde etkileyebildiğinin sağlaması olmuştur. This dissertation seeks to analyze the power struggle and competition in the Persian Gulf between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the post-1971 period. The analysis of the competitive approach of the above mentioned two countries will be a guide for understanding and explaining the current conflicts in the Middle East. The major milestones/wars which have changed the Gulf conjuncture have led to policy changes on the Tehran-Riyadh line, but have not alleviated the competition between them. This understanding of competition, which has very different reflections, has turned into an approach that includes the power struggle since 1971 when Britain withdrew from the Gulf. The Iranian Islamic Revolution, the Iran-Iraq War, and finally the Gulf Wars were the historical turning points that need to be examined to better understand this power struggle. This competition has made itself sharply felt through multiple approaches, each of which is viewed as a very important means of struggle. Economic policy, religious rhetoric, nationalism perception, regime conflict, international conjuncture, pragmatic foreign policy approach, the arms race phenomenon and the Palestinian cause have been the main lines of struggle between Tehran and Riyadh. Recently, the Arab Spring movements have constituted the most difficult period of this struggle. As a practical struggle rather than a rhetoric one, the Arab Spring has been the most concrete example of this competition and the extent to which the mentioned reflections could influence the policies. 170

Birinci Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra Osmanlı Devleti'nin parçalanmasından sonra Irak, İngiltere'nin manda yönetimine girmiştir. Musul ve Kerkük'teki petrol rezervlerinin olması Kuzey Irak'ın önemini arttırmaktaydı. Bu nedenlerden dolayı İngiltere, Kuzey Irak'ta yaşayan Kürtlerin otonomi girişimlerini engelleyerek Irak sınırları içerisinde kalması yönünde politikalar geliştirmiştir. Ancak Kuzey Irak'taki Kürtler, Irak merkezi hükümetine karşı çeşitli ayaklanmalar başlatmıştır. 1920'li yıllarda Şehy Mahmud Berzenci öndeliğinde başlayan ayaklanmalar 1930'lu yıllarda Berzenci'nin tutuklanmasından sonra Şeyh Ahmed Barzani öndeliğinde devam etmiştir. Şeyh Ahmed Barzani'nin etkisizleştirilmesinden sonra bu kez isyanlar Molla Mustafa Barzani önderliğinde; İran ve İsrail ile ilişkiler kurularak sürdürülmüştür. Barzani özellikle İsrail ile yakın ilişkiler kurup Irak'a karşı sürdürdüğü isyanlarda İsrail'den destek almıştır. Ortadoğu'daki İran-Irak rekabeti düşünüldüğünde Barzani'nin bu rekabeti yerinde kullanması İran'dan destek almasına neden olmuştur. Ancak İran'ın Barzani hareketine olan desteği taktik destek olup İran, Barzani hareketini Irak'a karşı baskı aracı olarak kullanmış, Irak'ın taviz vermesinden sonra Barzani hareketine olan desteğini geri çekmiştir. Türkiye 1990'lı yıllara kadar Kuzey Irak'taki Kürtlerle ilişki kurmaktan uzak durmuştur. Hatta Türkiye bu süreçte Kuzey Irak'taki Kürtlere karşı İran ve Irak ile antlaşmalar imzalamış, Kuzey Irak'taki Kürt isyanını bastırmak için girişimlerde bulunmuştur. İran-Irak Savaşı'ndan sonra Irak'ın Kuveyt'i işgalinden sonra Iraklı Kürtler Irak'ın zayıf durumundan istifade ederek yeniden ayaklanmıştır. Irak'ın Kuveyt'ten çıkarılmasından sonra Saddam Hüseyin, yenilginin sebebini güneydeki Şiilerden ve kuzeydeki Kürtlerden aramıştır. Bu nedenle Irak 1991 yılında Kuzey Irak'a operasyon başlatmıştır. Kuzeydeki Kürtler operasyondan dolayı Türkiye ve Irak sınırına doğru göç etmiş, Türkiye'nin sınırlarını açmasıyla Iraklı Kürtler Türkiye'ye sığınmıştır. Türkiye, İran ve Fransa güvenli bölgenin kurulması için BM nezdinde girişimlerde bulunulmuştur. Bu dönemde Özal tarafından Iraklı Kürtlerle ilişkiler kurulmaya başlanmıştır. 2003 yılında ABD'nin Irak'ı işgali Iraklı Kürler için dönüm noktası olmuştur. 2005 yılında hazırlanan Irak Anayasası'nda Irak Kürt Bölgesel Yönetimi (IKBY) resmi olarak kabul edilmiş, Irak'ta Arapça'nın yanı sıra Kürtçe'de resmi dil olarak kabul edilmiştir. Irak'ta başlayan yeni dönemde IKBY'nin konumu güçlenmiş ve Iraklı Kürtlerin hakları anayasal güvenceye alınmıştır. Bu nedenle başta İran ve İsrail olmak üzere ABD, Rusya ve Avrupalı devletler IKBY ile yakın ilişkiler kurmaya başlamıştır. 2007 yılından itibaren Türkiye'nin IKBY yönelik politikası değişmeye başlamıştır. Bu dönemde Türkiye'deki askeri vesayetin tasfiye edilmesiyle birlikte hükümetin dış politikada daha rahat hareket etmesi IKBY ile ilişkilerin başlamasına uygun zemini hazırlamıştır. İkili ilişkiler siyasi, ekonomik ve askeri alanları kapsayacak şekilde gelişmiştir. Ancak 2017 yılında IKBY'de yapılan bağımsızlık referandumu nedeniyle Türkiye-IKBY ilişkileri gerilmeye başlamıştır. Türkiye'nin bağımsızlık referandumuna yaklaşımı olumsuz yönde olması IKBY'nin Türkiye'ye bakışını da etkilemiştir. After the first World War, after the Ottoman Empire's division, Iraq entered the mandate governance of England. The petrol reserves in Mosul and Kirkuk had increased the significance of the Northern Iraq. For this reason England, by standing against the Northern Iraqi Kurds' autonomy attempts, developed its politics towards keeping Northern Iraq within Iraq's borders. However Northern Iraqi Kurds started various revolutions against Iraqi central government. The revolutions that started in the 1920s led by Seikh Mahmood Berzenji continued under Sheikh Ahmed Barzani's leadership in the 1930s after Berzenji's arrest. After Sheikh Ahmed Barzani's inactivation, this time Mulla Mustafa Barzani led the revolutions and continued by establishing relations with Iran and Israel. Barzani established close relations especially with Israel and received support from Israel during the revolutions he led against Iraq. Thinking of the Iran-Iraq oppositions in the Middle East, Barzani used this opposition well which led him to get support from Iran. However, the support Iran provided to Barzani's movement was tactical, as Iran used Barzani's movement as a means of pressure against Iraq and drawn back its support from Barzani's movement right after Iraq has compromised. Turkey has stayed away from establishing any relations with the Kurds in the Northern Iraq until the 1990s. Turkey has even signed agreements with Iran and Iraq against the Kurds in the Northern Iraq, and has attempted to oppress the Iraqi Kurdish revolutions. After the Iran-Iraq war, after Iraq's invasion on Kwait, Iraqi Kurds took advantage of Iraq's weak situation and rose up once more. After Iraq was withdrawn from Kwait, Saddam Hussain found the Shiites in the South and the Kurds in the North guilty for his loss. For this reason Iraq started an operation to the North of Iraq in 1991. The Kurds of the North immigrated towards the Turkey and Iraq border due to the operation. As Turkey opened its borders, Iraqi Kurds refuged Turkey. Turkey, Iran, and France attempted to approach the UN to establish the safe havens. It was during this period that Ozal started to build relations with Iraqi Kurds. In 2003 the USA occupied Iraq and this became a turning point for the Iraqi Kurds. In the constitution prepared in 2005 the Iraqi Kurdistan Regional Government (IKRG) was officially accepted; and beside Arabic language Kurdish language was also accepted as an official language in Iraq. During this newly started period the IKRG's position strengthened and the Iraqi Kurds' rights were secured according to the constitution. For this reason, initially Iran and Israel, the USA, Russia, and the European countries have started building close relations with IKRG. From 2007 onwards Turkey's politics towards IKRG started to change. During this period alongside the military custody's liquidation in Turkey, the government's freedom with regards to external politics paved the way to start relations with IKRG. This mutual relation has developed in such a way to cover each of the political, economical, and military aspects. However, in 2017, due to the Independence Referendum in IKRG, Turkey-IKRG relations started to distend. Turkey's negative approaches to IKRG's Independence Referendum has also affected IKRG's views towards Turkey. 132

Tarihi geçmişi ile büyük medeniyetlerden ve toplumlardan biri sayılan İran Ortadoğu bölgesinin önemli ülkelerinden bir tanesidir. Bu bölgede karar almak isteyen ve aldığı kararları uygulamaya koymak isteyen ülkelerin yolu bir şekilde İran'dan geçmek zorundadır. Bu sebepledir ki İran hep küresel güç mücadelelerinin yaşandığı yer haline gelmiştir. Tarihte eşi benzeri görülmemiş ve dünya siyasi tarihi açısından önemli sayılan birkaç devrimden biri de 1979 yılında monarşik yapının yıkılarak mollaların ülke yönetimine geçmeleri olmuştur. Öyle ki bölgede bu devrimden etkilenmeyen, bu devrim sonrasında hesap yapmayan ülke kalmamıştır. Bu ülkelerden biri hatta en önemlisi de İsrail olmuştur. Kurulduğu 1948 yılından bu yana bölgesinde yalnız adamı oynayan İsrail bilinenin aksine devrime kadar İran ile çok sıkı ve samimi ilişkileri olan bir ülkeydi. 1979 Devriminin bu ilişkiyi kestiği dünya toplumunca bilinmektedir. Ancak devrimle beraber siyasi ve ekonomik çıkarlar gereği örtülü ve kirli ilişkiler yaşanmaya devam etmiştir. Bu iki ülke bölgesinde küresel güç unsurları açısından da birer denge noktasını oluşturmuşlardır. Diğer taraftan bu dengenin kaybedeninin hangi taraf olacağını şiddeti ve çatışması hiçbir zaman bitmeyen Ortadoğu bölgesi bizzat kendisi gösterecektir. Considered as one of the major civilizations and societies with its historical background, Iran is one of the important countries of the Middle East region. Ways of the countries that wish to make decisions in this region and wish to implement their decisions have to go through Iran somehow. For this reason, Iran has always become a place where global power struggles are experienced. One of the few revolutions in history that has been unprecedented and significant in terms of the political history of the world has been the overthrow of the monarchy in 1979 and the seizure of power by the mullahs. So much so that there is no country that has not been affected by this revolution and has not made any calculations after this revolution. One of these countries, even above all, was Israel. Israel, which has played the role of the lonely man since its establishment in 1948, was -contrary to common belief- a country with very close and intimate relations with Iran until the revolution. It is known by the world community that the 1979 Revolution cut this relationship. However, implicit and dirty relations continued to be experienced for the political and economic interests along with the revolution. These two countries have also created a point of equilibrium in their region in terms of elements of global power. On the other hand, the Middle East region, violence and conflicts of which will never end, will itself show the losing party of this equilibrium. 133

Arap milliyetçiliğinin bir ürünü olan Arap Birliği, kuruluşundan itibaren üyelerinin egemenlik anlayışlarına yapılan aşırı vurgu ve kurumsal organlarının yetersizliklerinden dolayı devletlerarası ve devletiçi çatışmalarda beklendiği ölçüde etkili olamamıştır. Bu karakteristik özelliklerde Arap Baharı'nın başlangıcına kadar herhangi bir sapma görülmemiştir. Fakat Arap Baharı sürecinde birlik, Libya örneğinde görüldüğü üzere ilk defa toplumsal talepleri dikkate almaya başlamıştır. Bu paradigma değişimi, egemenlik anlayışına da yansımış, ortaya çıkan insani krizde Libya'nın Arap Birliği üyeliği askıya alınmakla beraber bölgede gerçekleşen askerî müdahalenin önünü açan bir politika izlenmiştir. İnsani değerler çerçevesinde Arap Birliği'nin dönüşümü büyük bir önem taşımaktadır. Zayıf bir ekonomiye dayanan ve idari yönetimde yetişmiş bir bürokrasiye sahip olmayan Arap devletleri vatandaşlarına istikrar ve refah temin etmede başarısız olduklarından iktidarlarını sürdürebilme adına askerî güçlere güvenmiş ve otoriter rejimler kurma yoluna girmişlerdir. Bu nedenle hem toplumsal taleplerin dikkate alınması hem de birliğin etkinliğini artırabilmesi için Arap Baharı süreci önemli bir fırsat olarak görülmektedir. Arap Birliği içerisinde toplumsal talepleri dikkate alan egemenlik anlayışının bu yeni yorumu, aynı zamanda bölgesel çatışmalarda etkinlik sağlayabilme adına birliğe uluslararası meşrutiyet de sağlamaktadır. 21. yüzyılın en şiddetli krizlerinin yaşandığı Arap coğrafyası da demokratikleşme dalgasının uygulama alanı olmuş, bölgesel bir örgüt olan Arap Birliği bu doğrultuda bir seçim yapmak durumunda kalmıştır. Bu tezde Arap Birliği'nin bölgesel krizlerdeki rolü ve söz konusu gelişmelere verdiği tepkiler üzerinden ne derece etkinlik sağladığı birincil kaynaklar üzerinden ele alınacak, Arap Baharı ile değişen birlik politikasının yansımaları Libya ve Suriye krizleri üzerinden incelenecektir. The Arab League, which was a product of Arab nationalism, has not been effective enough to be expected in interstate and intrastate conflicts due to excessive emphasis on its members' understanding of sovereignty and weaknesses of its institutional bodies since its foundation. There was no change in this characteristics of the organization until the beginning of the Arab Spring. However, during the Arab Spring, the Arab League begun to consider social demands as seen the case of Libya for the first time. This paradigm shift was also reflected in the understanding of sovereignty, therefore suspension of Libya's membership of the Arab League in the emerging humanitarian crisis was followed by a policy that caused to begin military intervention in the region. The transformation of the Arab League within the framework of human values is the great importance. Arab states based on a weak economy and lacking expertised bureaucracy have failed to provide stability and prosperity for their citizens, and therefore they have acted on method of establishing authoritarian regimes and relying on military forces in order to sustain their power. For this reason the Arab Spring process is seen as an important opportunity to both consider social demands and also enhance the effectiveness of the Arab League. This new interpretation of the notion of sovereignty, which takes into account social demands within the Arab League, also provides international legitimacy for the purpose of ensuring efficiency in regional conflicts. Arab geography experiencing the most severe crisis of the 21st century has also been the implementation area of the wave of democratization, and the Arab League had to make a choice in this direction as a regional organization. In this thesis, the Arab League's role in the regional crises and how effective through its responses to the developments will be reviewed based on the primary sources, and the reflections of the shifting institutional policy of the Arab League with Arab Spring will be examined through the crises of Libya and Syria. 179

Enflasyonu etkileyen faktörlerin iyi bir şekilde belirlenmesi enflasyonla mücadele bakımında önem arz etmektedir. Enflasyonu etkileyen faktörlerden bir tanesi de dış ticaret işlemleridir. Öyle ki uygulanan dış ticaret politikaları ile birlikte sürekli olarak dış açık veren ve üretimi ara malı ithaline bağlı olan bir ülkede söz konusu dış ticaret açıkları önce döviz kurunu etkilemekte ve dolaylı olarak da enflasyon oranlarına etki edebilmektedir. Bu nedenle her ne kadar enflasyon yurt içi ekonomik faaliyetlerden kaynaklanan bir sorunmuş gibi gözükse de aslında önemli bir ayağı da yurt dışı kaynaklıdır. Bu nedenle enflasyon nedenleri belirlenirken dış ekonomik ilişkiler de görmezden gelinmemelidir. Bu çalışmada 2003 - 2018 dönemlerine ait üç aylık veriler kullanılarak dış ticaret açığı, döviz kuru ve enflasyon arasındaki ilişki vektör hata düzeltme modeli yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre dış ticaret açıkları ve döviz kuru Türkiye'de enflasyonu etkilemektedir. Ancak enflasyondan dış ticaret açıklarına ve döviz kuruna yönelik bir ilişki kurulamamıştır. A good determination of the factors affecting inflation is important in the fight against inflation. One of the factors affecting inflation is foreign trade transactions. In such a country where foreign trade deficits and foreign trade deficits are continuously dependent on the importation of intermediate goods, these foreign trade gaps affect the exchange rate and indirectly affect inflation rates. For this reason, although inflation seems to be a problem arising from domestic economic activities, it is a matter of fact that it is also a source of foreign income. Therefore, external economic relations should not be ignored while determining the causes of inflation. In this study, the relationship between foreign trade deficit, exchange rate and inflation was analyzed by vector autoregression method by using quarterly data for 2003 - 2018 periods. The results obtained according to the foreign trade deficit and exchange rate in Turkey relationship has not been established, but also affect the inflation rate for the foreign trade deficit and inflation rates. 131